1
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Tayal S, Singh V, Bhatnagar S. 3D-QSAR and ADMET studies of morpholino-pyrimidine inhibitors of DprE1 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-20. [PMID: 38112325 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2294496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
DprE1 is involved in the synthesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall and is a potent drug target for Tuberculosis (TB) treatment. The structure and dynamics of the loops L-I and L-II flanking the inhibitor binding site was studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and MMPBSA in Amber v18. Docking and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) of 55 Morpholino-pyrimidine (MP) inhibitors was carried out using Autodock v1.2.0 and Forge v10. ADMET analysis was done using SwissADME and pkCSM. All MP inhibitors docked in the DprE1 binding pocket, making contacts with L-II residues. MD studies showed that L-I and L-II unfold in the absence of the inhibitor but fold stably structure with reduced protein motions in the presence of MP-38, the highest affinity inhibitor. This was confirmed by k-means clustering and secondary structure analysis. L-II residues, L317, F320 and R325 contributed most towards the MMPBSA binding free energy of MP-38. A robust field-based 3D-QSAR model showed values of r2train = 0.982, r2test = 0.702 and q2 = 0.516. The MP inhibitor field points were broadly divided into negative electrostatics near the A, B rings and hydrophobic electrostatics near the D, E rings. Addition of negative groups at methanone position and ring B as well as addition of hydrophobic and bulky groups at ring E will improve activity. Highly active compounds 47, 49 and 50 of MP series exhibited highly favourable drug-like properties. SAR and ADMET insights attained from this model will help in the development of active DprE1 inhibitors in future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Tayal
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Vasundhara Singh
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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2
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Yang J, Zhang L, Qiao W, Luo Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e353. [PMID: 37674971 PMCID: PMC10477518 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern in the 21st century, especially due to drug resistance, coinfection with diseases like immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and coronavirus disease 2019, and the lengthy and costly treatment protocols. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of TB infection, therapeutic targets, and corresponding modulators, including first-line medications, current clinical trial drugs and molecules in preclinical assessment. Understanding the mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and important biological targets can lead to innovative treatments. While most antitubercular agents target pathogen-related processes, host-directed therapy (HDT) modalities addressing immune defense, survival mechanisms, and immunopathology also hold promise. Mtb's adaptation to the human host involves manipulating host cellular mechanisms, and HDT aims to disrupt this manipulation to enhance treatment effectiveness. Our review provides valuable insights for future anti-TB drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Yang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Laiying Zhang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wenliang Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- Lung Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Youfu Luo
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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3
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Amado PM, Woodley C, Cristiano MLS, O’Neill PM. Recent Advances of DprE1 Inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Computational Analysis of Physicochemical and ADMET Properties. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40659-40681. [PMID: 36406587 PMCID: PMC9670723 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1) is a critical flavoenzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, catalyzing a vital step in the production of lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan, both of which are essential for cell wall biosynthesis. Due to its periplasmic localization, DprE1 is a susceptible target, and several compounds with diverse scaffolds have been discovered that inhibit this enzyme, covalently or noncovalently. We evaluated a total of ∼1519 DprE1 inhibitors disclosed in the literature from 2009 to April 2022 by performing an in-depth analysis of physicochemical descriptors and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), to gain new insights into these properties in DprE1 inhibitors. Several molecular properties that should facilitate the design and optimization of future DprE1 inhibitors are described, allowing for the development of improved analogues targeting M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia
S. M. Amado
- Center
of Marine Sciences - CCMAR, University of
Algarve, P-8005-039 Faro, Portugal
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, FCT, University
of Algarve, P-8005-039 Faro, Portugal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Woodley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria L. S. Cristiano
- Center
of Marine Sciences - CCMAR, University of
Algarve, P-8005-039 Faro, Portugal
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, FCT, University
of Algarve, P-8005-039 Faro, Portugal
- Email
for M.L.S.C.:
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- Email for P.M.O.:
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4
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Bonde C, Gawad J, Bonde S. Insights into development of Decaprenyl-phosphoryl-β-D-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1) inhibitors as antitubercular agents: A state of the art review. Indian J Tuberc 2022; 69:404-420. [PMID: 36460369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a causative agent for the world threatening infectious disease known as tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis is also referred as Koch's bacillus as it was first defined by Robert Koch in 1821. In the entire history of M. tuberculosis infection, several different targets were identified and explored with a hope of effective therapeutic treatment against tuberculosis. Drug-resistant tuberculosis is the major obstacle for researchers and letting them fail continuously to discover new drug candidates. Among the numerous antitubercular targets, Decaprenyl-phosphoryl-β-D-ribose-2'-epimerase (DprE1) is novel target identified in the year 2009. The present article portrays insights of DprE1 enzyme in all the aspects i.e., identification, structural elucidation to designing strategies and synthesis of potential drug candidates to combat resistant strains. Along with the synthesis and biological activity of novel compounds, structure-activity relationship (SAR) data is given to help medicinal chemists and researchers working in this area for the development of new inhibitors to fight against M. tuberculosis. DprE1 is new ray of hope for antitubercular treatment. No single drug candidate (DprE1 inhibitor) has passed clinical trial yet and hence it nullifies the risk of development of resistance or mutations at specific residues. Researchers working in this area have to design and come up with new potent candidates with less dose, no toxicity to combat this deadly infection. This review emphasized on year wise systematic development and progress of DprE1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakant Bonde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur Campus, MS, 425 405, India
| | - Jineetkumar Gawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur Campus, MS, 425 405, India.
| | - Smita Bonde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur Campus, MS, 425 405, India
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5
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Richter A, Seidel R, Goddard R, Eckhardt T, Lehmann C, Dörner J, Siersleben F, Sondermann T, Mann L, Patzer M, Jäger C, Reiling N, Imming P. BTZ-Derived Benzisothiazolinones with In Vitro Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1302-1310. [PMID: 35982823 PMCID: PMC9380706 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Nitro-1,3-benzothiazin-4-ones (BTZs) are known as potent antitubercular agents. BTZ043 as one of the most advanced compounds has reached clinical trials. The putative oxidation products of BTZ043, namely, the corresponding BTZ sulfoxide and sulfone, were reported in this journal (Tiwari et al. ACS Med. Chem Lett. 2015, 6, 128-133). The molecular structures were later revised to the constitutionally isomeric benzisothiazolone and its 1-oxide, respectively. Here, we report two BTZ043-derived benzisothiazolinones (BITs) with in vitro activity against mycobacteria. The constitutionally isomeric O-acyl benzisothiazol-3-ols, in contrast, show little or no antimycobacterial activity in vitro. The structures of the four compounds were investigated by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Molecular covalent docking of the new compounds to Mycobacerium tuberculosis decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1) suggests that the active BITs exert antimycobacterial activity through inhibition of DprE1 like BTZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Richter
- Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rüdiger
W. Seidel
- Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tamira Eckhardt
- Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christoph Lehmann
- Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julia Dörner
- Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fabienne Siersleben
- Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Theresia Sondermann
- Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lea Mann
- Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Patzer
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christian Jäger
- Fraunhofer-Institut
für Zelltherapie und Immunologie, Außenstelle Molekulare Wirkstoffbiochemie und Therapieentwicklung, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Microbial
Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel,
Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
- German
Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Peter Imming
- Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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6
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Discovery of novel DprE1 inhibitors via computational bioactivity fingerprints and structure-based virtual screening. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1605-1615. [PMID: 34667293 PMCID: PMC9160271 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-ribose oxidase (DprE1) plays important roles in the biosynthesis of mycobacterium cell wall. DprE1 inhibitors have shown great potentials in the development of new regimens for tuberculosis (TB) treatment. In this study, an integrated molecular modeling strategy, which combined computational bioactivity fingerprints and structure-based virtual screening, was employed to identify potential DprE1 inhibitors. Two lead compounds (B2 and H3) that could inhibit DprE1 and thus kill Mycobacterium smegmatis in vitro were identified. Moreover, compound H3 showed potent inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro (MICMtb = 1.25 μM) and low cytotoxicity against mouse embryo fibroblast NIH-3T3 cells. Our research provided an effective strategy to discover novel anti-TB lead compounds.
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7
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Richter A, Seidel RW, Graf J, Goddard R, Lehmann C, Schlegel T, Khater N, Imming P. New Insight into Dearomatization and Decarbonylation of Antitubercular 4H-Benzo[e][1,3]thiazinones: Stable 5H- and 7H-Benzo[e][1,3]thiazines. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200021. [PMID: 35170242 PMCID: PMC9306624 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
8‐Nitro‐4H‐benzo[e][1,3]thiazinones (BTZs) are potent in vitro antimycobacterial agents. New chemical transformations, viz. dearomatization and decarbonylation, of two BTZs and their influence on the compounds’ antimycobacterial properties are described. Reactions of 8‐nitro‐2‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐4H‐benzo[e][1,3]thiazin‐4‐one and the clinical drug candidate BTZ043 with the Grignard reagent CH3MgBr afford the corresponding dearomatized stable 4,5‐dimethyl‐5H‐ and 4,7‐dimethyl‐7H‐benzo[e][1,3]thiazines. These methine compounds are structurally characterized by X‐ray crystallography for the first time. Reduction of the BTZ carbonyl group, leading to the corresponding markedly non‐planar 4H‐benzo[e][1,3]thiazine systems, is achieved using the reducing agent (CH3)2S ⋅ BH3. Double methylation with dearomatization and decarbonylation renders the two BTZs studied inactive against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis, as proven by in vitro growth inhibition assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Richter
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rüdiger W Seidel
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jürgen Graf
- Incoatec GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 2, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christoph Lehmann
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tom Schlegel
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nour Khater
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Peter Imming
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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8
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Gopalakrishnan AK, Angamaly SA, Velayudhan MP. An Insight into the Biological Properties of Imidazole‐Based Schiff Bases: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali K. Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Applied Chemistry Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 22 Kerala India
| | - Shanty A. Angamaly
- Department of Applied Chemistry Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 22 Kerala India
| | - Mohanan P. Velayudhan
- Department of Applied Chemistry Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 22 Kerala India
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9
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Čėnas N, Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Kosychova L. Single- and Two-Electron Reduction of Nitroaromatic Compounds by Flavoenzymes: Mechanisms and Implications for Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168534. [PMID: 34445240 PMCID: PMC8395237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (ArNO2) maintain their importance in relation to industrial processes, environmental pollution, and pharmaceutical application. The manifestation of toxicity/therapeutic action of nitroaromatics may involve their single- or two-electron reduction performed by various flavoenzymes and/or their physiological redox partners, metalloproteins. The pivotal and still incompletely resolved questions in this area are the identification and characterization of the specific enzymes that are involved in the bioreduction of ArNO2 and the establishment of their contribution to cytotoxic/therapeutic action of nitroaromatics. This review addresses the following topics: (i) the intrinsic redox properties of ArNO2, in particular, the energetics of their single- and two-electron reduction in aqueous medium; (ii) the mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of reduction in ArNO2 by flavoenzymes of different groups, dehydrogenases-electrontransferases (NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase, ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase and their analogs), mammalian NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, bacterial nitroreductases, and disulfide reductases of different origin (glutathione, trypanothione, and thioredoxin reductases, lipoamide dehydrogenase), and (iii) the relationships between the enzymatic reactivity of compounds and their activity in mammalian cells, bacteria, and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimantas Čėnas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5-223-4392
| | - Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių St. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Lidija Kosychova
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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10
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Rice AM, Long Y, King SB. Nitroaromatic Antibiotics as Nitrogen Oxide Sources. Biomolecules 2021; 11:267. [PMID: 33673069 PMCID: PMC7918234 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroaromatic antibiotics show activity against anaerobic bacteria and parasites, finding use in the treatment of Heliobacter pylori infections, tuberculosis, trichomoniasis, human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Despite this activity and a clear need for the development of new treatments for these conditions, the associated toxicity and lack of clear mechanisms of action have limited their therapeutic development. Nitroaromatic antibiotics require reductive bioactivation for activity and this reductive metabolism can convert the nitro group to nitric oxide (NO) or a related reactive nitrogen species (RNS). As nitric oxide plays important roles in the defensive immune response to bacterial infection through both signaling and redox-mediated pathways, defining controlled NO generation pathways from these antibiotics would allow the design of new therapeutics. This review focuses on the release of nitrogen oxide species from various nitroaromatic antibiotics to portend the increased ability for these compounds to positively impact infectious disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (A.M.R.); (Y.L.)
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11
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Zhang G, Sheng L, Hegde P, Li Y, Aldrich CC. 8-cyanobenzothiazinone analogs with potent antitubercular activity. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:449-458. [PMID: 33462533 PMCID: PMC7805566 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
8-Nitrobenzothiazinones (BTZs) exemplified by macozinone are a new class of antitubercular agents with exceptionally potent activity. The aryl nitro group has been considered indispensable for activity since this is bioactivated within mycobacteria by the flavoenzyme DprE1 to a reactive nitroso metabolite that covalently labels Cys387. However, the aryl nitro group is a potential liability with regards to safety, stability, and resistance. In this paper, we introduced a nitrile as a bioisosteric replacement of the nitro group, which we hypothesize can maintain a similar covalent mechanism of inhibition, but mitigate against the aforementioned concerns. 8-cyanobenzothiazinone 1d displayed potent antitubercular activity with an MIC of 130 nM and had an improved volume of distribution in mice that increased the intrinsic half-life by twofold compared to macozinone. Analysis of the C-2 substituent of 1d revealed similar structure-activity relationships as observed for macozinone. Overall, the results confirm the 8-nitro group of benzothiazinones can be successfully replaced with a nitrile to retain useful activity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Li Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Pooja Hegde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Courtney C. Aldrich
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050 China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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12
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Lee BS, Hards K, Engelhart CA, Hasenoehrl EJ, Kalia NP, Mackenzie JS, Sviriaeva E, Chong SMS, Manimekalai MSS, Koh VH, Chan J, Xu J, Alonso S, Miller MJ, Steyn AJC, Grüber G, Schnappinger D, Berney M, Cook GM, Moraski GC, Pethe K. Dual inhibition of the terminal oxidases eradicates antibiotic-tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13207. [PMID: 33283973 PMCID: PMC7799364 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of bedaquiline has placed energy metabolism in the limelight as an attractive target space for tuberculosis antibiotic development. While bedaquiline inhibits the mycobacterial F1 F0 ATP synthase, small molecules targeting other components of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway have been identified. Of particular interest is Telacebec (Q203), a phase 2 drug candidate inhibitor of the cytochrome bcc:aa3 terminal oxidase. A functional redundancy between the cytochrome bcc:aa3 and the cytochrome bd oxidase protects M. tuberculosis from Q203-induced death, highlighting the attractiveness of the bd-type terminal oxidase for drug development. Here, we employed a facile whole-cell screen approach to identify the cytochrome bd inhibitor ND-011992. Although ND-011992 is ineffective on its own, it inhibits respiration and ATP homeostasis in combination with Q203. The drug combination was bactericidal against replicating and antibiotic-tolerant, non-replicating mycobacteria, and increased efficacy relative to that of a single drug in a mouse model. These findings suggest that a cytochrome bd oxidase inhibitor will add value to a drug combination targeting oxidative phosphorylation for tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Shi Lee
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Curtis A Engelhart
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Erik J Hasenoehrl
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Nitin P Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Ramalingaswami FellowClinical Microbiology DivisionCSIR‐IIIMJammu and KashmirIndia
| | - Jared S Mackenzie
- Africa Health Research InstituteNelson R. Mandela School of MedicineUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Ekaterina Sviriaeva
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Shi Min Sherilyn Chong
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and MedicineInterdisciplinary Graduate SchoolNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | | | - Vanessa H Koh
- Department of MicrobiologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Infectious Disease ProgrammeDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - John Chan
- Department of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Jiayong Xu
- Department of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of MicrobiologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Infectious Disease ProgrammeDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Marvin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research InstituteNelson R. Mandela School of MedicineUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamALUSA
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Garrett C Moraski
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
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13
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Liu R, Markley L, Miller PA, Franzblau S, Shetye G, Ma R, Savková K, Mikušová K, Lee BS, Pethe K, Moraski GC, Miller MJ. Hydride-induced Meisenheimer complex formation reflects activity of nitro aromatic anti-tuberculosis compounds. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:62-72. [PMID: 34046598 PMCID: PMC8130608 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00390e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation efficiency of hydride-induced Meisenheimer complexes of nitroaromatic compounds is consistent with their anti-TB activities exemplied by MDL860 and benzothiazol N-oxide (BTO) analogs. Herein we report that nitro cyano phenoxybenzenes (MDL860 and analogs) reacted slowly and incompletely which reflected their moderate anti-TB activity, in contrast to the instantaneous reaction of BTO derivatives to quantitatively generate Meisenheimer complexes which corresponded to their enhanced anti-TB activity. These results were corroborated by mycobacterial and radiolabelling studies that confirmed inhibition of the DprE1 enzyme by BTO derivatives but not MDL860 analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Lowell Markley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Patricia A Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Scott Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago 833 South Wood Street Chicago Il 60612 USA
| | - Gauri Shetye
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago 833 South Wood Street Chicago Il 60612 USA
| | - Rui Ma
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago 833 South Wood Street Chicago Il 60612 USA
| | - Karin Savková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava Ilkovičova 6 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Katarína Mikušová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava Ilkovičova 6 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Bei Shi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637551
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637551
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 636921
| | - Garrett C Moraski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | - Marvin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
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14
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Showalter HD. Recent Progress in the Discovery and Development of 2-Nitroimidazooxazines and 6-Nitroimidazooxazoles to Treat Tuberculosis and Neglected Tropical Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184137. [PMID: 32927749 PMCID: PMC7576498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazole drugs have a long history as therapeutic agents to treat bacterial and parasitic diseases. The discovery in 1989 of a bicyclic nitroimidazole lead, displaying in vitro and in vivo antitubercular activity, spurred intensive exploration of this and related scaffolds, which led to the regulatory approval of pretomanid and delamanid as a new class of tuberculosis drugs. Much of the discovery work related to this took place over a 20-year period ending in 2010, which is covered in a number of cited reviews. This review highlights subsequent research published over the 2011–August 2020 timeframe, and captures detailed structure–activity relationship studies and synthetic strategies directed towards uncovering newer generation drugs for both tuberculosis and selected neglected tropical diseases. Additionally, this review presents in silico calculations relating to the drug-like properties of lead compounds and clinical agents, as well as chemical development and manufacturing processes toward providing bulk drug supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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Eckhardt T, Goddard R, Lehmann C, Richter A, Sahile HA, Liu R, Tiwari R, Oliver AG, Miller MJ, Seidel RW, Imming P. Crystallographic evidence for unintended benzisothiazolinone 1-oxide formation from benzothiazinones through oxidation. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2020; 76:907-913. [PMID: 32887862 PMCID: PMC7474187 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229620010931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
1,3-Benzothiazin-4-ones (BTZs) are a promising new class of drugs with activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which have already reached clinical trials. A product obtained in low yield upon treatment of 8-nitro-2-(piperidin-1-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-benzothiazin-4-one with 3-chloroperbenzoic acid, in analogy to a literature report describing the formation of sulfoxide and sulfone derived from BTZ043 [Tiwari et al. (2015). ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 6, 128-133], is a ring-contracted benzisothiazolinone (BIT) 1-oxide, namely, 7-nitro-2-(piperidine-1-carbonyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one 1-oxide, C14H12F3N3O5S, as revealed by X-ray crystallography. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of the oxidation product originally assigned as BTZ043 sulfone provides clear evidence that the structure of the purported BTZ043 sulfone is likewise the corresponding BIT 1-oxide, namely, 2-[(S)-2-methyl-1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carbonyl]-7-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one 1-oxide, C17H16F3N3O7S. A possible mechanism for the ring contraction affording the BIT 1-oxides instead of the anticipated constitutionally isomeric BTZ sulfones and antimycobacterial activities thereof are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamira Eckhardt
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christoph Lehmann
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Adrian Richter
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Henok Asfaw Sahile
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Rohit Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Allen G. Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Marvin J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Rüdiger W. Seidel
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Peter Imming
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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16
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Eckhardt T, Goddard R, Rudolph I, Richter A, Lehmann C, Imming P, Seidel RW. [2-Chloro-3-nitro-5-(tri-fluoro-meth-yl)phen-yl](piperidin-1-yl)methanone: structural characterization of a side product in benzo-thia-zinone synthesis. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:1442-1446. [PMID: 32939297 PMCID: PMC7472761 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020010658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Benzo-thia-zin-4-ones (BTZs) are a promising new class of anti-tuberculosis drug candidates, some of which have reached clinical trials. The title compound, the benzamide derivative [2-chloro-3-nitro-5-(tri-fluoro-meth-yl)phen-yl](piper-id-in-1-yl)methanone, C13H12ClF3N2O3, occurs as a side product as a result of competitive reaction pathways in the nucleophilic attack during the synthesis of the BTZ 8-nitro-2-(piperidin-1-yl)-6-(tri-fluoro-meth-yl)-1,3-benzo-thia-zin-4-one, following the original synthetic route, whereby the corresponding benzoyl iso-thio-cyanate is reacted with piperidine as secondary amine. In the title compound, the nitro group and the nearly planar amide group are significantly twisted out of the plane of the benzene ring. The piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation. The tri-fluoro-methyl group exhibits slight rotational disorder with a refined ratio of occupancies of 0.972 (2):0.028 (2). There is structural evidence for inter-molecular weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamira Eckhardt
- Institut für Pharmazie, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ines Rudolph
- Institut für Pharmazie, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Adrian Richter
- Institut für Pharmazie, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christoph Lehmann
- Institut für Pharmazie, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Peter Imming
- Institut für Pharmazie, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rüdiger W. Seidel
- Institut für Pharmazie, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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17
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Burgart YV, Agafonova NA, Shchegolkov EV, Krasnykh OP, Kushch SO, Evstigneeva NP, Gerasimova NA, Maslova VV, Triandafilova GA, Solodnikov SY, Ulitko MV, Makhaeva GF, Rudakova EV, Borisevich SS, Zilberberg NV, Kungurov NV, Saloutin VI, Chupakhin ON. Multiple biological active 4-aminopyrazoles containing trifluoromethyl and their 4-nitroso-precursors: Synthesis and evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112768. [PMID: 32932211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
4-Nitroso-3-trifluoromethyl-5-alkyl[(het)aryl]pyrazoles were synthesized via one-pot nitrosation of 1,3-diketones or their lithium salts followed by treatment of hydrazines. Reduction of nitroso-derivatives made it possible to obtain 4-amino-3-trifluoromethylpyrazoles chlorides. According to computer-aided calculations, all synthesized compounds are expected to have acceptable ADME profile for drug design. Tuberculostatic, antibacterial, antimycotic, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the compounds were evaluated in vitro, while their analgesic and anti-inflammatory action was tested in vivo along with acute toxicity studies. N-Unsubstituted 4-nitrosopyrazoles were the most effective tuberculostatics (MIC to 0.36 μg/ml) and antibacterial agents against Streptococcus pyogenes (MIC to 7.8 μg/ml), Staphylococcus aureus,S. aureus MRSA and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MIC to 15.6 μg/ml). 4-Nitroso-1-methyl-5-phenylpyrazole had the pronounced antimycotic action against a wide range of fungi (Trichophytonrubrum, T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, T. interdigitale, Epidermophytonfloccosum, Microsporumcanis with MIC 0.38-12.5 μg/ml). N-Unsubstituted 4-aminopyrazoles shown high radical-scavenging activity in ABTS test, ORAC/AAPH and oxidative erythrocyte hemolysis assays. 1-Methyl-5-phenyl-3-trifluoromethylpyrazol-4-aminium chloride revealed potential anticancer activity against HeLa cells (SI > 1351). The pronounced analgesic activity was found for 4-nitroso- and 4-aminopyrazoles having phenyl fragment at the position 5 in "hot plate" test. The most of the obtained pyrazoles had a moderate acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina V Burgart
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, S. Kovalevskoi St., 22, Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia; Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Mira St. 19, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Natalia A Agafonova
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, S. Kovalevskoi St., 22, Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Shchegolkov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, S. Kovalevskoi St., 22, Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia; Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Mira St. 19, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Olga P Krasnykh
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Av., 29, Perm, 614990, Russia
| | - Svetlana O Kushch
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, S. Kovalevskoi St., 22, Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Natalia P Evstigneeva
- Ural Research Institute for Dermatology, Venereology and Immunopathology, Shcherbakova St., 8, Ekaterinburg, 620076, Russia
| | - Natalia A Gerasimova
- Ural Research Institute for Dermatology, Venereology and Immunopathology, Shcherbakova St., 8, Ekaterinburg, 620076, Russia
| | - Vera V Maslova
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Av., 29, Perm, 614990, Russia
| | - Galina A Triandafilova
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Av., 29, Perm, 614990, Russia
| | - Sergey Yu Solodnikov
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Av., 29, Perm, 614990, Russia
| | - Maria V Ulitko
- Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Mira St. 19, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Galina F Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny Proezd 1, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Elena V Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny Proezd 1, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Sophia S Borisevich
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Octyabrya Av., 71, Ufa, 450078, Russia
| | - Natalia V Zilberberg
- Ural Research Institute for Dermatology, Venereology and Immunopathology, Shcherbakova St., 8, Ekaterinburg, 620076, Russia
| | - Nikolai V Kungurov
- Ural Research Institute for Dermatology, Venereology and Immunopathology, Shcherbakova St., 8, Ekaterinburg, 620076, Russia
| | - Victor I Saloutin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, S. Kovalevskoi St., 22, Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia; Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Mira St. 19, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia.
| | - Oleg N Chupakhin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, S. Kovalevskoi St., 22, Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia; Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Mira St. 19, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
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18
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Balabon O, Pitta E, Rogacki MK, Meiler E, Casanueva R, Guijarro L, Huss S, Lopez-Roman EM, Santos-Villarejo Á, Augustyns K, Ballell L, Aguirre DB, Bates RH, Cunningham F, Cacho M, Van der Veken P. Optimization of Hydantoins as Potent Antimycobacterial Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-Ribose Oxidase (DprE1) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5367-5386. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Balabon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universitieitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eleni Pitta
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universitieitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maciej K. Rogacki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universitieitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenia Meiler
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Casanueva
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Guijarro
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sophie Huss
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Maria Lopez-Roman
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universitieitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lluis Ballell
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Barros Aguirre
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert H. Bates
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fraser Cunningham
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Cacho
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pieter Van der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universitieitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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19
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Borthwick JA, Alemparte C, Wall I, Whitehurst BC, Argyrou A, Burley G, de Dios-Anton P, Guijarro L, Monteiro MC, Ortega F, Suckling CJ, Pichel JC, Cacho M, Young RJ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose Oxidase Inhibitors: Expeditious Reconstruction of Suboptimal Hits into a Series with Potent in Vivo Activity. J Med Chem 2020; 63:2557-2576. [PMID: 31922409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1) is an essential enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and has recently been studied as a potential drug target, with inhibitors progressing to clinical studies. Here we describe the identification of a novel series of morpholino-pyrimidine DprE1 inhibitors. These were derived from a phenotypic high-throughput screening (HTS) hit with suboptimal physicochemical properties. Optimization strategies included scaffold-hopping, synthesis, and evaluation of fragments of the lead compounds and property-focused optimization. The resulting optimized compounds had much improved physicochemical properties and maintained enzyme and cellular potency. These molecules demonstrated potent efficacy in an in vivo tuberculosis murine infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Borthwick
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Carlos Alemparte
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian Wall
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Benjamin C Whitehurst
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Argyrides Argyrou
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Glenn Burley
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - Paco de Dios-Anton
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Guijarro
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fatima Ortega
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Colin J Suckling
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - Julia Castro Pichel
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Cacho
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert J Young
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
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20
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Promiscuous Targets for Antitubercular Drug Discovery: The Paradigm of DprE1 and MmpL3. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development and spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis multi-drug resistant strains still represent a great global health threat, leading to an urgent need for novel anti-tuberculosis drugs. Indeed, in the last years, several efforts have been made in this direction, through a number of high-throughput screenings campaigns, which allowed for the identification of numerous hit compounds and novel targets. Interestingly, several independent screening assays identified the same proteins as the target of different compounds, and for this reason, they were named “promiscuous” targets. These proteins include DprE1, MmpL3, QcrB and Psk13, and are involved in the key pathway for M. tuberculosis survival, thus they should represent an Achilles’ heel which could be exploited for the development of novel effective drugs. Indeed, among the last molecules which entered clinical trials, four inhibit a promiscuous target. Within this review, the two most promising promiscuous targets, the oxidoreductase DprE1 involved in arabinogalactan synthesis and the mycolic acid transporter MmpL3 are discussed, along with the latest advancements in the development of novel inhibitors with anti-tubercular activity.
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21
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Moraski GC, Deboosère N, Marshall KL, Weaver HA, Vandeputte A, Hastings C, Woolhiser L, Lenaerts AJ, Brodin P, Miller MJ. Intracellular and in vivo evaluation of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carboxamide anti-tuberculosis compounds. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227224. [PMID: 31905374 PMCID: PMC6944458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carboxamides (ITAs) are a promising class of anti-tuberculosis agents shown to have potent activity in vitro and to target QcrB, a key component of the mycobacterial cytochrome bcc-aa3 super complex critical for the electron transport chain. Herein we report the intracellular macrophage potency of nine diverse ITA analogs with MIC values ranging from 0.0625-2.5 μM and mono-drug resistant potency ranging from 0.0017 to 7 μM. The in vitro ADME properties (protein binding, CaCo-2, human microsomal stability and CYP450 inhibition) were determined for an outstanding compound of the series, ND-11543. ND-11543 was tolerable at >500 mg/kg in mice and at a dose of 200 mg/kg displayed good drug exposure in mice with an AUC(0-24h) >11,700 ng·hr/mL and a >24 hr half-life. Consistent with the phenotype observed with other QcrB inhibitors, compound ND-11543 showed efficacy in a chronic murine TB infection model when dosed at 200 mg/kg for 4 weeks. The efficacy was not dependent upon exposure, as pre-treatment with a known CYP450-inhibitor did not substantially improve efficacy. The ITAs are an interesting scaffold for the development of new anti-TB drugs especially in combination therapy based on their favorable properties and novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett C. Moraski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Nathalie Deboosère
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 –UMR 8204 –CIIL–Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Kate L. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Heath A. Weaver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Vandeputte
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 –UMR 8204 –CIIL–Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Courtney Hastings
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lisa Woolhiser
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anne J. Lenaerts
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 –UMR 8204 –CIIL–Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marvin J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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22
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Liu R, Krchnak V, Brown SN, Miller MJ. Deuteration of BTZ043 Extends the Lifetime of Meisenheimer Intermediates to the Antituberculosis Nitroso Oxidation State. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1462-1466. [PMID: 31620234 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Substituted nitrobenzothiazinones (BTZs) are potent antituberculosis prodrugs that are reductively activated to produce nitroso moieties that form covalent adducts with a cysteine residue of decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose-2'-oxidase (DprE1) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The resulting cell wall synthesis inhibition is lethal to Mtb, leading to consideration of development of BTZs for clinical use. The hydride-induced reduction of the nitroaromatic proceeds by reversible formation of the corresponding Meisenheimer complex. Herein we demonstrate that chemical reduction of BTZ043 with NaBD4 followed by reoxidation incorporates deuterium into the core nitro aromatic warhead. Subsequent reduction of the deuterated species is not affected, but, as expected, reoxidation is slowed by the deuterium isotope effect, thus prolonging the lifetime of the active nitroso oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Viktor Krchnak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Seth N. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Marvin J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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23
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Verma H, Choudhary S, Singh PK, Kashyap A, Silakari O. Decoding the signature of molecular mechanism involved in mutation associated resistance to 1, 3-benzothiazin-4-ones (Btzs) based DprE1 inhibitors using BTZ043 as a reference drug. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2019.1659507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Verma
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Shalki Choudhary
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Aanchal Kashyap
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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24
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Mu R, Kong C, Yu W, Wang H, Ma Y, Li X, Wu J, Somersan-Karakaya S, Li H, Sun Z, Liu G. Nitrooxidoreductase Rv2466c-Dependent Fluorescent Probe for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Diagnosis and Drug Susceptibility Testing. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:949-961. [PMID: 30916931 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Firstly, this study demonstrated that natural product-inspired coumarin-based nitrofuranyl calanolides (NFCs) can form the Rv2466c-mycothiol (MSH)-NFC (RvMN) ternary complex via NFC binding to W21, N51, and Y61 of Rv2466c and be specifically reduced by Rv2466c, which is accompanied by the generation of a high level of fluorescence. Additionally, the results unveiled that the acetylated cysteine-glucosamine (AcCys-GlcN) motif of MSH is sufficient to interact with Rv2466c and adopt the active conformation that is essential for fully reducing NFCs. Further clinical translational investigation in this Article indicated that the novel fluorescent NFC probe can serve as a much needed high-throughput and low-cost detection method for detection of living Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb) and can precisely determine MIC values for a full range of available drugs. This method can greatly facilitate the development of phenotypic drug-susceptibility testing (pDST) that will allow the point-of-care treatment of tuberculosis (TB) within a week after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chengcheng Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P. R. China
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hongyao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yao Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xueyuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Selin Somersan-Karakaya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P. R. China
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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25
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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26
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Wen LR, Zhou CC, Zhu MZ, Xie SG, Guo WS, Li M. Intramolecular dehydrogenative C–S bond coupling of thioamides to form 1,3-benzothiazines under metal-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3356-3360. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00237e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new protocol for the synthesis of 1,3-benzothiazines was developed through direct intramolecular dehydrogenative C–S bond coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Rong Wen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- P. R. China
| | - Shu-Guang Xie
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- P. R. China
| | - Wei-Si Guo
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- P. R. China
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27
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Abstract
The nitro group is considered to be a versatile and unique functional group in medicinal chemistry. Despite a long history of use in therapeutics, the nitro group has toxicity issues and is often categorized as a structural alert or a toxicophore, and evidence related to drugs containing nitro groups is rather contradictory. In general, drugs containing nitro groups have been extensively associated with mutagenicity and genotoxicity. In this context, efforts toward the structure-mutagenicity or structure-genotoxicity relationships have been undertaken. The current Perspective covers various aspects of agents that contain nitro groups, their bioreductive activation mechanisms, their toxicities, and approaches to combat their toxicity issues. In addition, recent advances in the field of anticancer, antitubercular and antiparasitic agents containing nitro groups, along with a patent survey on hypoxia-activated prodrugs containing nitro groups, are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wuxing Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wuxing Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wuxing Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
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28
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Novel insight into the reaction of nitro, nitroso and hydroxylamino benzothiazinones and of benzoxacinones with Mycobacterium tuberculosis DprE1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13473. [PMID: 30194385 PMCID: PMC6128881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitro-substituted 1,3-benzothiazinones (nitro-BTZs) are mechanism-based covalent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-ribose-2′-oxidase (DprE1) with strong antimycobacterial properties. We prepared a number of oxidized and reduced forms of nitro-BTZs to probe the mechanism of inactivation of the enzyme and to identify opportunities for further chemistry. The kinetics of inactivation of DprE1 was examined using an enzymatic assay that monitored reaction progress up to 100 min, permitting compound ranking according to kinact/Ki values. The side-chain at the 2-position and heteroatom identity at the 1-position of the BTZs were found to be important for inhibitory activity. We obtained crystal structures with several compounds covalently bound. The data suggest that steps upstream from the covalent end-points are likely the key determinants of potency and reactivity. The results of protein mass spectrometry using a 7-chloro-nitro-BTZ suggest that nucleophilic reactions at the 7-position do not operate and support a previously proposed mechanism in which BTZ activation by a reduced flavin intermediate is required. Unexpectedly, a hydroxylamino-BTZ showed time-dependent inhibition and mass spectrometry corroborated that this hydroxylamino-BTZ is a mechanism-based suicide inhibitor of DprE1. With this BTZ derivative, we propose a new covalent mechanism of inhibition of DprE1 that takes advantage of the oxidation cycle of the enzyme.
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29
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Knežević A, Novak J, Pescitelli G, Vinković V. Determination of the Absolute Configuration of ( S
)- N
-(1-Aryl-allyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzamides and Their Elution Order on Brush-Type Chiral Stationary Phases. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Knežević
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička cesta 54 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Jurica Novak
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička cesta 54 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Pisa; Via Moruzzi 13 Pisa Italy
| | - Vladimir Vinković
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička cesta 54 Zagreb Croatia
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30
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Liu B, Li F, Zhou T, Tang XQ, Hu GW. Quinoline Derivatives with Potential Activity Against Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bi Liu
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology; Hubei University of Science and Technology; Xianning People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Li
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology; Hubei University of Science and Technology; Xianning People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology; Hubei University of Science and Technology; Xianning People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Qin Tang
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology; Hubei University of Science and Technology; Xianning People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Wen Hu
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology; Hubei University of Science and Technology; Xianning People's Republic of China
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31
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Gawad J, Bonde C. Decaprenyl-phosphoryl-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1): challenging target for antitubercular drug discovery. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:72. [PMID: 29936616 PMCID: PMC6015584 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis has proved harmful to the entire history of mankind from past several decades. Decaprenyl-phosphoryl-ribose 2′-epimerase (DprE1) is a recent target which was identified in 2009 but unfortunately it is neither explored nor crossed phase II. In past several decades few targets were identified for effective antitubercular drug discovery. Resistance is the major problem for effective antitubercular drug discovery. Arabinose is constituent of mycobacterium cell wall. Biosynthesis of arabinose is FAD dependant two step epimerisation reaction which is catalysed by DprE1 and DprE2 flavoprotein enzymes. The current review is mainly emphases on DprE1 as a perspective challenge for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jineetkumar Gawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's NMIMS School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur Dist, Dhule, Maharashtra, 425 405, India.
| | - Chandrakant Bonde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's NMIMS School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur Dist, Dhule, Maharashtra, 425 405, India
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32
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Chikhale RV, Barmade MA, Murumkar PR, Yadav MR. Overview of the Development of DprE1 Inhibitors for Combating the Menace of Tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8563-8593. [PMID: 29851474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1), a vital enzyme for cell wall synthesis, plays a crucial role in the formation of lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan. It was first reported as a druggable target on the basis of inhibitors discovered in high throughput screening of a drug library. Since then, inhibitors with different types of chemical scaffolds have been reported for their activity against this enzyme. Formation of a covalent or noncovalent bond by the interacting ligand with the enzyme causes loss of its catalytic activity which ultimately leads to the death of the mycobacterium. This Perspective describes various DprE1 inhibitors as anti-TB agents reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh V Chikhale
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara 390 001 , India.,School of Health Sciences, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Mahesh A Barmade
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara 390 001 , India
| | - Prashant R Murumkar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara 390 001 , India
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara 390 001 , India
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33
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Jiang D, Wang GQ, Liu X, Zhang Z, Feng LS, Liu ML. Isatin Derivatives with Potential Antitubercular Activities. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jiang
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology; Xianning People's Republic of China
| | - Gang-Qiang Wang
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology; Xianning People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Zhejiang Xianju Junye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd; Xianju, Zhejiang 317300 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430081 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenbin Zhang
- Zhejiang Xianju Junye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd; Xianju, Zhejiang 317300 People's Republic of China
| | | | - Ming-Liang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100050 People's Republic of China
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34
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Campaniço A, Moreira R, Lopes F. Drug discovery in tuberculosis. New drug targets and antimycobacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:525-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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35
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Fan YL, Jin XH, Huang ZP, Yu HF, Zeng ZG, Gao T, Feng LS. Recent advances of imidazole-containing derivatives as anti-tubercular agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:347-365. [PMID: 29544148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis still remains one of the most common, communicable, and leading deadliest diseases known to mankind throughout the world. Drug-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis which threatens to worsen the global tuberculosis epidemic has caused great concern in recent years. To overcome the resistance, the development of new drugs with novel mechanisms of actions is of great importance. Imidazole-containing derivatives endow with various biological properties, and some of them demonstrated excellent anti-tubercular activity. As the most emblematic example, 4-nitroimidazole delamanid has already received approval for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis infected patients. Thus, imidazole-containing derivatives have caused great interests in discovery of new anti-tubercular agents. Numerous of imidazole-containing derivatives were synthesized and screened for their in vitro and in vivo anti-mycobacterial activities against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogens. This review aims to outline the recent advances of imidazole-containing derivatives as anti-tubercular agents, and summarize the structure-activity relationship of these derivatives. The enriched structure-activity relationship may pave the way for the further rational development of imidazole-containing derivatives as anti-tubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Jin
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Zhong-Ping Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Hai-Feng Yu
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zeng
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Tao Gao
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China.
| | - Lian-Shun Feng
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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36
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Alexander KJ, McConville M, Williams KR, Luzyanin KV, O'Neil IA, Cosstick R. Chemistry of the 8-Nitroguanine DNA Lesion: Reactivity, Labelling and Repair. Chemistry 2018; 24:3013-3020. [PMID: 29314291 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The 8-nitroguanine lesion in DNA is increasingly associated with inflammation-related carcinogenesis, whereas the same modification on guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate generates a second messenger in NO-mediated signal transduction. Very little is known about the chemistry of 8-nitroguanine nucleotides, despite the fact that their biological effects are closely linked to their chemical properties. To this end, a selection of chemical reactions have been performed on 8-nitroguanine nucleosides and oligodeoxynucleotides. Reactions with alkylating reagents reveal how the 8-nitro substituent affects the reactivity of the purine ring, by significantly decreasing the reactivity of the N2 position, whilst the relative reactivity at N1 appears to be enhanced. Interestingly, the displacement of the nitro group with thiols results in an efficient and specific method of labelling this lesion and is demonstrated in oligodeoxynucleotides. Additionally, the repair of this lesion is also shown to be a chemically feasible reaction through a reductive denitration with a hydride source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Alexander
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Matthew McConville
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Kathryn R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Konstantin V Luzyanin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Ian A O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Richard Cosstick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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37
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Burmaoğlu S, Seçinti H, Mozioğlu E, Gören AC, Altundaş R, Seçen H. Syntheses and evaluation of multicaulin and miltirone-like compounds as antituberculosis agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:878-884. [PMID: 28661186 PMCID: PMC6445210 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1337758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Four multicaulin and miltirone-like phenanthrene derivatives were synthesised and evaluated as antituberculosis agents. The crucial step of the synthesis was Pschorr coupling of 4-(3-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-aminophenyl)ethane (13) to give 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (9) and 4-isopropyl-3-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (9a). Compound 9 was converted to multicaulin and miltirone-like phenanthrene derivatives by further reactions. The best antituberculosis activity was exhibited by 2-isopropylphenanthrene-3-ol (11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Burmaoğlu
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey.,b Tercan Vocational High School , Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey
| | - Hatice Seçinti
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Erkan Mozioğlu
- c Chemistry Group Laboratories , TÜBİTAK, UME , Gebze-Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Ahmet C Gören
- c Chemistry Group Laboratories , TÜBİTAK, UME , Gebze-Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Ramazan Altundaş
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Hasan Seçen
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
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38
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Liu R, Lyu X, Batt SM, Hsu M, Harbut MB, Vilchèze C, Cheng B, Ajayi K, Yang B, Yang Y, Guo H, Lin C, Gan F, Wang C, Franzblau SG, Jacobs WR, Besra GS, Johnson EF, Petrassi M, Chatterjee AK, Fütterer K, Wang F. Determinants of the Inhibition of DprE1 and CYP2C9 by Antitubercular Thiophenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13011-13015. [PMID: 28815830 PMCID: PMC5659129 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) DprE1, an essential isomerase for the biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall, is a validated target for tuberculosis (TB) drug development. Here we report the X-ray crystal structures of DprE1 and the DprE1 resistant mutant (Y314C) in complexes with TCA1 derivatives to elucidate the molecular basis of their inhibitory activities and an unconventional resistance mechanism, which enabled us to optimize the potency of the analogs. The selected lead compound showed excellent in vitro and in vivo activities, and low risk of toxicity profile except for the inhibition of CYP2C9. A crystal structure of CYP2C9 in complex with a TCA1 analog revealed the similar interaction patterns to the DprE1-TCA1 complex. Guided by the structures, an optimized molecule was generated with differential inhibitory activities against DprE1 and CYP2C9, which provides insights for development of a clinical candidate to treat TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhe Liu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr)La JollaCA92037USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Lyu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr)La JollaCA92037USA
| | - Sarah M Batt
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Mei‐Hui Hsu
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Michael B Harbut
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr)La JollaCA92037USA
| | - Catherine Vilchèze
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNY10461UK
| | - Bo Cheng
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr)La JollaCA92037USA
| | - Kehinde Ajayi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr)La JollaCA92037USA
| | - Baiyuan Yang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr)La JollaCA92037USA
| | - Yun Yang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr)La JollaCA92037USA
| | - Hui Guo
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr)La JollaCA92037USA
| | - Changyou Lin
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr)La JollaCA92037USA
| | - Fei Gan
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr)La JollaCA92037USA
| | - Chen Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr)La JollaCA92037USA
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis ResearchCollege of PharmacyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIL60612USA
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNY10461UK
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Eric F. Johnson
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Mike Petrassi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr)La JollaCA92037USA
| | | | - Klaus Fütterer
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Feng Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr)La JollaCA92037USA
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39
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Liu R, Lyu X, Batt SM, Hsu MH, Harbut MB, Vilchèze C, Cheng B, Ajayi K, Yang B, Yang Y, Guo H, Lin C, Gan F, Wang C, Franzblau SG, Jacobs WR, Besra GS, Johnson EF, Petrassi M, Chatterjee AK, Fütterer K, Wang F. Determinants of the Inhibition of DprE1 and CYP2C9 by Antitubercular Thiophenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renhe Liu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Lyu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Sarah M Batt
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Mei-Hui Hsu
- Department of Molecular Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Michael B Harbut
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Catherine Vilchèze
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx NY 10461 UK
| | - Bo Cheng
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Kehinde Ajayi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Baiyuan Yang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yun Yang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Hui Guo
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Changyou Lin
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Fei Gan
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Chen Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research; College of Pharmacy; University of Illinois; Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx NY 10461 UK
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Eric F. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Mike Petrassi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Arnab K. Chatterjee
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Klaus Fütterer
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Feng Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr); La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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40
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Peyrot C, Vivès T, Legentil L, Lemiègre L, Daniellou R. Microwave-Assisted Reduction of Nitroarenes by Aminothiophenol/dithiotreitol. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Peyrot
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; CNRS, UMR 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
- Université de Bretagne Loire; France
- ICOA UMR CNRS 7311; Université d'Orléans; rue de Chartres, BP6759 45067 Orléans cedex 2 France
| | - Thomas Vivès
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; CNRS, UMR 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
- Université de Bretagne Loire; France
| | - Laurent Legentil
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; CNRS, UMR 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
- Université de Bretagne Loire; France
| | - Loïc Lemiègre
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; CNRS, UMR 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
- Université de Bretagne Loire; France
| | - Richard Daniellou
- ICOA UMR CNRS 7311; Université d'Orléans; rue de Chartres, BP6759 45067 Orléans cedex 2 France
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41
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Burmaoglu S, Algul O, Gobek A, Aktas Anil D, Ulger M, Erturk BG, Kaplan E, Dogen A, Aslan G. Design of potent fluoro-substituted chalcones as antimicrobial agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:490-495. [PMID: 28118738 PMCID: PMC6010113 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1265517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to ever-increasing bacterial and fungal drug resistance, we attempted to develop novel antitubercular and antimicrobial agents. For this purpose, we developed some new fluorine-substituted chalcone analogs (3, 4, 9–15, and 20–23) using a structure–activity relationship approach. Target compounds were evaluated for their antitubercular efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and antimicrobial activity against five common pathogenic bacterial and three common fungal strains. Three derivatives (3, 9, and 10) displayed significant antitubercular activity with IC50 values of ≤16,760. Compounds derived from trimethoxy substituent scaffolds with monofluoro substitution on the B ring of the chalcone structure exhibited superior inhibition activity compared to corresponding hydroxy analogs. In terms of antimicrobial activity, most compounds (3, 9, 12–14, and 23) exhibited moderate to potent activity against the bacteria, and the antifungal activities of compounds 3, 13, 15, 20, and 22 were comparable to those of reference drugs ampicillin and fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Burmaoglu
- a Tercan Vocational High School, Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey.,b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Oztekin Algul
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Arzu Gobek
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Derya Aktas Anil
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Mahmut Ulger
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Busra Gul Erturk
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Engin Kaplan
- e Advanced Technology Education, Research, and Application Center, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Aylin Dogen
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Gönül Aslan
- f Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
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42
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Vajs J, Proud C, Brozovic A, Gazvoda M, Lloyd A, Roper DI, Osmak M, Košmrlj J, Dowson CG. Diaryltriazenes as antibacterial agents against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:223-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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43
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Kloss F, Krchnak V, Krchnakova A, Schieferdecker S, Dreisbach J, Krone V, Möllmann U, Hoelscher M, Miller MJ. In Vivo Dearomatization of the Potent Antituberculosis Agent BTZ043 via Meisenheimer Complex Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2187-2191. [PMID: 28097740 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitrobenzothiazinones are among the most potent antituberculosis agents. Herein, we disclose an unprecedented in vivo reduction process that affords Meisenheimer complexes of the clinical candidates BTZ043 and PBTZ169. The reduction is reversible, occurs in all mammalian species investigated, has a profound influence on the in vivo ADME characteristics, and has considerable implications for the design and implementation of clinical studies. The reduction was confirmed by chemical studies that enabled the complete characterization of the Meisenheimer complex and its subsequent chemistry. Combination of the in vivo and chemical studies with LC-MS characterization and assay development also provides a basis for rational lead optimization of this very promising class of antituberculosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kloss
- Transfer Group Antiinfectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,InfectControl 2020, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Viktor Krchnak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46635, USA.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Krchnakova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46635, USA
| | - Sebastian Schieferdecker
- Transfer Group Antiinfectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,InfectControl 2020, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Dreisbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstrasse 5, 80802, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Krone
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Ute Möllmann
- Transfer Group Antiinfectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstrasse 5, 80802, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Marvin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46635, USA
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44
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Kloss F, Krchnak V, Krchnakova A, Schieferdecker S, Dreisbach J, Krone V, Möllmann U, Hoelscher M, Miller MJ. In-vivo-Dearomatisierung des potenten Antituberkulose-Wirkstoffs BTZ043 durch Bildung eines Meisenheimer-Komplexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kloss
- Transfergruppe Antiinfektiva; Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-, Forschung und Infektionsbiologie, HKI; Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745 Jena Deutschland
- InfectControl 2020; Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Viktor Krchnak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame IN 46635 USA
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University; 17. Listopadu 12 771 46 Olomouc Tschechische Republik
| | - Anna Krchnakova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame IN 46635 USA
| | - Sebastian Schieferdecker
- Transfergruppe Antiinfektiva; Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-, Forschung und Infektionsbiologie, HKI; Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Abteilung Biomolekulare Chemie; Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie, HKI; Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745 Jena Deutschland
- InfectControl 2020; Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Julia Dreisbach
- Abteilung für Infektions- und Tropenmedizin; Klinikum der Universität München (LMU); Leopoldstraße 5 80802 München Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort München; Deutschland
| | - Volker Krone
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort München; Deutschland
| | - Ute Möllmann
- Transfergruppe Antiinfektiva; Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-, Forschung und Infektionsbiologie, HKI; Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Abteilung für Infektions- und Tropenmedizin; Klinikum der Universität München (LMU); Leopoldstraße 5 80802 München Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort München; Deutschland
| | - Marvin J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame IN 46635 USA
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45
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Bozorov K, Zhao JY, Nie LF, Ma HR, Bobakulov K, Hu R, Rustamova N, Huang G, Efferth T, Aisa HA. Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of novel diaminothiophene scaffolds as antitumor and anti-influenza virus agents. Part 2. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04808d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of diethyl 2,5-diaminothiophene-3,4-dicarboxylate (DDTD) derivatives as antitumor and anti-influenza virus agents.
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46
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Tiwari R, Miller PA, Chiarelli LR, Mori G, Šarkan M, Centárová I, Cho S, Mikušová K, Franzblau SG, Oliver AG, Miller MJ. Design, Syntheses, and Anti-TB Activity of 1,3-Benzothiazinone Azide and Click Chemistry Products Inspired by BTZ043. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:266-70. [PMID: 26985313 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron deficient nitroaromatic compounds such as BTZ043 and its closest congener, PBTZ169, and related agents are a promising new class of anti-TB compounds. Herein we report the design and syntheses of 1,3-benzothiazinone azide (BTZ-N3) and related click chemistry products based on the molecular mode of activation of BTZ043. Our computational docking studies indicate that BTZ-N3 binds in the essentially same pocket as that of BTZ043. Detailed biochemical studies with cell envelope enzyme fractions of Mycobacterium smegmatis combined with our model biochemical reactivity studies with nucleophiles indicated that, in contrast to BTZ043, the azide analogue may have a different mode of activation for anti-TB activity. Subsequent enzymatic studies with recombinant DprE1 from Mtb followed by MIC determination in NTB1 strain of Mtb (harboring Cys387Ser mutation in DprE1 and is BTZ043 resistant) unequivocally indicated that BTZ-N3 is an effective reversible and noncovalent inhibitor of DprE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Tiwari
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland
Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Patricia A. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland
Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Laurent R. Chiarelli
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mori
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michal Šarkan
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Centárová
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sanghyun Cho
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Katarína Mikušová
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Allen G. Oliver
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland
Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Marvin J. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland
Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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47
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Thompson AM, O'Connor PD, Blaser A, Yardley V, Maes L, Gupta S, Launay D, Martin D, Franzblau SG, Wan B, Wang Y, Ma Z, Denny WA. Repositioning Antitubercular 6-Nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazoles for Neglected Tropical Diseases: Structure-Activity Studies on a Preclinical Candidate for Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2530-50. [PMID: 26901446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
6-Nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazole derivatives were initially studied for tuberculosis within a backup program for the clinical trial agent pretomanid (PA-824). Phenotypic screening of representative examples against kinetoplastid diseases unexpectedly led to the identification of DNDI-VL-2098 as a potential first-in-class drug candidate for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Additional work was then conducted to delineate its essential structural features, aiming to improve solubility and safety without compromising activity against VL. While the 4-nitroimidazole portion was specifically required, several modifications to the aryloxy side chain were well-tolerated e.g., exchange of the linking oxygen for nitrogen (or piperazine), biaryl extension, and replacement of phenyl rings by pyridine. Several less lipophilic analogues displayed improved aqueous solubility, particularly at low pH, although stability toward liver microsomes was highly variable. Upon evaluation in a mouse model of acute Leishmania donovani infection, one phenylpyridine derivative (37) stood out, providing efficacy surpassing that of the original preclinical lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Patrick D O'Connor
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adrian Blaser
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Suman Gupta
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Delphine Launay
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Martin
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Zhenkun Ma
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall Street, New York 10005, United States
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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48
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Piskov VB, Chernyshev VP, Karakotov SD. M-Dinitroaromatic Moiety as a Fragment of Biologically Active Compounds. Pharm Chem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-016-1361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Landge S, Ramachandran V, Kumar A, Neres J, Murugan K, Sadler C, Fellows MD, Humnabadkar V, Vachaspati P, Raichurkar A, Sharma S, Ravishankar S, Guptha S, Sambandamurthy VK, Balganesh TS, Ugarkar BG, Balasubramanian V, Bandodkar BS, Panda M. Nitroarenes as Antitubercular Agents: Stereoelectronic Modulation to Mitigate Mutagenicity. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:331-9. [PMID: 26751718 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitroarenes are less preferred in drug discovery due to their potential to be mutagenic. However, several nitroarenes were shown to be promising antitubercular agents with specific modes of action, namely, nitroimidazoles and benzothiazinones. The nitro group in these compounds is activated through different mechanisms, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, in mycobacteria prior to binding to the target of interest. From a whole-cell screening program, we identified a novel lead nitrobenzothiazole (BT) series that acts by inhibition of decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The lead was found to be mutagenic to start with. Our efforts to mitigate mutagenicity resulted in the identification of 6-methyl-7-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzothiazoles (cBTs), a novel class of antitubercular agents that are non-mutagenic and exhibit an improved safety profile. The methyl group ortho to the nitro group decreases the electron affinity of the series, and is hence responsible for the non-mutagenic nature of these compounds. Additionally, the co-crystal structure of cBT in complex with Mtb DprE1 established the mode of binding. This investigation led to a new non-mutagenic antitubercular agent and demonstrates that the mutagenic nature of nitroarenes can be solved by modulation of stereoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Landge
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Vasanthi Ramachandran
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Anupriya Kumar
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - João Neres
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kannan Murugan
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Claire Sadler
- iMED Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Mick D Fellows
- iMED Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Vaishali Humnabadkar
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Prakash Vachaspati
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Anandkumar Raichurkar
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Sreevalli Sharma
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Sudha Ravishankar
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Supreeth Guptha
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Vasan K Sambandamurthy
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Tanjore S Balganesh
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Bheemarao G Ugarkar
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - V Balasubramanian
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | | | - Manoranjan Panda
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India. .,Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India.
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Abstract
The practice of medicine was profoundly transformed by the introduction of the antibiotics (compounds isolated from Nature) and the antibacterials (compounds prepared by synthesis) for the control of bacterial infection. As a result of the extraordinary success of these compounds over decades of time, a timeless biological activity for these compounds has been presumed. This presumption is no longer. The inexorable acquisition of resistance mechanisms by bacteria is retransforming medical practice. Credible answers to this dilemma are far better recognized than they are being implemented. In this perspective we examine (and in key respects, reiterate) the chemical and biological strategies being used to address the challenge of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556–5670, USA
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556–5670, USA
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