1
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Liu Q, Wang X, Gu X, Dai H, Huang Z, Zhao Y. Visible-Light-Induced Difunctionalization of 3-Butenoic Acid with Bromodifluoromethyl Heteroarylsulfones. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39037910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a visible-light-induced iridium-promoted direct bifunctionalization of 3-butenoic acid with bromodifluoromethyl heteroarylsulfones. This methodology enables the concurrent introduction of difluoromethyl heteroarylsulfone and bromine groups into 3-butenoic acid under mild reaction conditions. Various α-substituted 3-butenoic acids and bromodifluoromethyl heteroarylsulfones were found to be compatible, yielding the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. This method opens a new route for the synthesis of fluorocarboxylic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Gu
- Yonghua Chemical Co., Ltd., Xiangqiao Village, Zhitang (heshi) Town, Changshu 215500, P. R. China
| | - Huiming Dai
- Yonghua Chemical Co., Ltd., Xiangqiao Village, Zhitang (heshi) Town, Changshu 215500, P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yingsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, P. R. China
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2
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Prakash R, Sen PP, Pathania V, Raha Roy S. Photocatalytic Proficiency of Cinnoline Moiety for Cross-Coupling Reactions: A Two in One Photocatalyst. Org Lett 2024; 26:5923-5927. [PMID: 38959051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we have developed a new class of organic photocatalysts that can mimic transition metals for several oxidative and reductive organic cross-coupling transformations. Due to its wide potential window in both the oxidation and reduction ranges, cinnoline exhibits dual catalytic activity under visible light illumination, acting as both a photoreductant and photooxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Partha Pratim Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vishali Pathania
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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3
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Liu M, Uyeda C. Redox Approaches to Carbene Generation in Catalytic Cyclopropanation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406218. [PMID: 38752878 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions have a century-old history in organic chemistry and are a primary method for the synthesis of cyclopropanes. Much of the work in this field has focused on the use of diazo compounds and related precursors, which can transfer a carbene fragment to a catalyst with concomitant loss of a stable byproduct. Despite the utility of this approach, there are persistent limitations in the scope of viable carbenes, most notably those lacking stabilizing substituents. By coupling carbene transfer chemistry with two-electron redox cycles, it is possible to expand the available starting materials that can be used as carbene precursors. In this Minireview, we discuss emerging catalytic reductive cyclopropanation reactions using either gem-dihaloalkanes or carbonyl compounds. This strategy is inspired by classic stoichiometric transformations, such as the Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation and the Clemmensen reduction, but instead entails the formation of a catalytically generated transition metal carbene or carbenoid. We also present recent efforts to generate carbenes directly from methylene (CR2H2) groups via a formal 1,1-dehydrogenation. These reactions are currently restricted to substrates containing electron-withdrawing substituents, which serve to facilitate deprotonation and subsequent oxidation of the anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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4
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Melder JJ, Witzel S, Terres S, de Bary P, Krohne L, Rudolph M, K Hashmi AS. Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydrobenzofurans via a Photochemical Gold-Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Addition Reaction. Org Lett 2024; 26:5664-5669. [PMID: 38941620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
A light-mediated cyclization reaction initiated by an atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) of haloalkanes onto alkenes was exploited for the synthesis of functionalized dihydrobenzofurans. Initial investigation indicated that the dimeric gold catalyst [Au2(μ-dppm)2Cl2] can effectively be used for intermolecular ATRA reactions. Further, the reactivity was applied in a cascade-like cyclization for the preparation of dihydrobenzofuran derivatives. With the presented photochemical approach, the functionalization can be achieved directly from ortho-allylphenols in yields of up to 96% under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian J Melder
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sina Witzel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Terres
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philippe de Bary
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Krohne
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Nishikata T. α-Halocarbonyls as a Valuable Functionalized Tertiary Alkyl Source. ChemistryOpen 2024:e202400108. [PMID: 38989712 DOI: 10.1002/open.202400108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This review introduces the synthetic organic chemical value of α-bromocarbonyl compounds with tertiary carbons. This α-bromocarbonyl compound with a tertiary carbon has been used primarily only as a radical initiator in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) reactions. However, with the recent development of photo-radical reactions (around 2010), research on the use of α-bromocarbonyl compounds as tertiary alkyl radical precursors became popular (around 2012). As more examples were reported, α-bromocarbonyl compounds were studied not only as radicals but also for their applications in organometallic and ionic reactions. That is, α-bromocarbonyl compounds act as nucleophiles as well as electrophiles. The carbonyl group of α-bromocarbonyl compounds is also attractive because it allows the skeleton to be converted after the reaction, and it is being applied to total synthesis. In our survey until 2022, α-bromocarbonyl compounds can be used to perform a full range of reactions necessary for organic synthesis, including multi-component reactions, cross-coupling, substitution, cyclization, rearrangement, stereospecific reactions, asymmetric reactions. α-Bromocarbonyl compounds have created a new trend in tertiary alkylation, which until then had limited reaction patterns in organic synthesis. This review focuses on how α-bromocarbonyl compounds can be used in synthetic organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishikata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
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6
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Hoque IU, Samanta A, Pramanik S, Chowdhury SR, Lo R, Maity S. Photocascade chemoselective controlling of ambident thio(seleno)cyanates with alkenes via catalyst modulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5739. [PMID: 38982050 PMCID: PMC11233607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling the ambident reactivity of thiocyanates in reaction manifolds has been a long-standing and formidable challenge. We report herein a photoredox strategy for installing thiocyanates and isothiocyanates in a controlled chemoselective fashion by manipulating the ambident-SCN through catalyst modulation. The methodology allows redox-, and pot-economical 'on-demand' direct access to both hydrothiophene and pyrrolidine heterocycles from the same feedstock alkenes and bifunctional thiocyanomalonates in a photocascade sequence. Its excellent chemoselectivity profile was further expanded to access Se- and N-heterocycles by harnessing selenonitriles. Redox capability of the catalysts, which dictates the substrates to participate in a single or cascade catalytic cycle, was proposed as the key to the present chemodivergency of this process. In addition, detailed mechanistic insights are provided by a conjugation of extensive control experiments and dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Injamam Ul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Apurba Samanta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Shyamal Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Soumyadeep Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Rabindranath Lo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, Prague, 160 000, Czech Republic
| | - Soumitra Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India.
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7
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Zhao Y, Li L, Zang J, Young DJ, Ren ZG, Li HY, Yu L, Bian GQ, Li HX. Modulating β-Keto-enamine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Atom-Transfer Radical Addition Reaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400377. [PMID: 38403857 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The atom-transfer radical addition (ATRA) reaction simultaneously forges carbon-carbon and carbon-halogen bonds. However, frequently-used photosensitizers such as precious transition metal complexes, or organic dyes have limitations in terms of their potential toxicity and recyclability. Three β-ketoenamine-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) from 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol and 1,4-phenylenediamines with variable transient photocurrent and photocatalytic activity have been prepared. A COF bearing electron-deficient Cl atoms displayed the highest photocatalytic activity toward the ATRA reaction of polyhalogenated alkanes to give halogenated olefins under visible light at room temperature. This heterogeneous photocatalyst exhibited good functional group tolerance and could be recycled without significant loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiyuan Zang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - David J Young
- Glasgow College, UESTC, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Ren
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qing Bian
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xi Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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8
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Rrapi M, Batsika CS, Nikitas NF, Tappin NDC, Triandafillidi I, Renaud P, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Synthesis of Lactones, Cyclopropanes and ATRA Products: Revealing the Role of Sodium Ascorbate. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400253. [PMID: 38324672 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Light-mediated processes have received significant attention, since they have re-surfaced unconventional reactivity platforms, complementary to conventional polar chemistry. γ-Lactones and cyclopropanes are prevalent moieties, found in numerous natural products and pharmaceuticals. Among various methods for their synthesis, light-mediated protocols are coming to the spotlight, although these are contingent upon the use of photoorgano- or metal-based catalysts. Herein, we introduce a novel photochemical activation of iodo-reagents via the use of cheap sodium ascorbate or ascorbic acid to enable their homolytic scission and addition onto double bonds. The developed protocol was applied successfully to the formal [3+2] cycloaddition for the synthesis of γ-lactones, traditional atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions and the one-pot two-step conversion of alkenes to cyclopropanes. In all cases, the desired products were obtained in good to high yields, while the reaction mechanism was thoroughly investigated. Depending on the nature of the iodo-reagent, a halogen or a hydrogen-bonded complex is formed, which initiates the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Rrapi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Charikleia S Batsika
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas D C Tappin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
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9
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Millward F, Zysman-Colman E. Mechanophotocatalysis: A Generalizable Approach to Solvent-minimized Photocatalytic Reactions for Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316169. [PMID: 38263796 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
This proof-of-concept study cements the viability and generality of mechanophotocatalysis, merging mechanochemistry and photocatalysis to enable solvent-minimized photocatalytic reactions. We demonstrate the transmutation of four archetypal solution-state photocatalysis reactions to a solvent-minimized environment driven by the combined actions of milling, light, and photocatalysts. The chlorosulfonylation of alkenes and the pinacol coupling of aldehydes and ketones were conducted under solvent-free conditions with competitive or superior efficiencies to their solution-state analogues. Furthermore, decarboxylative alkylations are shown to function efficiently under solvent-minimized conditions, while the photoinduced energy transfer promoted [2+2] cycloaddition of chalcone experiences a significant initial rate enhancement over its solution-state variant. This work serves as a platform for future discoveries in an underexplored field: validating that solvent-minimized photocatalysis is not only generalizable and competitive with solution-state photocatalysis, but can also offer valuable advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Millward
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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10
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Fan JH, Yuan J, Xia PF, Zhou J, Zhong LJ, Huang PF, Liu Y, Tang KW, Li JH. Photoredox-Catalyzed Alkylarylation of N-Aryl Bicyclobutyl Amides with α-Carbonyl Alkyl Bromides: Access to 3-Spirocyclobutyl Oxindoles. Org Lett 2024; 26:2073-2078. [PMID: 38446422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced radical alkylarylation of N-aryl bicyclobutyl amides with α-carbonyl alkyl bromides for the synthesis of functionalized 3-spirocyclobutyl oxindoles is described in which β-selective radical addition of the alkyl radical to N-aryl bicyclobutyl amides forms a key radical intermediate followed by interception with intrinsic arene functional group. This approach can be applicable to a wide range of α-carbonyl alkyl bromides, including primary, secondary, and tertiary α-bromoalkyl esters, ketones, nitriles, and nitro compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Long-Jin Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Peng-Fei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Ke-Wen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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11
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Wang T, Zong YY, Yang B, Huang T, Jin XL, Liu Q. Visible-Light-Driven Unsymmetric gem-Difunctionalization of Vinyl Azides with Thiosulfonates or Selenosulfonates. Org Lett 2024; 26:1683-1687. [PMID: 38363953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Thiosulfonylation and selenosulfonylation of vinyl azides with thiosulfonates and selenosulfonates were achieved using Cu(dap)2Cl as a photosensitizer under visible-light irradiation. This reaction is the application of a vinyl azide substrate in a group transfer radical addition (GTRA) reaction, through β-difunctionalization, to obtain a variety of unsymmetric difunctionalized N-unprotected enamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Biao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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12
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Shi X, Yu B, Zhou X, Yang Y. Photoinduced selective perfluoroalkylation of terminal alkynes via electron donor-acceptor complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2532-2535. [PMID: 38329183 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00105b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a photoinduced selective perfluoroalkylation of terminal alkynes driven by the noncovalent interaction between a thymol anion and fluoroalkyl iodides. By precisely tuning the reaction solvent, a wide range of 37 structurally diverse perfluoroalkylated alkynes and alkenes, including ibuprofen, empagliflozin, galactose, isoxepac and indomethacin, were obtained in up to 92% yields. Mechanistic studies reveal the formation of EDA complexes between the thymol anion and fluoroalkyl iodides. This strategy may provide an important complement to traditional approaches to prepare useful perfluoroalkylated alkynes and alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Bo Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Pal B, Sahoo S, Mal P. Atom Transfer Radical Addition Reactions of Quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones with CBr 4 and Styrenes Using Mes-Acr-MeClO 4 Photocatalyst. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1784-1796. [PMID: 38214146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reaction is defined as a method for introducing halogenated compounds into alkenes via a radical mechanism. In this study, we present an ATRA approach for achieving regioselective functionalization of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones by activating C-Br bonds of CBr4 and subsequent trihaloalkyl-carbofunctionalization of styrenes employing the 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium perchlorate (Fukuzumi) photocatalyst under 3W blue LED (450-470 nm) irradiation. This three-component radical cascade process demonstrates remarkable efficiency in the synthesis of 1-methyl-3-(3,3,3-tribromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)propyl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhadeb Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Sathi Sahoo
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
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14
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Chatgilialoglu C, Barata-Vallejo S, Gimisis T. Radical Reactions in Organic Synthesis: Exploring in-, on-, and with-Water Methods. Molecules 2024; 29:569. [PMID: 38338314 PMCID: PMC10856544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Radical reactions in water or aqueous media are important for organic synthesis, realizing high-yielding processes under non-toxic and environmentally friendly conditions. This overview includes (i) a general introduction to organic chemistry in water and aqueous media, (ii) synthetic approaches in, on, and with water as well as in heterogeneous phases, (iii) reactions of carbon-centered radicals with water (or deuterium oxide) activated through coordination with various Lewis acids, (iv) photocatalysis in water and aqueous media, and (v) synthetic applications bioinspired by naturally occurring processes. A wide range of chemical processes and synthetic strategies under different experimental conditions have been reviewed that lead to important functional group translocation and transformation reactions, leading to the preparation of complex molecules. These results reveal how water as a solvent/medium/reagent in radical chemistry has matured over the last two decades, with further discoveries anticipated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Center of Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznan, Poland
| | - Sebastian Barata-Vallejo
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 954, Buenos Aires CP 1113, Argentina
| | - Thanasis Gimisis
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
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15
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Xiao Y, Xu TT, Zhou JL, Wu F, Tang L, Liu RY, Wu WB, Feng JJ. Photochemical α-selective radical ring-opening reactions of 1,3-disubstituted acyl bicyclobutanes with alkyl halides: modular access to functionalized cyclobutenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13060-13066. [PMID: 38023515 PMCID: PMC10664698 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04457b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ring-opening reactions of bicyclobutanes bearing electron-withdrawing groups, typically with β-selectivity, have evolved as a powerful platform for synthesis of cyclobutanes, their application in the synthesis of cyclobutenes remains underdeveloped. Here, a novel visible light induced α-selective radical ring-opening reaction of 1,3-disubstituted acyl bicyclobutanes with alkyl radical precursors for the synthesis of functionalized cyclobutenes is described. In particular, primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides are all suitable substrates for this photocatalytic transformation, providing ready access to cyclobutenes with a single all-carbon quaternary center, or with two contiguous centers under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Tong-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Biao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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16
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Pal K, Chandu P, Das D, Jinilkumar AV, Mallick M, Sureshkumar D. Organophotocatalyzed Mono- and Bis-Alkyl/Difluoroalkylative Thio/Selenocyanation of Alkenes. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37988569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Organophotocatalyzed three-component 1,2-difluoroacetyl/alkyl/perfluoroalkylative thio/selenocyanation of styrene derivatives under stoichiometric, transition metal-, oxidant-, and additive-free, and mild redox-neutral conditions is reported. Organophotocatalyst 4CzIPN operates the overall radical-polar-crossover mechanistic cycle via initial oxidative luminescence quenching, and the key intermediates were experimentally detected. Selective mono-alkylative thiocyanation of alkenes using dibromoalkanes is also demonstrated. This one-pot synthetic methodology is suitable for primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides and also extended for double alkylative thiocyanation of the dibromoalkanes with excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koustav Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Palasetty Chandu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabrata Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Aliya V Jinilkumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Manasi Mallick
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Devarajulu Sureshkumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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17
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Liang F, Chen N, Cheng K, Wang Q. N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Manganese Synergistic Catalysis: A Three-Component Radical Acylmonofluoroalkylation of Alkenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:8168-8172. [PMID: 37922199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of monofluoroalkyl groups in pharmaceutically relevant molecules, catalytic protocols for their incorporation into alkenes remain limited. We describe herein a three-component acylmonofluoroalkylation of alkenes for the introduction of such moieties through an unprecedented cooperativity between the N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst and earth-abundant Mn(II) complex. This general method can be applied to a variety of alkenes, including styrenes, 1,3-enynes, and allenes, as well as complex substrates containing natural product and drug motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Keguang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Quande Wang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, P. R. China
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18
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Festa AA, Storozhenko OA, Voskressensky LG, Van der Eycken EV. Visible light-mediated halogenation of organic compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37975853 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00366c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of visible light and photoredox catalysis emerged as a powerful and sustainable tool for organic synthesis, showing high value for distinctly different ways of bond creation. Halogenated compounds are the cornerstone of contemporary organic synthesis: it is almost impossible to develop a route towards a pharmaceutical reagent, agrochemical, natural product, etc. without the involvement of halogen-containing intermediates. Moreover, the halogenated derivatives as final products became indispensable for drug discovery and materials science. The idea of this review is to understand and summarise the impact of visible light-promoted chemistry on halogenation and halofunctionalisation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Festa
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya st. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
| | - Olga A Storozhenko
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya st. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
| | - Leonid G Voskressensky
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya st. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya st. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Fuke K, Miura T. Visible-light-driven 1,2-hydro(cyanomethylation) of alkenes with chloroacetonitrile. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8642-8645. [PMID: 37869787 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01533e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
A regioselective 1,2-hydro(cyanomethylation) of unactivated aliphatic alkenes is reported. A cyanomethyl radical is generated from haloacetonitriles. This radical adds onto alkenes to form alkyl radicals, which undergo hydrogen atom transfer from thiol to produce one-carbon-extended nitriles. Furthermore, the alkyl radicals are applied to cascade cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keito Fuke
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Miura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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20
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Li M, Zhang T, Shi Y, Duan C. Harnessing Radicals in Confined Supramolecular Environments Made Possible by MOFs. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300158. [PMID: 37310416 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Researching and utilizing radical intermediates in organic synthetic chemistry have innovated discoveries in methodology and theory. Reactions concerning free radical species opened new pathways beyond the frame of the two-electron mechanism while commonly characterized as rampant processes lacking selectivity. As a result, research in this field has always focused on the controllable generation of radical species and determining factors of selectivity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as compelling candidates as catalysts in radical chemistry. From a catalytic point of view, the porous nature of MOFs entails an inner phase for the reaction that could offer possibilities for the regulation of reactivity and selectivity. From a material science perspecti ve, MOFs are organic-inorganic hybrid materials that integrate functional units in organic compounds and complex forms in the tunable long-ranged periodic structure. In this account, we summarized our progress in the application of MOFs in radical chemistry in three parts: (1) The generation of radical species; (2) The weak interactions and site selectivity; (3) Regio- and stereo-selectivity. The unique role of MOFs play in these paradigms is demonstrated in a supramolecular narrative through the analyses of the multi-constituent collaboration within the MOF and the interactions between MOFs and the intermediates during the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Tiexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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21
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Bosveli A, Griboura N, Kampouropoulos I, Kalaitzakis D, Montagnon T, Vassilikogiannakis G. The Rapid Synthesis of Colibactin Warhead Model Compounds Using New Metal-Free Photocatalytic Cyclopropanation Reactions Facilitates the Investigation of Biological Mechanisms. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301713. [PMID: 37452669 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of colibactin warhead model compounds using two newly developed metal-free photocatalytic cyclopropanation reactions. These mild cyclopropanations expand the known applications of eosin within synthesis. A halogen atom transfer reaction mode has been harnessed so that dihalides can be used as the cyclopropanating agents. The colibactin warhead models were then used to provide new insight into two key mechanisms in colibactin chemistry. An explanation is provided for why the colibactin warhead sometimes undergoes a ring expansion-addition reaction to give fused cyclobutyl products while at other times nucleophiles add directly to the cyclopropyl unit (as when DNA adds to colibactin). Finally, we provide some evidence that Cu(II) chelated to colibactin may catalyze an important oxidation of the colibactin-DNA adduct. The Cu(I) generated as a result could then also play a role in inducing double strand breaks in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Bosveli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71003, Iraklion, Crete
| | - Nefeli Griboura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71003, Iraklion, Crete
| | | | - Dimitris Kalaitzakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71003, Iraklion, Crete
| | - Tamsyn Montagnon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71003, Iraklion, Crete
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22
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Baussière F, Haugland MM. Radical Group Transfer of Vinyl and Alkynyl Silanes Driven by Photoredox Catalysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12451-12463. [PMID: 37581630 PMCID: PMC10476183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Radical group transfer is a powerful tool for the formation of C-C bonds. These processes typically involve radical addition to C-C π bonds, followed by fragmentation of the resulting cyclic intermediate. Despite the advantageous lability of organosilanes in this context, silicon-tethered radical acceptor groups have remained underexplored in radical group transfer reactions. We report a general photoredox-catalyzed protocol for the radical group transfer of vinyl and alkynyl silanes onto sp3 carbons, using activated and unactivated iodides as radical precursors. Our method displays high diastereoselectivity and excellent functional group tolerance, and enables direct formation of group transfer products by in situ ring opening. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the reaction proceeds via an unusual dual catalytic cycle, resulting in an overall redox-neutral process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Baussière
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marius M. Haugland
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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23
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Mondal S, Chatterjee N, Maity S. Recent Developments on Photochemical Synthesis of 1,n-Dicarbonyls. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301147. [PMID: 37335758 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
1,n-dicarbonyls are one of the most fascinating chemical feedstocks finding abundant usage in the field of pharmaceuticals. Besides, they are utilized in a plethora of synthesis in general synthetic organic chemistry. A number of 'conventional' methods are available for their synthesis, such as the Stetter reaction, Baker-Venkatraman rearrangement, oxidation of vicinal diols, and oxidation of deoxybenzoins, synonymous with unfriendly reagents and conditions. In the last 15 years or so, photocatalysis has taken the world of synthetic organic chemistry by a remarkable renaissance. It is fair to say now that everybody loves the light and photoredox chemistry has opened a new gateway to organic chemists towards milder, more simpler alternatives to the previously available methods, allowing access to many sensitive reactions and products. In this review, we present the readers with the photochemical synthesis of a variety of 1,n-dicarbonyls. Diverse photocatalytic pathways to these fascinating molecules have been discussed, placing special emphasis on the mechanisms, giving the reader an opportunity to find all these significant developments in one place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashis Mondal
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nirbhik Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Kanchrapara College, North 24 Parganas, 743145, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumitra Maity
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, Jharkhand, India
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24
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Hyeon Ka C, Kim S, Jin Cho E. Visible Light-Induced Metal-Free Fluoroalkylations. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300036. [PMID: 36942971 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroalkylation is a crucial synthetic process that enables the modification of molecules with fluoroalkyl groups, which can enhance the properties of compounds and have potential applications in medicine and materials science. The utilization of visible light-induced, metal-free methods is of particular importance as it provides an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional methods and eliminates the potential risks associated with metal-catalyst toxicity. This Account describes our studies on visible light-induced, metal-free fluoroalkylation processes, which include the use of organic photocatalysts or EDA complexes. We have utilized organophotocatalysts such as Nile red, tri(9-anthryl)borane, and an indole-based tetracyclic complex, as well as catalyst-free EDA chemistry through photoactive halogen bond formation or an unconventional transient ternary complex formation with nucleophilic fluoroalkyl source. A variety of π-systems including arenes/heteroarenes, alkenes, and alkynes have been successfully fluoroalkylated under the developed reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Hyeon Ka
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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25
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Nemoto DT, Bian KJ, Kao SC, West JG. Radical ligand transfer: a general strategy for radical functionalization. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1225-1233. [PMID: 37614927 PMCID: PMC10442530 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The place of alkyl radicals in organic chemistry has changed markedly over the last several decades, evolving from challenging-to-generate "uncontrollable" species prone to side reactions to versatile reactive intermediates enabling construction of myriad C-C and C-X bonds. This maturation of free radical chemistry has been enabled by several advances, including the proliferation of efficient radical generation methods, such as hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), alkene addition, and decarboxylation. At least as important has been innovation in radical functionalization methods, including radical-polar crossover (RPC), enabling these intermediates to be engaged in productive and efficient bond-forming steps. However, direct engagement of alkyl radicals remains challenging. Among these functionalization approaches, a bio-inspired mechanistic paradigm known as radical ligand transfer (RLT) has emerged as a particularly promising and versatile means of forming new bonds catalytically to alkyl radicals. This development has been driven by several key features of RLT catalysis, including the ability to form diverse bonds (including C-X, C-N, and C-S), the use of simple earth abundant element catalysts, and the intrinsic compatibility of this approach with varied radical generation methods, including HAT, radical addition, and decarboxylation. Here, we provide an overview of the evolution of RLT catalysis from initial studies to recent advances and provide a conceptual framework we hope will inspire and enable future work using this versatile elementary step.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Nemoto
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS 602, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Kang-Jie Bian
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS 602, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Shih-Chieh Kao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS 602, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Julian G West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS 602, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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26
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Poudel DP, Pokhrel A, Tak RK, Shankar M, Giri R. Photosensitized O 2 enables intermolecular alkene cyclopropanation by active methylene compounds. Science 2023; 381:545-553. [PMID: 37535731 PMCID: PMC11216814 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropanes are key features in many preclinical, clinical, and commercial drugs, as well as natural products. The most prolific technique for their synthesis is the metal-catalyzed reaction of an alkene with a diazoalkane, a highly energetic reagent requiring stringent safety precautions. Discovery of alternative innocuous reagents remains an ongoing challenge. Herein, we report a simple photoredox-catalyzed intermolecular cyclopropanation of unactivated alkenes with active methylene compounds. The reaction proceeds in neutral solvent under air or dioxygen (O2) with a photoredox catalyst excited by blue light-emitting diode light and an iodine co-catalyst that is either added as molecular iodine or generated in situ from alkyl iodides. Mechanistic investigations indicate that photosensitized O2 plays a vital role in the generation of carbon-centered radicals for both the addition of active methylene compounds to alkenes and the ring closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba P. Poudel
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | | | | | - Majji Shankar
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Ramesh Giri
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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27
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Hu X, Xie J, Yang Y, Qiu Z, Lu W, Lin X, Xu B. Multi-Target Neural Differentiation (MTND) Therapeutic Cocktail to Suppress Brain Tumor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12329. [PMID: 37569705 PMCID: PMC10418641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors have been proved challenging to treat. Here we established a Multi-Target Neural Differentiation (MTND) therapeutic cocktail to achieve effective and safe treatment of brain malignancies by targeting the important hallmarks in brain cancers: poor cell differentiation and compromised cell cycle. In-vitro and in-vivo experiments confirmed the significant therapeutic effect of our MTND therapy. Significantly improved therapeutic effects over current first-line chemo-drugs have been identified in clinical cells, with great inhibition of the growth and migration of tumor cells. Further in-vivo experiments confirmed that sustained MTND treatment showed a 73% reduction of the tumor area. MTND also induced strong expression of phenotypes associated with cell cycle exit/arrest and rapid neural reprograming from clinical glioma cells to glutamatergic and GABAergic expressing cells, which are two key neuronal types involved in many human brain functions, including learning and memory. Collectively, MTND induced multi-targeted genotypic expression changes to achieve direct neural conversion of glioma cells and controlled the cell cycle/tumorigenesis development, helping control tumor cells' malignant proliferation and making it possible to treat brain malignant tumors effectively and safely. These encouraging results open avenues to developing new therapies for brain malignancies beyond cytotoxic agents, providing more effective medication recommendations with reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jingdun Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; (J.X.); (W.L.)
| | - Yilin Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ziyi Qiu
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Weicheng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; (J.X.); (W.L.)
| | - Xudong Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Bingzhe Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
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28
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Győrfi N, Tasnádi G, Gyuris M, Kotschy A. Visible-Light-Induced Synthesis of Branched Ethers via Multicomponent Reactions. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37418511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The Spin-Center Shift (SCS) elimination is a specific way for the generation of radicals with relevance in synthetic and biochemical pathways. The combination of SCS-mediated radical chemistry and atom-transfer radical addition (ATRA) offers new directions in diversity-oriented chemical synthesis. Herein, we report a photoredox three-component reaction of α-acyloxy-N-heterocycles as radical precursors, styrene derivatives as radical trapping agents, and alcohols as nucleophilic quenchers. The novel radical-polar crossover reaction provides access to a diverse set of branched ethers possessing high structural complexity. The utility of the transformation was also demonstrated by the synthesis of a complex drug derivative and it was easily scalable to the multigram level. The scope and limitations were also explored and a plausible mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nándor Győrfi
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u 7, 1031 Budapest, Hungary
- Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, Pázmány Péter s. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tasnádi
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u 7, 1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márió Gyuris
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u 7, 1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Kotschy
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u 7, 1031 Budapest, Hungary
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29
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Fischer DM, Freis M, Amberg WM, Lindner H, Carreira EM. Organophotocatalytic carbo-heterofunctionalization of unactivated olefins with pendant nucleophiles. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7256-7261. [PMID: 37416720 PMCID: PMC10321488 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the difunctionalization of unactivated, terminal olefins through intermolecular addition of α-bromoketones, -esters, and -nitriles followed by formation of 4- to 6-membered heterocycles with pendant nucleophiles. The reaction can be conducted with alcohols, acids, and sulfonamides as nucleophiles furnishing products bearing 1,4 functional group relationships that offer various handles for further manipulation. Salient features of the transformations are the use of 0.5 mol% of a benzothiazinoquinoxaline organophotoredox catalyst and their robustness with respect to air and moisture. Mechanistic investigations are carried out and a catalytic cycle for the reaction is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Fischer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Manuel Freis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Willi M Amberg
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Henry Lindner
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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30
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Yang X, Zhou J, Wu S, Yu W. Copper-mediated bromine atom transfer radical cyclisation of unactivated alkyl bromides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37401443 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02430j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The atom transfer radical cyclisation of unactivated alkyl bromides was realized by using a catalytic system of CuBr and Me6-TREN. This protocol is applicable to the preparation of five-membered rings from unsaturated primary and secondary bromides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jianlin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Shuoren Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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31
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Choi YR, Lee SB, Lee JK, Kwak Y, An H, Choi S, Hong KB. Thio(seleno)cyano-difluoroalkylation of Alkenes Using Visible-Light Photocatalysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:3564-3567. [PMID: 37155717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A mild and efficient three-component thio(seleno)cyano-difluoroalkylation of simple alkenes is demonstrated using an iridium(ruthenium) photocatalyst. This protocol provides a direct and regioselective installation of both C-S(Se)CN [thio(seleno)cyanation] and C-CF (difluoroalkylation) bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Rin Choi
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Beom Lee
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonna Kwak
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongchan An
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Choi
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bum Hong
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
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32
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Festersen L, Czekelius C. Photocatalytic Cascade Cyclization of Aryl Haloalkynyl Ketones Forming Cyclopenta[ b]naphthalene Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:3553-3558. [PMID: 37154431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An efficient metal-free, photoredox-mediated cascade cyclization of aryl 1-haloalk-5-ynyl ketones has been developed. Using catalytic amounts of eosin Y (EY) and EtNMe2 as a reductive quencher, various aryl 1-haloalk-5-ynyl ketones have been transformed into the corresponding cyclization products in up to 98% yield. As a result, synthetic access to differently α-functionalized cyclopenta[b]naphthones and direct construction of cyclopenta[b]naphtholes has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Festersen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constantin Czekelius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany
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33
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Meher P, Samanta RK, Manna S, Murarka S. Visible light photoredox-catalyzed arylative cyclization to access benzimidazo[2,1- a]isoquinolin-6(5 H)-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6092-6095. [PMID: 37128950 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00605k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A photoredox-catalyzed arylative radical cascade involving N-acryloyl-2-arylbenzoimidazoles and diaryliodonium triflates leading to the formation of a broad array of pharmaceutically important arylated-benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones is described. Importantly, the synthesized benzimidazoisoquinolinones are amenable for further synthetic manipulation and allowed efficient access to benzimidazo-fused polycyclic heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prahallad Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Raj Kumar Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sourav Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
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34
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de Groot LHM, Ilic A, Schwarz J, Wärnmark K. Iron Photoredox Catalysis-Past, Present, and Future. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9369-9388. [PMID: 37079887 PMCID: PMC10161236 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis of organic reactions driven by iron has attracted substantial attention throughout recent years, due to potential environmental and economic benefits. In this Perspective, three major strategies were identified that have been employed to date to achieve reactivities comparable to the successful noble metal photoredox catalysis: (1) Direct replacement of a noble metal center by iron in archetypal polypyridyl complexes, resulting in a metal-centered photofunctional state. (2) In situ generation of photoactive complexes by substrate coordination where the reactions are driven via intramolecular electron transfer involving charge-transfer states, for example, through visible-light-induced homolysis. (3) Improving the excited-state lifetimes and redox potentials of the charge-transfer states of iron complexes through new ligand design. We seek to give an overview and evaluation of recent developments in this rapidly growing field and, at the same time, provide an outlook on the future of iron-based photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H M de Groot
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Ilic
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Jesper Schwarz
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
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35
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Chen JQ, Luo X, Chen M, Chen Y, Wu J. Visible-Light-Induced 1,7-Enyne Dicyclization: Synthesis of Ester-Substituted Benzo[ j]phenanthridines. Org Lett 2023; 25:1978-1983. [PMID: 36912498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel alkoxycarbonyl-radical-triggered cascade cyclization of 1,7-enynes, with alkyloxalyl chlorides as the ester units, for the synthesis of benzo[j]phenanthridines is described. The reaction conditions exhibit excellent compatibility with a broad range of alkoxycarbonyl radical sources and realize the installation of an ester group in the polycyclic compound. This radical cascade cyclization reaction features excellent functional group tolerance, mild reaction conditions, and good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xiangxiang Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Yi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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36
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Shen J, Yue X, Xu J, Li W. α-Amino Radical-Mediated Difunctionalization of Alkenes with Polyhaloalkanes and N-Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:1994-1998. [PMID: 36920106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a mild and practical protocol for the α-perchloroalkyl β-heteroarylation of alkenes using available chloroform as the dichloromethyl source via α-amino radical-mediated halogen-atom transfer. Various substrates are compatible under mild reaction conditions, providing the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. This strategy gives an efficient and convenient method for the introduction of chloroalkyl motifs into N-heteroarenes. The control experiment demonstrates that the α-amino radical generated in situ is a key intermediate in the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Shen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Yue
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Wanmei Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
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37
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Herbstritt D, Braun T. Reduction of SF 5CF 3via iridium catalysis: radical trifluoromethylation of aromatics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3850-3853. [PMID: 36891951 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00495c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The greenhouse gas SF5CF3 acts as CF3 source for the photocatalytic trifluoromethylation of arenes on using [Ir(dtbbpy)(ppy)2]PF6 (4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-dipyridyl, ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) as catalyst. The trifluoromethylation of C6D6 in the presence of 1-octanol results in the concomitant generation of 1-fluorooctane, presumably by intermediate SF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenique Herbstritt
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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38
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Wang Y, Cao Z, He Q, Huang X, Liu J, Neumann H, Chen G, Beller M. Activation of perfluoroalkyl iodides by anions: extending the scope of halogen bond activation to C(sp 3)-H amidation, C(sp 2)-H iodination, and perfluoroalkylation reactions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1732-1741. [PMID: 36819859 PMCID: PMC9930934 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06145g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple, efficient, and convenient activation of perfluoroalkyl iodides by tBuONa or KOH, without expensive photo- or transition metal catalysts, allows the promotion of versatile α-sp3 C-H amidation reactions of alkyl ethers and benzylic hydrocarbons, C-H iodination of heteroaryl compounds, and perfluoroalkylations of electron-rich π bonds. Mechanistic studies show that these novel protocols are based on the halogen bond interaction between perfluoroalkyl iodides and tBuONa or KOH, which promote homolysis of perfluoroalkyl iodides under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China .,Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
| | - Zehui Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Qin He
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai UniversityTianjin 300071China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Helfried Neumann
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai UniversityTianjin 300071China
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
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39
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Kayanuma M. Theoretical Study of Atom-Transfer Radical Addition Reactions between Perfluoroalkyl Iodides and Styrene Using a Copper Photoredox Catalyst. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:153-159. [PMID: 36538492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of atom-transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions of perfluoroalkyl iodides with styrene using a Cu(I) photoredox catalyst was analyzed using density functional theory calculations. From among four previously mentioned mechanisms, the ligand-transfer mechanism (ligand abstraction by the radical intermediate) was shown to be most plausible. It was also suggested that the ATRA product would also be reduced by the photoexcited Cu(I) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kayanuma
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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40
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Yan CY, Wu ZW, He XY, Ma YH, Peng XR, Wang L, Yang QQ. Visible-Light-Induced Tandem Radical Brominative Addition/Cyclization of Activated Alkynes with CBr 4 for the Synthesis of 3-Bromocoumarins. J Org Chem 2023; 88:647-652. [PMID: 36480338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced tandem radical brominative addition/spiro-cyclization/1,2-ester migration of activated alkynes with CBr4 is developed. This protocol features good functional group tolerance, operational simplicity, and mild reaction conditions without the use of catalysts and external additives, providing easy access to valuable 3-bromocoumarins in generally high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yang Yan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Wei Wu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu He
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Ma
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- GongAn County People's Hospital, No. 119, Chanling Avenue, Douhudi Town, Gongan County, Jingzhou, Hubei 434300, P. R. China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China.,Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Qing Yang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China.,Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, P. R. China
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41
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Fischer D, Lindner H, Amberg WM, Carreira EM. Intermolecular Organophotocatalytic Cyclopropanation of Unactivated Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:774-780. [PMID: 36607827 PMCID: PMC9853868 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular cyclopropanation of mono-, di-, and trisubstituted olefins with α-bromo-β-ketoesters and α-bromomalonates under organophotocatalysis is reported. The reaction displays broad functional group tolerance, including substrates bearing acids, alcohols, halides, ethers, ketones, nitriles, esters, amides, carbamates, silanes, stannanes, boronic esters, as well as arenes, and furnishes highly substituted cyclopropanes. The transformation may be performed in the presence of air and moisture with 0.5 mol % of a benzothiazinoquinoxaline as organophotocatalyst. Mechanistic investigations, involving Stern-Volmer quenching, quantum yield determination, and deuteration experiments, are carried out, and a catalytic cycle for the transformation is discussed.
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42
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Mahmood Z, He J, Cai S, Yuan Z, Liang H, Chen Q, Huo Y, König B, Ji S. Tuning the Photocatalytic Performance of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Complexes Via Ligand Modification for Visible-Light-Induced Phosphorylation of Tertiary Aliphatic Amines. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202677. [PMID: 36250277 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuning the redox potential of commonly available photocatalyst to improve the catalytic performance or expand its scope for challenging synthetic conversions is an ongoing demand in synthetic chemistry. Herein, the excited state properties and redox potential of commercially available [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ photocatalyst were tuned by modifying the structure of the bipyridine ligands with electron-donating/withdrawing units. The visible-light-mediated photoredox phosphorylation of tertiary aliphatic amines was demonstrated under mild conditions. A series of cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions were performed employing the RuII complexes as photocatalyst giving the corresponding α-aminophosphinoxides and α-aminophosphonates via carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Mahmood
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jia He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shuqing Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhanxiang Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
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43
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Wang R, Gao L, Zhou C, Zhang X. Haloperfluoroalkylation of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes over Phenylphenothiazine-Based Porous Organic Polymers. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202211013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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44
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Chernov GI, Levin VV, Dilman AD. Photocatalytic reactions of fluoroalkyl iodides with alkenes. Russ Chem Bull 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-023-3714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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45
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Shi ZZ, Yu T, Ma H, Chi LX, You S, Deng C. Recent advances in radical cascade cyclization of 1,n-enynes with trifluoromethylating agents. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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46
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Liu Z, Li X, Yin W, Chen J, Li C, Cheng F, Liu JJ. Perylenediimide-Based Hybrid Materials for the Iodoperfluoroalkylation of Alkenes and Oxidative Coupling of Amines: Bay-Substituent-Mediated Photocatalytic Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:53090-53100. [PMID: 36383738 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic-organic donor-acceptor hybrid compounds are an emerging class of multifunctional crystalline materials with well-defined structures built from semiconductive inorganic and organic components. Perylenediimides (PDIs) are a prominent class of electron-deficient organic dyes, which can undergo consecutive photoinduced electron transfers to generate doublet excited-state radical anions for photoredox-inert chemical bonds. Thus, this is an excellent organic component for building hybrid materials to study the structure-property relationships in organic synthesis. In this context, three molecular structure modified PDI-based hybrid materials, (Me4-PDI)2·SiW12O40 (1), (Me4-Cl4-PDI)2·SiW12O40 (2), and (Me4-Br2-PDI)1.5·HSiW12O40 (3), were studied. By the introduction of different substituent groups at the bay positions, these three hybrid materials were successfully fabricated to investigate the impact of substituent groups on the photocatalytic activity. As expected, all PDI-based hybrid materials easily underwent consecutive photoexcitation to obtain their excited-state radical anions. However, experimental and theoretical analyses showed that these obtained excited-state radical anions displayed unusual bay-substituent-group-dependent photocatalytic conversion activities for the iodoperfluoroalkylation of alkenes and oxidative coupling of amines. Higher conversion yields were obtained for complexes 1 and 3 (bay-unsubstituted and Br-substituted PDI hybrid materials, respectively), and lower conversion was observed for complex 2 (Cl-substituted PDI hybrid material), which is attributed to the excited-state SOMO-1 energies of the PDI radical anions. The structure-property relationship established in this work provides insights for the further exploration of bay-substituted PDI hybrid materials in other small-molecule photocatalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Wenxiu Yin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Jian Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Feixiang Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Jian-Jun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
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Shi X, Song T, Li Q, Guo X, Yang Y. Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Photocatalyzed Switchable Divergent Perfluoroalkylation of Terminal Alkynes. Org Lett 2022; 24:8724-8728. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinglin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
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48
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Ruan HL, Deng YX, Li ZJ, Zhao SY. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Three-Component Selenosulfonation of Maleimides with Sulfonyl Hydrazides and Diselenides via Radical Relay. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15661-15669. [PMID: 36317696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
By employing Cu(CH3CN)4PF6 as the catalyst and tert-butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant, we realized a three-component radical selenosulfonation of substituted maleimides, sulfonyl hydrazides, and diphenyl diselenides, providing a series of 3,4-selenosulfonylated succinimides in moderate to good yields. This reaction features broad substrate scopes, high functional-group tolerability, and feasibility of gram-scale synthesis, enabling one-step construction of C-SO2 and C-Se bonds under mild reaction conditions. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the free-radical-induced pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Ruan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Xia Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Jing Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Yin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
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Tagami K, Ofuji Y, Kanbara T, Yajima T. Metal-free visible-light-induced hydroxy-perfluoroalkylation of conjugated olefins using enamine catalyst. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32790-32795. [PMID: 36425182 PMCID: PMC9667149 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06679c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a simple and sustainable method for the hydroxy-perfluoroalkylation of electron-deficient conjugated olefins and styrenes. In this protcol, in situ generated enamine forms electron-donor-accepter (EDA) complexes with perfluoroalkyl iodide, and reaction proceed with visible-light irradiation. Tertiary amine also interacts with perfluoroalkyl iodide via halogen-bonding, promoting the perfluoroalkyl radical generation. This reaction does not require any transition-metal or photoredox catalyst, and gaseous oxygen is used as the green hydroxy source. Moreover, various commercially available substrates and perfluoroalkyl iodides were tolerated, affording the desired hydroxy-perfluoroalkylated products in good to moderate yields (>50 examples, up to 90%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Koto Tagami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8610 Japan
| | - Yu Ofuji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8610 Japan
| | - Tadashi Kanbara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8610 Japan
| | - Tomoko Yajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8610 Japan
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50
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Evolution of BODIPY/aza-BODIPY dyes for organic photoredox/energy transfer catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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