1
|
Li Z, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Tang S. Mechanochemical Backbone Editing for Controlled Degradation of Vinyl Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408225. [PMID: 38801168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The chemically inert nature of fully saturated hydrocarbon backbones endows vinyl polymers with desirable durability, but it also leads to their significant environmental persistence. Enhancing the sustainability of these materials requires a pivotal yet challenging shift: transforming the inert backbone into one that is degradable. Here, we present a versatile platform for mechanochemically editing the fully saturated backbone of vinyl polymers towards degradable polymer chains by integrating cyclobutene-fused succinimide (CBS) units along backbone through photo-iniferter reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) copolymerization. Significantly, the evenly insertion of CBS units does not compromise thermal or chemical stability but rather offers a means to adjust the properties of polymethylacrylate (PMA). Meanwhile, reactive acyclic imide units can be selectively introduced to the backbone through mechanochemical activation (pulse ultrasonication or ball-milling grinding) when required. Subsequent hydrolysis of the acyclic imide groups enables efficient degradation, yielding telechelic oligomers. This approach holds promise for inspiring the design and modification of more environmentally friendly vinyl polymers through backbone editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yajun Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shan Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cai Y, Binder WH. Triggered Crosslinking of Main-Chain Enediyne Polyurethanes via Bergman Cyclization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300440. [PMID: 37877520 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Crosslinking chemistries occupy an important position in polymer modification with a particular importance when triggered in response to external stimuli. Enediyne (EDY) moieties are used as functional entities in this work, known to undergo a pericyclic Bergman cyclization (BC) to induce a triggered crosslinking of polyurethanes (PU) via the intermediately formed diradicals. Diamino-EDYs, where the distance between the enyne-moieties is known to be critical to induce a BC, are placed repetitively as main-chain structural elements in isophorone-based PUs to induce reinforcement upon heating, compression, or stretching. A 7-day compression under room temperature results in a ≈69% activation of the BC, together with the observation of an increase in tensile strength by 62% after 25 stretching cycles. The occurrence of BC is further proven by the decreased exothermic values in differential scanning calorimetry, together with characteristic peaks of the formed benzene moieties via IR spectroscopy. Purely heat-induced crosslinking contributes to 191% of the maximum tensile strength in comparison to the virgin PU. The BC herein forms an excellent crosslinking strategy, triggered by heat or force in PU materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cai
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Das A, Datta A. Designing Site Specificity in the Mechanochemical Cargo Release of Small Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37291056 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical force can trigger the predictable and precise release of small molecules from macromolecular carriers. In this article, based on mechanochemical simulations, we show that norborn-2-en-7-one (NEO), I, and its derivatives can selectively release CO, N2, and SO2 and produce two distinctly different products, A ((3E,5Z,7E)-dimethyl-5,6-diphenyldeca-3,5,7-triene-1,10-diyl bis(2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate)) and B (4',5'-dimethyl-4',5'-dihydro-[1,1':2',1''-terphenyl]-3',6'-diyl)bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate). Site-specific design in the pulling points (PP) ensures that by changing the regioselectivity, either A or B can be exclusively generated. Controlling the rigidity of the NEO scaffold by replacing a 6-membered ring with an 8-membered ring and concomitantly tuning the pulling groups makes it mechanolabile toward the selective formation of B. The diradical intermediate formed during I → A is predicted to be persistent for ∼150 fs. The structural design holds the key to the trade-off between mechanochemical rigidity and lability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ultrasound triggered organic mechanoluminescence materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114343. [PMID: 35580814 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound induced organic mechanoluminescence materials have become one of the focal topics in wireless light sources since they exhibit high spatiotemporal resolution, biocompatibility and excellent tissue penetration depth. These properties promote great potential in ultrahigh sensitive bioimaging with no background noise and noninvasive nanodevices. Recent advances in chemistry, nanotechnology and biomedical research are revolutionizing ultrasound induced organic mechanoluminescence. Herein, we try to summarize some recent researches in ultrasound induced mechanoluminescence that use various materials design strategies based on the molecular conformational changes and cycloreversion reaction. Practical applications, like noninvasive bioimaging and noninvasive optogenetics, are also presented and prospected.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sha Y, Zhou Z, Zhu M, Luo Z, Xu E, Li X, Yan H. The Mechanochemistry of Carboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203169. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sha
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Miao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Science Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Zhenyang Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Enhua Xu
- Graduate School of System Informatics Kobe University Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Xiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Science Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sha Y, Zhou Z, Zhu M, Luo Z, Xu E, Li X, Yan H. The Mechanochemistry of Carboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sha
- Nanjing Forestry University Chemistry and Biochemistry 159 Longpan StNanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Nanjing Forestry University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Miao Zhu
- Nanjing Agricultural University Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Enhua Xu
- Kobe University Graduate School of System Informatics: Kobe Daigaku Daigakuin System Johogaku Kenkyuka Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Xiang Li
- Nanjing Agricultural University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Hong Yan
- Nanjing University Chemistry CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bowser BH, Wang S, Kouznetsova TB, Beech HK, Olsen BD, Rubinstein M, Craig SL. Single-Event Spectroscopy and Unravelling Kinetics of Covalent Domains Based on Cyclobutane Mechanophores. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5269-5276. [PMID: 33783187 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions that lead to an increase in polymer contour length have the potential to serve as covalent synthetic mimics of the mechanical unfolding of noncovalent "stored length" domains in structural proteins. Here we report the force-dependent kinetics of stored length release in a family of covalent domain polymers based on cis-1,2-substituted cyclobutane mechanophores. The stored length is determined by the size (n) of a fused ring in an [n.2.0] bicyclic architecture, and it can be made sufficiently large (>3 nm per event) that individual unravelling events are resolved in both constant-velocity and constant-force single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) experiments. Replacing a methylene in the pulling attachment with a phenyl group drops the force necessary to achieve rate constants of 1 s-1 from ca. 1970 pN (dialkyl handles) to 630 pN (diaryl handles), and the substituent effect is attributed to a combination of electronic stabilization and mechanical leverage effects. In contrast, the kinetics are negligibly perturbed by changes in the amount of stored length. The independent control of unravelling force and extension holds promise as a probe of molecular behavior in polymer networks and for optimizing the behaviors of materials made from covalent domain polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon H Bowser
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Haley K Beech
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Physics, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,World Premier Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Stephen L Craig
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ayer MA, Verde-Sesto E, Liu CH, Weder C, Lattuada M, Simon YC. Modeling ultrasound-induced molecular weight decrease of polymers with multiple scissile azo-mechanophores. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00420d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective and non-selective chain scission compete upon ultrasonic treatment of polymers with randomly distributed azo units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu A. Ayer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC
| | - Cheyenne H. Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- The University of Southern Mississippi
- 118 College Dr
- USA
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Y, Mellot G, van Luijk D, Creton C, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical tools for polymer materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4100-4140. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a field guide for the implementation of mechanochemistry in synthetic polymers by summarizing the molecules, materials, and methods that have been developed in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Gaëlle Mellot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Diederik van Luijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Klein IM, Husic CC, Kovács DP, Choquette NJ, Robb MJ. Validation of the CoGEF Method as a Predictive Tool for Polymer Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16364-16381. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Klein
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Corey C. Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dávid P. Kovács
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicolas J. Choquette
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hsu TG, Zhou J, Su HW, Schrage BR, Ziegler CJ, Wang J. A Polymer with "Locked" Degradability: Superior Backbone Stability and Accessible Degradability Enabled by Mechanophore Installation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2100-2104. [PMID: 31940198 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Though numerous applications require degradable polymers, there are surprisingly few polymer systems that combine superior stability and controllable degradability. Particularly, the degradability of a conventional degradable polymer is typically enabled by cleavable groups on the backbone, which can be attacked by stimuli in ambient conditions, causing undesirable material deterioration. Here we report a general strategy to overcome this issue: "locking" the degradability during handling and use of the polymers and "unlocking" it when degradation is needed. This strategy is demonstrated with a cyclobutane-fused lactone (CBL) polymer. The cyclobutane keeps polymer backbone intact under conditions that hydrolyze the lactone and allows the ester group to be recovered when undesirable hydrolysis occurs. When backbone degradation is needed, the degradability can be unlocked by mechanochemical activation that converts the polyCBL into a linear polyester. The rare combination of two intrinsically conflicting properties, i.e., backbone stability and accessible degradability, can make this polymer a potential option for new sustainable materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Gang Hsu
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Hsin-Wei Su
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Briana R Schrage
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Christopher J Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Junpeng Wang
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The cascade unzipping of ladderane reveals dynamic effects in mechanochemistry. Nat Chem 2020; 12:302-309. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
13
|
Izak-Nau E, Campagna D, Baumann C, Göstl R. Polymer mechanochemistry-enabled pericyclic reactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemical pericyclic reactions are reviewed with regard to their structural features and substitution prerequisites to the polymer framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Izak-Nau
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Davide Campagna
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Peterson GI, Lee J, Choi TL. Multimechanophore Graft Polymers: Mechanochemical Reactions at Backbone–Arm Junctions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Synthesis and Mechanochemical Activity of Peptide-Based Cu(I) Bis( N-heterocyclic carbene) Complexes. Biomimetics (Basel) 2019; 4:biomimetics4010024. [PMID: 31105209 PMCID: PMC6477612 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics4010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the class of shock-absorbing proteins, nature created some of the most robust materials combining both mechanical strength and elasticity. Their excellent ability to dissipate energy to prevent surrounding cells from damage is an interesting property that regularly is exploited for applications in biomimetic materials. Similar to biomaterials, where mechanical stimuli are transmitted into a (bio)chemical response, mechanophoric catalysts transform mechanical energy into a chemical reaction. Force transmission is realized commonly by polymeric handles directing the applied force to the mechanophoric bond, which in turn leads to stress-induced activation of the catalyst. Therefore, shock-absorbing proteins able to take up and store mechanical energy elastically for subsequent force transduction to the labile bond seem to be perfect candidates to fulfill this task. Here, we report on the synthesis of two different latent mechanophoric copper(I) bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) complexes bearing either two carboxyl groups or two amino groups which allow conjugation reactions with either the N- or the C-terminus of amino acids or peptides. The chosen catalysts can be activated, for instance, by applying external mechanical force via ultrasound, removing one N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand. Post-modification of the mechanophoric catalysts via peptide coupling (Gly, Val) and first reactions showed that the mechanoresponsive behavior was still present after the coupling. Subsequent polycondensation of both catalysts lead to a polyamide including the Cu(I) moiety. Mechanochemical activation by ultrasound showed conversions in the copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide “click” reaction (CuAAC) up to 9.9% proving the potential application for the time and spatial controlled CuAAC.
Collapse
|
16
|
Maleimide–thiol adducts stabilized through stretching. Nat Chem 2019; 11:310-319. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
17
|
Li M, Zhang H, Gao F, Tang Z, Zeng D, Pan Y, Su P, Ruan Y, Xu Y, Weng W. A cyclic cinnamate dimer mechanophore for multimodal stress responsive and mechanically adaptable polymeric materials. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01654b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A methanone tethered cinnamate dimer manifests both multimodal stress-responsiveness and mechanical adaptability by light.
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Bowser BH, Craig SL. Empowering mechanochemistry with multi-mechanophore polymer architectures. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00720a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multi-mechanophore polymers provide advantages in characterization and function relative to chain-centered, single mechanophore polymers.
Collapse
|
20
|
Thomas SW. Überführung von Ladderenen in plastische Halbleiter mithilfe der Mechanochemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Avenue Medford MA 02155 USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thomas SW. Forcing Ladderenes into Plastic Semiconductors with Mechanochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15196-15198. [PMID: 29024377 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
May the force be with you: Xia, Burns, Martinez, and co-workers harnessed the ring strain of ladderenes to enable both their polymerization and mechanochemical unzipping to yield semiconducting polyacetylene-based block copolymers. These materials have promise as functional polymers for applications such as detection of physical stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang H, Li X, Lin Y, Gao F, Tang Z, Su P, Zhang W, Xu Y, Weng W, Boulatov R. Multi-modal mechanophores based on cinnamate dimers. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1147. [PMID: 29079772 PMCID: PMC5660084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemistry offers exciting opportunities for molecular-level engineering of stress-responsive properties of polymers. Reactive sites, sometimes called mechanophores, have been reported to increase the material toughness, to make the material mechanochromic or optically healable. Here we show that macrocyclic cinnamate dimers combine these productive stress-responsive modes. The highly thermally stable dimers dissociate on the sub-second timescale when subject to a stretching force of 1-2 nN (depending on isomer). Stretching a polymer of the dimers above this force more than doubles its contour length and increases the strain energy that the chain absorbs before fragmenting by at least 600 kcal per mole of monomer. The dissociation produces a chromophore and dimers are reformed upon irradiation, thus allowing optical healing of mechanically degraded parts of the material. The mechanochemical kinetics, single-chain extensibility, toughness and potentially optical properties of the dissociation products are tunable by synthetic modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Xun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Peifeng Su
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Wenke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China.
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Donnan Lab, G31, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 7ZD GB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Melis N, Luridiana A, Guillot R, Secci F, Frongia A, Boddaert T, Aitken DJ. Stereoselective and Regioselective Pinacol-Type Rearrangement of a Fused Bicyclic Oxetanol Scaffold. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Melis
- CP A Organic Synthesis Group; ICMMO; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris Saclay; Université Paris Saclay; 15 rue Georges Clemenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università degli studi di Cagliari; Complesso Universitario di Monserrato; S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari Italy
| | - Alberto Luridiana
- CP A Organic Synthesis Group; ICMMO; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris Saclay; Université Paris Saclay; 15 rue Georges Clemenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università degli studi di Cagliari; Complesso Universitario di Monserrato; S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari Italy
| | - Régis Guillot
- Services Communs; ICMMO; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris Saclay; 15 rue Georges Clemenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Francesco Secci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università degli studi di Cagliari; Complesso Universitario di Monserrato; S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari Italy
| | - Angelo Frongia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università degli studi di Cagliari; Complesso Universitario di Monserrato; S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari Italy
| | - Thomas Boddaert
- CP A Organic Synthesis Group; ICMMO; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris Saclay; Université Paris Saclay; 15 rue Georges Clemenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - David J. Aitken
- CP A Organic Synthesis Group; ICMMO; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris Saclay; Université Paris Saclay; 15 rue Georges Clemenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen Z, Mercer JAM, Zhu X, Romaniuk JAH, Pfattner R, Cegelski L, Martinez TJ, Burns NZ, Xia Y. Mechanochemical unzipping of insulating polyladderene to semiconducting polyacetylene. Science 2017; 357:475-479. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aan2797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
25
|
Chiang YJ, Zhu JL. UV-mediated decomposition of diazomalonates in benzene: Unexpected access to functionalized bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane skeleton. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
26
|
Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Imato K, Natterodt JC, Sapkota J, Goseki R, Weder C, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Dynamic covalent diarylbibenzofuranone-modified nanocellulose: mechanochromic behaviour and application in self-healing polymer composites. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00074j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface mechanochemistry of nanocelluloses modified with a dynamic covalent mechanophore is investigated, and self-healing composites with the celluloses are developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Imato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
| | - J. C. Natterodt
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - J. Sapkota
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - R. Goseki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
| | - C. Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - A. Takahara
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - H. Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pill MF, Holz K, Preußke N, Berger F, Clausen-Schaumann H, Lüning U, Beyer MK. Mechanochemical Cycloreversion of Cyclobutane Observed at the Single Molecule Level. Chemistry 2016; 22:12034-9. [PMID: 27415146 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical cycloreversion of cyclobutane is known from ultrasound experiments. It is, however, not clear which forces are required to induce the cycloreversion. In atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments, on the other hand, it is notoriously difficult to assign the ruptured bond. We have solved this problem through the synthesis of tailored macrocycles, in which the cyclobutane mechanophore is bypassed by an ethylene glycol chain of specific length. This macrocycle is covalently anchored between a glass substrate and an AFM cantilever by polyethylene glycol linkers. Upon mechanical stretching of the macrocycle, cycloreversion occurs, which is identified by a defined length increase of the stretched polymer. The measured length change agrees with the value calculated with the external force explicitly included (EFEI) method. By using two different lengths for the ethylene glycol safety line, the assignment becomes unambiguous. Mechanochemical cycloreversion of cyclobutane is observed at forces above 1.7 nN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Pill
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstraße 34, 80335, Munich, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Holz
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nils Preußke
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Berger
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hauke Clausen-Schaumann
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstraße 34, 80335, Munich, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lüning
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang H, Gao F, Cao X, Li Y, Xu Y, Weng W, Boulatov R. Mechanochromism and Mechanical-Force-Triggered Cross-Linking from a Single Reactive Moiety Incorporated into Polymer Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Yanqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry; University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab; G31, Crown St. Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang H, Gao F, Cao X, Li Y, Xu Y, Weng W, Boulatov R. Mechanochromism and Mechanical-Force-Triggered Cross-Linking from a Single Reactive Moiety Incorporated into Polymer Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3040-4. [PMID: 26805709 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of small reactive moieties, the reactivity of which depends on externally imposed load (so-called mechanophores) into polymer chains offers access to a broad range of stress-responsive materials. Here, we report that polymers incorporating spirothiopyran (STP) manifest both green mechanochromism and load-induced addition reactions in solution and solid. Stretching a macromolecule containing colorless STP converts it into green thiomerocyanine (TMC), the mechanically activated thiolate moiety of which undergoes rapid thiol-ene click reactions with certain reactive C=C bonds to form a graft or a cross-link. The unique dual mechanochemical response of STP makes it of potentially great utility both for the design of new stress-responsive materials and for fundamental studies in polymer physics, for example, the dynamics of physical and mechanochemical remodeling of loaded materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yanqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China.
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab, G31, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Anastasaki A, Nikolaou V, Haddleton DM. Cu(0)-mediated living radical polymerization: recent highlights and applications; a perspective. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01916h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cu(0)-mediated living radical polymerization or single electron transfer living radical polymerization (Cu(0)-mediated LRP or SET-LRP) is a versatile polymerization technique that has attracted considerable interest during the past few years for the facile preparation of advanced materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athina Anastasaki
- University of Warwick
- Chemistry Department
- Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
| | | | - David M. Haddleton
- University of Warwick
- Chemistry Department
- Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Robb MJ, Moore JS. A Retro-Staudinger Cycloaddition: Mechanochemical Cycloelimination of a β-Lactam Mechanophore. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10946-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J. Robb
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
When one brings "polymeric materials" and "mechanical action" into the same conversation, the topic of this discussion might naturally focus on everyday circumstances such as failure of fibers, fatigue of composites, abrasion of coatings, etc. This intuitive viewpoint reflects the historic consensus in both academia and industry that mechanically induced chemical changes are destructive, leading to polymer degradation that limits materials lifetime on both macroscopic and molecular levels. In the 1930s, Staudinger observed mechanical degradation of polymers, and Melville later discovered that polymer chain scission caused the degradation. Inspired by these historical observations, we sought to redirect the destructive mechanical energy to a productive form that enables mechanoresponsive functions. In this Account, we provide a personal perspective on the origin, barriers, developments, and key advancements of polymer mechanochemistry. We revisit the seminal events that offered molecular-level insights into the mechanochemical behavior of polymers and influenced our thinking. We also highlight the milestones achieved by our group along with the contributions from key comrades at the frontier of this field. We present a workflow for the design, evaluation, and development of new "mechanophores", a term that has come to mean a molecular unit that chemically responds in a selective manner to a mechanical perturbation. We discuss the significance of computation in identifying pairs of points on the mechanophore that promote stretch-induced activation. Attaching polymer chains to the mechanophore at the most sensitive pair and locating the mechanophore near the center of a linear polymer are thought to maximize the efficiency of mechanical-to-chemical energy transduction. We also emphasize the importance of control experiments to validate mechanochemical transformations, both in solution and in the solid state, to differentiate "mechanical" from "thermal" activation. This Account offers our first-hand perspective of the change-in-thinking in polymer mechanochemistry from "destructive" to "productive" and looks at future advances that will stimulate this growing field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chikkannagari Nagamani
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Anastasaki A, Nikolaou V, Nurumbetov G, Wilson P, Kempe K, Quinn JF, Davis TP, Whittaker MR, Haddleton DM. Cu(0)-Mediated Living Radical Polymerization: A Versatile Tool for Materials Synthesis. Chem Rev 2015; 116:835-77. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athina Anastasaki
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
| | - Vasiliki Nikolaou
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Gabit Nurumbetov
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wilson
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
| | - John F. Quinn
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
| | - Michael R. Whittaker
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Chemistry
Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schütze D, Holz K, Müller J, Beyer MK, Lüning U, Hartke B. Pinpointing Mechanochemical Bond Rupture by Embedding the Mechanophore into a Macrocycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2556-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
36
|
Schütze D, Holz K, Müller J, Beyer MK, Lüning U, Hartke B. Lokalisierung eines mechanochemischen Bindungsbruchs durch Einbettung des Mechanophors in einen Makrocyclus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
37
|
Clough JM, Balan A, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical Reactions Reporting and Repairing Bond Scission in Polymers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:209-38. [PMID: 26104999 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The past 10 years have seen a resurgence of interest in the field of polymer mechanochemistry. Whilst the destructive effects of mechanical force on polymer chains have been known for decades, it was only recently that researchers tapped into these forces to realize more useful chemical transformations. The current review discusses the strategic incorporation of weak covalent bonds in polymers to create materials with stress-sensing and damage-repairing properties. Firstly, the development of mechanochromism and mechanoluminescence as stress reporters is considered. The second half focuses on the net formation of covalent bonds as a response to mechanical force, via mechanocatalysis and mechanically unmasked chemical reactivity, and concludes with perspectives for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jess M Clough
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Abidin Balan
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li Y, Sheiko SS. Molecular Mechanochemistry: Engineering and Implications of Inherently Strained Architectures. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:1-36. [PMID: 25805145 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical activation of chemical bonds is usually achieved by applying external forces. However, nearly all molecules exhibit inherent strain of their chemical bonds and angles as a result of constraints imposed by covalent bonding and interactions with the surrounding environment. Particularly strong deformation of bonds and angles is observed in hyperbranched macromolecules caused by steric repulsion of densely grafted polymer branches. In addition to the tension amplification, macromolecular architecture allows for accurate control of strain distribution, which enables focusing of the internal mechanical tension to specific chemical bonds and angles. As such, chemically identical bonds in self-strained macromolecules become physically distinct because the difference in bond tension leads to the corresponding difference in the electronic structure and chemical reactivity of individual bonds within the same macromolecule. In this review, we outline different approaches to the design of strained macromolecules along with physical principles of tension management, including generation, amplification, and focusing of mechanical tension at specific chemical bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Sergei S Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kean ZS, Gossweiler GR, Kouznetsova TB, Hewage GB, Craig SL. A coumarin dimer probe of mechanochemical scission efficiency in the sonochemical activation of chain-centered mechanophore polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9157-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01836f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A coumarin dimer mechanophore is used to probe the effect of polymer size and polydispersity on mechanochemical activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Kean
- Department of Chemistry
- Duke University
- French Family Science Center
- Durham
- USA
| | | | | | - Gihan B. Hewage
- Department of Chemistry
- Duke University
- French Family Science Center
- Durham
- USA
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry
- Duke University
- French Family Science Center
- Durham
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tong F, Cruz CD, Jezowski SR, Zhou X, Zhu L, Al-Kaysi RO, Chronister EL, Bardeen CJ. Pressure dependence of the forward and backward rates of 9-tert-butylanthracene Dewar isomerization. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5349-54. [PMID: 24978589 DOI: 10.1021/jp504771b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
9-tert-Butylanthracene undergoes a photochemical reaction to form its strained Dewar isomer, which thermally back-reacts to reform the original molecule. When 9-tert-butylanthracene is dissolved in a polymer host, we find that both the forward and reverse isomerization rates are pressure-dependent. The forward photoreaction rate, which reflects the sum of contributions from photoperoxidation and Dewar isomerization, decreases by a factor of 1000 at high pressure (1.5 GPa). The back-reaction rate, on the other hand, increases by a factor of ∼3 at high pressure. Despite being highly strained and higher volume, the back-reaction reaction rate of the Dewar isomer is at least 100× less sensitive to pressure than that of the bi(anthracene-9,10-dimethylene) photodimer studied previously by our group. These results suggest that the high pressure sensitivity of the bi(anthracene-9,10-dimethylene) photodimer reaction is not just due to the presence of strained four-membered rings but instead relies on the unique molecular geometry of this molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside , 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen Y, Zhang H, Fang X, Lin Y, Xu Y, Weng W. Mechanical Activation of Mechanophore Enhanced by Strong Hydrogen Bonding Interactions. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:141-145. [PMID: 35590494 DOI: 10.1021/mz400600r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A mechanically active spiropyran (SP) mechanophore is incorporated into the backbone of prepolymer which is further end-capped with ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) or urethane. Strong mechanochromic reaction of SP arises in the bulk films of UPy containing materials whereas much weaker activation occurs in urethane containing counterparts, coincident with their stress-strain responses. The difference in the magnitudes of supramolecular interactions leads to different degrees of chain orientation and strain induced crystallization (SIC) in the bulk and consequently distinct capabilities to transfer the load to the mechanophores. This study may aid the design of novel mechanoresponsive materials whose mechanoresponsiveness can be tailored by tuning supramolecular interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Fang
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Surampudi SK, Patel HR, Nagarjuna G, Venkataraman D. Mechano-isomerization of azobenzene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:7519-21. [PMID: 23864053 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43797c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We show that ultrasound-induced mechanical force isomerizes an azobenzene centered within a poly(methyl acrylate) polymer from cis to trans configuration without cleaving the azo bond. The isomerization rate was not altered by the polarity of the solvent indicating that the isomerization occurs through a non-polar, inversion transition state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sravan K Surampudi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Groote R, Szyja BM, Leibfarth FA, Hawker CJ, Doltsinis NL, Sijbesma RP. Strain-Induced Strengthening of the Weakest Link: The Importance of Intermediate Geometry for the Outcome of Mechanochemical Reactions. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4022339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Groote
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bartłomiej M. Szyja
- Institut
für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Materials
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - Nikos L. Doltsinis
- Institut
für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Jacobs MJ, Blank K. Joining forces: integrating the mechanical and optical single molecule toolkits. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52502c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining single molecule force measurements with fluorescence detection opens up exciting new possibilities for the characterization of mechanoresponsive molecules in Biology and Materials Science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique J. Jacobs
- Radboud University Nijmegen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Department of Molecular Materials
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Blank
- Radboud University Nijmegen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Department of Molecular Materials
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang H, Lin Y, Xu Y, Weng W. Mechanochemistry of Topological Complex Polymer Systems. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 369:135-207. [PMID: 25791486 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although existing since the concept of macromolecules, polymer mechanochemistry is a burgeoning field which attracts great scientific interest in its ability to bias conventional reaction pathways and its potential to fabricate mechanoresponsive materials. We review here the effect of topology on the mechanical degradation of polymer chains and the activation of mechanophores in polymer backbones. The chapter focuses on both experimental and theoretical work carried out in the past 70 years. After a general introduction (Sect. 1), where the concept, the history, and the application of polymer mechanochemistry are briefly described, flow fields to study polymer mechanochemistry are discussed (Sect. 2), results of mechanochemistry study are presented for linear polymers (Sect. 3), cyclic polymers (Sect. 4), graft polymers (Sect. 5), star-shaped polymers (Sect. 6), hyperbranched polymers and dendrimers (Sect. 7), and systems with dynamic topology (Sect. 8). Here we focus on (1) experimental results involving the topological effect on the coil-to-stretch transition and the fracture of the polymer chains, (2) the underlying mechanisms and the key factor that determines the mechanical stability of the macromolecules, (3) theoretical models that relate to the experimental observations, and (4) rational design of mechanophores in complex topology to achieve multiple activations according to the existing results observed in chain degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hong G, Zhang H, Lin Y, Chen Y, Xu Y, Weng W, Xia H. Mechanoresponsive Healable Metallosupramolecular Polymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4017532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangning Hong
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li J, Wang L, Benicewicz BC. Synthesis of Janus nanoparticles via a combination of the reversible click reaction and "grafting to" strategies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:11547-11553. [PMID: 24001363 DOI: 10.1021/la401990d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A critical challenge in nanoparticle functionalization has been the preparation of polymer-grafted asymmetric (Janus) nanoparticles (diameter < 100 nm). We describe a robust and cyclic method involving a reversible click reaction and "grafting to" strategies to synthesize such nanoparticles. Mechanochemistry was used in a protection-deprotection process to separate nanoparticles cleanly that were anchored to larger particles, and the recovered azide-functionalized larger particles could be recycled as face-blocking moieties. With this combination of strategies, we prepared 15 nm silica nanoparticles that were partially functionalized with poly(methyl methacrylate). Additionally, the unique self-assembly behaviors of the resultant Janus nanoparticles were investigated in different solvents at different concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junting Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kean ZS, Niu Z, Hewage GB, Rheingold AL, Craig SL. Stress-responsive polymers containing cyclobutane core mechanophores: reactivity and mechanistic insights. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13598-604. [PMID: 23941619 PMCID: PMC3806219 DOI: 10.1021/ja4075997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A primary goal of covalent mechanochemistry is to develop polymer bound mechanophores that undergo constructive transformations in response to otherwise destructive forces. The [2 + 2] cycloreversion of cyclobutane mechanophores has emerged as a versatile framework to develop a wide range of stress-activated functionality. Herein, we report the development of a class of cyclobutane bearing bicyclo[4.2.0]octane mechanophores. Using carbodiimide polyesterification, these stress-responsive units were incorporated into high molecular weight polymers containing up to 700 mechanophores per polymer chain. Under exposure to the otherwise destructive elongational forces of pulsed ultrasound, these mechanophores unravel by ∼7 Å per monomer unit to form α,β-unsaturated esters that react constructively via thiol-ene conjugate addition to form sulfide functionalized copolymers and cross-linked polymer networks. To probe the dynamics of the mechanochemical ring opening, a series of bicyclo[4.2.0]octane derivatives that varied in stereochemistry, substitution, and symmetry were synthesized and activated. Reactivity and product stereochemistry was analyzed by (1)H NMR, which allowed us to interrogate the mechanism of the mechanochemical [2 + 2] cycloreversion. These results support that the ring opening is not concerted but proceeds via a 1,4 diradical intermediate. The bicyclo[4.2.0]octanes hold promise as active functional groups in new classes of stress-responsive polymeric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Kean
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zhenbin Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Gihan B. Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jiang S, Zhang L, Xie T, Lin Y, Zhang H, Xu Y, Weng W, Dai L. Mechanoresponsive PS-PnBA-PS Triblock Copolymers via Covalently Embedding Mechanophore. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:705-709. [PMID: 35606956 DOI: 10.1021/mz400198n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A mechanically active spiropyran (SP) mechanophore is incorporated into the center of poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA) block to construct a series of mechanoresponsive polystyrene (PS)-PnBA-SP-PnBA-PS triblock copolymers. Similar mechanical activations of SP occur in all of the copolymers in solution, whereas a unique PS fraction-dependent mechanochromism is observed in the bulk. Effective mechanical activation occurs in the copolymer with a medium PS block length, whereas a very weak color change is observed in the samples bearing low PS fractions and activation appears only in the vicinity of the fracture point in the copolymer bearing long PS blocks. The difference in chemical compositions of the triblock copolymers leads to different microphase separated structures in the bulk and consequently the unique stress-strain responses and mechanochemistry. This platform promises to open way to the design of a wide range of useful mechanoresponsive triblock copolymers having different hard/soft blocks and various types of mechanoresponsive motifs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory
of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lingxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Tingwan Xie
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory
of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|