1
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Zhu W, Qiu X, Laulainen JEM, Un HL, Ren X, Xiao M, Freychet G, Vacek P, Tjhe D, He Q, Wood W, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Qu Z, Asatryan J, Martin J, Heeney M, McNeill CR, Midgley PA, Jacobs IE, Sirringhaus H. Enhancing the Conductivity and Thermoelectric Performance of Semicrystalline Conducting Polymers through Controlled Tie Chain Incorporation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310480. [PMID: 38669281 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are promising materials for thermoelectric applications, however, at present few effective and well-understood strategies exist to further advance their thermoelectric performance. Here a new model system is reported for a better understanding of the key factors governing their thermoelectric properties: aligned, ribbon-phase poly[2,5-bis(3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] (PBTTT) doped by ion-exchange doping. Using a range of microstructural and spectroscopic methods, the effect of controlled incorporation of tie-chains between the crystalline domains is studied through blending of high and low molecular weight chains. The tie chains provide efficient transport pathways between crystalline domains and lead to significantly enhanced electrical conductivity of 4810 S cm-1, which is not accompanied by a reduction in Seebeck coefficient or a large increase in thermal conductivity. Respectable power factors of 173 µW m-1 K-2 are demonstrated in this model system. The approach is generally applicable to a wide range of semicrystalline conjugated polymers and could provide an effective pathway for further enhancing their thermoelectric properties and overcome traditional trade-offs in optimization of thermoelectric performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Zhu
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Joonatan E M Laulainen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Hio-Leng Un
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | | | - Petr Vacek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Dion Tjhe
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Qiao He
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK
| | - William Wood
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Zichen Wang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Zhengkang Qu
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jesika Asatryan
- Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT), Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, Esteiro, Ferrol, 15471, Spain
| | - Jaime Martin
- Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT), Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, Esteiro, Ferrol, 15471, Spain
- POLYMAT Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Ian E Jacobs
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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2
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Yu ZD, Lu Y, Yao ZF, Wu HT, Wang ZY, Pan CK, Wang JY, Pei J. Buffer Chain Model for Understanding Crystallization Competition in Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405139. [PMID: 38588277 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
It remains challenging to comprehensively understand the packing models of conjugated polymers, in which side chains play extremely critical roles. The side chains are typically flexible and non-conductive and are widely used to improve the polymer solubility in organic solutions. Herein, a buffer chain model is proposed to describe link between conjugated backbone and side chains for understanding the relationship of crystallization competition of conductive conjugated backbones and non-conductive side chains. A longer buffer chain is beneficial for alleviating such crystallization competition and further promoting the spontaneous packing of conjugated backbones, resulting in enhanced charge transport properties. Our results provide a novel concept for designing conjugated polymers towards ordered organization and enhanced electronic properties and highlight the importance of balancing the competitive interactions between different parts of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Di Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao-Tian Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen-Kai Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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3
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Ishii M, Yamashita Y, Watanabe S, Ariga K, Takeya J. Doping of molecular semiconductors through proton-coupled electron transfer. Nature 2023; 622:285-291. [PMID: 37821588 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The chemical doping of molecular semiconductors is based on electron-transfer reactions between the semiconductor and dopant molecules; here, the redox potential of the dopant is key to control the Fermi level of the semiconductor1,2. The tunability and reproducibility of chemical doping are limited by the availability of dopant materials and the effects of impurities such as water. Here we focused on proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) reactions, which are widely used in biochemical processes3,4; their redox potentials depend on an easily handled parameter, that is, proton activity. We immersed p-type organic semiconductor thin films in aqueous solutions with PCET-based redox pairs and hydrophobic molecular ions. Synergistic reactions of PCET and ion intercalation resulted in efficient chemical doping of crystalline organic semiconductor thin films under ambient conditions. In accordance with the Nernst equation, the Fermi levels of the semiconductors were controlled reproducibly with a high degree of precision-a thermal energy of about 25 millielectronvolts at room temperature and over a few hundred millielectronvolts around the band edge. A reference-electrode-free, resistive pH sensor based on this method is also proposed. A connection between semiconductor doping and proton activity, a widely used parameter in chemical and biochemical processes, may help create a platform for ambient semiconductor processes and biomolecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ishii
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yu Yamashita
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan.
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Jun Takeya
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
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4
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Izquierdo JEE, Cavallari MR, García DC, Oliveira JDDS, Nogueira VAM, Braga GDS, Ando Junior OH, Quivy AA, Kymissis I, Fonseca FJ. Detection of Water Contaminants by Organic Transistors as Gas Sensors in a Bottom-Gate/Bottom-Contact Cross-Linked Structure. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7981. [PMID: 37766036 PMCID: PMC10534344 DOI: 10.3390/s23187981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Detecting volatile organic compounds is a fundamental step in water quality analysis. Methylisoborneol (MIB) provides a lousy odor to water, whereas geosmin (GEO) is responsible for its sour taste. A widely-used technique for their detection is gas-phase chromatography. On the other hand, an electronic nose from organic thin-film transistors is a cheaper and faster alternative. Poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecyl-thiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT-C14) features semiconducting properties suitable for organic electronics. However, in order to expose the active layer in a bottom-gate transistor structure with photolithographically patterned electrodes, a cross-linked dielectric such as poly(4-vinyl phenol) (PVP) is necessary. In this work, the cross-linking was demonstrated using FTIR and Raman spectroscopies, as well as high-k capacitors with a dielectric constant of 5.3. The presence of enhanced crystallinity with terrace formation in the semiconducting film was confirmed with UV-visible spectrophotometry, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Finally, for the first time, a PBTTT-C14 transistor on cross-linked PVP was shown to respond to isoborneol with a sensitivity of up to 6% change in mobility per ppm. Due to its similarity to MIB, a system comprising these sensors must be investigated in the future as a tool for sanitation companies in real-time water quality monitoring.
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Grants
- CAPES, scholarship number 88882.333362/2019-01, Programa de Excelência Acadêmica/PROEX Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- FAPESP, process numbers 13/50440-7, 580 13/19420-0, and 15/08566-9 São Paulo Research Foundation
- Unicamp, Auxílio Início de Carreira (Docente), FAEPEX, process number 2095/23 State University of Campinas
- FACEPE, process numbers APQ-0616-9.25/21 and APQ-0642-9.25/22 Fundação de Amparo a Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco
- CNPq, process numbers 311687/2017-2, 608 407531/2018-1, 303293/2020-9, 309837/2021-9, 405385/2022-6, 405350/2022-8, and 40666/2022-3 National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
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Affiliation(s)
- José Enrique Eirez Izquierdo
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos (PSI), Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP), São Paulo 05508-010, SP, Brazil; (J.E.E.I.); (D.C.G.); (J.D.d.S.O.); (V.A.M.N.); (G.d.S.B.)
| | - Marco Roberto Cavallari
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos (PSI), Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP), São Paulo 05508-010, SP, Brazil; (J.E.E.I.); (D.C.G.); (J.D.d.S.O.); (V.A.M.N.); (G.d.S.B.)
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Av. Albert Einstein 400, Campinas 13083-852, SP, Brazil
- Electrical Engineering Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Dennis Cabrera García
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos (PSI), Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP), São Paulo 05508-010, SP, Brazil; (J.E.E.I.); (D.C.G.); (J.D.d.S.O.); (V.A.M.N.); (G.d.S.B.)
| | - José Diogo da Silva Oliveira
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos (PSI), Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP), São Paulo 05508-010, SP, Brazil; (J.E.E.I.); (D.C.G.); (J.D.d.S.O.); (V.A.M.N.); (G.d.S.B.)
| | - Vinicius Augusto Machado Nogueira
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos (PSI), Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP), São Paulo 05508-010, SP, Brazil; (J.E.E.I.); (D.C.G.); (J.D.d.S.O.); (V.A.M.N.); (G.d.S.B.)
| | - Guilherme de Souza Braga
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos (PSI), Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP), São Paulo 05508-010, SP, Brazil; (J.E.E.I.); (D.C.G.); (J.D.d.S.O.); (V.A.M.N.); (G.d.S.B.)
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Oswaldo Hideo Ando Junior
- Research Group on Energy & Energy Sustainability (GPEnSE), Academic Unit of Cabo de Santo Agostinho (UACSA), Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Cabo de Santo Agostinho 54518-430, PE, Brazil;
| | - Alain A. Quivy
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil;
| | - Ioannis Kymissis
- Electrical Engineering Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Fernando Josepetti Fonseca
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos (PSI), Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP), São Paulo 05508-010, SP, Brazil; (J.E.E.I.); (D.C.G.); (J.D.d.S.O.); (V.A.M.N.); (G.d.S.B.)
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5
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Zhao Q, Li D, Peng J. Interrogating Polymorphism in Conjugated Poly(thieno)thiophene Thin Films for Field-Effect Transistors. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dingke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Juan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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6
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Controlling morphology and microstructure of conjugated polymers via solution-state aggregation. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Ito M, Yamashita Y, Mori T, Chiba M, Futae T, Takeya J, Watanabe S, Ariga K. Hyper 100 °C Langmuir-Blodgett (Langmuir-Schaefer) Technique for Organized Ultrathin Film of Polymeric Semiconductors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5237-5247. [PMID: 34873909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we advanced the conventional Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method to a high-temperature range (above 100 °C) using a newly manufactured LB machine, which is adaptable to a high-boiling-point subphase, as a universally usable apparatus. A sophisticated trough design, with homogeneous heating capability up to approximately 200 °C, together with automatic film compression and Langmuir-Schaefer type film transfer, enabled the fabrication of highly aligned thin films of polymeric semiconductors with uniaxial alignment of polymer backbones, which is desirable for efficient charge transport. Herein, ultrathin films of semicrystalline thiophene-based semiconductors were prepared on ethylene glycol and heated to 80 °C. The analyses of the transferred films with pressure-area isotherms, atomic force microscopy (AFM), polarized optical microscopy (POM), and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) indicated that the proposed high-temperature LB method allows ideal deposition of high-quality ultrathin films with molecular layer precision at the selected high-temperature conditions. Furthermore, preparing thin-film donor-acceptor-type copolymers in ionic liquids at high temperatures (up to 140 °C) was a challenging task that was successfully demonstrated in this study. Highly ordered thin films of donor-acceptor polymers with a uniaxial backbone orientation were obtained only at 140 °C. The obtained semicrystalline thin films with uniaxially aligned polymer backbones significantly contribute to the two-dimensional overlap of molecular orbitals, which is likely to promote charge transport. The use of the manufactured automatic LB machines is advantageous for better quality films prepared at higher temperatures (even above 100 °C) from various technical viewpoints, including homogeneous heating, constant compression, and automatic film transfer. The novel methodology proposed herein expands the possibilities of the Hyper 100 °C Langmuir-Blodgett technique, which has not been accessible by the conventional LB method with the aqueous subphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ito
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yu Yamashita
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Taizo Mori
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Masaaki Chiba
- Kyowa Interface Science Co. Ltd., 5-4-41 Nobitome, Niiza-City, Saitama 352-0011, Japan
| | - Takayuki Futae
- Kyowa Interface Science Co. Ltd., 5-4-41 Nobitome, Niiza-City, Saitama 352-0011, Japan
| | - Jun Takeya
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
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8
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Liu C, Yang W, Jiang H, Zhang B, Liu G, Chen E, Boué F, Wang D. Chain Conformation and Liquid-Crystalline Structures of a Poly(thieno)thiophene. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenhong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hanqiu Jiang
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Centre, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Baoqing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Erqiang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Mater Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - François Boué
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR 12 CEA-CNRS-UPSay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dujin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Peng Z, Ye L, Ade H. Understanding, quantifying, and controlling the molecular ordering of semiconducting polymers: from novices to experts and amorphous to perfect crystals. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:577-606. [PMID: 34878458 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh00837k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular packing and texture of semiconducting polymers are often critical to the performance of devices using these materials. Although frameworks exist to quantify the ordering, interpretations are often just qualitative, resulting in imprecise use of terminology. Here, we reemphasize the significance of quantifying molecular ordering in terms of degree of crystallinity (volume fractions that are ordered) and quality of ordering and their relation to the size scale of an ordered region. We are motivated in part by our own imprecise and inconsistent use of terminology in the past, as well as the need to have a primer or tutorial reference to teach new group members. We strive to develop and use consistent terminology with regards to crystallinity, semicrystallinity, paracrystallinity, and related characteristics. To account for vastly different quality of ordering along different directions, we classify paracrystals into 2D and 3D paracrystals and use paracrystallite to describe the spatial extent of molecular ordering in 1-10 nm. We show that a deeper understanding of molecular ordering can be achieved by combining grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry, even though not all aspects of these measurements are consistent, and some classification appears to be method dependent. We classify a broad range of representative polymers under common processing conditions into five categories based on the quantitative analysis of the paracrystalline disorder parameter (g) and thermal transitions. A small database is presented for 13 representative conjugated and insulating polymers ranging from amorphous to semi-paracrystalline. Finally, we outline the challenges to rationally design more perfect polymer crystals and propose a new molecular design approach that envisions conceptual molecular grafting that is akin to strained and unstrained hetero-epitaxy in classic (compound) semiconductors thin film growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxing Peng
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
| | - Long Ye
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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10
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Yakalı G, Çoban MB, Özen F, Özen LB, Gündüz B, Cin GT. The Importance of Polymorphism Dependent Aggregation Induced Enhanced Emission of the Acrylonitrile Derivative: Helical
J
Type and Antiparallel
H
Type Stacking Modes. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gül Yakalı
- Department of Engineering Sciences Faculty of Engineering Izmir Katip Celebi University Cigli 35620 Izmir Turkey
| | - Mustafa B. Çoban
- The Center of Science and Technology Application and Research Balıkesir University Bigadiç 10145 Balıkesir Turkey
| | - Furkan Özen
- Department of Mathematics and Science Faculty of Education Akdeniz University Konyaaltı 07058 Antalya Turkey
| | - Leyla B. Özen
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Akdeniz University Konyaaltı 07058 Antalya Turkey
| | - Bayram Gündüz
- Department of Opticians Malatya Turgut Ozal University 44210 Malatya Turkey
| | - Günseli Turgut Cin
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Akdeniz University Konyaaltı 07058 Antalya Turkey
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11
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Yao ZF, Zheng YQ, Dou JH, Lu Y, Ding YF, Ding L, Wang JY, Pei J. Approaching Crystal Structure and High Electron Mobility in Conjugated Polymer Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006794. [PMID: 33501736 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers usually form crystallized and amorphous regions in the solid state simultaneously, making it difficult to accurately determine their precise microstructures. The lack of multiscale microstructures of conjugated polymers limits the fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationships in polymer-based optoelectronic devices. Here, crystals of two typical conjugated polymers based on four-fluorinated benzodifurandione-based oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (F4 BDOPV) and naphthalenediimide (NDI) motifs, respectively, are obtained by a controlled self-assembly process. The strong diffractivity of the polymer crystals brings an opportunity to determine the crystal structures by combining X-ray techniques and molecular simulations. The precise polymer packing structures are useful as initial models to evaluate the charge transport properties in the ordered and disordered phases. Compared to the spin-coated thin films, the highly oriented polymer chains in crystals endow higher mobilities with a lower hopping energy barrier. Microwire crystal transistors of F4 BDOPV- and NDI-based polymers exhibit high electron mobilities of up to 5.58 and 2.56 cm2 V-1 s-1 , respectively, which are among the highest values in polymer crystals. This work presents a simple method to obtain polymer crystals and their precise microstructures, promoting a deep understanding of molecular packing and charge transport for conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin-Hu Dou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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12
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Ito M, Yamashita Y, Tsuneda Y, Mori T, Takeya J, Watanabe S, Ariga K. 100 °C-Langmuir-Blodgett Method for Fabricating Highly Oriented, Ultrathin Films of Polymeric Semiconductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:56522-56529. [PMID: 33264001 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and Langmuir-Schaefer techniques facilitate thermodynamic favorability at an air-water interface, at which nanoscale molecular aggregations can be manipulated by micrometer- or millimeter-scale mechanics. The customary use of an aqueous subphase has limitations in the available temperature and spread materials. We present a general strategy to replace the aqueous subphase with an inert, low-vapor-pressure liquid, ethylene glycol. As a representative spread material that requires high-temperature processes, a semicrystalline polymeric semiconductor was investigated. We successfully demonstrated that the polymeric semiconductor spreads homogeneously across the entire surface of ethylene glycol heated to 100 °C using an LB trough, and spontaneously forms multilayers. Comprehensive studies such as X-ray diffraction, optical spectroscopy, and charge transport measurements revealed that barrier compression of solid-state polymer thin films during a high-temperature LB process produced uniaxial alignment of the polymer main chain with an averaged dichroic ratio of about 8, by which the electron transport concomitantly became highly anisotropic. The LB method presented in this work could be used to deposit thin films under ultimate environments, e.g., below 0 °C or above 100 °C, minimizing the effects of the vapor pressure of the subphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ito
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC), University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yu Yamashita
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC), University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yukina Tsuneda
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC), University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Taizo Mori
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jun Takeya
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC), University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- AIST-Utokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC), University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- AIST-Utokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
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13
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Yi HL, Hua CC. PBTTT-C 16 sol-gel transition by rod associations and networking. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8022-8031. [PMID: 31565725 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01362h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A low-molecular-weight poly(2,5-bis(3-hexadecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (designated as Lw-pBTTT-C16) in a fair solvent (chlorobenzene, CB) displays peculiar structural, mechanical, and electronic features during sol-gel transition. Using comprehensive (multiscale) dynamic/static analysis schemes, the Lw-pBTTT-C16/CB solution (10 mg mL-1) is shown to capitalize on rod associations and networking to form a gel, in stark contrast with its high-molecular-weight companion previously reported to form gels through hierarchical colloidal bridging. The present study reveals, however, that the molecular weight of pBTTT-C16 has a subtle impact on the gelation behaviors through the rarely recognized, contrasting supramolecular conformations (rod-like vs. wormlike) of the aggregate clusters fostered in the pristine solution. The ac conductivity nearly doubles as a result of improved (mesoscale) packing of cylindrical aggregates near the gel state as well as enhanced backbone rigidity of the constituting chains. Other distinguishing features include: (1) there is no real crossover of the dynamic moduli (G' and G'') upon increasing the temperature from gel (T = 15 °C) to solution (T = 80 °C) states. (2) The gel is about a hundredfold softer in dynamic modulus, yet more resilient with a fivefold increase in the yield strain. Both viscoelastic features are expected to greatly benefit the gel processability. (3) The coexistent microgels and cylinder (aggregate) bundles form a peculiar gel network that has not been reported previously with polymer or colloidal gels. The overall findings provide new mechanistic insight into the phenomenological effects of molecular weight for the pBTTT-Cn series in solution, sol, gel, and thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Liou Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chung Hua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
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14
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Enokida I, Furukawa Y. Effect of Anions on Bipolaron Formation in Ionic-liquid-gated Transistors Fabricated with Poly(2,5-bis(3-hexadecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT-C16). CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Enokida
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Furukawa
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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15
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Vijayakumar V, Zaborova E, Biniek L, Zeng H, Herrmann L, Carvalho A, Boyron O, Leclerc N, Brinkmann M. Effect of Alkyl Side Chain Length on Doping Kinetics, Thermopower, and Charge Transport Properties in Highly Oriented F 4TCNQ-Doped PBTTT Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4942-4953. [PMID: 30644706 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Doping of polymer semiconductors such as poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2- b]thiophene) (PBTTT) with acceptor molecules such as 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) is widely used to tune the charge transport and thermoelectric (TE) properties in thin films. However, the mechanism of dopant insertion in the polymer matrix, insertion kinetics, and the ultimate doping levels reached have been investigated only marginally. This contribution addresses the effect of alkyl side chain length on the doping mechanism of a series of PBTTTs with linear side chains ranging from n-octyl to n-octyldecyl. The study focuses on thin films oriented by high-temperature rubbing and sequentially doped in F4TCNQ solution. Structure-property correlations are established as a function of side chain length by a combination of transmission electron microscopy, polarized UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, and charge transport/thermopower measurements. Intercalation of F4TCNQ into the layers of side chains results in the expansion of the lattice along the side chains and the contraction along the π-stacking direction for all polymers. The extent of lattice expansion decreases with the increasing side chain length. UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy demonstrates integer charge transfer for all investigated PBTTTs. The doping kinetics and the final doping level depend on both the side chain length and packing. Highly disordered n-octyl and crystalline n-octyldecyl side chain layers tend to hamper dopant diffusion in the side chain layers contrary to n-dodecyl side chains that can host the highest proportion of dopants. Consequently, the best TE properties are observed for C12-PBTTT films. Alignment of the polymers significantly enhances the TE performance by increasing the charge conductivity and the thermopower along the rubbing direction. Aligned films of C12-PBTTT show charge conductivities of 193 S cm-1 along the rubbing direction and power factors of approximately 100 μW m-1 K-2 versus a few μW m-1 K-2 for nonoriented films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Vijayakumar
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 , F-67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Elena Zaborova
- CiNaM, UMR 7325, Université Aix Marseille , Campus de Luminy, Case 913 , 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICPEES UMR 7515 , F-67087 Strasbourg , France
| | - Laure Biniek
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 , F-67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Huiyan Zeng
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 , F-67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Laurent Herrmann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 , F-67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Alain Carvalho
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 , F-67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Olivier Boyron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2) , Université de Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265 , Bat 308F, 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918 , 69616 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Nicolas Leclerc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICPEES UMR 7515 , F-67087 Strasbourg , France
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 , F-67000 Strasbourg , France
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16
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Hernández JJ, Puente-Orench I, Ezquerra TA, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, García-Gutiérrez MC. Confinement effects in one-dimensional nanoarrays of polymer semiconductors and their photovoltaic blends. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Ryno SM, Risko C. Deconstructing the behavior of donor–acceptor copolymers in solution & the melt: the case of PTB7. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7802-7813. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00777f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of the donor–acceptor copolymer PTB7 at near experimental scale reveal structure–dynamics correlations in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Ryno
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
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18
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Agbolaghi S, Abbaspoor S, Abbasi F. A comprehensive review on polymer single crystals—From fundamental concepts to applications. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Yi HL, Hua CC. PBTTT-C 16 sol-gel transition by hierarchical colloidal bridging. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:1270-1280. [PMID: 29367967 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02493b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A versatile conjugated polymer, poly(2,5-bis(3-hexadecyllthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (pBTTT-C16, with Mw = 61 309 g mol-1), in a relatively good solvent (chlorobenzene, CB) medium is shown to produce gels through hierarchical colloidal bridging. Multiscale static/dynamic light and X-ray scattering analysis schemes along with complementary microscopy imaging techniques clearly reveal that upon cooling from the solution state at 80 °C to various gelation temperatures (5, 10, and 15 °C), rod-like colloidal pBTTT-C16 aggregates morph into spherical ones, triggering hierarchical colloid formation and bridging that eventually turn the solution into a gel after about one-day aging. A certain fraction of primal packing units-spherical gelators (∼1 nm in mean radius)-constitute the spherical building particles (∼10 nm) noted above, which in turn constitute loose-packing aggregate clusters (∼300 nm) in the sol state. As gelation proceeds, the aggregate cluster interiors tighten substantially, and micrometer-sized clusters (∼3 μm) formed by them begin to take shape and further interconnect to form the gel network (mean porosity size ∼240 nm and spatial inhomogeneity length ∼20 μm). Rheological measurements and kinetic analysis reveal that the gelation temperature can also have a notable impact on gel microstructure, gelation rate, and mechanical strength, resulting in, for instance, a prominently nonergodic and porous structure for the soft gel incubated at a higher temperature T = 15 °C. The ac conductivity exhibits a notable upturn near pBTTT-C16/CB gelation, well above those achieved by the counterpart pBTTT-C14 solutions, which, in interesting contrast, cannot be brought to the gel phase under similar experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Liou Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
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20
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Steyrleuthner R, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Kraffert F, Cherniawski BP, Bittl R, Briseno AL, Bredas JL, Behrends J. Impact of morphology on polaron delocalization in a semicrystalline conjugated polymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:3627-3639. [PMID: 28094360 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07485e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the delocalization of holes in the semicrystalline conjugated polymer poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophene-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT) by directly measuring the hyperfine coupling between photogenerated polarons and bound nuclear spins using electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy. An extrapolation of the corresponding oligomer spectra reveals that charges tend to delocalize over 4.0-4.8 nm with delocalization strongly dependent on molecular order and crystallinity of the PBTTT polymer thin films. Density functional theory calculations of hyperfine couplings confirm that long-range corrected functionals appropriately describe the change in coupling strength with increasing oligomer size and agree well with the experimentally measured polymer limit. Our discussion presents general guidelines illustrating the various pitfalls and opportunities when deducing polaron localization lengths from hyperfine coupling spectra of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Steyrleuthner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia and Department of Chemistry, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Conte Research Center, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Felix Kraffert
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Benjamin P Cherniawski
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Conte Research Center, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Robert Bittl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alejandro L Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Conte Research Center, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jan Behrends
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Lin JB, Jin Y, Lopez SA, Druckerman N, Wheeler SE, Houk KN. Torsional Barriers to Rotation and Planarization in Heterocyclic Oligomers of Value in Organic Electronics. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:5624-5638. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice B. Lin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu Jin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven A. Lopez
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nathaniel Druckerman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven E. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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22
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Dou JH, Sun L, Ge Y, Li W, Hendon CH, Li J, Gul S, Yano J, Stach EA, Dincă M. Signature of Metallic Behavior in the Metal–Organic Frameworks M3(hexaiminobenzene)2 (M = Ni, Cu). J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13608-13611. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hu Dou
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lei Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yicong Ge
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenbin Li
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher H. Hendon
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ju Li
- Department
of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric A. Stach
- Center for
Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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Melnyk A, Junk MJN, McGehee MD, Chmelka BF, Hansen MR, Andrienko D. Macroscopic Structural Compositions of π-Conjugated Polymers: Combined Insights from Solid-State NMR and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4155-4160. [PMID: 28809493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are combined with solid-state NMR measurements to gain insight into the macroscopic structural composition of the π-conjugated polymer poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecyl-thiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT). The structural and dynamical properties, as established by the NMR analyses, were used to test the local structure of three constitutient mesophases with (i) crystalline backbones and side chains, (ii) lamellar backbones and disordered side chains, or (iii) amorphous backbones and side chains. The relative compositions of these mesophases were then determined from the deconvolution of the 1H and 13C solid-state NMR spectra and dynamic order parameters. Surprisingly, on the basis of molecular dynamics simulations, the powder composition consisted of only 28% of the completely crystalline mesophase, while 23% was lamellar with disordered side chains and 49% amorphous. The protocol presented in this work is a general approach and can be used for elucidating the relative compositions of mesophases in π-conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Melnyk
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias J N Junk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael D McGehee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bradley F Chmelka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstr. 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Denis Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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24
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Yi HL, Wu CH, Wang CI, Hua CC. Solvent-Regulated Mesoscale Aggregation Properties of Dilute PBTTT-C14 Solutions. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han L. Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching H. Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun I Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi C. Hua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, ROC
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25
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Grand C, Zajaczkowski W, Deb N, Lo CK, Hernandez JL, Bucknall DG, Müllen K, Pisula W, Reynolds JR. Morphology Control in Films of Isoindigo Polymers by Side-Chain and Molecular Weight Effects. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:13357-13368. [PMID: 28379681 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The performance of devices relying on organic electronic materials, such as organic field-effect transistors (OFET) and organic photovoltaics (OPV), is strongly correlated to the morphology of the conjugated material in thin films. For instance, several factors such as polymer solubility, weak intermolecular forces between polymers and fullerene derivatives, and film drying time impact phase separation in the active layer of a bulk heterojunction OPV device. In an effort to probe the influence of polymer assembly on morphology of polymer thin films and phase separation with fullerene derivatives, five terthiophene-alt-isoindigo copolymers were synthesized with alkyl side-chains of varying lengths and branching on the terthiophene unit. These P[T3(R)-iI] polymers were designed to have similar optoelectronic properties but different solubilities in o-dichlorobenzene and were predicted to have different tendencies for crystallization. All polymers with linear alkyl chains exhibit similar thin film morphologies as investigated by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The main differences in electronic and morphological properties arise when P[T3(R)-iI] is substituted with branched 2-ethylhexyl (2EH) side-chains. The bulky 2EH substituents lead to a blue-shifted absorption, a lower ionization potential, and reduced ordering in polymer thin films. The five P[T3-iI] derivatives span hole mobilities from 1.5 × 10-3 to 2.8 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 in OFET devices. In OPV devices, the 2EH-substituted polymers yield open-circuit voltages of 0.88 V in BHJ devices yet low short-circuit currents of 0.8 mA cm-2, which is explained by the large phase separation observed by AFM in blends of P[T3(2EH)-iI] with PC71BM. In these P[T3(R)-iI] systems, the propensity for the polymers to self-assemble prior to aggregation of PC71BM molecules was key to achieving fine phase separation and increased short-circuit currents, eventually resulting in power conversion efficiencies of 5% in devices processed using a single solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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26
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Lee MH, Kim J, Kang M, Kim J, Kang B, Hwang H, Cho K, Kim DY. Precise Side-Chain Engineering of Thienylenevinylene-Benzotriazole-Based Conjugated Polymers with Coplanar Backbone for Organic Field Effect Transistors and CMOS-like Inverters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:2758-2766. [PMID: 28004581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two donor-acceptor (D-A) alternating conjugated polymers based on thienylenevinylene-benzotriazole (TV-BTz), PTV6B with a linear side chain and PTVEhB with a branched side chain, were synthesized and characterized for organic field effect transistors (OFETs) and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-like inverters. According to density functional theory (DFT), polymers based on TV-BTz exhibit a coplanar and rigid structure with no significant twists, which could cause to an increase in charge-carrier mobility in OFETs. Alternating alkyl side chains of the polymers impacted neither the band gap nor the energy level. However, it significantly affected the morphology and crystallinity when the polymer films were thermally annealed. To investigate the effect of thermal annealing on the morphology and crystallinity, we characterized the polymer films using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and 2D-grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (2D-GIWAXD). Fibrillary morphologies with larger domains and increased crystallinity were observed in the polymer films after thermal annealing. These polymers exhibited improved charge-carrier mobilities in annealed films at 200 °C and demonstrated optimal OFET device performance with p-type transport characteristics with charge-carrier mobilities of 1.51 cm2/(V s) (PTV6B) and 2.58 cm2/(V s) (PTVEhB). Furthermore, CMOS-like inorganic (ZnO)-organic (PTVEhB) hybrid bilayer inverter showed that the inverting voltage (Vinv) was positioned near the ideal switching point at half (1/2) of supplied voltage (VDD) due to fairly balanced p- and n-channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hye Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Minji Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihong Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Boseok Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics, Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansu Hwang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics, Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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27
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Kuei B, Gomez ED. Chain conformations and phase behavior of conjugated polymers. SOFT MATTER 2016; 13:49-67. [PMID: 27506183 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00979d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers may play an important role in various emerging optoelectronic applications because they combine the chemical versatility of organic molecules and the flexibility, stretchability and toughness of polymers with semiconducting properties. Nevertheless, in order to achieve the full potential of conjugated polymers, a clear description of how their structure, morphology, and macroscopic properties are interrelated is needed. We propose that the starting point for understanding conjugated polymers includes understanding chain conformations and phase behavior. Efforts to predict and measure the persistence length have significantly refined our intuition of the chain stiffness, and have led to predictions of nematic-to-isotropic transitions. Exploring mixing between conjugated polymers and small molecules or other polymers has demonstrated tremendous advancements in attaining the needed properties for various optoelectronic devices. Current efforts continue to refine our knowledge of chain conformations and phase behavior and the factors that influence these properties, thereby providing opportunities for the development of novel optoelectronic materials based on conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Kuei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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28
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Optoelectronic properties of naphtho[2, 1-b:6, 5-b′]difuran derivatives for photovoltaic application: a computational study. J Mol Model 2016; 22:248. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Hamidi-Sakr A, Schiefer D, Covindarassou S, Biniek L, Sommer M, Brinkmann M. Highly Oriented and Crystalline Films of a Phenyl-Substituted Polythiophene Prepared by Epitaxy: Structural Model and Influence of Molecular Weight. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amer Hamidi-Sakr
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS−Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue
du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Schiefer
- Institut
für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sangeetha Covindarassou
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS−Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue
du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laure Biniek
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS−Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue
du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut
für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Institut
für Interaktive Materialien und Bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS−Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue
du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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30
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Electrolytic Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistors for Application in Biosensors—A Review. ELECTRONICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics5010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Xue X, Chandler G, Zhang X, Kline RJ, Fei Z, Heeney M, Diemer PJ, Jurchescu OD, O’Connor BT. Oriented Liquid Crystalline Polymer Semiconductor Films with Large Ordered Domains. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:26726-34. [PMID: 26552721 PMCID: PMC5494705 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Large strains are applied to liquid crystalline poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene) (pBTTT) films when held at elevated temperatures resulting in in-plane polymer alignment. We find that the polymer backbone aligns significantly in the direction of strain, and that the films maintain large quasi-domains similar to that found in spun-cast films on hydrophobic surfaces, highlighted by dark-field transmission electron microscopy imaging. The highly strained films also have nanoscale holes consistent with dewetting. Charge transport in the films is then characterized in a transistor configuration, where the field effect mobility is shown to increase in the direction of polymer backbone alignment, and decrease in the transverse direction. The highest saturated field-effect mobility was found to be 1.67 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), representing one of the highest reported mobilities for this material system. The morphology of the oriented films demonstrated here contrast significantly with previous demonstrations of oriented pBTTT films that form a ribbon-like morphology, opening up opportunities to explore how differences in molecular packing features of oriented films impact charge transport. Results highlight the role of grain boundaries, differences in charge transport along the polymer backbone and π-stacking direction, and structural features that impact the field dependence of charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xue
- North Carolina State University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695
| | - George Chandler
- North Carolina State University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695
| | - Xinran Zhang
- Georgetown University, Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis & Metrology, Department of Physics, Washington, DC 20057
| | - R. Joseph Kline
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Material Measurement Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Zhuping Fei
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London Sw7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London Sw7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Peter J. Diemer
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Salem NC, 27109
| | | | - Brendan T. O’Connor
- North Carolina State University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695
- Corresponding Author:
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32
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Marsh HS, Jayaraman A. Effect of side chain length on the morphology of blends of 2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene oligomers and fullerene derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S. Marsh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; UCB 596, University of Colorado Boulder; Colorado 80309
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716
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33
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Yang H, Zhang R, Wang L, Zhang J, Yu X, Liu J, Xing R, Geng Y, Han Y. Face-On and Edge-On Orientation Transition and Self-Epitaxial Crystallization of All-Conjugated Diblock Copolymer. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science, No. 1 Zhongziyuan Road, Dalang, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science, No. 1 Zhongziyuan Road, Dalang, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science, No. 1 Zhongziyuan Road, Dalang, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science, No. 1 Zhongziyuan Road, Dalang, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Xinhong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science, No. 1 Zhongziyuan Road, Dalang, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science, No. 1 Zhongziyuan Road, Dalang, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Rubo Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science, No. 1 Zhongziyuan Road, Dalang, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science, No. 1 Zhongziyuan Road, Dalang, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science, No. 1 Zhongziyuan Road, Dalang, Dongguan 523803, China
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34
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Chen CW, Huang CI. Effects of intra/inter-molecular potential parameters, length and grafting density of side-chains on the self-assembling behavior of poly(3′-alkylthiophene)s in the ordered state. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Zheng YQ, Wang Z, Dou JH, Zhang SD, Luo XY, Yao ZF, Wang JY, Pei J. Effect of Halogenation in Isoindigo-Based Polymers on the Phase Separation and Molecular Orientation of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin-Hu Dou
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shi-Ding Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xu-Yi Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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36
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Alberga D, Perrier A, Ciofini I, Mangiatordi GF, Lattanzi G, Adamo C. Morphological and charge transport properties of amorphous and crystalline P3HT and PBTTT: insights from theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:18742-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02769a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations and DFT calculations are combined via Marcus theory to yield an estimate of charge carrier mobilities in the crystalline and amorphous phases of P3HT and PBTTT organic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Alberga
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università di Bari “Aldo Moro”
- INFN & TIRES
- I-70126 Bari
- Italy
| | - Aurélie Perrier
- PSL Research University
- Chimie ParisTech-CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- Paris
- France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- PSL Research University
- Chimie ParisTech-CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- Paris
- France
| | | | - Gianluca Lattanzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università di Bari “Aldo Moro”
- INFN & TIRES
- I-70126 Bari
- Italy
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco
- Università di Bari “Aldo Moro”
- I-70126 Bari
- Italy
- Institut Universitaire de France
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37
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Zhang L, Liu F, Diao Y, Marsh HS, Colella NS, Jayaraman A, Russell TP, Mannsfeld SCB, Briseno AL. The Good Host: Formation of Discrete One-Dimensional Fullerene “Channels” in Well-Ordered Poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) Oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:18120-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ja510976n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120
Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Feng Liu
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120
Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hilary S. Marsh
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder Colorado 80309 United States
| | - Nicholas S. Colella
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120
Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120
Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Stefan C. B. Mannsfeld
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alejandro L. Briseno
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120
Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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38
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Vibrational spectroscopic, NMR parameters and electronic properties of three 3-phenylthiophene derivatives via density functional theory. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:701. [PMID: 26034691 PMCID: PMC4447729 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemistry calculations have been performed to compute the optimized geometries, vibrational frequencies, and Mulliken Charges at B3LYP/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) levels for 3-(4-fluorophenyl)thiophene (FPT), 3-(4-nitrophenyl)thiophene (NPT) and 3-(4-cyanophenyl) thiophene (CPT) in the ground state. In addition, the 13C and 1H NMR are calculated by B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) methods. The singlet electronic excited state properties of the three compounds were investigated using the time-dependent density functional method (TD-DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)//TD- B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The influence of the substituted groups on C9 atom is discussed.
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39
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Approaching disorder-free transport in high-mobility conjugated polymers. Nature 2014; 515:384-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Soeda J, Matsui H, Okamoto T, Osaka I, Takimiya K, Takeya J. Highly oriented polymer semiconductor films compressed at the surface of ionic liquids for high-performance polymeric organic field-effect transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6430-5. [PMID: 25138276 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel and versatile method to align polymer semiconductors is demonstrated. Spreading and subsequent mechanical compression of a polymer thin film on an ionic liquid's surface yield a polymer thin film that has high uniaxial orientation of the polymer backbone, which is tested for typical polymer semiconductors of PB16TTT, PNDTBTC20, and P3HT. TFTs fabricated by the method exhibit significantly higher mobility compared to TFTs fabricated using a conventional spin-coating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshi Soeda
- Department of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan; Department of Engineering, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
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41
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Chaudhry AR, Ahmed R, Irfan A, Muhammad S, Shaari A, Al-Sehemi AG. Effect of heteroatoms substitution on electronic, photophysical and charge transfer properties of naphtha [2,1-b:6,5-b′] difuran analogues by density functional theory. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Cochran JE, Junk MJN, Glaudell AM, Miller PL, Cowart JS, Toney MF, Hawker CJ, Chmelka BF, Chabinyc ML. Molecular Interactions and Ordering in Electrically Doped Polymers: Blends of PBTTT and F4TCNQ. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501547h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron
Radiation Lightsource, Stanford, California 94025, United States
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43
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Gao J, Thomas AK, Johnson R, Guo H, Grey JK. Spatially Resolving Ordered and Disordered Conformers and Photocurrent Generation in Intercalated Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene Blend Solar Cells. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014; 26:4395-4404. [PMID: 25678742 PMCID: PMC4311932 DOI: 10.1021/cm501252y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Resonance Raman spectroscopy was used to identify ordered and disordered conformers of poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT) blended with the electron acceptor [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells where PCBM intercalates into PBTTT side groups. We show that the PBTTT thiophene ring symmetric C=C stretching mode consists of contributions from ordered (ℏωC=C = 1489 cm-1, fwhm ∼ 15 cm-1) and disordered (ℏωC=C = 1500 cm-1, fwhm ∼ 25 cm-1) components and their relative amounts are sensitive to PCBM loading, annealing and excitation energy. The 1500 cm-1 PBTTT component originates from twisted thiophene rings and disordered side groups due to PCBM intercalation in a mixed kinetic phase and thermal annealing promotes ordering of PBTTT chains from the formation of bimolecular PBTTT/PCBM crystals. Density functional theory (DFT) Raman simulations of PBTTT monomers support these assignments. Resonance Raman images of annealed PBTTT/PCBM model solar cells confirm that ordered PBTTT chains are most concentrated in PCBM-rich bimolecular crystals and corresponding intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and imaging measurements show increased nongeminate charge recombination at the boundaries of ordered/disordered regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Alan K. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Ryan Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - John K. Grey
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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44
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He M, Wang M, Lin C, Lin Z. Optimization of molecular organization and nanoscale morphology for high performance low bandgap polymer solar cells. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:3984-3994. [PMID: 24481029 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06298h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rational design and synthesis of low bandgap (LBG) polymers with judiciously tailored HOMO and LUMO levels have emerged as a viable route to high performance polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 10%. In addition to engineering the energy-level of LBG polymers, the photovoltaic performance of LBG polymer-based solar cells also relies on the device architecture, in particular the fine morphology of the photoactive layer. The nanoscale interpenetrating networks composed of nanostructured donor and acceptor phases are the key to providing a large donor-acceptor interfacial area for maximizing the exciton dissociation and offering a continuous pathway for charge transport. In this Review Article, we summarize recent strategies for tuning the molecular organization and nanoscale morphology toward an enhanced photovoltaic performance of LBG polymer-based solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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45
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Tanaka H, Hirate M, Watanabe S, Kuroda SI. Microscopic signature of metallic state in semicrystalline conjugated polymers doped with fluoroalkylsilane molecules. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:2376-2383. [PMID: 24327521 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroalkylsilane (FTS) acts as an efficient p-type dopant for organic semiconductors. FTS-doped films of the semicrystalline PBTTT polymer exhibit relatively high conductivities. We demonstrate that highly doped PBTTT films exhibit a metallic nature with clear Pauli paramagnetism as observed microscopically using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The metallic state is realized within crystalline grains, as confirmed from the anisotropy of the ESR signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaaki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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46
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Olivier Y, Niedzialek D, Lemaur V, Pisula W, Müllen K, Koldemir U, Reynolds JR, Lazzaroni R, Cornil J, Beljonne D. 25th anniversary article: high-mobility hole and electron transport conjugated polymers: how structure defines function. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:2119-36. [PMID: 24599835 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The structural organization of three different families of semicrystalline π-conjugated polymers is reported (poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-alkyl-4H-cyclopenta-[2,1-b;3,4-b0]-dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)](cyclopentadithiophene-benzothiadiazole) (CDT-BTZ) and poly(N,N"-bis-2-octyldodecylnaphtalene-1,4,5,8-bis-dicarboximide-2,6-diyl-alt-5,5-2,2-bithiophene (P(NDI2OD-T2))). These have triggered significant interest for their remarkable charge-transport properties. By performing molecular mechanics/dynamics simulations with carefully re-parameterized force fields, it is illustrated in particular how the supramolecular organization of these conjugated polymers is driven by an interplay between the length and nature of the conjugated monomer unit and the packing of their alkyl side chains, and to what extent it impacts the charge-carrier mobility, as monitored by quantum-chemical calculations of the intermolecular hopping transfer integrals. This Progress Report is concluded by providing generic guidelines for the design of materials with enhanced degrees of supramolecular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 20, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
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47
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Molecular origin of high field-effect mobility in an indacenodithiophene-benzothiadiazole copolymer. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2238. [PMID: 23900027 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most inspiring and puzzling developments in the organic electronics community in the last few years has been the emergence of solution-processable semiconducting polymers that lack significant long-range order but outperform the best, high-mobility, ordered semiconducting polymers to date. Here we provide new insights into the charge-transport mechanism in semiconducting polymers and offer new molecular design guidelines by examining a state-of-the-art indacenodithiophene-benzothiadiazole copolymer having field-effect mobility of up to 3.6 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) with a combination of diffraction and polarizing spectroscopic techniques. Our results reveal that its conjugated planes exhibit a common, comprehensive orientation in both the non-crystalline regions and the ordered crystallites, which is likely to originate from its superior backbone rigidity. We argue that charge transport in high-mobility semiconducting polymers is quasi one-dimensional, that is, predominantly occurring along the backbone, and requires only occasional intermolecular hopping through short π-stacking bridges.
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48
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Yang H, Wang L, Zhang J, Yu X, Geng Y, Han Y. Molecular Packing and Orientation Transition of Crystalline Poly(2,5-dihexyloxy-p
-phenylene). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xinhong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
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Chaudhry AR, Ahmed R, Irfan A, Muhammad S, Shaari A, Al-Sehemi AG. Influence of push–pull configuration on the electro-optical and charge transport properties of novel naphtho-difuran derivatives: a DFT study. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05850j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
By a push–pull strategy, highly efficient and photostable naphtho-difuran derivatives were designed to get improved intrinsic electron mobility (1.13 cm2 V−1 s−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Rasool Chaudhry
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor, Malaysia
- Department of Physics
| | - R. Ahmed
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- King Khalid University
- Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- King Khalid University
- Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Shaari
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- King Khalid University
- Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Unit of Science and Technology
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50
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Fornari RP, Troisi A. Theory of charge hopping along a disordered polymer chain. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:9997-10007. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54661f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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