1
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Moore MJ, Qin P, Keith DJ, Wu ZC, Jung S, Chatterjee S, Tan C, Qu S, Cai Y, Stanfield RL, Boger DL. Divergent Total Synthesis and Characterization of Maxamycins. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:12837-12852. [PMID: 37278486 PMCID: PMC10330940 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new streamlined and scaled divergent total synthesis of pocket-modified vancomycin analogs is detailed that provides a common late-stage intermediate [Ψ[C(═S)NH]Tpg4]vancomycin (LLS = 18 steps, 12% overall yield, >5 g prepared) to access both existing and future pocket modifications. Highlights of the approach include an atroposelective synthesis of [Ψ[C(═S)NH]Tpg4]vancomycin aglycon (11), a one-pot enzymatic glycosylation for direct conversion to [Ψ[C(═S)NH]Tpg4]vancomycin (12), and new powerful methods for the late-stage conversion of the embedded thioamide to amidine/aminomethylene pocket modifications. Incorporation of two peripheral modifications provides a scalable total synthesis of the maxamycins, all prepared from aglycon 11 without use of protecting groups. Thus, both existing and presently unexplored pocket-modified analogues paired with a range of peripheral modifications are accessible from this common thioamide intermediate. In addition to providing an improved synthesis of the initial member of the maxamycins, this is illustrated herein with the first synthesis and examination of maxamycins that contain the most effective of the pocket modifications (amidine) described to date combined with two additional peripheral modifications. These new amidine-based maxamycins proved to be potent, durable, and efficacious antimicrobial agents that display equipotent activity against vancomycin-sensitive and vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive organisms and act by three independent synergistic mechanisms of action. In the first such study conducted to date, one new maxamycin (21, MX-4) exhibited efficacious in vivo activity against a feared and especially challenging multidrug-resistant (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant (VRSA) S. aureus bacterial strain (VanA VRS-2) for which vancomycin is inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pengjin Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - D. Jamin Keith
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sunna Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shreyosree Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ceheng Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shiwei Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robyn L. Stanfield
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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2
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Biswas S, De Angelis L, Rivera G, Arman H, Doyle MP. Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder-Type Heterocycle Syntheses with 1,2,3-Triazine 1-Oxides: Expanded Versatility. Org Lett 2023; 25:1104-1108. [PMID: 36787541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
1,2,3-Triazine 1-oxides are remarkably effective substrates for inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions. Formed from vinyldiazoacetates via reaction with tert-butyl nitrite, these stable heterocyclic compounds undergo clean nucleophilic addition with amidines to form pyrimidines, with β-ketocarbonyl compounds and related nitrile derivatives to form polysubstituted pyridines and with 3/5-aminopyrazoles to form pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, in high yield. These practical reactions are rapid at room temperature, are base catalyzed, and offer a diversity of structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Luca De Angelis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa, México
| | - Hadi Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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3
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Zhu Z, Boger DL. Acyclic and Heterocyclic Azadiene Diels-Alder Reactions Promoted by Perfluoroalcohol Solvent Hydrogen Bonding: Comprehensive Examination of Scope. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14657-14672. [PMID: 36239452 PMCID: PMC9637783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the first use of perfluoroalcohol H-bonding in accelerating acyclic azadiene inverse electron demand cycloaddition reactions is described, and its use in the promotion of heterocyclic azadiene cycloaddition reactions is generalized through examination of a complete range of azadienes. The scope of dienophiles was comprehensively explored; relative reactivity trends and solvent compatibilities were established with respect to the dienophile as well as azadiene; H-bonding solvent effects that lead to rate enhancements, yield improvements, and their impact on regioselectivity and mode of cycloaddition are defined; new viable diene/dienophile reaction partners in the cycloaddition reactions are disclosed; and key comparison rate constants are reported. The perfluoroalcohol effectiveness at accelerating an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition is directly correlated with its H-bond potential (pKa). Not only are the reactions of electron-rich dienophiles accelerated but those of strained and even unactivated alkenes and alkynes are improved, including representative bioorthogonal click reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical-Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical-Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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4
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Sahtel S, Maamer CB, Besbes R, Vrancken E, Campagne JM. Straightforward synthesis of various chiral pyrimidines bearing a stereogenic center adjacent to the C-2 position, including C-terminal peptide isosteres. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1519-1526. [PMID: 36229670 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes an efficient access to enantioenriched pyrimidines' derivatives from readily available Boc-AA-NH2 and β-enaminones. This strategy allows the synthesis of a large variety of chiral pyrimidines (18 examples) with good yields from the chiral pool. In the case of peptide isosteres, this procedure proved to be highly stereoretentive and paves the way to the construction of C-terminal modified peptidomimetics as illustrated in the synthesis of two original pyrimidines containing pseudo-dipeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Sahtel
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000, Montpellier, France.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University of Tunis-El Manar, Campus Universities, 2092, Tunis El-Manar, Tunisia
| | - Chayma Ben Maamer
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000, Montpellier, France.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University of Tunis-El Manar, Campus Universities, 2092, Tunis El-Manar, Tunisia
| | - Rafâa Besbes
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University of Tunis-El Manar, Campus Universities, 2092, Tunis El-Manar, Tunisia
| | - Emmanuel Vrancken
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000, Montpellier, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Campagne
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000, Montpellier, France
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5
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Li TP, Li RS, Hu W, Xie JX, Xu M, Feng C, Ni HL, Yu WH, Hu P, Wang BQ, Cao P. Modular Synthesis of Enantioenriched α-Chiral Homoallylic Amidines Enabled by Relay Ir/Cu Catalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:6783-6788. [PMID: 36074995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cascade of Ir-catalyzed enantioselective allylic amination and Cu-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition was designed for the asymmetric synthesis of homoallylic amidines. The nucleophilic addition of an in situ-generated enantioenriched tertiary allylamine to a ketenimine intermediate triggers a rapid and stereospecific zwitterionic aza-Claisen rearrangement in a 1,3-chiral transfer manner. The approach allows modular access to enantioenriched α-chiral homoallylic amidines in high yields with a high level of enantiomeric purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Peng Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Ren-Sha Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Jia-Xin Xie
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Minghui Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Chun Feng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Hai-Liang Ni
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Wen-Hao Yu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China.,College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Bi-Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Peng Cao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
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6
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Singh J, Panda SK, Singh AK. Recent developments in supramolecular complexes of azabenzenes containing one to four N atoms: synthetic strategies, structures, and magnetic properties. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18945-18972. [PMID: 35873336 PMCID: PMC9240818 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03455g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last couple of decades, azabenzene-based ligands have drawn much attention from inorganic chemists due to their ability to coordinate with different metal ions to form supramolecular clusters. These azabenzenes are weak σ donors and strong π acceptors and electron-deficient. Metallogrid complexes and non-grid oligomers are well-defined supramolecular clusters, formed by appropriate chelating ligands, and can show interesting optical, magnetic, and electronic properties. Self-assembly of [n × n] metallogrid complexes is dominated by the entropic factor while the formation of oligonuclear metal ion complexes is dominated by other effects like CFSE, electrostatic factors, ligand conformational characters, etc. Herein, the present article gives an overview of six-membered heterocyclic azine-based ligands and their potential for different metal ions to form polynuclear complexes. Moreover, their temperature-dependent magnetic properties and SCO phenomena are well described and tabulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Singh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 752 050 India
| | - Suvam Kumar Panda
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 752 050 India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 752 050 India
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7
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Zhang FG, Chen Z, Tang X, Ma JA. Triazines: Syntheses and Inverse Electron-demand Diels-Alder Reactions. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14555-14593. [PMID: 34586777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Triazines are an important class of six-membered aromatic heterocycles possessing three nitrogen atoms, resulting in three types of regio-isomers: 1,2,4-triazines (a-triazines), 1,2,3-triazines (v-triazines), and 1,3,5-triazines (s-triazines). Notably, the application of triazines as cyclic aza-dienes in inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) cycloaddition reactions has been established as a unique and powerful method in N-heterocycle synthesis, natural product preparation, and bioorthogonal chemistry. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the advances in the construction of these triazines via annulation and ring-expansion reactions, especially emphasizing recent developments and challenges. The synthetic transformations of triazines are focused on IEDDA cycloaddition reactions, which have allowed access to a wide scope of heterocycles, including pyridines, carbolines, azepines, pyridazines, pyrazines, and pyrimidines. The utilization of triazine IEDDA reactions as key steps in natural product synthesis is also discussed. More importantly, a particular attention is paid on the bioorthogonal application of triazines in fast click ligation with various strained alkenes and alkynes, which opens a new opportunity for studying biomolecules in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
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8
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Vidal M, Rodríguez‐Aguilar J, Aburto I, Aliaga C, Domínguez M. Reactivity of 4‐pyrimidyl Sulfonic Esters in Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions in Water Under Microwave Irradiation. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matías Vidal
- Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 Santiago Chile
| | - José Rodríguez‐Aguilar
- Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 Santiago Chile
| | - Ignacio Aburto
- Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 Santiago Chile
| | - Carolina Aliaga
- Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 Santiago Chile
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CEDENNA Universidad de Santiago de Chile Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 Santiago Chile
| | - Moisés Domínguez
- Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 Santiago Chile
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9
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Quiñones RE, Wu ZC, Boger DL. Reaction Scope of Methyl 1,2,3-Triazine-5-carboxylate with Amidines and the Impact of C4/C6 Substitution. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13465-13474. [PMID: 34499494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of the reaction scope of methyl 1,2,3-triazine-5-carboxylate (3a) with alkyl and aryl amidines is disclosed, reacting at room temperature at remarkable rates (<5 min, 0.1 M in CH3CN) nearly 10000-fold faster than that of unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazine and providing the product pyrimidines in high yields. C4 Methyl substitution of the 1,2,3-triazine (3b) had little effect on the rate of the reaction, whereas C4/C6 dimethyl substitution (3c) slowed the room-temperature reaction (<24 h, 0.25 M) but displayed an unaltered scope, providing the product pyrimidines in similarly high yields. Measured second-order rate constants of the reaction of 3a-c, the corresponding nitriles 3e and 3f, and 1,2,3-triazine itself (3d) with benzamidine and substituted derivatives quantitated the remarkable reactivity of 3a and 3e, verified the inverse electron demand nature of the reaction (Hammett ρ = -1.50 for substituted amidines, ρ = +7.9 for 5-substituted 1,2,3-triazine), and provided a quantitative measure of the impact of 4-methyl and 4,6-dimethyl substitution on the reactivity of the methyl 1,2,3-triazine-5-carboxylate and 5-cyano-1,2,3-triazine core heterocycles.
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10
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Zhang Y, Luo H, Lu Q, An Q, Li Y, Li S, Tang Z, Li B. Access to pyridines via cascade nucleophilic addition reaction of 1,2,3-triazines with activated ketones or acetonitriles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Zhang J, Shukla V, Boger DL. Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reactions of Heterocyclic Azadienes, 1-Aza-1,3-Butadienes, Cyclopropenone Ketals, and Related Systems. A Retrospective. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9397-9445. [PMID: 31062977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A summary of the investigation and applications of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction is provided that have been conducted in our laboratory over a period that now spans more than 35 years. The work, which continues to provide solutions to complex synthetic challenges, is presented in the context of more than 70 natural product total syntheses in which the reactions served as a key strategic step in the approach. The studies include the development and use of the cycloaddition reactions of heterocyclic azadienes (1,2,4,5-tetrazines; 1,2,4-, 1,3,5-, and 1,2,3-triazines; 1,2-diazines; and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles), 1-aza-1,3-butadienes, α-pyrones, and cyclopropenone ketals. Their applications illustrate the power of the methodology, often provided concise and nonobvious total syntheses of the targeted natural products, typically were extended to the synthesis of analogues that contain deep-seated structural changes in more comprehensive studies to explore or optimize their biological properties, and highlight a wealth of opportunities not yet tapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Vyom Shukla
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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12
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Liu B, Ning Y, Virelli M, Zanoni G, Anderson EA, Bi X. Direct Transformation of Terminal Alkynes into Amidines by a Silver-Catalyzed Four-Component Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1593-1598. [PMID: 30667220 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented conversion of terminal alkynes into N-sulfonimidamides (amidines) is reported by a silver-catalyzed, one-pot, four-component reaction with TMSN3, sodium sulfinate, and sulfonyl azide. The reaction scope includes both aromatic and aliphatic alkynes. A possible cascade reaction mechanism, consisting of alkyne hydroazidation, sulfonyl radical addition, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition by TMSN3, and retro-1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, is proposed. TMSN3 is found to play an essential role in each step of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024 , China
| | - Yongquan Ning
- Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024 , China
| | - Matteo Virelli
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 12 , 27100 , Pavia , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 12 , 27100 , Pavia , Italy
| | - Edward A Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
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13
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Sugimura H, Takeuchi R, Ichikawa S, Nagayama E, Sasaki I. Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazines Using the Base-Mediated Cyclization of ( Z)-2,4-Diazido-2-alkenoates. Org Lett 2018; 20:3434-3437. [PMID: 29790769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient and convenient method for the synthesis of 6-aryl-1,2,3-triazine-4-carboxylate esters has been developed using readily accessible ( Z)-4-aryl-2,4-diazido-2-alkenoates. This reaction is performed under mildly basic conditions without the assistance of any transition metals or strong acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Sugimura
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology , Aoyama Gakuin University , 5-10-1, Fuchinobe , Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258 , Japan
| | - Reika Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology , Aoyama Gakuin University , 5-10-1, Fuchinobe , Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258 , Japan
| | - Shiori Ichikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology , Aoyama Gakuin University , 5-10-1, Fuchinobe , Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258 , Japan
| | - Eri Nagayama
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology , Aoyama Gakuin University , 5-10-1, Fuchinobe , Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258 , Japan
| | - Ikuo Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology , Aoyama Gakuin University , 5-10-1, Fuchinobe , Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258 , Japan
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14
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Su L, Sun K, Pan N, Liu L, Sun M, Dong J, Zhou Y, Yin SF. Cyclization of Ketones with Nitriles under Base: A General and Economical Synthesis of Pyrimidines. Org Lett 2018; 20:3399-3402. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lebin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Kang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Neng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Long Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mengli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jianyu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shuang-Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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15
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Glinkerman CM, Boger DL. Synthesis, Characterization, and Rapid Cycloadditions of 5-Nitro-1,2,3-triazine. Org Lett 2018; 20:2628-2631. [PMID: 29659291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and a study of the cycloaddition reactions of 5-nitro-1,2,3-triazine (3) are reported. The electron-deficient nature of 3 permits rapid cycloaddition with a variety of electron-rich dienophiles, including amidines, enamines, enol ethers, ynamines, and ketene acetals in high to moderate yields. 1H NMR studies of a representative cycloaddition reaction between 3 and an amidine revealed a remarkable reaction rate and efficiency (1 mM, <60 s, CD3CN, 23 °C, >95%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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16
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Provenzani R, Tarvainen I, Brandoli G, Lempinen A, Artes S, Turku A, Jäntti MH, Talman V, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Tuominen RK, Boije af Gennäs G. Scaffold hopping from (5-hydroxymethyl) isophthalates to multisubstituted pyrimidines diminishes binding affinity to the C1 domain of protein kinase C. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195668. [PMID: 29641588 PMCID: PMC5895059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms play a pivotal role in the regulation of numerous cellular functions, making them extensively studied and highly attractive drug targets. Utilizing the crystal structure of the PKCδ C1B domain, we have developed hydrophobic isophthalic acid derivatives that modify PKC functions by binding to the C1 domain of the enzyme. In the present study, we aimed to improve the drug-like properties of the isophthalic acid derivatives by increasing their solubility and enhancing the binding affinity. Here we describe the design and synthesis of a series of multisubstituted pyrimidines as analogs of C1 domain–targeted isophthalates and characterize their binding affinities to the PKCα isoform. In contrast to our computational predictions, the scaffold hopping from phenyl to pyrimidine core diminished the binding affinity. Although the novel pyrimidines did not establish improved binding affinity for PKCα compared to our previous isophthalic acid derivatives, the present results provide useful structure-activity relationship data for further development of ligands targeted to the C1 domain of PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Provenzani
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilari Tarvainen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giulia Brandoli
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Lempinen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Artes
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ainoleena Turku
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Helena Jäntti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Talman
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Raimo K. Tuominen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gustav Boije af Gennäs
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Heterocyclic Chiral Auxiliaries in Total Synthesis of Natural Products. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2018_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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18
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Yang YF, Yu P, Houk KN. Computational Exploration of Concerted and Zwitterionic Mechanisms of Diels-Alder Reactions between 1,2,3-Triazines and Enamines and Acceleration by Hydrogen-Bonding Solvents. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18213-18221. [PMID: 29161031 PMCID: PMC6314813 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of Diels-Alder reactions between 1,2,3-triazines and enamines have been explored with density functional theory computations. The focus of this work is on the origins of the different reactivities and mechanisms induced by substituents and by hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) solvent. These inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions of triazines have wide applications in bioorthogonal chemistry and natural product synthesis. Both concerted and stepwise cycloadditions are predicted, depending on the nature of substituents and solvents. The nature of zwitterionic intermediates and the mechanism by which HFIP accelerates cycloadditions with enamines are characterized. Our results show the delicate nature of the concerted versus stepwise mechanism of inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,3-triazines, and that these mechanisms can be altered by electron-withdrawing substituents and hydrogen-bonding solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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19
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Boger DL. The Difference a Single Atom Can Make: Synthesis and Design at the Chemistry-Biology Interface. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11961-11980. [PMID: 28945374 PMCID: PMC5712263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A Perspective of work in our laboratory on the examination of biologically active compounds, especially natural products, is presented. In the context of individual programs and along with a summary of our work, selected cases are presented that illustrate the impact single atom changes can have on the biological properties of the compounds. The examples were chosen to highlight single heavy atom changes that improve activity, rather than those that involve informative alterations that reduce or abolish activity. The examples were also chosen to illustrate that the impact of such single-atom changes can originate from steric, electronic, conformational, or H-bonding effects, from changes in functional reactivity, from fundamental intermolecular interactions with a biological target, from introduction of a new or altered functionalization site, or from features as simple as improvements in stability or physical properties. Nearly all the examples highlighted represent not only unusual instances of productive deep-seated natural product modifications and were introduced through total synthesis but are also remarkable in that they are derived from only a single heavy atom change in the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Research Institute, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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20
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Quiñones RE, Glinkerman CM, Zhu K, Boger DL. Direct Synthesis of β-Aminoenals through Reaction of 1,2,3-Triazine with Secondary Amines. Org Lett 2017; 19:3568-3571. [PMID: 28657329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple and direct nucleophilic addition of secondary amines, including imidazole, to 1,2,3-triazine under mild reaction conditions (THF, 25-65 °C, 12-48 h), requiring no additives, cleanly provides β-aminoenals 4 in good yields (21 examples, 31-79%). The reaction proceeds by amine nucleophilic addition to C4 of the 1,2,3-triazine, in situ loss of N2, and subsequent imine hydrolysis to provide 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Quiñones
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Christopher M Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kaicheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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21
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Png ZM, Zeng H, Ye Q, Xu J. Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Reactions: Principles and Applications. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2142-2159. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Mao Png
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Huining Zeng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Qun Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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22
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Wang R, Guan W, Han ZB, Liang F, Suga T, Bi X, Nishide H. Ambient-Light-Promoted Three-Component Annulation: Synthesis of Perfluoroalkylated Pyrimidines. Org Lett 2017; 19:2358-2361. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College
of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department
of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zheng-Bo Han
- College
of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Fushun Liang
- College
of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Takeo Suga
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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23
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Mahfoudh M, Abderrahim R, Leclerc E, Campagne JM. Recent Approaches to the Synthesis of Pyrimidine Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mafakher Mahfoudh
- Institut Charles Gerhardt - UMR 5253 CNRS; Ecole Nationale Supérieur de Chimie de Montpellier; 8, rue de L'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier cedex 5 France
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte; Université de Carthage; 7021 Jarzouna Tunisie
| | - Raoudha Abderrahim
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte; Université de Carthage; 7021 Jarzouna Tunisie
| | - Eric Leclerc
- Institut Charles Gerhardt - UMR 5253 CNRS; Ecole Nationale Supérieur de Chimie de Montpellier; 8, rue de L'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Jean-Marc Campagne
- Institut Charles Gerhardt - UMR 5253 CNRS; Ecole Nationale Supérieur de Chimie de Montpellier; 8, rue de L'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier cedex 5 France
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24
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Glinkerman CM, Boger DL. Catalysis of Heterocyclic Azadiene Cycloaddition Reactions by Solvent Hydrogen Bonding: Concise Total Synthesis of Methoxatin. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12408-13. [PMID: 27571404 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been examined for decades, no general approach to catalysis of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of heterocyclic azadienes has been introduced. Typically, additives such as Lewis acids lead to nonproductive consumption of the electron-rich dienophiles without productive activation of the electron-deficient heterocyclic azadienes. Herein, we report the first general method for catalysis of such cycloaddition reactions by using solvent hydrogen bonding of non-nucleophilic perfluoroalcohols, including hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and trifluoroethanol (TFE), to activate the electron-deficient heterocyclic azadienes. Its use in promoting the cycloaddition of 1,2,3-triazine 4 with enamine 3 as the key step of a concise total synthesis of methoxatin is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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25
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Shao Y, Tong J, Zhao Y, Zheng H, Ma L, Ma M, Wan X. [3 + 2] cycloaddition and subsequent oxidative dehydrogenation between alkenes and diazo compounds: a simple and direct approach to pyrazoles using TBAI/TBHP. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8486-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01522k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an efficient [3 + 2] cycloaddition and oxidative dehydrogenation reaction of diazo compounds and alkenes was well developed using TBAI/TBHP, leading to pyrazoles with moderate to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Hao Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Meihua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Xiaobing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
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26
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Lee K, Poudel YB, Glinkerman CM, Boger DL. Total synthesis of dihydrolysergic acid and dihydrolysergol: development of a divergent synthetic strategy applicable to rapid assembly of D-ring analogs. Tetrahedron 2015; 71:5897-5905. [PMID: 26273113 PMCID: PMC4528678 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of dihydrolysergic acid and dihydrolysergol are detailed based on a Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular Larock indole cyclization for the preparation of the embedded tricyclic indole (ABC ring system) and a subsequent powerful inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction of 5-carbomethoxy-1,2,3-triazine with a ketone-derived enamine for the introduction of a functionalized pyridine, serving as the precursor for a remarkably diastereoselective reduction to the N-methylpiperidine D-ring. By design, the use of the same ketone-derived enamine and a set of related complementary heterocyclic azadiene [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions permitted the late stage divergent preparation of a series of alternative heterocyclic derivatives not readily accessible by more conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yam B. Poudel
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Christopher M. Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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27
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Glinkerman CM, Boger DL. Cycloadditions of 1,2,3-Triazines Bearing C5-Electron Donating Substituents: Robust Pyrimidine Synthesis. Org Lett 2015; 17:4002-5. [PMID: 26172042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The examination of the cycloaddition reactions of 1,2,3-triazines 17-19, bearing electron-donating substituents at C5, are described. Despite the noncomplementary 1,2,3-triazine C5 substituents, amidines were found to undergo a powerful cycloaddition to provide 2,5-disubstituted pyrimidines in excellent yields (42-99%; EDG = SMe > OMe > NHAc). Even select ynamines and enamines were capable of cycloadditions with 17, but not 18 or 19, to provide trisubstituted pyridines in modest yields (37-40% and 33% respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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28
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Yang K, Yang Z, Dang Q, Bai X. Hydrazones as Productive Dienophiles in the Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reactions of 1,3,5-Triazines. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Heravi MM, Ahmadi T, Ghavidel M, Heidari B, Hamidi H. Recent applications of the hetero Diels–Alder reaction in the total synthesis of natural products. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17488k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthetic utility and potential power of the Diels–Alder (D–A) reaction in organic chemistry is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hoda Hamidi
- Department of Chemistry
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
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30
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Schroeder BR, Ghare MI, Bhattacharya C, Paul R, Yu Z, Zaleski PA, Bozeman TC, Rishel MJ, Hecht SM. The disaccharide moiety of bleomycin facilitates uptake by cancer cells. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13641-56. [PMID: 25184545 PMCID: PMC4183664 DOI: 10.1021/ja507255g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The disaccharide moiety is responsible
for the tumor cell targeting
properties of bleomycin (BLM). While the aglycon (deglycobleomycin)
mediates DNA cleavage in much the same fashion as bleomycin, it exhibits
diminished cytotoxicity in comparison to BLM. These findings suggested
that BLM might be modular in nature, composed of tumor-seeking and
tumoricidal domains. To explore this possibility, BLM analogues were
prepared in which the disaccharide moiety was attached to deglycobleomycin
at novel positions, namely, via the threonine moiety or C-terminal
substituent. The analogues were compared with BLM and deglycoBLM for
DNA cleavage, cancer cell uptake, and cytotoxic activity. BLM is more
potent than deglycoBLM in supercoiled plasmid DNA relaxation, while
the analogue having the disaccharide on threonine was less active
than deglycoBLM and the analogue containing the C-terminal disaccharide
was slightly more potent. While having unexceptional DNA cleavage
potencies, both glycosylated analogues were more cytotoxic to cultured
DU145 prostate cancer cells than deglycoBLM. Dye-labeled conjugates
of the cytotoxic BLM aglycons were used in imaging experiments to
determine the extent of cell uptake. The rank order of internalization
efficiencies was the same as their order of cytotoxicities toward
DU145 cells. These findings establish a role for the BLM disaccharide
in tumor targeting/uptake and suggest that the disaccharide moiety
may be capable of delivering other cytotoxins to cancer cells. While
the mechanism responsible for uptake of the BLM disaccharide selectively
by tumor cells has not yet been established, data are presented which
suggest that the metabolic shift to glycolysis in cancer cells may
provide the vehicle for selective internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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31
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Anderson ED, Duerfeldt AS, Zhu K, Glinkerman CM, Boger DL. Cycloadditions of noncomplementary substituted 1,2,3-triazines. Org Lett 2014; 16:5084-7. [PMID: 25222918 PMCID: PMC4184932 DOI: 10.1021/ol502436n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The scope of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition
reactions of substituted
1,2,3-triazines, bearing noncomplementary substitution with electron-withdrawing
groups at C4 and/or C6, is described. The studies define key electronic
and steric effects of substituents impacting the reactivity, mode
(C4/N1 vs C5/N2), and regioselectivity of the cycloaddition reactions
of 1,2,3-triazines with amidines, enamines, and ynamines, providing
access to highly functionalized heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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