1
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Basu A, Yang JY, Tsirukis VE, Loiacono A, Koch G, Khwaja IA, Krishnamurthy M, Fazio N, White E, Jha A, Shah S, Takmil C, Bagdas D, Demirer A, Master A, Natke E, Honkanen R, Huang L, Rigas B. Phosphosulindac (OXT-328) prevents and reverses chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1240372. [PMID: 38347876 PMCID: PMC10860339 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1240372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), a side effect of chemotherapy, is particularly difficult to treat. We explored whether phosphosulindac (PS), a modified NSAID, could treat CIPN. Methods CIPN was induced in male C57BL/6 J mice by paclitaxel, vincristine or oxaliplatin. Mechanical allodynia was measured with the von Frey test and cold allodynia with the acetone test. To determine the preventive effect of PS, it was administered 2 days before the induction of CIPN. Mouse Lewis lung carcinoma xenografts were used to determine if PS altered the chemotherapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel. Cultured cell lines were used to evaluate the effect of PS on neuroinflammation. Results Treatment with each of the three chemotherapeutic agents used to induce CIPN lowered the mechanical allodynia scores by 56 to 85% depending on the specific agent. PS gel was applied topically 3x/day for 16-22 days to the hind paws of mice with CIPN. This effect was dose-dependent. Unlike vehicle, PS returned mechanical allodynia scores back to pre-CIPN levels. PS had a similar effect on paclitaxel-induced CIPN cold allodynia. Sulindac, a metabolite of PS, had no effect on CIPN. PS significantly prevented CIPN compared to vehicle. Given concomitantly with paclitaxel to mice with lung cancer xenografts, PS relieved CIPN without affecting the anticancer effect of paclitaxel. The enantiomers of PS were equally efficacious against CIPN, suggesting the therapeutic suitability of the racemate PS. There were no apparent side effects of PS. PS suppressed the levels of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL1, and CXCL2 induced by paclitaxel in a neuroblastoma cell line, and macrophage activation to the M1 proinflammatory phenotype. Conclusion Topically applied PS demonstrated broad therapeutic and preventive efficacy against CIPN, preserved the anticancer effect of paclitaxel, and was safe. Its anti-CIPN effect appears to be mediated, in part, by suppression of neuroinflammation. These data support further evaluation of topical PS for the control of CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryah Basu
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer Y. Yang
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Vasiliki E. Tsirukis
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Andrew Loiacono
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Gina Koch
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Ishan A. Khwaja
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Mahila Krishnamurthy
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas Fazio
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Emily White
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Aayushi Jha
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Shrila Shah
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Cameron Takmil
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Aylin Demirer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Adam Master
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Ernest Natke
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Robert Honkanen
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Liqun Huang
- Medicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Setauket, NY, United States
| | - Basil Rigas
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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2
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Understanding and Targeting the Endocannabinoid System with Activity‐Based Protein Profiling. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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3
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Molecular Basis for Non-Covalent, Non-Competitive FAAH Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415502. [PMID: 36555144 PMCID: PMC9779292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) plays a key role in the control of cannabinoid signaling and it represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including neuropathic pain and chronic inflammation. Starting from kinetics experiments carried out in our previous work for the most potent inhibitor 2-amino-3-chloropyridine amide (TPA14), we have investigated its non-competitive mechanism of action using molecular dynamics, thermodynamic integration and QM-MM/GBSA calculations. The computational studies highlighted the impact of mutations on the receptor binding pockets and elucidated the molecular basis of the non-competitive inhibition mechanism of TPA14, which prevents the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) from reaching its pro-active conformation. Our study provides a rationale for the design of non-competitive potent FAAH inhibitors for the treatment of neuropathic pain and chronic inflammation.
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4
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Du M, Qiu Y, Li Q, Li Y. Efficacy coefficient method assisted quadruple-activities 3D-QSAR pharmacophore model for application in environmentally friendly PAE molecular modification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:24103-24114. [PMID: 32301091 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are among the most widely used plasticizers in plastic products. They are easily diffused from plastic during use and seriously affect the environment and human health. Therefore, designing environmentally friendly PAE derivatives has important practical applications. In this paper, the environmentally friendly molecular modification of PAEs was carried out according to a comprehensive structural evaluation based on a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) pharmacophore model of four activity modes. First, the efficacy coefficient method was used to process the mobility, toxicity, degradation and bioconcentration data of the PAEs to calculate comprehensive evaluation values. The PAE 3D-QSAR pharmacophore complex model was constructed based on the PAE four-activity comprehensive evaluation value (a comprehensive value representing the mobility, toxicity, degradation and bioconcentration of the PAEs), and a total of 4 PAE derivatives with reduced comprehensive evaluation values were obtained. Functional evaluation of the derivatives showed that the five PAEs with lower comprehensive evaluation values were stable in the environment, while the insulating properties of the derivative molecules were less affected. Following the four-activity pharmacophore model (Hypo 1) of the target molecules, dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), comprehensive evaluation models and their mobility, toxicity, degradation and bioconcentration single-activity models, the substitution sites selected by the comprehensive evaluation model were demonstrated to be highly representative. By constructing a two-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (2D-QSAR) model of the comprehensive evaluation values of the PAEs and the four single-effect 2D-QSAR models of their derivatives, the different effects of the five key parameters on the comprehensive evaluation values, toxicity, degradation, mobility and bioconcentration of molecules were analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Youli Qiu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing, 101601, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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5
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Haq I, Kilaru A. An endocannabinoid catabolic enzyme FAAH and its paralogs in an early land plant reveal evolutionary and functional relationship with eukaryotic orthologs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3115. [PMID: 32080293 PMCID: PMC7033180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids were known to exist only among Animalia but recent report of their occurrence in early land plants prompted us to study its function and metabolism. In mammals, anandamide, as an endocannabinoid ligand, mediates several neurological and physiological processes, which are terminated by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). We identified nine orthologs of FAAH in the moss Physcomitrella patens (PpFAAH1 to PpFAAH9) with amidase signature and catalytic triad. The optimal amidase activity for PpFAAH1 was at 37 °C and pH 8.0, with higher specificity to anandamide. Further, the phylogeny and predicted structural analyses of the nine paralogs revealed that PpFAAH1 to PpFAAH4 were closely related to plant FAAH while PpFAAH6 to PpFAAH9 were to the rat FAAH, categorized based on the membrane binding cap, membrane access channel and substrate binding pocket. We also identified that a true 'dynamic paddle' that is responsible for tighter regulation of FAAH is recent in vertebrates and absent or not fully emerged in plants and non-vertebrates. These data reveal evolutionary and functional relationship among eukaryotic FAAH orthologs and features that contribute to versatility and tighter regulation of FAAH. Future studies will utilize FAAH mutants of moss to elucidate the role of anandamide in early land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imdadul Haq
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Aruna Kilaru
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
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6
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Martín‐Gago P, Olsen CA. Arylfluorosulfate-Based Electrophiles for Covalent Protein Labeling: A New Addition to the Arsenal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:957-966. [PMID: 30024079 PMCID: PMC6518939 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective covalent modification of a targeted protein is a powerful tool in chemical biology and drug discovery, with applications ranging from identification and characterization of proteins and their functions to the development of targeted covalent inhibitors. Most covalent ligands contain an affinity motif and an electrophilic warhead that reacts with a nucleophilic residue of the targeted protein. Because the electrophilic warhead is prone to react and modify off‐target nucleophiles, its reactivity should be balanced carefully to maximize target selectivity. Arylfluorosulfates have recently emerged as latent electrophiles for selective labeling of context‐specific tyrosine and lysine residues in protein pockets. Here, we review the recent but intense introduction of arylfluorosulfates into the arsenal of available warheads for selective covalent modification of proteins. We highlight the untapped potential of this functional group for use in chemical biology and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martín‐Gago
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals &, Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Christian A. Olsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals &, Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
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7
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Martín‐Gago P, Olsen CA. Arylfluorsulfat‐basierte Elektrophile für die kovalente Proteinmarkierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martín‐Gago
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals &, Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversität Kopenhagen Universitetsparken 2 2100 Kopenhagen Dänemark
| | - Christian A. Olsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals &, Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversität Kopenhagen Universitetsparken 2 2100 Kopenhagen Dänemark
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8
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Kiss LE, Beliaev A, Ferreira HS, Rosa CP, Bonifácio MJ, Loureiro AI, Pires NM, Palma PN, Soares-da-Silva P. Discovery of a Potent, Long-Acting, and CNS-Active Inhibitor (BIA 10-2474) of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2177-2188. [PMID: 30113139 PMCID: PMC6582431 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) can be targeted for the treatment of pain associated with various medical conditions. Herein we report the design and synthesis of a novel series of heterocyclic-N-carboxamide FAAH inhibitors that have a good alignment of potency, metabolic stability and selectivity for FAAH over monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and carboxylesterases (CEs). Lead optimization efforts carried out with benzotriazolyl- and imidazolyl-N-carboxamide series led to the discovery of clinical candidate 8 l (3-(1-(cyclohexyl(methyl)carbamoyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine 1-oxide; BIA 10-2474) as a potent and long-acting inhibitor of FAAH. However, during a Phase I clinical trial with compound 8 l, unexpected and unpredictable serious neurological adverse events occurred, affecting five healthy volunteers, including the death of one subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- László E Kiss
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Alexandre Beliaev
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Humberto S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Carla P Rosa
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Maria João Bonifácio
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Ana I Loureiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Nuno M Pires
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - P Nuno Palma
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Romão and S. Mamede), Portugal.,MedInUp-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002, Porto, Portugal
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9
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Recent advance in oxazole-based medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144:444-492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Choy MS, Swingle M, D’Arcy B, Abney K, Rusin SF, Kettenbach AN, Page R, Honkanen RE, Peti W. PP1:Tautomycetin Complex Reveals a Path toward the Development of PP1-Specific Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17703-17706. [PMID: 29156132 PMCID: PMC5729109 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors for each serine/threonine phosphatase (PPP) are essential to investigate the biological actions of PPPs and to guide drug development. Biologically diverse organisms (e.g., cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, beetles) produce structurally distinct toxins that are catalytic inhibitors of PPPs. However, most toxins exhibit little selectivity, typically inhibiting multiple family members with similar potencies. Thus, the use of these toxins as chemical tools to study the relationship between individual PPPs and their biological substrates, and how disruptions in these relationships contributes to human disease, is severely limited. Here, we show that tautomycetin (TTN) is highly selective for a single PPP, protein phosphatase 1 (PP1/PPP1C). Our structure of the PP1:TTN complex reveals that PP1 selectivity is defined by a covalent bond between TTN and a PP1-specific cysteine residue, Cys127. Together, these data provide key molecular insights needed for the development of novel probes targeting single PPPs, especially PP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng S. Choy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Mark Swingle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
| | - Brandon D’Arcy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
| | - Kevin Abney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
| | - Scott F. Rusin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, United States
| | - Arminja N. Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, United States
| | - Rebecca Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Richard E. Honkanen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
| | - Wolfgang Peti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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11
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Boger DL. The Difference a Single Atom Can Make: Synthesis and Design at the Chemistry-Biology Interface. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11961-11980. [PMID: 28945374 PMCID: PMC5712263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A Perspective of work in our laboratory on the examination of biologically active compounds, especially natural products, is presented. In the context of individual programs and along with a summary of our work, selected cases are presented that illustrate the impact single atom changes can have on the biological properties of the compounds. The examples were chosen to highlight single heavy atom changes that improve activity, rather than those that involve informative alterations that reduce or abolish activity. The examples were also chosen to illustrate that the impact of such single-atom changes can originate from steric, electronic, conformational, or H-bonding effects, from changes in functional reactivity, from fundamental intermolecular interactions with a biological target, from introduction of a new or altered functionalization site, or from features as simple as improvements in stability or physical properties. Nearly all the examples highlighted represent not only unusual instances of productive deep-seated natural product modifications and were introduced through total synthesis but are also remarkable in that they are derived from only a single heavy atom change in the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Research Institute, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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12
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Deplano A, Morgillo CM, Demurtas M, Björklund E, Cipriano M, Svensson M, Hashemian S, Smaldone G, Pedone E, Luque FJ, Cabiddu MG, Novellino E, Fowler CJ, Catalanotti B, Onnis V. Novel propanamides as fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:523-542. [PMID: 28535469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has a key role in the control of the cannabinoid signaling, through the hydrolysis of the endocannabinoids anandamide and in some tissues 2-arachidonoylglycerol. FAAH inhibition represents a promising strategy to activate the cannabinoid system, since it does not result in the psychotropic and peripheral side effects characterizing the agonists of the cannabinoid receptors. Here we present the discovery of a novel class of profen derivatives, the N-(heteroaryl)-2-(4-((2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)propanamides, as FAAH inhibitors. Enzymatic assays showed potencies toward FAAH ranging from nanomolar to micromolar range, and the most compounds lack activity toward the two isoforms of cyclooxygenase. Extensive structure-activity studies and the definition of the binding mode for the lead compound of the series are also presented. Kinetic assays in rat and mouse FAAH on selected compounds of the series demonstrated that slight modifications of the chemical structure could influence the binding mode and give rise to competitive (TPA1) or non-competitive (TPA14) inhibition modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Deplano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, Cagliari I-09124, Italy
| | | | - Monica Demurtas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, Cagliari I-09124, Italy
| | - Emmelie Björklund
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mariateresa Cipriano
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mona Svensson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sanaz Hashemian
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Emilia Pedone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - F Javier Luque
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Maria G Cabiddu
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bruno Catalanotti
- Department of Pharmacy, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, Cagliari I-09124, Italy
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13
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Toma W, Kyte SL, Bagdas D, Alkhlaif Y, Alsharari SD, Lichtman AH, Chen ZJ, Del Fabbro E, Bigbee JW, Gewirtz DA, Damaj MI. Effects of paclitaxel on the development of neuropathy and affective behaviors in the mouse. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:305-315. [PMID: 28237807 PMCID: PMC5489229 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel, one of the most commonly used cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, effectively extends the progression-free survival of breast, lung, and ovarian cancer patients. However, paclitaxel and other chemotherapy drugs elicit peripheral nerve fiber dysfunction or degeneration that leads to peripheral neuropathy in a large proportion of cancer patients. Patients receiving chemotherapy also often experience changes in mood, including anxiety and depression. These somatic and affective disorders represent major dose-limiting side effects of chemotherapy. Consequently, the present study was designed to develop a preclinical model of paclitaxel-induced negative affective symptoms in order to identify treatment strategies and their underlying mechanisms of action. Intraperitoneal injections of paclitaxel (8 mg/kg) resulted in the development and maintenance of mechanical and cold allodynia. Carboplatin, another cancer chemotherapeutic drug that is often used in combination with paclitaxel, sensitized mice to the nociceptive effects of paclitaxel. Paclitaxel also induced anxiety-like behavior, as assessed in the novelty suppressed feeding and light/dark box tests. In addition, paclitaxel-treated mice displayed depression-like behavior during the forced swim test and an anhedonia-like state in the sucrose preference test. In summary, paclitaxel produced altered behaviors in assays modeling affective states in C57BL/6J male mice, while increases in nociceptive responses were longer in duration. The characterization of this preclinical model of chemotherapy-induced allodynia and affective symptoms, possibly related to neuropathic pain, provides the basis for determining the mechanism(s) underlying severe side effects elicited by paclitaxel, as well as for predicting the efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisam Toma
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - S Lauren Kyte
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Uludag University, Experimental Animals Breeding and Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yasmin Alkhlaif
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Shakir D Alsharari
- King Saud University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Zhi-Jian Chen
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Egidio Del Fabbro
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - John W Bigbee
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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14
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Chen C, Liu W, Zhou P. TBHP-mediated highly efficient dehydrogenative cross-oxidative coupling of methylarenes with acetanilides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 12:2250-2255. [PMID: 28144291 PMCID: PMC5238673 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A TBHP-mediated dehydrogenative cross-oxidative-coupling approach has been developed for the synthesis of N-arylbenzamides from methylarenes and acetanilides. This cross-coupling method is free of transition metal catalysts and ligands, and no extra organic solvents are required, which make it an useful and attractive strategy for the straightforward construction of C–N bonds. Besides, this conversion is an important complement to the conventional C–N forming strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, 2 Guandu Road, Maoming 525000, P. R. China. ; Tel: +86-668-2923444
| | - Weibing Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, 2 Guandu Road, Maoming 525000, P. R. China. ; Tel: +86-668-2923444
| | - Peng Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, 2 Guandu Road, Maoming 525000, P. R. China. ; Tel: +86-668-2923444
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15
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A Synopsis of the Properties and Applications of Heteroaromatic Rings in Medicinal Chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Tuo W, Leleu-Chavain N, Spencer J, Sansook S, Millet R, Chavatte P. Therapeutic Potential of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase, Monoacylglycerol Lipase, and N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:4-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tuo
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Natascha Leleu-Chavain
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Régis Millet
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
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17
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Baillie TA. Targeted Covalent Inhibitors for Drug Design. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13408-13421. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Baillie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; University of Washington; Box 357610 Seattle WA 98195-7610 USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Baillie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; University of Washington; Box 357610 Seattle WA 98195-7610 USA
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19
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Interaction of the N-(3-Methylpyridin-2-yl)amide Derivatives of Flurbiprofen and Ibuprofen with FAAH: Enantiomeric Selectivity and Binding Mode. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142711. [PMID: 26565710 PMCID: PMC4643906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Combined fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition is a promising approach for pain-relief. The Flu-AM1 and Ibu-AM5 derivatives of flurbiprofen and ibuprofen retain similar COX-inhibitory properties and are more potent inhibitors of FAAH than the parent compounds. However, little is known as to the nature of their interaction with FAAH, or to the importance of their chirality. This has been explored here. Methodology/Principal Findings FAAH inhibitory activity was measured in rat brain homogenates and in lysates expressing either wild-type or FAAHT488A-mutated enzyme. Molecular modelling was undertaken using both docking and molecular dynamics. The (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of Flu-AM1 inhibited rat FAAH with similar potencies (IC50 values of 0.74 and 0.99 μM, respectively), whereas the (S)-enantiomer of Ibu-AM5 (IC50 0.59 μM) was more potent than the (R)-enantiomer (IC50 5.7 μM). Multiple inhibition experiments indicated that both (R)-Flu-AM1 and (S)-Ibu-AM5 inhibited FAAH in a manner mutually exclusive to carprofen. Computational studies indicated that the binding site for the Flu-AM1 and Ibu-AM5 enantiomers was located between the acyl chain binding channel and the membrane access channel, in a site overlapping the carprofen binding site, and showed a binding mode in line with that proposed for carprofen and other non-covalent ligands. The potency of (R)-Flu-AM1 was lower towards lysates expressing FAAH mutated at the proposed carprofen binding area than in lysates expressing wild-type FAAH. Conclusions/Significance The study provides kinetic and structural evidence that the enantiomers of Flu-AM1 and Ibu-AM5 bind in the substrate channel of FAAH. This information will be useful in aiding the design of novel dual-action FAAH: COX inhibitors.
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20
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Palermo G, Bauer I, Campomanes P, Cavalli A, Armirotti A, Girotto S, Rothlisberger U, De Vivo M. Keys to Lipid Selection in Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Catalysis: Structural Flexibility, Gating Residues and Multiple Binding Pockets. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004231. [PMID: 26111155 PMCID: PMC4481349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) regulates the endocannabinoid system cleaving primarily the lipid messenger anandamide. FAAH has been well characterized over the years and, importantly, it represents a promising drug target to treat several diseases, including inflammatory-related diseases and cancer. But its enzymatic mechanism for lipid selection to specifically hydrolyze anandamide, rather than similar bioactive lipids, remains elusive. Here, we clarify this mechanism in FAAH, examining the role of the dynamic paddle, which is formed by the gating residues Phe432 and Trp531 at the boundary between two cavities that form the FAAH catalytic site (the “membrane-access” and the “acyl chain-binding” pockets). We integrate microsecond-long MD simulations of wild type and double mutant model systems (Phe432Ala and Trp531Ala) of FAAH, embedded in a realistic membrane/water environment, with mutagenesis and kinetic experiments. We comparatively analyze three fatty acid substrates with different hydrolysis rates (anandamide > oleamide > palmitoylethanolamide). Our findings identify FAAH’s mechanism to selectively accommodate anandamide into a multi-pocket binding site, and to properly orient the substrate in pre-reactive conformations for efficient hydrolysis that is interceded by the dynamic paddle. Our findings therefore endorse a structural framework for a lipid selection mechanism mediated by structural flexibility and gating residues between multiple binding cavities, as found in FAAH. Based on the available structural data, this exquisite catalytic strategy for substrate specificity seems to be shared by other lipid-degrading enzymes with similar enzymatic architecture. The mechanistic insights for lipid selection might assist de-novo enzyme design or drug discovery efforts. We describe a new structural enzymatic framework to regulate substrate specificity in lipid-degrading enzymes such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key enzyme for the endocannabinoid lipid signaling that hydrolyzes a variety of lipids, however with different catalytic rates. The identified novel mechanism and key features for lipid selection in FAAH are then analysed in the context of other relevant lipid-degrading enzymes. Through the integration of microsecond-long molecular dynamics simulations with mutagenesis and kinetic experiments, our study suggests that structural flexibility, gating residues and multiple cavities in one catalytic site are keys to lipid selection in the endocannabinoid system. Our results suggest that the structural framework proposed here could likely be a general enzymatic strategy of other lipid-degrading enzymes to select the preferred lipid substrate within a broad spectrum of biologically active lipids. This new, and likely general, structural framework for lipid selection in FAAH could therefore now encourage additional experimental verifications of the role of ligand and structural flexibility, as regulated by key gating residues at the boundaries of multiple cavities forming a single catalytic site, as observed in several other lipid-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Palermo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Inga Bauer
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Pablo Campomanes
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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21
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The Potential of Inhibitors of Endocannabinoid Metabolism for Drug Development: A Critical Review. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 231:95-128. [PMID: 26408159 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are metabolised by both hydrolytic enzymes (primarily fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL)) and oxygenating enzymes (e.g. cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2). In the present article, the in vivo data for compounds inhibiting endocannabinoid metabolism have been reviewed, focussing on inflammation and pain. Potential reasons for the failure of an FAAH inhibitor in a clinical trial in patients with osteoarthritic pain are discussed. It is concluded that there is a continued potential for compounds inhibiting endocannabinoid metabolism in terms of drug development, but that it is wise not to be unrealistic in terms of expectations of success.
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22
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Colombano G, Albani C, Ottonello G, Ribeiro A, Scarpelli R, Tarozzo G, Daglian J, Jung KM, Piomelli D, Bandiera T. O-(triazolyl)methyl carbamates as a novel and potent class of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:380-95. [PMID: 25338703 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity is under investigation as a valuable strategy for the treatment of several disorders, including pain and drug addiction. A number of potent FAAH inhibitors belonging to different chemical classes have been disclosed to date; O-aryl carbamates are one of the most representative families. In the search for novel FAAH inhibitors, a series of O-(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl carbamate derivatives were designed and synthesized exploiting a copper- catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between azides and alkynes (click chemistry). Exploration of the structure-activity relationships within this new class of compounds identified potent inhibitors of both rat and human FAAH with IC50 values in the single-digit nanomolar range. In addition, these derivatives showed improved stability in rat plasma and kinetic solubility in buffer with respect to the lead compound. Based on the results of the study, the novel analogues identified can be considered to be promising starting point for the development of new FAAH inhibitors with improved drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Colombano
- Drug Discovery & Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova (Italy); The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG (UK). ,
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23
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Palermo G, Campomanes P, Cavalli A, Rothlisberger U, De Vivo M. Anandamide Hydrolysis in FAAH Reveals a Dual Strategy for Efficient Enzyme-Assisted Amide Bond Cleavage via Nitrogen Inversion. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:789-801. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5052276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Palermo
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Pablo Campomanes
- Laboratory
of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne
(EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory
of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne
(EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
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24
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Palermo G, Rothlisberger U, Cavalli A, De Vivo M. Computational insights into function and inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 91:15-26. [PMID: 25240419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme is a membrane-bound serine hydrolase responsible for the deactivating hydrolysis of a family of naturally occurring fatty acid amides. FAAH is a critical enzyme of the endocannabinoid system, being mainly responsible for regulating the level of its main cannabinoid substrate anandamide. For this reason, pharmacological inhibition of FAAH, which increases the level of endogenous anandamide, is a promising strategy to cure a variety of diseases including pain, inflammation, and cancer. Much structural, mutagenesis, and kinetic data on FAAH has been generated over the last couple of decades. This has prompted several informative computational investigations to elucidate, at the atomic-level, mechanistic details on catalysis and inhibition of this pharmaceutically relevant enzyme. Here, we review how these computational studies - based on classical molecular dynamics, full quantum mechanics, and hybrid QM/MM methods - have clarified the binding and reactivity of some relevant substrates and inhibitors of FAAH. We also discuss the experimental implications of these computational insights, which have provided a thoughtful elucidation of the complex physical and chemical steps of the enzymatic mechanism of FAAH. Finally, we discuss how computations have been helpful for building structure-activity relationships of potent FAAH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Palermo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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25
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Otrubova K, Srinivasan V, Boger DL. Discovery libraries targeting the major enzyme classes: the serine hydrolases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3807-13. [PMID: 25037918 PMCID: PMC4130767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two libraries of modestly reactive ureas containing either electron-deficient acyl anilines or acyl pyrazoles were prepared and are reported as screening libraries for candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors. Within each library is a small but powerful subset of compounds that serve as a chemotype fragment screening library capable of subsequent structural diversification. Elaboration of the pyrazole-based ureas provided remarkably potent irreversible inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, apparent Ki=100-200 pM) complementary to those previously disclosed enlisting electron-deficient aniline-based ureas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States.
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26
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Duncan KK, Otrubova K, Boger DL. α-Ketoheterocycle inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase: exploration of conformational constraints in the acyl side chain. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2763-70. [PMID: 24690529 PMCID: PMC4029506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of α-ketooxazoles containing heteroatoms embedded within conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain of 2 (OL-135) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The studies reveal that the installation of a heteroatom (O) in the conformational constraint is achievable, although the potency of these novel derivatives is reduced slightly relative to 2 and the analogous 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene series. Interestingly, both enantiomers (R and S) of the candidate inhibitors bearing a chiral center adjacent to the electrophilic carbonyl were found to effectively inhibit FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine K Duncan
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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27
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Otrubova K, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. Design, synthesis, and characterization of α-ketoheterocycles that additionally target the cytosolic port Cys269 of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1079-89. [PMID: 24456116 PMCID: PMC3940414 DOI: 10.1021/jm401820q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A series
of α-ketooxazoles incorporating electrophiles at
the C5 position of the pyridyl ring of 2 (OL-135) and
related compounds were prepared and examined as inhibitors of fatty
acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that additionally target the cytosolic
port Cys269. From this series, a subset of the candidate inhibitors
exhibited time-dependent FAAH inhibition and noncompetitive irreversible
inactivation of the enzyme, consistent with the targeted Cys269 covalent
alkylation or addition, and maintained or enhanced the intrinsic selectivity
for FAAH versus other serine hydrolases. A preliminary in vivo assessment
demonstrates that these inhibitors raise endogenous brain levels of
anandamide and other FAAH substrates upon intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration
to mice, with peak levels achieved within 1.5–3 h, and that
the elevations of the signaling lipids were maintained >6 h, indicating
that the inhibitors effectively reach and remain active in the brain,
inhibiting FAAH for a sustained period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Chemical Physiology, and §The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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28
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Five-Membered Ring Systems with O & N Atoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100017-5.00011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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