1
|
Mergola L, Carbone L, Stomeo T, Del Sole R. Green Synthesis of Iridium Nanoparticles from Winery Waste and Their Catalytic Effectiveness in Water Decontamination. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2060. [PMID: 36903175 PMCID: PMC10004582 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly procedure was adopted for the first time to prepare green iridium nanoparticles starting from grape marc extracts. Grape marcs, waste of Negramaro winery production, were subjected to aqueous thermal extraction at different temperatures (45, 65, 80, and 100 °C) and characterized in terms of total phenolic contents, reducing sugars, and antioxidant activity. The results obtained showed an important effect of temperature with higher amounts of polyphenols and reducing sugars and antioxidant activity in the extracts with the increase of temperature. All four extracts were used as starting materials to synthesize different iridium nanoparticles (Ir-NP1, Ir-NP2, Ir-NP3, and Ir-NP4) that were characterized by Uv-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. TEM analysis revealed the presence of very small particles in all samples with sizes in the range of 3.0-4.5 nm with the presence of a second fraction of larger nanoparticles (7.5-17.0 nm) for Ir-NPs prepared with extracts obtained at higher temperatures (Ir-NP3 and Ir-NP4). Since the wastewater remediation of toxic organic contaminants on catalytic reduction has gained much attention, the application of the prepared Ir-NPs as catalysts towards the reduction of methylene blue (MB), chosen as the organic dye model, was evaluated. The efficient catalytic activity of Ir-NPs in the reduction of MB by NaBH4 was demonstrated and Ir-NP2 was prepared using the extract obtained at 65 °C, showing the best catalytic performance, with a rate constant of 0.527 ± 0.012 min-1 and MB reduction of 96.1% in just six min, with stability for over 10 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mergola
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni Km 1, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi Carbone
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory (NNL), Institute of Nanoscience CNR c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziana Stomeo
- Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Bersanti 14, Arnesano, 73010 Lecce, Italy
| | - Roberta Del Sole
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni Km 1, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi K, Huo Z, Liang T, Sui Y, Liu C, Shu H, Wang L, Duan D, Zou B. Harvesting PdH Employing Pd Nano Icosahedrons via High Pressure. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205133. [PMID: 36373732 PMCID: PMC9896048 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Palladium hydrides (PdHx ) have important applications in hydrogen storage, catalysis, and superconductivity. Because of the unique electron subshell structure of Pd, quenching PdHx materials with more than 0.706 hydrogen stoichiometry remains challenging. Here, the 1:1 stoichiometric PdH ( F m 3 ¯ m ) $Fm\bar{3}m)$ is successfully synthesized using Pd nano icosahedrons as a starting material via high-pressure cold-forging at 0.2 GPa. The synthetic initial pressure is reduced by at least one order of magnitude relative to the bulk Pd precursors. Furthermore, PdH is quenched at ambient conditions after being laser heated ≈2000 K under ≈30 GPa. Corresponding ab initio calculations demonstrate that the high potential barrier of the facets (111) restricts hydrogen atoms' diffusion, preventing hydrogen atoms from combining to generate H2 . This study paves the way for the high-pressure synthesis of metal hydrides with promising potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard MaterialsCollege of PhysicsJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Zihao Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard MaterialsCollege of PhysicsJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Tianxiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard MaterialsCollege of PhysicsJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Yongming Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard MaterialsCollege of PhysicsJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Synergetic Extreme Condition User FacilityState Key Laboratory of Superhard MaterialsCollege of PhysicsJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Haiyun Shu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced ResearchShanghai211203P. R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS)State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and TechnologyYanshan UniversityQinhuangdaoHebei066004P. R. China
| | - Defang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard MaterialsCollege of PhysicsJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard MaterialsCollege of PhysicsJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sui N, Wei X, Cao S, Zhang P, Zhou T, Zhang T. Nanoscale Bimetallic AuPt-Functionalized Metal Oxide Chemiresistors: Ppb-Level and Selective Detection for Ozone and Acetone. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2178-2187. [PMID: 35901277 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the most widely used gas sensors, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)-based chemiresistors have been facing great challenges in achieving ppb-level and selective detection of the target gas. The rational design and employment of bimetallic nanocatalysts (NCs) are expected to address this issue. In this work, the well-shaped and monodispersed AuPt NCs (diameter ≈ 9 nm) were functionalized on one-dimensional (1D) In2O3 nanofibers (NFs) to construct efficient gas sensors. The sensor demonstrated dual-selective and ppb-level detection for ozone (O3) and acetone (C3H6O) at different optimal working temperatures. For the possible application exploitation, a circuit was designed to monitor O3 concentration and provide warnings when the concentration safety limit (50 ppb) was exceeded. Moreover, simulated exhaled breath measurements were also carried out to diagnose diabetes through C3H6O concentration. The selective detection for O3 and C3H6O was further analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). The drastically enhanced sensing performances were attributed to the synergistic catalytic effect of AuPt NCs. Both the "spillover effect" and the Schottky barrier at the interfaces of AuPt NCs and In2O3 NFs promoted the sensing processes of O3 and C3H6O.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Quinson J. Iridium and IrO x nanoparticles: an overview and review of syntheses and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 303:102643. [PMID: 35334351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Precious metals are key in various fields of research and precious metal nanomaterials are directly relevant for optics, catalysis, pollution management, sensing, medicine, and many other applications. Iridium based nanomaterials are less studied than metals like gold, silver or platinum. A specific feature of iridium nanomaterials is the relatively small size nanoparticles and clusters easily obtained, e.g. by colloidal syntheses. Progress over the years overcomes the related challenging characterization and it is expected that the knowledge on iridium chemistry and nanomaterials will be growing. Although Ir nanoparticles have been preferred systems for the development of kinetic-based models of nanomaterial formation, there is surprisingly little knowledge on the actual formation mechanism(s) of iridium nanoparticles. Following the impulse from the high expectations on Ir nanoparticles as catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in electrolyzers, new areas of applications of iridium materials have been reported while more established applications are being revisited. This review covers different synthetic strategies of iridium nanoparticles and provides an in breadth overview of applications reported. Comprehensive Tables and more detailed topic-oriented overviews are proposed in Supplementary Material, covering synthesis protocols, the historical role or iridium nanoparticles in the development of nanoscience and applications in catalysis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jin G, Sun G, Fu C, Wang C, Ran G, Song Q. The enzymatic performance derived from the lattice planes of Ir nanoparticles. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01775f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations reveal that the versatile enzyme-like properties of IrNPs are directly related to their crystal planes. The catalase-like activity originates from the Ir(111) plane, while the oxidase-like activity is intrinsic to the Ir(220) plane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangxia Jin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Chan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Guoxia Ran
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Qijun Song
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Franz D, Schröder U, Shayduk R, Arndt B, Noei H, Vonk V, Michely T, Stierle A. Hydrogen Solubility and Atomic Structure of Graphene Supported Pd Nanoclusters. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15771-15780. [PMID: 34633788 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the atomic structure of graphene supported Pd nanoclusters and their interaction with hydrogen up to atmospheric pressures at room temperature by surface X-ray diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy. We find that Ir seeded Pd nanocluster superlattices with 1.2 nm cluster diameters can be grown on the graphene/Ir(111) moiré template with high structural perfection. The superlattice clusters are anchored through the rehybridized graphene to the Ir support, which superimposes a 2.0% inplane compression onto the clusters. During hydrogen exposure at 10 mbar pressure and room temperature, a significant part of the clusters gets unpinned from the superlattice. The clusters in registry undergo an out-of-plane expansion only, whereas the detached clusters expand in in- and out-of-plane directions. The formation of a hydrogen rich PdHx α' phase was not observed. After exposure to 1 bar, the majority of the clusters are unpinned from superlattice sites, due to their surface interaction with hydrogen and possible spill over to the graphene support. Only minor sintering was observed, which is more pronounced for the unpinned clusters. The results give evidence that ultrasmall Pd clusters on graphene are a stable hydrogen storage system with reduced hydrogen storage hysteresis and maintain a large surface area for hydrogen chemisorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Franz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, D-22607 Germany
- Physics Department, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, D-20355 Germany
| | - Ulrike Schröder
- Institute of Physics II, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50937 Germany
| | - Roman Shayduk
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, D-22607 Germany
| | - Björn Arndt
- Physics Department, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, D-20355 Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, D-22607 Germany
| | - Heshmat Noei
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, D-22607 Germany
| | - Vedran Vonk
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, D-22607 Germany
| | - Thomas Michely
- Institute of Physics II, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50937 Germany
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Physics Department, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, D-20355 Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, D-22607 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bhattacherjee D, Shaifali, Kumar A, Zyryanov GV, Das P. Polystyrene stabilized iridium nanoparticles catalyzed chemo- and regio-selective semi-hydrogenation of nitroarenes to N-arylhydroxylamines. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
8
|
Piccolo L. Restructuring effects of the chemical environment in metal nanocatalysis and single-atom catalysis. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
9
|
Dekura S, Kobayashi H, Kusada K, Kitagawa H. Hydrogen in Palladium and Storage Properties of Related Nanomaterials: Size, Shape, Alloying, and Metal-Organic Framework Coating Effects. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1158-1176. [PMID: 30887646 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
One of the key issues for an upcoming hydrogen energy-based society is to develop highly efficient hydrogen-storage materials. Among the many hydrogen-storage materials reported, transition-metal hydrides can reversibly absorb and desorb hydrogen, and have thus attracted much interest from fundamental science to applications. In particular, the Pd-H system is a simple and classical metal-hydrogen system, providing a platform suitable for a thorough understanding of ways of controlling the hydrogen-storage properties of materials. By contrast, metal nanoparticles have been recently studied for hydrogen storage because of their unique properties and the degrees of freedom which cannot be observed in bulk, i. e., the size, shape, alloying, and surface coating. In this review, we overview the effects of such degrees of freedom on the hydrogen-storage properties of Pd-related nanomaterials, based on the fundamental science of bulk Pd-H. We shall show that sufficiently understanding the nature of the interaction between hydrogen and host materials enables us to control the hydrogen-storage properties though the electronic-structure control of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Dekura
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Current address: Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kohei Kusada
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Inamori Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu C, Jiang S, Sui Y, Chen Y, Xiao G, Chen XJ, Shu H, Duan D, Li X, Liu H, Zou B. Effect of the Inherent Structure of Rh Nanocrystals on the Hydriding Behavior under Pressure. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:774-779. [PMID: 30724568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the inherent structure of materials is an effective way to improve the hydrogen storage capacity of metal materials. In this work, we report the effect of rhodium (Rh) nanocrystals (NCs) on the hydrogenation reaction. We found that Rh NCs could form rhodium monohydride (RhH) at a lower pressure than the bulk Rh because of its high specific surface area and structure defects. In addition, Rh NCs in the form of icosahedrons exhibited a much higher hydrogen absorption efficiency than Rh nanocubes. Furthermore, much smaller irregular Rh nanoparticles are even partially converted to RhH at lower pressure because of the nanosize effect. We thus believe that it is possible to design materials with excellent hydrogen storage properties under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , P.R. China
| | - Shuqing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230000 , China
| | - Yongming Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , P.R. China
| | - Yaping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , P.R. China
| | - Guanjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230000 , China
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research , Shanghai 211203 , China
| | - Haiyun Shu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research , Shanghai 211203 , China
| | - Defang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , P.R. China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , P.R. China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , P.R. China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Seo O, Kim J, Tayal A, Song C, Kumara LSR, Dekura S, Kobayashi H, Kitagawa H, Sakata O. The relationship between crystalline disorder and electronic structure of Pd nanoparticles and their hydrogen storage properties. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21311-21317. [PMID: 35521352 PMCID: PMC9065999 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02942g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between crystalline disorder and electronic structure deviations of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) and their hydrogen storage properties as a function of their particle diameter (2.0, 4.6 and 7.6 nm) using various synchrotron techniques. The lattice constant of the 2.0 nm-diameter Pd NPs was observed to be larger than that of the 4.6 or 7.6 nm-diameter Pd NPs. With increasing particle diameter the structural ordering was improved, the lattice constant and atomic displacement were reduced and the coordination numbers increased, as determined using high-energy X-ray diffraction, reverse Monte Carlo modelling and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The structural order of the core part of the larger NPs was also better than that of the smaller NPs. In addition, the bond strength of the Pd–H formation increased with increasing particle diameter. Finally, the surface order of the Pd NPs was related to enhancement of the hydrogen storage capacity and Pd–H bond strength. Smaller Pd nanoparticles have a high degree of disordering and a lower coordination number on the surface part, which causes a change in electronic structure to have different hydrogen storage properties.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Okkyun Seo
- Synchrotron X-ray Group
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Sayo
- Japan
| | - Jaemyung Kim
- Synchrotron X-ray Group
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Sayo
- Japan
| | - Akhil Tayal
- Synchrotron X-ray Group
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Sayo
- Japan
| | - Chulho Song
- Synchrotron X-ray Group
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Sayo
- Japan
| | - L. S. R. Kumara
- Synchrotron X-ray Group
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Sayo
- Japan
| | - Shun Dekura
- Division of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Division of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Osami Sakata
- Synchrotron X-ray Group
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Sayo
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Itoi H, Tachikawa T, Suzuki R, Hasegawa H, Iwata H, Ohzawa Y, Beniya A, Higashi S. A dry chemical method for dispersing Ir nanoparticles in the pores of activated carbon and their X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04659c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ir nanoparticles are finely dispersed inside the pores of activated carbon (AC) via the gas phase adsorption of an organoiridium complex in the AC and subsequent heat treatment. X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals the structure of the supported Ir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Itoi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Aichi Institute of Technology
- Toyota 470-0392
- Japan
| | | | - Ryutaro Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Aichi Institute of Technology
- Toyota 470-0392
- Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Aichi Institute of Technology
- Toyota 470-0392
- Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwata
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- Aichi Institute of Technology
- Toyota 470-0392
- Japan
| | - Yoshimi Ohzawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Aichi Institute of Technology
- Toyota 470-0392
- Japan
| | - Atsushi Beniya
- Frontier Research-Domain
- Toyota Central R&D Labs
- Inc
- Nagakute
- Japan
| | - Shougo Higashi
- Frontier Research-Domain
- Toyota Central R&D Labs
- Inc
- Nagakute
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu HC, Chen CS, Yang CM, Tsai MC, Lee JF. Decomposition of Large Cu Crystals into Ultrasmall Particles Using Chemical Vapor Deposition and Their Application in Selective Propylene Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:38547-38557. [PMID: 30360110 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report a novel application of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in which the calcination and reduction of Cu(thd)2 deposited onto 4.9 wt % Cu/SiO2 induces significant decomposition of 28 nm crystalline Cu into ultrasmall ∼2 nm particles (5.1 wt % Cu/SiO2). The Cu loading slightly increased, but the particle size dramatically decreased. The deposition of Cu(thd)2 onto the Cu surface can initially affect the size reduction of the metallic Cu particles due to charge transfer between Cu(thd)2 and the Cu surface. Thermal treatments, including calcination in air and reduction in H2, can further influence the Cu particle decomposition. The mechanism of change in the Cu particle decomposition was investigated by a variety of experiments, such as X-ray diffraction and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. CVD treatment of Cu/SiO2 can create Cu-rich sites, which effectively enhance the conversion and acrolein yield in selective propylene oxidation. The intermediate associated with propylene oxidation on the Cu catalysts was also examined by IR spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Wu
- Center for General Education , Chang Gung University , 259, Wen-Hua 1st Road , Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33302 , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Shiun Chen
- Center for General Education , Chang Gung University , 259, Wen-Hua 1st Road , Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33302 , Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pathology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Linkou, 5 Fusing Street , Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33302 , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Min Yang
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jyh-Fu Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center , Hsinchu 30076 , Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Santacruz L, Donnici S, Granados A, Shafir A, Vallribera A. Fluoro-tagged osmium and iridium nanoparticles in oxidation reactions. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
15
|
Schneemann A, White JL, Kang S, Jeong S, Wan LF, Cho ES, Heo TW, Prendergast D, Urban JJ, Wood BC, Allendorf MD, Stavila V. Nanostructured Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10775-10839. [PMID: 30277071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge and foundational understanding of phenomena associated with the behavior of materials at the nanoscale is one of the key scientific challenges toward a sustainable energy future. Size reduction from bulk to the nanoscale leads to a variety of exciting and anomalous phenomena due to enhanced surface-to-volume ratio, reduced transport length, and tunable nanointerfaces. Nanostructured metal hydrides are an important class of materials with significant potential for energy storage applications. Hydrogen storage in nanoscale metal hydrides has been recognized as a potentially transformative technology, and the field is now growing steadily due to the ability to tune the material properties more independently and drastically compared to those of their bulk counterparts. The numerous advantages of nanostructured metal hydrides compared to bulk include improved reversibility, altered heats of hydrogen absorption/desorption, nanointerfacial reaction pathways with faster rates, and new surface states capable of activating chemical bonds. This review aims to summarize the progress to date in the area of nanostructured metal hydrides and intends to understand and explain the underpinnings of the innovative concepts and strategies developed over the past decade to tune the thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen storage reactions. These recent achievements have the potential to propel further the prospects of tuning the hydride properties at nanoscale, with several promising directions and strategies that could lead to the next generation of solid-state materials for hydrogen storage applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schneemann
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94551 , United States
| | - James L White
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94551 , United States
| | - ShinYoung Kang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Sohee Jeong
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Liwen F Wan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Eun Seon Cho
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wook Heo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - David Prendergast
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Brandon C Wood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Mark D Allendorf
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94551 , United States
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94551 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kobayashi H, Yamauchi M, Ikeda R, Yamamoto T, Matsumura S, Kitagawa H. Double enhancement of hydrogen storage capacity of Pd nanoparticles by 20 at% replacement with Ir; systematic control of hydrogen storage in Pd-M nanoparticles (M = Ir, Pt, Au). Chem Sci 2018; 9:5536-5540. [PMID: 30210762 PMCID: PMC6124882 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01460d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on binary solid-solution nanoparticles (NPs) composed of Pd and Ir, which are not miscible at the equilibrium state of the bulk, for the first time, by means of a process of hydrogen absorption/desorption from core (Pd)/shell (Ir) NPs. Only 20 at% replacement with Ir atoms doubled the hydrogen-storage capability compared to Pd NPs, which are a representative hydrogen-storage material. Furthermore, the systematic control of hydrogen concentrations and the corresponding pressure in Pd and Pd-M NPs (M = Ir, Pt, Au) have been achieved based on the band filling control of Pd NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Division of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto , 606-8502 , Japan . ;
- JST , PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi , Saitama , 332-0012 , Japan
| | - Miho Yamauchi
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER) , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka , 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ikeda
- Division of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto , 606-8502 , Japan . ;
| | - Tomokazu Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyushu University , Motooka 744, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka , 819-0395 , Japan
- The Ultramicroscopy Research Center , Kyushu University , Motooka 744, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka , 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Syo Matsumura
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyushu University , Motooka 744, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka , 819-0395 , Japan
- The Ultramicroscopy Research Center , Kyushu University , Motooka 744, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka , 819-0395 , Japan
- Inamori Frontier Research Center , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka , 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto , 606-8502 , Japan . ;
- Inamori Frontier Research Center , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka , 819-0395 , Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS) , Kyoto University , Yoshida, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto , 606-8501 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ghosh S, Jagirdar BR. Synthesis and Mechanism of Formation of Metal Nanosponges and their Catalytic and Hydrogen Sorption Properties. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Karnataka - 560012 India
| | - Balaji R. Jagirdar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Karnataka - 560012 India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ishimoto T, Koyama M. Theoretical study of tetrahedral site occupation by hydrogen in Pd nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:034705. [PMID: 29352793 DOI: 10.1063/1.5005976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the enhanced effects and new hydrogen absorption properties of metal nanoparticles, we theoretically investigated the hydrogen absorption in Pd nanoparticles, adopting the Pd405 model of ca. 2.5 nm by using density functional theory. Pd405 showed inhomogeneous geometric features, especially near the surface region. The hydrogen absorptions in octahedral (O) and tetrahedral (T) sites near the core region were stable and unstable, respectively, similar to the Pd bulk. We clearly demonstrated the possibility of hydrogen absorption in T sites near the surface of Pd405. The flexible volume change and the difference in hydrogen position relative to the center of mass of the T site that we observed are important factors for stable hydrogen absorption in T sites of Pd nanoparticles. In addition, we discuss the differences in hydrogen diffusion mechanisms in the core and near surface regions, based on the stability of hydrogen absorption in O and T sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Ishimoto
- Advanced Automotive Research Collaborative Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Michihisa Koyama
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oumellal Y, Provost K, Ghimbeu CM, de Yuso AM, Zlotea C. Composition and size dependence of hydrogen interaction with carbon supported bulk-immiscible Pd-Rh nanoalloys. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:465401. [PMID: 27749273 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/46/465401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In-depth clarification of hydrogen interaction with noble metal nanoparticles and nanoalloys is essential for further development and design of efficient catalysts and hydrogen storage nanomaterials. This issue becomes even more challenging for nanoalloys of bulk-immiscible metals. The hydrogen interaction with bulk-immiscible Pd-Rh nanoalloys (3-6 nm) supported on mesoporous carbon is studied by both laboratory and large scale facility techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals a single phase fcc structure for all nanoparticles confirming the formation of nanoalloys in the whole composition range. In situ extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) experiments suggest segregated local structures into Pd-rich surface and Rh-rich core coexisting within the nanoparticles. Hydrogen sorption can be tuned by chemical composition: Pd-rich nanoparticles form a hydride phase, whereas Rh-rich phases do not absorb hydrogen under ambient temperature and pressure conditions. The thermodynamics of hydride formation can be tailored by the composition without affecting hydrogen capacity at full hydrogenation. Furthermore, for hydrogen absorbing nanoalloys, in situ EXAFS reveals a preferential occupation of hydrogen for the interstitial sites around Pd atoms. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing insights into the hydrogen interaction mechanism with Pd-Rh nanoalloys that can guide the design of catalysts for hydrogenation reactions and the development of nanomaterials for hydrogen storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Oumellal
- Université Paris Est, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (UMR7182), CNRS, UPEC, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang T, Nakagawa Y, Wakasugi T, Isobe S, Wang Y, Hashimoto N, Ohnuki S. Hydrogen Absorption of Palladium Thin Films Observed by in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with an Environmental Cell. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:14548-14551. [PMID: 27214586 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A window type of the environmental cell system for a high-voltage electron microscope was developed and applied to in situ observation of a palladium (Pd) thin film. For in situ hydrogenation of Pd thin films, the distances of the lattice fringes were 0.20 and 0.23 nm, which correspond to the lattice d spacings of β-phase (200) and (111) planes. Expansion of the Pd lattice happened as a result of phase transformation from the α phase to the β phase. In particular, the lattice fringes were clearly distinguished, and the dislocation behavior during Pd hydrogenation was easily recognized according to the corresponding inverse fast fourier transform images. Furthermore, significant growth in the number of dislocations was observed at the grain boundary during increasing hydrogen pressure in the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Zhang
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University , N-13, W-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University , N-13, W-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takenobu Wakasugi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University , N-13, W-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Shigehito Isobe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University , N-13, W-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yongming Wang
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University , N-21, W-10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University , N-13, W-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Somei Ohnuki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University , N-13, W-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tan S, Paglieri SN, Li D. Nano-scale sulfur-tolerant lanthanide oxysulfide/oxysulfate catalysts for water–gas-shift reaction in a novel reactor configuration. CATAL COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
22
|
Davis JBA, Shayeghi A, Horswell SL, Johnston RL. The Birmingham parallel genetic algorithm and its application to the direct DFT global optimisation of Ir(N) (N = 10-20) clusters. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:14032-8. [PMID: 26239404 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03774c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A new open-source parallel genetic algorithm, the Birmingham parallel genetic algorithm, is introduced for the direct density functional theory global optimisation of metallic nanoparticles. The program utilises a pool genetic algorithm methodology for the efficient use of massively parallel computational resources. The scaling capability of the Birmingham parallel genetic algorithm is demonstrated through its application to the global optimisation of iridium clusters with 10 to 20 atoms, a catalytically important system with interesting size-specific effects. This is the first study of its type on Iridium clusters of this size and the parallel algorithm is shown to be capable of scaling beyond previous size restrictions and accurately characterising the structures of these larger system sizes. By globally optimising the system directly at the density functional level of theory, the code captures the cubic structures commonly found in sub-nanometre sized Ir clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack B A Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Computational study of the adsorption of benzene and hydrogen on palladium–iridium nanoalloys. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
24
|
Zlotea C, Oumellal Y, Msakni M, Bourgon J, Bastide S, Cachet-Vivier C, Latroche M. First Evidence of Rh Nano-Hydride Formation at Low Pressure. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:4752-4757. [PMID: 26098365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Rh-based nanoparticles supported on a porous carbon host were prepared with tunable average sizes ranging from 1.3 to 3.0 nm. Depending on the vacuum or hydrogen environment during thermal treatment, either Rh metal or hydride is formed at nanoscale, respectively. In contrast to bulk Rh that can form a hydride phase under 4 GPa pressure, the metallic Rh nanoparticles (∼2.3 nm) absorb hydrogen and form a hydride phase at pressure below 0.1 MPa, as evidenced by the presence of a plateau pressure in the pressure-composition isotherm curves at room temperature. Larger metal nanoparticles (∼3.0 nm) form only a solid solution with hydrogen under similar conditions. This suggests a nanoscale effect that drastically changes the Rh-H thermodynamics. The nanosized Rh hydride phase is stable at room temperature and only desorbs hydrogen above 175 °C. Within the present hydride particle size range (1.3-2.3 nm), the hydrogen desorption is size-dependent, as proven by different thermal analysis techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zlotea
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, CNRS UMR 7182, UPEC, 2-8, rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Yassine Oumellal
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, CNRS UMR 7182, UPEC, 2-8, rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Mariem Msakni
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, CNRS UMR 7182, UPEC, 2-8, rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Julie Bourgon
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, CNRS UMR 7182, UPEC, 2-8, rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Stéphane Bastide
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, CNRS UMR 7182, UPEC, 2-8, rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Christine Cachet-Vivier
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, CNRS UMR 7182, UPEC, 2-8, rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Michel Latroche
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, CNRS UMR 7182, UPEC, 2-8, rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kobayashi H, Kusada K, Kitagawa H. Creation of Novel Solid-Solution Alloy Nanoparticles on the Basis of Density-of-States Engineering by Interelement Fusion. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1551-9. [PMID: 25993560 DOI: 10.1021/ar500413e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Currently 118 known elements are represented in the periodic table. Of these 118 elements, only about 80 elements are stable, nonradioactive, and widely available for our society. From the viewpoint of the "elements strategy", we need to make full use of the 80 elements to bring out their latent ability and create innovative materials. Furthermore, there is a strong demand that the use of rare or toxic elements be reduced or replaced while their important properties are retained. Advanced science and technology could create higher-performance materials even while replacing or reducing minor or harmful elements through the combination of more abundant elements. The properties of elements are correlated directly with their electronic states. In a solid, the magnitude of the density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level affects the physical and chemical properties. In the present age, more attention has been paid to improving the properties of materials by means of alloying elements. In particular, the solid-solution-type alloy is advantageous because the properties can be continuously controlled by tuning the compositions and/or combinations of the constituent elements. However, the majority of bulk alloys are of the phase-separated type under ambient conditions, where constituent elements are immiscible with each other. To overcome the challenge of the bulk-phase metallurgical aspects, we have focused on the nanosize effect and developed methods involving "nonequilibrium synthesis" or "a process of hydrogen absorption/desorption". We propose a new concept of "density-of-states engineering" for the design of materials having the most desirable and suitable properties by means of "interelement fusion". In this Account, we describe novel solid-solution alloys of Pd-Pt, Ag-Rh, and Pd-Ru systems in which the constituent elements are immiscible in the bulk state. The homogeneous solid-solution alloys of Pd and Pt were created from Pd core/Pt shell nanoparticles using a hydrogen absorption/desorption process as a trigger. Several atom percent replacements of Pd with Pt atoms resulted in a significantly enhanced hydrogen absorption capacity compared with Pd nanoparticles. AgxRh1-x and PdxRu1-x solid-solution alloy nanoparticles were also developed by nonequilibrium synthesis based on a polyol method. The AgxRh1-x nanoparticles demonstrated hydrogen storage properties, although pure metal nanoparticles of each constituent element do not adsorb hydrogen. AgxRh1-x is therefore considered to possess a similar electronic structure to Pd as a synthetic pseudo-palladium. The PdxRu1-x nanoparticles showed enhanced catalytic activity for CO oxidation, with the highest catalytic activity found using the equimolar Pd0.5Ru0.5 nanoparticles. The catalytic activity of the Pd0.5Ru0.5 nanoparticles exceeds that of the widely used and best-performing Ru catalysts for CO oxidation and is also higher than that of neighboring Rh on the periodic table. Our present work provides a guiding principle for the design of a suitable DOS shape according to the intended physical and/or chemical properties and a method for the development of novel solid-solution alloys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7 Goban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Kohei Kusada
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7 Goban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7 Goban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Institute
for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- INAMORI
Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Su H, Liu DD, Zhao M, Hu WL, Xue SS, Cao Q, Le XY, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Dual-Enzyme Characteristics of Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Capped Iridium Nanoparticles and Their Cellular Protective Effect against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:8233-8242. [PMID: 25826467 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilized iridium nanoparticles (PVP-IrNPs), synthesized by the facile alcoholic reduction method using abundantly available PVP as protecting agents, were first reported as enzyme mimics showing intrinsic catalase- and peroxidase-like activities. The preparation procedure was much easier and more importantly, kinetic studies found that the catalytic activity of PVP-IrNPs was comparable to previously reported platinum nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization indicated that PVP-IrNPs had the average size of approximately 1.5 nm and mainly consisted of Ir(0) chemical state. The mechanism of PVP-IrNPs' dual-enzyme activities was investigated using XPS, Electron spin resonance (ESR) and cytochrome C-based electron transfer methods. The catalase-like activity was related to the formation of oxidized species Ir(0)@IrO2 upon reaction with H2O2. The peroxidase-like activity originated from their ability acting as electron transfer mediators during the catalysis cycle, without the production of hydroxyl radicals. Interestingly, the protective effect of PVP-IrNPs against H2O2-induced cellular oxidative damage was investigated in an A549 lung cancer cell model and PVP-IrNPs displayed excellent biocompatibility and antioxidant activity. Upon pretreatment of cells with PVP-IrNPs, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in response to H2O2 was decreased and the cell viability increased. This work will facilitate studies on the mechanism and biomedical application of nanomaterials-based enzyme mimic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Su
- †MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- ‡Department of Applied Chemistry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhao
- †MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Liang Hu
- †MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Xue
- †MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Qian Cao
- †MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Yi Le
- ‡Department of Applied Chemistry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Nian Ji
- †MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- †MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
- ‡Department of Applied Chemistry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chakrapani K, Sampath S. The dual role of borohydride depending on reaction temperature: synthesis of iridium and iridium oxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9690-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03182f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Temperature dependent reaction products are observed when borohydride is present in aqueous solutions containing Ir3+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalapu Chakrapani
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| | - S. Sampath
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zlotea C, Morfin F, Nguyen TS, Nguyen NT, Nelayah J, Ricolleau C, Latroche M, Piccolo L. Nanoalloying bulk-immiscible iridium and palladium inhibits hydride formation and promotes catalytic performances. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:9955-9959. [PMID: 25059734 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogen sorption properties of oxide-supported Ir-Pd nanoalloys have been determined for the first time, and correlated with their catalytic behavior. The addition of Ir to Pd suppresses hydride formation and leads to improved catalytic performances with respect to pure metals in the preferential oxidation of CO in H2 excess (PROX).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Zlotea
- ICMPE, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux de Paris-Est, UMR 7182 CNRS & Université Paris Est Créteil, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yamamoto T, Kobayashi H, Kitagawa H. Facile Liquid-phase Synthesis and Optical Properties of Small Silver Iodide Quantum Dots. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li G, Kobayashi H, Dekura S, Ikeda R, Kubota Y, Kato K, Takata M, Yamamoto T, Matsumura S, Kitagawa H. Shape-Dependent Hydrogen-Storage Properties in Pd Nanocrystals: Which Does Hydrogen Prefer, Octahedron (111) or Cube (100)? J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10222-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja504699u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangqin Li
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- JST CREST, Goban-cho 7, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Shun Dekura
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ikeda
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- JST CREST, Goban-cho 7, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kubota
- Department
of Physical Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1
Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Masaki Takata
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1
Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yamamoto
- JST CREST, Goban-cho 7, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
- Research
Laboratory of High-Voltage Electron Microscope, Kyushu University, Motooka
744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Syo Matsumura
- JST CREST, Goban-cho 7, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
- Research
Laboratory of High-Voltage Electron Microscope, Kyushu University, Motooka
744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department
of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka
744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- INAMORI
Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- JST CREST, Goban-cho 7, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
- INAMORI
Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Institute
for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yamauchi M, Okubo K, Tsukuda T, Kato K, Takata M, Takeda S. Hydrogen-induced structural transformation of AuCu nanoalloys probed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:4067-4071. [PMID: 24608274 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06327e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In situ X-ray diffraction measurements reveal that the transformation of a AuCu nanoalloy from a face-centered-cubic to an L10 structure is accelerated under a hydrogen atmosphere. The structural transformation rate for the AuCu nanoalloy under hydrogen above 433 K was found to be 100 times faster than that in a vacuum, which is the first quantitative observation of hydrogen-induced ordering of nanoalloys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Yamauchi
- WPI-I2CNER, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Ultrathin nanostructures possess the very essential features of nanomaterials, including quantum-confinement effects and unconventional reactivities, which are determined by the significant structure variations from the bulk material. More and more isolated reports on ultrathin nanostructures and various new phenomena have appeared in recent years but a comprehensive review on their typical features and future development has not followed. Here we aim to present a well-organized review which comments on the most important characteristics of non-carbon ultrathin nanostructures, in an attemp to reveal the underlying relationship between their reactivity, stability and transformation law, and their structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Role of nanoconfinement on hydrogen sorption properties of metal nanoparticles hybrids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
34
|
Sharif MJ, Maity P, Yamazoe S, Tsukuda T. Selective Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics by Colloidal Iridium Nanoparticles. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. J. Sharif
- School of Science, The University of Tokyo
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Seiji Yamazoe
- School of Science, The University of Tokyo
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vankayala R, Gollavelli G, Mandal BK. Highly fluorescent and biocompatible iridium nanoclusters for cellular imaging. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:1993-2000. [PMID: 23661257 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-4952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Highly fluorescent iridium nanoclusters were synthesized and investigated its application as a potential intracellular marker. The iridium nanoclusters were prepared with an average size of ~2 nm. Further, these nanoclusters were refluxed with aromatic ligands, such as 2,2'-binaphthol (BINOL) in order to obtain fluorescence properties. The photophysical properties of these bluish-green emitting iridium nanoclusters were well characterized by using UV-Visible, fluorescence and lifetime decay measurements. The emission spectrum for these nanoclusters exhibit three characteristic peaks at 449, 480 and 515 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield of BINOL-Ir NCs were estimated to be 0.36 and the molar extinction co-efficients were in the order of 10(6) M(-1)cm(-1). In vitro cytotoxicity studies in HeLa cells reveal that iridium nanoclusters exhibited good biocompatibility with an IC50 value of ~100 μg/ml and also showed excellent co-localization and distribution throughout the cytoplasm region without entering into the nucleus. This research has opened a new window in developing the iridium nanoparticle based intracellular fluorescent markers and has wide scope to act as biomedical nanocarrier to carry many biological molecules and anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raviraj Vankayala
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kusada K, Kobayashi H, Ikeda R, Morita H, Kitagawa H. Changeover of the Thermodynamic Behavior for Hydrogen Storage in Rh with Increasing Nanoparticle Size. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2013.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kusada
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
| | - Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Ryuichi Ikeda
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
| | - Hitoshi Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Khanal S, Casillas G, Velazquez-Salazar JJ, Ponce A, Jose-Yacaman M. Atomic resolution imaging of polyhedral PtPd core-shell nanoparticles by Cs-corrected STEM. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2012; 116:23596-23602. [PMID: 23407690 PMCID: PMC3568496 DOI: 10.1021/jp3092418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanoparticles present different properties than their monometallic counterparts, opening a wide range of possibilities for different applications. PtPd nanoparticles have raised interest for their many applications in fuel cells, ethanol and methanol oxidation reactions, hydrogen storage, etc. However, the cost of Pt makes it unpractical to use in big quantities; therefore, one of the big challenges is to synthesize very small catalysts in order to maximize the efficiency in their use. In this work, we synthesized polyhedral PtPd core-shell nanoparticles under 20 nm and characterized them by Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. This technique allowed us to probe the structure at the atomic level of these nanoparticles revealing new structural information. We determined the structure of the three main polyhedral morphologies obtained in the synthesis: octahedral, decahedral and triangular plates. Decahedral PtPd core-shell nanoparticles are novel morphologies for this system. Morphology and defects present in the nanoparticles are shown and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Khanal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kobayashi H, Morita H, Yamauchi M, Ikeda R, Kitagawa H, Kubota Y, Kato K, Takata M, Toh S, Matsumura S. Nanosize-induced drastic drop in equilibrium hydrogen pressure for hydride formation and structural stabilization in Pd-Rh solid-solution alloys. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12390-3. [PMID: 22799891 DOI: 10.1021/ja305031y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized and characterized homogeneous solid-solution alloy nanoparticles of Pd and Rh, which are immiscible with each other in the equilibrium bulk state at around room temperature. The Pd-Rh alloy nanoparticles can absorb hydrogen at ambient pressure and the hydrogen pressure of Pd-Rh alloys for hydrogen storage is dramatically decreased by more than 4 orders of magnitude from the corresponding pressure in the metastable bulk state. The solid-solution state is still maintained in the nanoparticles even after hydrogen absorption/desorption, in contrast to the metastable bulks which are separated into Pd and Rh during the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|