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Wang DH, Vidovic D, McKay AI, Darwish T, Park HG, Garza SM, Shields SW, Brodbelt JS, Wang Z, Lacombe RJS, Shmanai VV, Lysenko IL, Bekish AV, Schmidt K, Redfield C, Brenna JT, Shchepinov MS. Quantitative High-Field NMR- and Mass Spectrometry-Based Fatty Acid Sequencing Reveals Internal Structure in Ru-Catalyzed Deuteration of Docosahexaenoic Acid. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12971-12980. [PMID: 36098546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ru-based catalysis results in highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) ethyl esters (EE) deuterated to various extents. The products carry 2H (D) mainly at their bis-allylic positions, where they are resistant to autoxidation compared to natural HUFA and are promising as neurological and retinal drugs. We characterized the extent of deuteration at each allylic position of docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid deuterated to completion at bis-allylic and allylic positions (D-DHA) by two-dimensional (2D) and high-field (600 and 950 MHz) NMR. In separate experiments, the kinetics of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) EE deuteration was evaluated using Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis, enabling deuteration to be quantitatively characterized for isotopologues (D0-D14 DHA) at each internal allylic position. NMR analysis shows that the net deuteration of the isotopologue mixture is about 94% at the bis-allylic positions, and less than 1% remained as the protiated -CH2-. MS analysis shows that deuteration kinetics follow an increasing curve at bis-allylic positions with higher rate for internal bis-allylic positions. Percent D of bis-allylic positions increases linearly from D1 to D9 in which all internal bis-allylic positions (C9, C12, C15) deuterate uniformly and more rapidly than external bis-allylic positions (C6, C18). The mono-allylic positions near the methyl end (C21) show a steep increase of D only after the D10 isotopologue has been deuterated to >90%, while the mono-allylic position near the carboxyl position, C3, deuterates last and least. These data establish detailed methods for the characterization of Ru-catalyzed deuteration of HUFA as well as the phenomenological reaction kinetics as net product is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hao Wang
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Dragoslav Vidovic
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Alasdair I McKay
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Tamim Darwish
- National Deuteration Facility-ANSTO, Sydney, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Secilia Martinez Garza
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 United States
| | - Samuel W Shields
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - R J Scott Lacombe
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
| | - Vadim V Shmanai
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Belarus, 13 Surganova Street, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | - Ivan L Lysenko
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Belarus, 13 Surganova Street, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | - Andrei V Bekish
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Belarus, 13 Surganova Street, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | | | - Christina Redfield
- Dept of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 United States
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He J, Zhang H, Wang W, Ma Y, Yang M, He Y, Liu Z, Yu K, Jiang J. Probing autoxidation of oleic acid at air-water interface: A neglected and significant pathway for secondary organic aerosols formation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113232. [PMID: 35398317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids have been proposed to be a potential source of precursors for SOAs, but the autoxidation process was neglected in the oxidation studies. Here, the autoxidation of oleic acid was explored using microdroplet mass spectrometry. Bulk solution, concentration and solvent composition experiments provided direct evidences for that the autoxidation occurred at or near the air-water interface. The kinetic data showed an acceleration at this interface and was comparable to ozonation, indicating that autoxidation is an important pathway for SOAs formation. In addition, intermediates/products were captured and identified using tandem mass spectrometry, spin-trapping and quenched agents. The autoxidation mechanism was divided into addition intermediates (AIs) and Criegee intermediates (CIs) pathways mediated by hydroxyl radicals (OH). The CI chemistry which is ubiquitous in gas phase was observed at the air-water interface, and this leaded to the mass/volume loss of aerosols. Inversely, the AI chemistry caused the increase of mass, density and hygroscopicity of aerosols. AI chemistry was dominated compared to CI chemistry, but varied by concerning aerosol sizes, ultraviolet light (UV) and charge. Moreover, the MS approach of selectively probing the interfacial substances at the scale of sub-seconds opens new opportunities to study heterogeneous chemistry in atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China.
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Yingxue Ma
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Miao Yang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Yuwei He
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China.
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Ng SW, Furman R, Axelsen PH, Shchepinov MS. Free Radical Chain Reactions and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Lipids. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25337-25345. [PMID: 35910174 PMCID: PMC9330197 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains (PUFAs) concentrate in the brain and give rise to numerous oxidative chemical degradation products. It is widely assumed that these products are the result of free radical chain reactions, and reactions of this type have been demonstrated in preparations where a single PUFA substrate species predominates. However, it is unclear whether such reactions can occur in the biologically complex milieu of lipid membranes where PUFA substrates are a minority species, and where diverse free radical scavengers or other quenching mechanisms are present. It is of particular interest to know whether they occur in brain, where PUFAs are concentrated and where PUFA oxidation products have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. To ascertain whether free radical chain reactions can occur in a complex brain lipid mixture, mouse brain lipids were extracted, formed into vesicles, and treated with a fixed number of hydroxyl radicals under conditions wherein the concentrations and types of PUFA-containing phospholipids were varied. Specific phospholipid species in the mixture were assayed by tandem mass spectrometry to quantify the oxidative losses of endogenous PUFA-containing phospholipids. Results reveal crosstalk between the oxidative degradation of ω3 and ω6 PUFAs that can only be explained by the occurrence of free radical chain reactions. These results demonstrate that PUFAs in a complex brain lipid mixture can participate in free radical chain reactions wherein the extent of oxidative degradation is not limited by the number of reactive oxygen species available to initiate such reactions. These reactions may help explain otherwise puzzling in vivo interactions between ω3 and ω6 PUFAs in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon
C. W. Ng
- Department
of Pharmacology, 1009C Stellar Chance Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, United States
| | - Ran Furman
- Department
of Pharmacology, 1009C Stellar Chance Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, United States
| | - Paul H. Axelsen
- Department
of Pharmacology, 1009C Stellar Chance Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, United States
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Li H, Zhang O, Hui C, Huang Y, Shao H, Song M, Gao L, Jin S, Ding C, Xu L. Deuterium-Reinforced Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by Reducing Oxidative Stress. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:790. [PMID: 35744053 PMCID: PMC9228393 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Oxidative stress is implicated in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) through the triggering of inflammation. Deuterium-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids (D-PUFAs) are more resistant to the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-initiated chain reaction of lipid peroxidation than regular hydrogenated (H-) PUFAs. Here, we aimed to investigate the impacts of D-PUFAs on oxidative stress and its protective effect on NASH. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups and were fed a normal chow diet, a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet, and an MCD with 0.6% D-PUFAs for 5 weeks. The phenotypes of NASH in mice were determined. The levels of oxidative stress were examined both in vivo and in vitro. Results: The treatment with D-PUFAs attenuated the ROS production and enhanced the cell viability in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-loaded hepatocytes. Concurrently, D-PUFAs decreased the TBHP-induced oxidative stress in Raw 264.7 macrophages. Accordingly, D-PUFAs increased the cell viability and attenuated the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated proinflammatory cytokine expression of macrophages. In vivo, the administration of D-PUFAs reduced the phenotypes of NASH in MCD-fed mice. Specifically, D-PUFAs decreased the liver transaminase activity and attenuated the steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the livers of NASH mice. Conclusion: D-PUFAs may be potential therapeutic agents to prevent NASH by broadly reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Ouyang Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Chenmin Hui
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Yaxin Huang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Hengrong Shao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Menghui Song
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Lingjia Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Shengnan Jin
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chunming Ding
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Różanowska MB, Czuba-Pełech B, Różanowski B. Is There an Optimal Combination of AREDS2 Antioxidants Zeaxanthin, Vitamin E and Vitamin C on Light-Induced Toxicity of Vitamin A Aldehyde to the Retina? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061132. [PMID: 35740030 PMCID: PMC9220409 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamins C and E and zeaxanthin are components of a supplement tested in a large clinical trial-Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2)-and it has been demonstrated that they can inhibit the progression of age-related macular degeneration. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal combinations of these antioxidants to prevent the phototoxicity mediated by vitamin A aldehyde (ATR), which can accumulate in photoreceptor outer segments (POS) upon exposure to light. We used cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells ARPE-19 and liposomes containing unsaturated lipids and ATR as a model of POS. Cells and/or liposomes were enriched with lipophilic antioxidants, whereas ascorbate was added just before the exposure to light. Supplementing the cells and/or liposomes with single lipophilic antioxidants had only a minor effect on phototoxicity, but the protection substantially increased in the presence of both ways of supplementation. Combinations of zeaxanthin with α-tocopherol in liposomes and cells provided substantial protection, enhancing cell viability from ~26% in the absence of antioxidants to ~63% in the presence of 4 µM zeaxanthin and 80 µM α-tocopherol, and this protective effect was further increased to ~69% in the presence of 0.5 mM ascorbate. The protective effect of ascorbate disappeared at a concentration of 1 mM, whereas 2 mM of ascorbate exacerbated the phototoxicity. Zeaxanthin or α-tocopherol partly ameliorated the cytotoxic effects. Altogether, our results suggest that the optimal combination includes upper levels of zeaxanthin and α-tocopherol achievable by diet and/or supplementations, whereas ascorbate needs to be at a four-fold smaller concentration than that in the vitreous. The physiological relevance of the results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata B. Różanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-292087-5057
| | - Barbara Czuba-Pełech
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
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Firsov AM, Franco MSF, Chistyakov DV, Goriainov SV, Sergeeva MG, Kotova EA, Fomich MA, Bekish AV, Sharko OL, Shmanai VV, Itri R, Baptista MS, Antonenko YN, Shchepinov MS. Deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit photoirradiation-induced lipid peroxidation in lipid bilayers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 229:112425. [PMID: 35276579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) plays a key role in many age-related neurodegenerative conditions and other disorders. Light irradiation can initiate LPO through various mechanisms and is of importance in retinal and dermatological pathologies. The introduction of deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids (D-PUFA) into membrane lipids is a promising approach for protection against LPO. Here, we report the protective effects of D-PUFA against the photodynamically induced LPO, using illumination in the presence of the photosensitizer trisulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcS3) in liposomes and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV), as assessed in four experimental models: 1) sulforhodamine B leakage from liposomes, detected with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS); 2) formation of diene conjugates in liposomal membranes, measured by absorbance at 234 nm; 3) membrane leakage in GUV assessed by optical phase-contrast intensity observations; 4) UPLC-MS/MS method to detect oxidized linoleic acid (Lin)-derived metabolites. Specifically, in liposomes or GUV containing H-PUFA (dilinoleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine), light irradiation led to an extensive oxidative damage to bilayers. By contrast, no damage was observed in lipid bilayers containing 20% or more D-PUFA (D2-Lin or D10-docosahexanenoic acid). Remarkably, addition of tocopherol increased the dye leakage from liposomes in H-PUFA bilayers compared to photoirradiation alone, signifying tocopherol's pro-oxidant properties. However, in the presence of D-PUFA the opposite effect was observed, whereby adding tocopherol increased the resistance to LPO. These findings suggest a method to augment the protective effects of D-PUFA, which are currently undergoing clinical trials in several neurological and retinal diseases that involve LPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Firsov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - M S F Franco
- Biochemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (IQUSP), AV. Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, 748, USP, CEP: 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D V Chistyakov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - S V Goriainov
- SREC PFUR Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - M G Sergeeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - E A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - M A Fomich
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science, Minsk, Belarus
| | - A V Bekish
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science, Minsk, Belarus
| | - O L Sharko
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science, Minsk, Belarus
| | - V V Shmanai
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science, Minsk, Belarus
| | - R Itri
- Applied Physics Department, Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1371 (217-B.Jafet), Butantã, USP, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Baptista
- Biochemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (IQUSP), AV. Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, 748, USP, CEP: 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Y N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
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Wang DH, Park HG, Wang Z, Lacombe RJS, Shmanai VV, Bekish AV, Schmidt K, Shchepinov MS, Brenna JT. Toward Quantitative Sequencing of Deuteration of Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Chains in Fatty Acids. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8238-8247. [PMID: 34048647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
No general method currently is available for the quantitative determination of deuterium (D) at C positions along a hydrocarbon chain. Bis-allylic deuterated highly unsaturated fatty acids (D-HUFA) are a novel class of drugs stabilized against H-abstraction-mediated oxidation by deuteration at the most labile positions. Ru-based catalytic deuteration overcomes the limited scale of bis-allylic D-HUFA production by total organic synthesis; however, it produces a complex mixture of bis-allylic D isotopologues and isotopomers, requiring detailed sequencing for characterization. We report here adaptation and application of the Paternó-Büchi (PB) reaction of 2-acetylpyridine to a series of D-HUFA with analysis by shotgun lipidomics to determine position-specific quantitative D abundances. Sodiated PBD-HUFA result in diagnostic ions of high abundance upon collision-induced dissociation (CID) activation, enabling sensitive differentiation and quantification of D fraction at each bis- and mono-allylic position for each isotopologue. Catalytically deuterated isotopologues D5-7 linolenic acid (D5-7 LnA), D6-8 arachidonic acid (D6-8 ARA), D7-9 eicosapentaenoic acid (D7-9 EPA), and D9-11 docosahexaenoic acid (D9-11 DHA) incorporate 80-98, 95-100, 81-100, and 83-100% D at their bis-allylic positions, respectively. D-HUFA isotopologues having D number greater than or equal to bis-allylic sites (e.g., D10-DHA or D11-DHA) deuterated >95% at bis-allylic positions, except for D-LnA. The mono-allylic position near the methyl end deuterates to a much greater extent than the mono-allylic position near the carboxyl end, and both positions deuterate only when bis-allylic D is near-saturated. This method enables rapid, accurate characterization of position and isotopomer-specific D composition and enables sequencing along the chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hao Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | | | - Vadim V Shmanai
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Belarus, 13 Surganova Street, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | - Andrei V Bekish
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Belarus, 13 Surganova Street, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | | | | | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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8
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Shchepinov MS. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Deuteration against Neurodegeneration. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:236-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Basov A, Fedulova L, Vasilevskaya E, Dzhimak S. Possible Mechanisms of Biological Effects Observed in Living Systems during 2H/ 1H Isotope Fractionation and Deuterium Interactions with Other Biogenic Isotopes. Molecules 2019; 24:E4101. [PMID: 31766268 PMCID: PMC6891295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the original descriptions of some recent physics mechanisms (based on the thermodynamic, kinetic, and quantum tunnel effects) providing stable 2H/1H isotope fractionation, leading to the accumulation of particular isotopic forms in intra- or intercellular space, including the molecular effects of deuterium interaction with 18O/17O/16O, 15N/14N, 13C/12C, and other stable biogenic isotopes. These effects were observed mainly at the organelle (mitochondria) and cell levels. A new hypothesis for heavy nonradioactive isotope fractionation in living systems via neutron effect realization is discussed. The comparative analysis of some experimental studies results revealed the following observation: "Isotopic shock" is highly probable and is observed mostly when chemical bonds form between atoms with a summary odd number of neutrons (i.e., bonds with a non-compensated neutron, which correspond to the following equation: Nn - Np = 2k + 1, where k ϵ Z, k is the integer, Z is the set of non-negative integers, Nn is number of neutrons, and Np is number of protons of each individual atom, or in pair of isotopes with a chemical bond). Data on the efficacy and metabolic pathways of the therapy also considered 2H-modified drinking and diet for some diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, mitochondrial disorders, diabetes, cerebral hypoxia, Parkinson's disease, and brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Basov
- Department of Fundamental and Clinical Biochemistry, Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar 350063, Russia;
- Department of Radiophysics and Nanotechnology, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russia
| | - Liliya Fedulova
- The V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 109316, Russia; (L.F.); (E.V.)
| | - Ekaterina Vasilevskaya
- The V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 109316, Russia; (L.F.); (E.V.)
| | - Stepan Dzhimak
- Department of Radiophysics and Nanotechnology, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russia
- The V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 109316, Russia; (L.F.); (E.V.)
- Federal Research Center the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don 344006, Russia
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10
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Allen LB, Genaro-Mattos TC, Porter NA, Mirnics K, Korade Z. Desmosterolosis and desmosterol homeostasis in the developing mouse brain. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:934-943. [PMID: 30891795 PMCID: PMC6739189 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol serves as a building material for cellular membranes and plays an important role in cellular metabolism. The brain relies on its own cholesterol biosynthesis, which starts during embryonic development. Cholesterol is synthesized from two immediate precursors, desmosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Mutations in the DHCR24 enzyme, which converts desmosterol into cholesterol, lead to desmosterolosis, an autosomal recessive developmental disorder. In this study, we assessed the brain content of desmosterol, 7-DHC, and cholesterol from development to adulthood, and analyzed the biochemical, molecular, and anatomical consequences of Dhcr24 mutations on the sterol profile in a mouse model of desmosterolosis and heterozygous Dhcr24+/- carriers. Our HPLC-MS/MS studies revealed that by P0 desmosterol almost entirely replaced cholesterol in the Dhcr24-KO brain. The greatly elevated desmosterol levels were also present in the Dhcr24-Het brains irrespective of maternal genotype, persisting into adulthood. Furthermore, Dhcr24-KO mice brains showed complex changes in expression of lipid and sterol transcripts, nuclear receptors, and synaptic plasticity transcripts. Cultured Dhcr24-KO neurons showed increased arborization, which was also present in the Dhcr24-KO mouse brains. Finally, we observed a shared pathophysiological mechanism between the mouse models of desmosterolosis and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (a genetic disorder of conversion of 7-DHC to cholesterol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke B. Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Thiago C. Genaro-Mattos
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Corresponding Author: Zeljka Korade, DVM, PhD, ; 982165 Nebraska Medicine Center, Omaha, 68198-2165
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11
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Chu JH, Chiang MF, Li CW, Su ZH, Lo SC, Wu MJ. Palladium-Catalyzed Late-Stage ortho-C–H Bond Aroylation of Anilines Using 4-Methoxy-2-pyridinyl as a Removable Directing Group. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Ho Chu
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, Taitung 95092, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Fan Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Zhe-Hong Su
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, Taitung 95092, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chi Lo
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jung Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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12
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Firsov AM, Fomich MA, Bekish AV, Sharko OL, Kotova EA, Saal HJ, Vidovic D, Shmanai VV, Pratt DA, Antonenko YN, Shchepinov MS. Threshold protective effect of deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids on peroxidation of lipid bilayers. FEBS J 2019; 286:2099-2117. [PMID: 30851224 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) damages lipid membranes and generates numerous toxic by-products implicated in neurodegeneration, aging, and other pathologies. Abstraction of bis-allylic hydrogen atoms is the rate-limiting step of PUFA autoxidation, which is inhibited by replacing bis-allylic hydrogens with deuterium atoms (D-PUFAs). In cells, the presence of a relatively small fraction of D-PUFAs among natural PUFAs is sufficient to effectively inhibit lipid peroxidation (LPO). Here, we investigate the effect of various D-PUFAs on the stability of liposomes under oxidative stress conditions. The permeability of vesicle membranes to fluorescent dyes was measured as a proxy for bilayer integrity, and the formation of conjugated dienes was monitored as a proxy for LPO. Remarkably, both approaches reveal a similar threshold for the protective effect of D-PUFAs in liposomes. We show that protection rendered by D-PUFAs depends on the structure of the deuterated fatty acid. Our findings suggest that protection of PUFAs against autoxidation depends on the total level of deuterated bi-sallylic (CD2 ) groups present in the lipid bilayer. However, the phospholipid containing 6,6,9,9,12,12,15,15,18,18-d10 -docosahexaenoic acid exerts a stronger protective effect than should be expected from its deuteration level. These findings further support the application of D-PUFAs as preventive/therapeutic agents in numerous pathologies that involve LPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Firsov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Maksim A Fomich
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Andrei V Bekish
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Olga L Sharko
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Elena A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | | | - Dragoslav Vidovic
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vadim V Shmanai
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
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13
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Zielinski ZAM, Pratt DA. H-Atom Abstraction vs Addition: Accounting for the Diverse Product Distribution in the Autoxidation of Cholesterol and Its Esters. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3037-3051. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zosia A. M. Zielinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Derek A. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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14
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Russak EM, Bednarczyk EM. Impact of Deuterium Substitution on the Pharmacokinetics of Pharmaceuticals. Ann Pharmacother 2018; 53:211-216. [DOI: 10.1177/1060028018797110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Stable heavy isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, and other elements have been incorporated into drug molecules, largely as tracers for quantitation during the drug development process. Studies involving the human use of drugs labeled with deuterium suggest that these compounds may offer some advantages when compared with their nondeuterated counterparts. Deuteration has gained attention because of its potential to affect the pharmacokinetic and metabolic profiles of drugs. Deutetrabenazine (Austedo, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd) is the first deuterated drug to receive Food and Drug Administration approval. This deuterated form of the drug tetrabenazine is indicated for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease as well as tardive dyskinesia. Ongoing clinical trials suggest that a number of other deuterated compounds are being evaluated for the treatment of human diseases and not merely as research tools. Data Sources: A search of the MEDLINE (1946 to present) database was undertaken using the Ovid interface. The search was conducted using the heading deuterium and then limited to Administration & Dosage, Adverse Effects, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology, Poisoning, Therapeutic Use, and Toxicity. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles were reviewed and those with human information were included. Review articles were likewise interrogated for additional published human data. Conclusions: Deuterated compounds may, in some cases, offer advantages over nondeuterated forms, often through alterations in clearance. Deuteration may also redirect metabolic pathways in directions that reduce toxicities. The approval of additional deuterated compounds may soon follow. Clinicians will need to be familiar with the dosing, efficacy, potential side effects, and unique metabolic profiles of these new entities.
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15
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Buchachenko AL, Wasserman LA, Breslavskaya NN, Barashkova II. Noncovalent Hydrogen Isotope Effects in Paramagnetic Molecules. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793118030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Shah R, Shchepinov MS, Pratt DA. Resolving the Role of Lipoxygenases in the Initiation and Execution of Ferroptosis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:387-396. [PMID: 29632885 PMCID: PMC5879472 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) have been implicated as central players in ferroptosis, a recently characterized cell death modality associated with the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides: the products of LOX catalysis. To provide insight on their role, human embryonic kidney cells were transfected to overexpress each of the human isoforms associated with disease, 5-LOX, p12-LOX, and 15-LOX-1, which yielded stable cell lines that were demonstrably sensitized to ferroptosis. Interestingly, the cells could be rescued by less than half of a diverse collection of known LOX inhibitors. Furthermore, the cytoprotective compounds were similarly potent in each of the cell lines even though some were clearly isoform-selective LOX inhibitors. The cytoprotective compounds were subsequently demonstrated to be effective radical-trapping antioxidants, which protect lipids from autoxidation, the autocatalytic radical chain reaction that produces lipid hydroperoxides. From these data (and others reported herein), a picture emerges wherein LOX activity may contribute to the cellular pool of lipid hydroperoxides that initiate ferroptosis, but lipid autoxidation drives the cell death process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Shah
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | | | - Derek A. Pratt
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
- E-mail:
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17
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Kobayashi Y, Nanba Y, Tanabe S. A New Method of Deuterium Incorporation to TMS-Epoxyalcohol Using Sodium Methylsulfinylmethylide-d5 (NaDMSO-d5). HETEROCYCLES 2018. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-s(t)32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Elharram A, Czegledy NM, Golod M, Milne GL, Pollock E, Bennett BM, Shchepinov MS. Deuterium-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids improve cognition in a mouse model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. FEBS J 2017; 284:4083-4095. [PMID: 29024570 PMCID: PMC5716852 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage resulting from increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) is considered an important factor in the development of late onset/age-related Alzheimer's disease (AD). Deuterium-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids (D-PUFAs) are more resistant to the reactive oxygen species-initiated chain reaction of LPO than regular hydrogenated (H-) PUFAs. We investigated the effect of D-PUFA treatment on LPO and cognitive performance in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh2) null mice, an established model of oxidative stress-related cognitive impairment that exhibits AD-like pathologies. Mice were fed a Western-type diet containing either D- or H-PUFAs for 18 weeks. D-PUFA treatment markedly decreased cortex and hippocampus F2 -isoprostanes by approximately 55% and prostaglandin F2α by 20-25% as compared to H-PUFA treatment. D-PUFAs consistently improved performance in cognitive/memory tests, essentially resetting performance of the D-PUFA-fed Aldh2-/- mice to that of wild-type mice fed a typical laboratory diet. D-PUFAs therefore represent a promising new strategy to broadly reduce rates of LPO, and combat cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elharram
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Nicole M Czegledy
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Michael Golod
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Erik Pollock
- Stable Isotope Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Brian M Bennett
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
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19
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Tokunaga T, Watanabe B, Sato S, Kawamoto J, Kurihara T. Synthesis and Functional Assessment of a Novel Fatty Acid Probe, ω-Ethynyl Eicosapentaenoic Acid Analog, to Analyze the in Vivo Behavior of Eicosapentaenoic Acid. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2077-2085. [PMID: 28682621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that plays various beneficial roles in organisms from bacteria to humans. Although its beneficial physiological functions are well-recognized, a molecular probe that enables the monitoring of its in vivo behavior without abolishing its native functions has not yet been developed. Here, we designed and synthesized an ω-ethynyl EPA analog (eEPA) as a tool for analyzing the in vivo behavior and function of EPA. eEPA has an ω-ethynyl group tag in place of the ω-methyl group of EPA. An ethynyl group has a characteristic Raman signal and can be visualized by Raman scattering microscopy. Moreover, this group can specifically react in situ with azide compounds, such as those with fluorescent group, via click chemistry. In this study, we first synthesized eEPA efficiently based on the following well-known strategies. To introduce four C-C double bonds, a coupling reaction between terminal acetylene and propargylic halide or tosylate was employed, and then, by simultaneous and stereoselective partial hydrogenation with P-2 nickel, the triple bonds were converted to cis double bonds. One double bond and an ω-terminal C-C triple bond were introduced by Wittig reaction with a phosphonium salt harboring an ethynyl group. Then, we evaluated the in vivo function of the resulting probe by using an EPA-producing bacterium, Shewanella livingstonensis Ac10. This cold-adapted bacterium inducibly produces EPA at low temperatures, and the EPA-deficient mutant (ΔEPA) shows growth retardation and abnormal morphology at low temperatures. When eEPA was exogenously supplemented to ΔEPA, eEPA was incorporated into the membrane phospholipids as an acyl chain, and the amount of eEPA was about 5% of the total fatty acids in the membrane, which is comparable to the amount of EPA in the membrane of the parent strain. Notably, by supplementation with eEPA, the growth retardation and abnormal morphology of ΔEPA were almost completely suppressed. These results indicated that eEPA mimics EPA well and is useful for analyzing the in vivo behavior of EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Tokunaga
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Bunta Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Sho Sato
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jun Kawamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kurihara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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20
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Tsikas D. Combating atherosclerosis with heavy PUFAs: Deuteron not proton is the first. Atherosclerosis 2017; 264:79-82. [PMID: 28756876 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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21
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Tikhonov IV, Moskalenko IV, Pliss EM, Fomich MA, Bekish AV, Shmanai VV. Kinetic isotope H/D effect in the oxidation of ethers of linoleic acid in solutions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793117030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Berbée JFP, Mol IM, Milne GL, Pollock E, Hoeke G, Lütjohann D, Monaco C, Rensen PCN, van der Ploeg LHT, Shchepinov MS. Deuterium-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids protect against atherosclerosis by lowering lipid peroxidation and hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2017; 264:100-107. [PMID: 28655430 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Oxidative modification of lipoproteins is a crucial step in atherosclerosis development. Isotopic-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids (D-PUFAs) are more resistant to reactive oxygen species-initiated chain reaction of lipid peroxidation than regular hydrogenated (H-)PUFAs. We aimed at investigating the effect of D-PUFA treatment on lipid peroxidation, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis development. METHODS Transgenic APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism, were pre-treated with D-PUFAs or control H-PUFAs-containing diet (1.2%, w/w) for 4 weeks. Thereafter, mice were fed a Western-type diet (containing 0.15% cholesterol, w/w) for another 12 weeks, while continuing the D-/H-PUFA treatment. RESULTS D-PUFA treatment markedly decreased hepatic and plasma F2-isoprostanes (approx. -80%) and prostaglandin F2α (approx. -40%) as compared to H-PUFA treatment. Moreover, D-PUFAs reduced body weight gain during the study (-54%) by decreasing body fat mass gain (-87%) without altering lean mass. D-PUFAs consistently reduced plasma total cholesterol levels (approx. -25%), as reflected in reduced plasma non-HDL-cholesterol (-28%). Additional analyses of hepatic cholesterol metabolism indicated that D-PUFAs reduced the hepatic cholesterol content (-21%). Sterol markers of intestinal cholesterol absorption and cholesterol breakdown were decreased. Markers of cholesterol synthesis were increased. Finally, D-PUFAs reduced atherosclerotic lesion area formation throughout the aortic root of the heart (-26%). CONCLUSIONS D-PUFAs reduce body weight gain, improve cholesterol handling and reduce atherosclerosis development by reducing lipid peroxidation and plasma cholesterol levels. D-PUFAs, therefore, represent a promising new strategy to broadly reduce rates of lipid peroxidation, and combat hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy F P Berbée
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Metabolic Research Services, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel M Mol
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Metabolic Research Services, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Erik Pollock
- University of Arkansas, Stable Isotope Laboratory, 850 W Dickson Street, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Geerte Hoeke
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Metabolic Research Services, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Dept. of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Metabolic Research Services, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of lipid peroxidation, a degenerative process that is believed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, are highlighted. In particular, the factors that control the kinetics and regio-/stereochemical outcomes of the autoxidation of both polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols and the subsequent decomposition of the hydroperoxide products to cytotoxic derivatives are discussed. These advances promise to help clarify the role of lipid peroxidation in cell death and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zosia A M Zielinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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24
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Korneenko TV, Pestov NB, Hurski AL, Fedarkevich AM, Shmanai VV, Brenna JT, Shchepinov MS. A strong developmental isotope effect in Caenorhabditis elegans induced by 5,5-deuterated lysine. Amino Acids 2017; 49:887-894. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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25
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Rosell M, Villa M, Durand T, Galano JM, Vercauteren J, Crauste C. Total Syntheses of Two bis-Allylic-Deuterated DHA Analogues. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Rosell
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron; IBMM, UMR5247 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue C. Flahault, BP 14491 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France), Fax: (+33) 4-11-75-95-66
| | - Maxime Villa
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron; IBMM, UMR5247 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue C. Flahault, BP 14491 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France), Fax: (+33) 4-11-75-95-66
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron; IBMM, UMR5247 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue C. Flahault, BP 14491 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France), Fax: (+33) 4-11-75-95-66
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron; IBMM, UMR5247 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue C. Flahault, BP 14491 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France), Fax: (+33) 4-11-75-95-66
| | - Joseph Vercauteren
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron; IBMM, UMR5247 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue C. Flahault, BP 14491 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France), Fax: (+33) 4-11-75-95-66
| | - Céline Crauste
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron; IBMM, UMR5247 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue C. Flahault, BP 14491 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France), Fax: (+33) 4-11-75-95-66
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26
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Liu JF, Harbeson SL, Brummel CL, Tung R, Silverman R, Doller D. A Decade of Deuteration in Medicinal Chemistry. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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27
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Aranca TV, Jones TM, Shaw JD, Staffetti JS, Ashizawa T, Kuo SH, Fogel BL, Wilmot GR, Perlman SL, Onyike CU, Ying SH, Zesiewicz TA. Emerging therapies in Friedreich's ataxia. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 6:49-65. [PMID: 26782317 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited, progressive neurodegenerative disease that typically affects teenagers and young adults. Therapeutic strategies and disease insight have expanded rapidly over recent years, leading to hope for the FRDA population. There is currently no US FDA-approved treatment for FRDA, but advances in research of its pathogenesis have led to clinical trials of potential treatments. This article reviews emerging therapies and discusses future perspectives, including the need for more precise measures for detecting changes in neurologic symptoms as well as a disease-modifying agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya V Aranca
- University of South Florida Ataxia Research Center, Department of Neurology, FL, USA
| | - Tracy M Jones
- University of South Florida Ataxia Research Center, Department of Neurology, FL, USA
| | - Jessica D Shaw
- University of South Florida Ataxia Research Center, Department of Neurology, FL, USA
| | - Joseph S Staffetti
- University of South Florida Ataxia Research Center, Department of Neurology, FL, USA
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Department of Neurology, FL, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Brent L Fogel
- Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, CA, USA
| | | | - Susan L Perlman
- Ataxia and Huntington Disease Center of Excellence, University of California, CA, US
| | - Chiadi U Onyike
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University school of Medicine MD, USA
| | - Sarah H Ying
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Theresa A Zesiewicz
- University of South Florida Ataxia Research Center, Department of Neurology, FL, USA.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, FL, USA
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28
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Fomich MA, Bekish AV, Vidovic D, Lamberson CR, Lysenko IL, Lawrence P, Brenna JT, Sharko OL, Shmanai VV, Shchepinov MS. Full Library of (Bis-allyl)-deuterated Arachidonic Acids: Synthesis and Analytical Verification. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim A. Fomich
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Surganova str. 13 220072 Minsk Belarus
| | - Andrei V. Bekish
- Department of Chemistry; Belarusian State University; 220050 Minsk, Leningradskaya 14 Belarus
| | - Dragoslav Vidovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371
| | - Connor R. Lamberson
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology; Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Ivan L. Lysenko
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Surganova str. 13 220072 Minsk Belarus
| | - Peter Lawrence
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; Cornell University, Savage Hall; Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; Cornell University, Savage Hall; Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Olga L. Sharko
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Surganova str. 13 220072 Minsk Belarus
| | - Vadim V. Shmanai
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Surganova str. 13 220072 Minsk Belarus
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29
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Andrianova ZS, Breslavskaya NN, Pliss EM, Buchachenko AL. Bond energies in polyunsaturated acids and kinetics of co-oxidation of protiated and deuterated acids. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024416100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Meisner J, Kästner J. Atom Tunneling in Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5400-13. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Meisner
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Meisner
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
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32
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Nagaoka SI, Nitta A, Suemitsu A, Mukai K. Tunneling effect in vitamin E recycling by green tea. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05986d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A tunneling effect was found to play an important role in vitamin E recycling reactions by catechins contained in green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Nagaoka
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Ehime University
- Matsuyama 790-8577
- Japan
| | - Akiko Nitta
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Ehime University
- Matsuyama 790-8577
- Japan
| | - Ai Suemitsu
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Ehime University
- Matsuyama 790-8577
- Japan
| | - Kazuo Mukai
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Ehime University
- Matsuyama 790-8577
- Japan
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33
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Schreiner PR, Wagner JP, Reisenauer HP, Gerbig D, Ley D, Sarka J, Császár AG, Vaughn A, Allen WD. Domino Tunneling. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7828-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - J. Philipp Wagner
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Reisenauer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dennis Gerbig
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - David Ley
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - János Sarka
- Laboratory
of Molecular Structure and Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös University, PO Box 32, Budapest 112, Hungary, H-1518
- MTA-ELTE
Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, Eötvös University, Budapest, Pázmány Péter
Sétány 1/A, Hungary, H-1117
| | - Attila G. Császár
- Laboratory
of Molecular Structure and Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös University, PO Box 32, Budapest 112, Hungary, H-1518
- MTA-ELTE
Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, Eötvös University, Budapest, Pázmány Péter
Sétány 1/A, Hungary, H-1117
| | - Alexander Vaughn
- Center
for Computational Quantum Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wesley D. Allen
- Center
for Computational Quantum Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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34
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Andreyev AY, Tsui HS, Milne GL, Shmanai VV, Bekish AV, Fomich MA, Pham MN, Nong Y, Murphy AN, Clarke CF, Shchepinov MS. Isotope-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids protect mitochondria from oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 82:63-72. [PMID: 25578654 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) peroxidation is initiated by hydrogen atom abstraction at bis-allylic sites and sets in motion a chain reaction that generates multiple toxic products associated with numerous disorders. Replacement of bis-allylic hydrogens of PUFAs with deuterium atoms (D-PUFAs), termed site-specific isotope reinforcement, inhibits PUFA peroxidation and confers cell protection against oxidative stress. We demonstrate that structurally diverse deuterated PUFAs similarly protect against oxidative stress-induced injury in both yeast and mammalian (myoblast H9C2) cells. Cell protection occurs specifically at the lipid peroxidation step, as the formation of isoprostanes, immediate products of lipid peroxidation, is drastically suppressed by D-PUFAs. Mitochondrial bioenergetics function is a likely downstream target of oxidative stress and a subject of protection by D-PUFAs. Pretreatment of cells with D-PUFAs is shown to prevent inhibition of maximal uncoupler-stimulated respiration as well as increased mitochondrial uncoupling, in response to oxidative stress induced by agents with diverse mechanisms of action, including t-butylhydroperoxide, ethacrynic acid, or ferrous iron. Analysis of structure-activity relationships of PUFAs harboring deuterium at distinct sites suggests that there may be a mechanism supplementary to the kinetic isotope effect of deuterium abstraction off the bis-allylic sites that accounts for the protection rendered by deuteration of PUFAs. Paradoxically, PUFAs with partially deuterated bis-allylic positions that retain vulnerable hydrogen atoms (e.g., monodeuterated 11-D1-Lin) protect in a manner similar to that of PUFAs with completely deuterated bis-allylic positions (e.g., 11,11-D2-Lin). Moreover, inclusion of just a fraction of deuterated PUFAs (20-50%) in the total pool of PUFAs preserves mitochondrial respiratory function and confers cell protection. The results indicate that the therapeutic potential of D-PUFAs may derive from the preservation of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Andreyev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA
| | - Hui S Tsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Vadim V Shmanai
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Belarus, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | - Andrei V Bekish
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220020, Belarus
| | - Maksim A Fomich
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Belarus, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | - Minhhan N Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Yvonne Nong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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35
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Abstract
Primary and secondary (18)O equilibrium isotope effects on the acidities of a variety of Brønsted and Lewis acids centered on carbon, boron, nitrogen, and phosphorus were computed by density-functional theory. For many of these acids, the secondary isotope effect was found to be larger than the primary isotope effect. This is a counterintuitive result, because the H atom that is lost is closer to the (18)O atom that is responsible for the primary isotope effect. The relative magnitudes of the isotope effects can be associated with the vibrational frequency and zero-point energy of the X═O vibrations, which are greater than those of the X-O vibrations. However, the difference between these contributions is small, and the major responsibility for the larger secondary isotope effect comes from the moment-of-inertia factor, which depends on the position of the (18)O atom relative to the principal axes of rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Kathryn D Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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36
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Chu JH, Chen ST, Chiang MF, Wu MJ. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Ortho Aroylation of 2-Phenoxypyridines with Aldehydes and Catalytic Mechanism Investigation. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501330h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Ho Chu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804
| | - Shih-Tien Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804
| | - Meng-Fan Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804
| | - Ming-Jung Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804
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37
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Xu L, Porter NA. Free radical oxidation of cholesterol and its precursors: Implications in cholesterol biosynthesis disorders. Free Radic Res 2014; 49:835-49. [PMID: 25381800 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.985219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Free radical oxidation of cholesterol and its precursors contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of a number of human diseases. This review intends to summarize recent developments and provide a perspective on the reactivities of sterols toward free radical oxidation, the free radical reaction mechanism, and the biological consequences of oxysterols derived from the highly oxidizable cholesterol precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol. We propose that the rigid structures, additional substituents on the double bonds, and the well-aligned reactive C-H bonds in sterols make them more prone to free radical oxidation than their acyclic analogs found in unsaturated fatty acids. The mechanism of sterol peroxidation follows some well-established reaction pathways found in the free radical peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, but sterols also undergo some reactions that are unique to these compounds. Peroxidation of 7-dehydrocholesterol gives arguably the most diverse set of oxysterol products that have been observed to date. The metabolism of these oxysterols in cells and the biological consequences of their formation will be discussed in the context of the pathophysiology of the human disease Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Considering the high reactivity of sterols, we propose that a number of other cholesterol biosynthesis disorders may be associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN , USA
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38
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Muchalski H, Xu L, Porter NA. Tunneling in tocopherol-mediated peroxidation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 13:1249-53. [PMID: 25435103 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02377c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The peroxidation of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), a biosynthetic precursor to vitamin D3 and cholesterol, has been linked to the pathophysiology of Smith-Lemli-Optiz syndrome (SLOS), a devastating human disorder. In SLOS, 7-DHC plasma and tissue levels are elevated because of defects in the enzyme that convert it to cholesterol. α-Tocopherol can mediate the peroxidation of 7-DHC under certain circumstances and this prompted us to investigate the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) during this process. Thus, 9,14-d2-7-DHC was synthesized using a photochemical cyclization of deuterium-reinforced previtamin D3 (retro to its biosynthesis). Subsequently, we carried out co-oxidation of 9,14-h2-25,26,26,26,27,27,27-d7- and 9,14-d2-7-DHC in the presence of α-tocopherol under conditions that favor TMP. By monitoring the products formed from each precursor using mass spectrometry, the KIE for the hydrogen (deuterium) atom removal at C9 was found to be 21 ± 1. This large KIE value indicates that tunneling plays a role in the hydrogen atom transfer step in the tocopherol-mediated peroxidation of 7-DHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Muchalski
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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39
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Abstract
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7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is the
most oxidizable lipid molecule
reported to date, with a propagation rate constant for free radical
peroxidation that is 200 times that of cholesterol. To better understand
the high reactivity of 7-DHC and elucidate the reaction mechanism,
we synthesized conjugated and skipped nonconjugated cholestadienols
that would give one of the two putative pentadienyl-radical intermediates
formed in 7-DHC peroxidation. The additional dienols include 6,8(9)-dienol,
5,8(14)-dienol, 6,8(14)-dienol, and the biologically important 8-dehydrocholesterol
(8-DHC; 5,8(9)-dienol). We found that all of the dienols are significantly
(at least 40 times) more reactive than cholesterol. Among them, dienols
leading to the formation of the pentadienyl radical in ring B (termed endo-B) of the sterol are more reactive than
those leading to the pentadienyl radical spanning rings B and C (termed exo-B). By comparing the oxysterol profile
formed from 7-DHC and those formed from 8-DHC and 5,8(14)-dienol,
products formed from abstraction of the hydrogen atoms at C-9 and
C-14 (H-9 or H-14 mechanism) were
clearly differentiated. When the oxidation was carried out in the
presence of the good hydrogen atom donor α-tocopherol, the oxysterol
profile of 7-DHC peroxidation differed distinctly from the profile
observed in the absence of the antioxidant and resembles more closely
the profile observed in biological systems. This study suggests that
oxidative stress and the accumulation of oxysterols should be considered
as two key factors in cholesterol biosynthesis or metabolism disorders,
where dienyl sterol intermediates are accumulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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