1
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Guntermann R, Frey L, Biewald A, Hartschuh A, Clark T, Bein T, Medina DD. Regioisomerism in Thienothiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks─A Tool for Band-Gap Engineering. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15869-15878. [PMID: 38830115 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The craft of tuning optical properties is well-established for crystalline inorganic and hybrid solids. However, a far greater challenge is to tune the optical properties of organic materials systematically by design. We now introduce a synthesis concept that enables us to alter the optical properties of crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs) systematically using isomeric structures of thienothiophene-based building blocks (T23/32T) combined with a variety of tetratopic aromatic amines, e.g., the Wurster moiety (W-NH2). This concept is demonstrated for the synthesis of COFs in bulk and film forms and provides highly crystalline and porous isomeric COFs featuring predesigned photophysical properties. The band gap of the framework can be tuned continuously and precisely by chemically doping the pristine W23TT COF with its related constitutional isomer building block. Density-functional theory investigations of COF model compounds indicate that the extent of π-conjugation is among the key characteristics enabling the band-gap engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Guntermann
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Laura Frey
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Alexander Biewald
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Naegelsbachstraße 25, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Dana D Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), Munich 81377, Germany
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2
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Behera PK, Chen FR, Gautam P, Roy M, Rao DSS, Yelamaggad CV, Jou JH, Sudhakar AA. Tuning the Liquid Crystallinity and Electroluminescence via Sulfonation of S-Annulated Perylene Tetraester. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304333. [PMID: 38373190 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a comparative analysis of S-annulated perylene tetraester (PTE-S) and its sulfone (PTE-SO2) analogue. This sulfone modification reduced melting point and stabilized a room temperature columnar rectangular (Colr) phase in contrast to its parent PTE-S which showed a crystalline behaviour at room temperature. This molecular design also leads to red-shifted absorbance and emission in comparison to PTE-S, along with a tuning of photoluminescence from sky blue to green, achieving an impressive quantum yield of 85 %. OLED devices fabricated using PTE-SO2 as emitter material at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, and 1 wt.% in CBP as host material. A maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 2.9 % was observed with the 0.5 wt.% PTE-SO2 in CBP with CIE coordinates of (0.45, 0.35), accompanied by an orange luminance of 848 cd/m2. Notably, a device with a 0.5 wt% doping concentration of PTE-S demonstrates an EQE of 3.5 %, and cyan luminance of 2,598 cd/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Kumar Behera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Feng-Rong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Tsing Hua University 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Prakalp Gautam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Tsing Hua University 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Mrinmoy Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | | | - Channabasaveshwar V Yelamaggad
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Arkavathi Campus, Survey No.7, Shivanapura, Dasanapura Hobli, Bengaluru, 562162, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
- SJB Institute of Technology, BGS Health & Education City, Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road, Kengeri, Bengaluru, 560060, Karnataka, India
| | - Jwo-Huei Jou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Tsing Hua University 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Achalkumar Ammathnadu Sudhakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
- Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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3
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Mizuno Y, Nogata A, Suzuki M, Nakayama KI, Hisaki I, Kishi R, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Characterization of Dibenzothieno[ a, f]pentalenes Enabling Large Antiaromaticity and Moderate Open-Shell Character through a Small Energy Barrier for Bond-Shift Valence Tautomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20595-20609. [PMID: 37695346 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical rationalization of bond-shift valence tautomerization, characterized by double-well potential surfaces, is one of the most challenging topics of study among the rich electronic properties of antiaromatic molecules. Although the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect (PJTE) is an essential effect to provide attractive characteristics of 4nπ systems, an understanding of the structure-property relationship derived from the PJTE for planar 4nπ electron systems is still in its infancy. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two regioisomers of the thiophene-fused diareno[a,f]pentalenes 6 and 7. The magnetic and optoelectronic properties characterize these sulfur-doped diareno[a,f]pentalenes as open-shell antiaromatic molecules, in sharp contrast to the closed-shell antiaromatic systems of 3 and 5, in which these main cores consist of the same number of π electrons as 6 and 7. Notably, thiophene-fused 6b and 7b showed pronounced antiaromaticity, the strongest among the previous systems, as well as moderate open-shell characteristics. Our experimental and theoretical investigations concluded that these properties of 6b and 7b are derived from the small energy barrier Ea‡ for the bond-shift valence tautomerization. The energy profile of the single crystal of 6b showed the temperature-dependent structural variations assigned to the dynamic mutual exchange between the two Cs-symmetric structures, which was also supported by changes in the chemical shifts of variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra in the solution phase. Both experimental and computational results revealed the importance of introducing heteroaromatic rings into 4nπ systems for controlling the PJTE and manifesting the antiaromatic and open-shell natures originating from the high-symmetric structure. The findings of this study advance the understanding of antiaromaticity characterized by the PJTE by controlling the energy barrier for bond-shift valence tautomerizations, potentially leading to the rational design of optoelectronic devices based on novel antiaromatic molecules possessing the strong contributions of their high-symmetric geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Nogata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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4
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Yang B, Lu Y, Duan L, Ma X, Xia Y, Huang X. Palladium-Catalyzed C2-Selective Oxidative Olefination of Benzo[ b]thiophene 1,1-Dioxides with Styrenes and Acrylates. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10100-10110. [PMID: 36969423 PMCID: PMC10034782 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we disclose a novel Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidative Heck reaction of benzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxides with styrenes and acrylates. This transformation features broad functional group tolerance and high C2 selectivity. Furthermore, the photoluminescence properties of C-2 alkenylated products have been characterized, which illustrates the potential usefulness of our protocol in constructing π-conjugated fluorescent molecules.
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Yi X, Gao J, Qin H, Zheng L, Zeng W, Chen H. Double [4]Helicene-like Naphthobisbenzothiophene Diimides and Their Thienyl-S,S-dioxidized Derivatives with Attractive Solid-State Fluorescence and High Electron Affinity. Org Lett 2023; 25:972-976. [PMID: 36732283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of double [4]helicene-like naphthobisbenzothiophene diimides and their thienyl-S,S-dioxidized derivatives are synthesized via MoCl5-catalyzed cyclization and m-CPBA-mediated oxidation reactions. The functional five-membered ring diimides show a helicene-like geometry, strong solid-state fluorescence, and deep LUMO of -4.37 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Yi
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Junxiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Hanwen Qin
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Liping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Weixuan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Huajie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
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6
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Kuroiwa T, Asai D, Hashimoto S, Tahara K. Linear π-conjugated polycyclic compounds consisting of four-, five-, and six-membered rings: benzo[1'',2'':3,4;4'',5'':3',4']bis(cyclobuta[1,2- c]thiophene). RSC Adv 2023; 13:4578-4583. [PMID: 36760295 PMCID: PMC9897049 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00144j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Linear π-conjugated polycyclic compounds, BBCTs, containing linearly annulated 5-, 4-, 6-, 4-, and 5-membered rings were produced via copper-mediated double intramolecular coupling reactions. The absorption spectra and electrochemical results confirmed their moderate optical energy gaps and high HOMO energy levels, respectively. In a crystalline state, the BBCT molecules adopt a herringbone structure, while the methylated molecules form slipped one-dimensional columns. The local and global aromaticity of the new polycyclic compounds is discussed based on the experimental results and theoretical predictions. The present fundamental findings are useful for the further design and synthesis of novel π-conjugated polycyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with potential applications in electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuru Kuroiwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Daisuke Asai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
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7
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Pedrón M, Sendra J, Ginés I, Tejero T, Vicario JL, Merino P. Computational studies of Brønsted acid-catalyzed transannular cycloadditions of cycloalkenone hydrazones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:477-486. [PMID: 37123091 PMCID: PMC10130903 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution to the energy barrier of a series of tethers in transannular cycloadditions of cycloalkenes with hydrazones has been computationally studied by using DFT. The Houk's distortion model has been employed to evaluate the influence of the tether in the cycloaddition reaction. That model has been extended to determine the contribution of each tether and, more importantly, the effect exerted between them. In addition to the distortion induced by the tethers, the entropy effects caused by them has also been studied. The analysis of the evolution of the electron localization function along the reaction revealed the highly concerted character of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pedrón
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jana Sendra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Irene Ginés
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Tejero
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (SQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose L Vicario
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro Merino
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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8
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Zhu W, Zhou K, Fo Y, Li Y, Guo B, Zhang X, Zhou X. Rational design of small molecule hole-transporting materials with a linear π-bridge for highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18793-18804. [PMID: 35904025 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02036j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Developing highly efficient small molecule hole-transporting materials (HTMs) to improve the performance of devices is one of the hot topics in the progress of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, a series of molecules are designed by utilizing benzocyclobutadiene (C1), bicyclo[6.2.0]decapentaene (C2), naphthalene (C3), biphenylene (C4), fluorene (C5), and azulene (C6) as the π-cores, and p-methoxydiphenylamine (R1), p-methoxytriphenylamine (R2) and p-methoxydiphenylamine-substituted carbazole (R3) as the peripheral groups. For isolated molecules, frontier molecule orbitals, absorption and emission spectra, Stokes shift, stability, solubility, and hole mobility are assessed by density functional theory calculations along with the Marcus theory of electron transfer. The molecules adsorbed on the surface of CH3NH3PbI3 are used to simulate the interfacial properties between HTMs and perovskites. Our results indicate that varying the central bridge and the terminal groups has a remarkable influence on the properties. The designed R2-Cn (n = 3, 4, 5) have deeper HOMO levels, stronger absorption in the UV region, and larger Stokes shift than Spiro-OMeTAD. They also possess good solubility, stability, and hole mobility. The proper alignment of interfacial energy levels ensures the transfer of holes from CH3NH3PbI3 to the studied molecules and blocks the backflow of electrons simultaneously. Significant charge redistributions around the interfacial region benefit the separation and transfer photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The results of the present study can be further employed in the process of synthesizing new HTMs with promising features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhu
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China.
| | - Keyu Zhou
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yumeng Fo
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yi Li
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China.
| | - Bin Guo
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China.
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9
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Ding F, Xia D, Ge C, Ding X, Deng R, Ge C, Yang Y, Fan R, Lin K, Gao X. Benzothiophene and Benzosulfone Fused Pyrazino[2,3-g]quinoxaline: Synthesis and Semiconducting Properties. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Pelliccioli V, Hartung T, Simon M, Golz C, Licandro E, Cauteruccio S, Alcarazo M. Enantioselective Synthesis of Dithia[5]helicenes and their Postsynthetic Functionalization to Access Dithia[9]helicenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pelliccioli
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
- Department of Chemistry University of Milan Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Thierry Hartung
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Martin Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Emanuela Licandro
- Department of Chemistry University of Milan Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Silvia Cauteruccio
- Department of Chemistry University of Milan Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
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11
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Synthesis, Structures and Properties of Bis(naphthocyclobuta)pyrenes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Pelliccioli V, Hartung T, Simon M, Golz C, Licandro E, Cauteruccio S, Alcarazo M. Enantioselective Synthesis of Dithia[5]helicenes and their Postsynthetic Functionalization to Access Dithia[9]helicenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114577. [PMID: 34874602 PMCID: PMC9302117 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective synthesis of 5,13-disubstituted dibenzo[d,d']benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b']dithiophenes is reported. Key for the successful assembly of these helical architectures is the last two successive Au-catalyzed intramolecular alkyne hydroarylation events. Specifically, the second cyclization is the enantiodetermining step of the whole process and provides the desired helicenes with excellent ee values when a TADDOL-derived 1,2,3-(triazolium)phosphonite moiety (TADDOL: α,α,α',α'-tetraaryl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanol) is employed as an ancillary ligand. The absolute stereochemistry of the newly prepared structures has been determined by X-ray crystallography to be P; the optical properties of these heterohelicenes are also reported. A three-step procedure was subsequently developed that allows the transformation of the initially obtained dithia[5]helicenes into dithia[9]helicenes without erosion of the enantiopurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pelliccioli
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Thierry Hartung
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Emanuela Licandro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Cauteruccio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Usuba J, Fukazawa A. Thiophene-Fused 1,4-Diazapentalene: A Stable C=N-Containing π-Conjugated System with Restored Antiaromaticity. Chemistry 2021; 27:16127-16134. [PMID: 34605567 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A thiophene-fused 1,4-diazapentalene (TAP) was rationally designed and synthesized as a C=N-containing 4n π-electron system that exhibits restored antiaromaticity impaired by the doping with C=N bonds. X-ray crystallographic analysis and quantum chemical calculations revealed that the annulation of thiophene rings with the 1,4-diazapentalene moiety resulted in a much higher antiaromaticity than the pristine 1,4-diazapentalene. These effects can be ascribed to the reduced bond alternation of the eight-membered-ring periphery caused by stabilization of the less-stable bond-shifted resonance structure upon increasing the degree of substitution of imine moieties. Consequently, TAP underwent facile hydrogenation even under mild conditions because of its pronounced antiaromaticity and the high aromaticity of the corresponding hydrogenated product H2 -TAP. In addition, the electrophilic C=N moieties in TAP led to the formation of a dense π-stacked structure. These results highlight the effect of partial replacement of C=C bonds with C=N bonds in antiaromatic π-electron systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Usuba
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Aiko Fukazawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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14
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Casadio DS, Aikonen S, Lenarda A, Nieger M, Hu T, Taubert S, Sundholm D, Muuronen M, Wirtanen T, Helaja J. Divergent Carbocatalytic Routes in Oxidative Coupling of Benzofused Heteroaryl Dimers: A Mechanistic Update. Chemistry 2021; 27:5283-5291. [PMID: 33427343 PMCID: PMC8048508 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mildly thermal air or HNO3 oxidized activated carbons catalyse oxidative dehydrogenative couplings of benzo[b]fused heteroaryl 2,2'-dimers, e.g., 2-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1H-indole, to chiral 3,3'-coupled cyclooctatetraenes or carbazole-type migrative products under O2 atmosphere. DFT calculations show that the radical cation and the Scholl-type arenium cation mechanisms lead to different products with 2-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1H-indole, being in accord with experimental product distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Casadio
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Santeri Aikonen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Anna Lenarda
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Tao Hu
- Research Unit of Sustainable ChemistryFaculty of TechnologyUniversity of Oulu90014OuluFinland
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mikko Muuronen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Juho Helaja
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
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15
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Yanagi T, Tanaka T, Yorimitsu H. Asymmetric systematic synthesis, structures, and (chir)optical properties of a series of dihetero[8]helicenes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2784-2793. [PMID: 34164042 PMCID: PMC8179410 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of dihetero[8]helicenes have been systematically synthesized in enantiomerically enriched forms by utilizing the characteristic transformations of the organosulfur functionality. The synthetic route begins with assembling a ternaphthyl common synthetic intermediate from 2-naphthol and bissulfinylnaphthalene through an extended Pummerer reaction followed by facile multi-gram-scale resolution. The subsequent cyclization reactions into dioxa- and dithia[8]helicenes take place with excellent axial-to-helical chirality conversion. Dithia[8]helicene is further transformed into the nitrogen and the carbon analogs by replacing the two endocyclic sulfur atoms via SNAr-based skeletal reconstruction. The efficient systematic synthesis has enabled comprehensive evaluation of physical properties, which has clarified the effect of the endocyclic atoms on their structures and (chir)optical properties as well as the unexpected conformational stability of the common helical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Japan
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Japan
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16
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Usuba J, Hayakawa M, Yamaguchi S, Fukazawa A. Dithieno[
a
,
e
]pentalenes: Highly Antiaromatic Yet Stable π‐Electron Systems without Bulky Substituents. Chemistry 2020; 27:1638-1647. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Usuba
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8501 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on, Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) Nagoya University, Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayakawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8501 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on, Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) Nagoya University, Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on, Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) Nagoya University, Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Aiko Fukazawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8501 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
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17
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Hirono A, Sakai H, Kochi S, Sato T, Hasobe T. Electrochemical Properties and Excited-State Dynamics of Azaperylene Derivatives. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9921-9930. [PMID: 33085485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of azaperylene derivatives such as monoazaperylene (MAPery), 1,6-diazaperylene (1,6-DiAPery), 1,7-diazaperylene (1,7-DiAPery), 1,12-diazaperylene (1,12-DiAPery), triazaperylene (TriAPery), and tetraazaperylene (TetAPery) was synthesized by changing the position and number of nitrogen atoms at the bay region of a perylene skeleton in 1, 6, 7, and 12 positions. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations and electrochemical measurements suggested that the energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) states significantly become stabilized with increasing the number of nitrogen atoms, whereas the estimated HOMO-LUMO gaps approximately remain constant. This result is in good agreement with the absorption and fluorescence spectral measurements. Additionally, these steady-state spectroscopic measurements demonstrate the broadened spectra as compared to pristine perylene (Pery). In photophysical measurements, the fluorescence quantum yields (ΦFL) significantly decreased as the number of nitrogen atoms increased, whereas much enhanced quantum yields and rate constants of internal conversion (ΦIC and kIC) were observed. Especially, the increased kIC values of TriAPery (kIC: ∼108 s-1) and TetAPery (kIC: ∼109 s-1) are much larger than those of diazaperylene and monoazaperylene derivatives (kIC: ∼107 s-1). These photophysical trends were successfully explained by time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations. Finally, the characteristic protonated and deprotonated processes of nitrogen atoms in azaperylenes under acidic conditions were monitored utilizing absorption and fluorescence measurements. The binding constants demonstrate that the nitrogen atoms at 1 and 12 positions of a perylene skeleton are essential for the increased values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitsu Hirono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Kochi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tohru Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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18
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Barker JE, Kodama T, Song MK, Frederickson CK, Jousselin-Oba T, Zakharov LN, Marrot J, Frigoli M, Johnson RP, Haley MM. Serendipitous Rediscovery of the Facile Cyclization of Z,Z-3,5-Octadiene-1,7-diyne Derivatives to Afford Stable, Substituted Naphthocyclobutadienes. Chempluschem 2020; 84:665-672. [PMID: 31944015 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The serendipitous isolation of very small amounts of two naphthocyclobutadiene (NCB) derivatives has led to the computational re-examination of the electrocyclization of Z,Z-3,5-octadiene-1,7-diyne as well as the experimental and computational study of diethynylindeno[2,1-a]fluorene derivatives that contain the 3,5-octadiene-1,7-diyne motif as part of a larger π-framework. In both cases the calculated potential energy surface strongly implicates two successive electrocyclic reactions to afford the antiaromatic products. With the octadienediyne fragment locked in the reactive conformation, the postulated diethynylindeno[2,1-a]fluorene intermediates afford the NCBs in modest to good yields. X-ray crystallography of four NCBs as well as NICS-XY scan calculations show that the paratropic motif is located primarily in the benzocyclobutadiene fragment within the larger π-scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Barker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, United States
| | - Takuya Kodama
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, United States
| | - Min K Song
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, United States
| | - Conerd K Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, United States
| | - Tanguy Jousselin-Oba
- UMR CNRS 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR - Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1433, United States
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- UMR CNRS 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Michel Frigoli
- UMR CNRS 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Richard P Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, United States
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, United States
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19
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Miki K, Ohe K. π‐Conjugated Macrocycles Bearing Angle‐Strained Alkynes. Chemistry 2019; 26:2529-2575. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miki
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615–8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615–8510 Japan
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20
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Ding F, Xia D, Sun W, Chen W, Yang Y, Lin K, Zhang F, Guo X. Sulfur-Containing Bent N-Heteroacenes. Chemistry 2019; 25:15106-15111. [PMID: 31424117 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel sulfur-containing bent N-heteroacenes were constructed and characterized by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. By introducing sulfur-containing groups (thio, sulfinyl, and sulfonyl) into bent azaacenes, their electronic delocalization was improved and frontier energy levels were modulated. The target products displayed tunable optical and electronic properties through altering the valence of sulfur and fused length of the azaacenes. For the first time, typical products were utilized as organic field effect transistor materials, affording promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Ding
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for, New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Debin Xia
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for, New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Weipeng Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of OrganosiliconChemistry and Material Technology, of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for, New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for, New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Kaifeng Lin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for, New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Feibao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of OrganosiliconChemistry and Material Technology, of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
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21
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Hirono A, Sakai H, Hasobe T. Synthesis and Electrochemical and Photophysical Properties of Azaterrylene Derivatives. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1754-1762. [PMID: 30378763 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of terrylene derivatives, such as monoazaterrylene (MATerry), 1,6-diazaterrylene (DiATerry) and pristine terrylene (Terry), were synthesized by changing the number of nitrogen atoms at the bay region (1 and 6 positions of the Terry core). The electrochemical measurements suggested that the first one-electron reduction and oxidation potentials became positively shifted with increasing numbers of nitrogen atoms. This agreed with the energies of the corresponding highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) states estimated by DFT methods. In contrast, the HOMO-LUMO gaps approximately remained constant. This trend is quite similar to the spectroscopic behaviors observed by absorption and fluorescence spectra. The solvent polarity-dependent spectroscopic trends of DiATerry suggested the intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) characters. The evaluation of the excited-state dynamics in various solvents indicated the electronic configurational changes of the excited states relative to the ground state via the ICT. This was supported by the Lippert-Mataga plots. Finally, the reversible protonation and deprotonation processes were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitsu Hirono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
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22
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Jin Z, Yao ZF, Barker KP, Pei J, Xia Y. Dinaphthobenzo[1,2:4,5]dicyclobutadiene: Antiaromatic and Orthogonally Tunable Electronics and Packing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Kayla P. Barker
- Department of Chemistry; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
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23
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Jin Z, Yao ZF, Barker KP, Pei J, Xia Y. Dinaphthobenzo[1,2:4,5]dicyclobutadiene: Antiaromatic and Orthogonally Tunable Electronics and Packing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2034-2039. [PMID: 30565363 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons containing antiaromatic four-membered cyclobutadienoids (CDB) are of great fundamental and technical interest. However, their challenging synthesis has hampered the exploration and understanding of such systems. Reported herein is a modular and efficient synthesis of novel CBD-containing acene analogues, dinaphthobenzo[1,2:4,5]dicyclobutadiene (DNBDCs), with orthogonally tunable electronic properties and molecular packing. The design also features strong antiaromaticity of the CBD units, as revealed by nucleus-independent chemical shift and anisotropy of the induced current density calculations, as well as X-ray crystallography. Tuning the size of silyl substituents resulted in the most favorable "brick-layer" packing for triisobutylsilyl-DNBDC and a charge mobility of up to 0.52 cm2 V-1 s-1 in field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Kayla P Barker
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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24
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Ma J, Liu Z, Yao J, Wang Z, Zhang G, Zhang X, Zhang D. Improving Ambipolar Semiconducting Properties of Thiazole-Flanked Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Terpolymers by Incorporating Urea Groups in the Side-Chains. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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25
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Wu X, Han J, Wang L. Palladium Catalyzed C–I and Vicinal C–H Dual Activation of Diaryliodonium Salts for Diarylations: Synthesis of Triphenylenes. J Org Chem 2017; 83:49-56. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xunshen Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai−Hong
Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling
Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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26
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Jin Z, Teo YC, Teat SJ, Xia Y. Regioselective Synthesis of [3]Naphthylenes and Tuning of Their Antiaromaticity. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15933-15939. [PMID: 28956438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons containing four-membered cyclobutadienoids (CBDs) are of great fundamental and technical interest due to the antiaromaticity brought by CBD circuits. However, their synthesis has been challenging, hampering the exploration and understanding of such systems. We report efficient synthesis of a series of unprecedented [3]naphthylene regioisomers in high yields, where three naphthalenoids are fused through two CBDs in linear, angular, and bent regioconnectivity. Their synthesis was enabled by exclusively regioselective catalytic arene-norbornene annulation (CANAL) between dibromonaphthalenes and benzooxanorbornadienes, followed by aromatization. [3]Naphthylene regioisomers exhibited distinct optoelectronic properties. Nucleus-independent chemical shift calculations, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography revealed the strong effect of the fusion pattern on the local antiaromaticity and aromaticity in fused CBDs and naphthalenoids, respectively. Thus, our synthetic strategy allows facile access to extended CBD-fused π-systems with tunable local antiaromaticity and aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yew Chin Teo
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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27
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Ayub R, Bakouri OE, Jorner K, Solà M, Ottosson H. Can Baird's and Clar's Rules Combined Explain Triplet State Energies of Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons with Fused 4nπ- and (4n + 2)π-Rings? J Org Chem 2017; 82:6327-6340. [PMID: 28535673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Compounds that can be labeled as "aromatic chameleons" are π-conjugated compounds that are able to adjust their π-electron distributions so as to comply with the different rules of aromaticity in different electronic states. We used quantum chemical calculations to explore how the fusion of benzene rings onto aromatic chameleonic units represented by biphenylene, dibenzocyclooctatetraene, and dibenzo[a,e]pentalene modifies the first triplet excited states (T1) of the compounds. Decreases in T1 energies are observed when going from isomers with linear connectivity of the fused benzene rings to those with cis- or trans-bent connectivities. The T1 energies decreased down to those of the parent (isolated) 4nπ-electron units. Simultaneously, we observe an increased influence of triplet state aromaticity of the central 4n ring as given by Baird's rule and evidenced by geometric, magnetic, and electron density based aromaticity indices (HOMA, NICS-XY, ACID, and FLU). Because of an influence of triplet state aromaticity in the central 4nπ-electron units, the most stabilized compounds retain the triplet excitation in Baird π-quartets or octets, enabling the outer benzene rings to adapt closed-shell singlet Clar π-sextet character. Interestingly, the T1 energies go down as the total number of aromatic cycles within a molecule in the T1 state increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ayub
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ouissam El Bakouri
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona , c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona , c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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Jin Z, Teo YC, Zulaybar NG, Smith MD, Xia Y. Streamlined Synthesis of Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons Containing Cyclobutadienoids via C–H Activated Annulation and Aromatization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1806-1809. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yew Chin Teo
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nicolo G. Zulaybar
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Oshima H, Fukazawa A, Yamaguchi S. Facile Synthesis of Polycyclic Pentalenes with Enhanced Hückel Antiaromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Oshima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS); Nagoya University; Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Aiko Fukazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS); Nagoya University; Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS); Nagoya University; Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM); Nagoya University; Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
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30
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Oshima H, Fukazawa A, Yamaguchi S. Facile Synthesis of Polycyclic Pentalenes with Enhanced Hückel Antiaromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3270-3274. [PMID: 28067436 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pentalenes represent highly reactive Hückel antiaromatics with 8π electrons. Usually, pentalenes are stabilized by incorporation of two benzene rings in a fused fashion. In dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes, however, the high aromaticity of the fused benzene rings compromises the inherent antiaromaticity of the pentalene core. Herein, we disclose that this forfeited antiaromaticity can be restored by fusing four additional aromatic rings onto the peripheral positions of dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes. Such polycyclic pentalenes were prepared by successive transannular cyclizations via in situ-generated tetrakisdehydro[16]annulenes. The thus obtained compounds showed intriguing properties, for example, characteristic absorptions in the visible-to-near-infrared (NIR) region and low reduction potentials. These results hence afford a design principle to produce highly antiaromatic yet stable pentalenes. The antiaromaticity of the pentalene core can be widely tuned via the degree of aromaticity of the peripherally fused rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Oshima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Aiko Fukazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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31
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Hou X, Zhu Y, Qin Y, Chen L, Li X, Zhang HL, Xu W, Zhu D, Shao X. Tris(S,S-dioxide)-trithiasumanene: strong fluorescence and cocrystal with 1,2,6,7,10,11-hexabutoxytriphenylene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1546-1549. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09531c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Trithiasumanene was regioselectively transformed into tris(S,S-dioxide)-trithiasumanene, which displays strong fluorescence and forms a chiral cocrystal with HBT, showing a yellow emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yongtao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yunke Qin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Beijing 100180
- China
| | - Lichuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xuexiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Beijing 100180
- China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Beijing 100180
- China
| | - Xiangfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
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32
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Kishi R, Ochi S, Izumi S, Makino A, Nagami T, Fujiyoshi JY, Matsushita N, Saito M, Nakano M. Diradical Character Tuning for the Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Quinoidal Oligothiophenes by Introducing Thiophene-S
,S
-dioxide Rings. Chemistry 2015; 22:1493-500. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3, Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Shoki Ochi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3, Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Shioh Izumi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3, Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Akihiro Makino
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3, Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takanori Nagami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3, Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Jun-ya Fujiyoshi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3, Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsushita
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3, Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Michika Saito
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3, Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3, Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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Oshima H, Fukazawa A, Sasamori T, Yamaguchi S. A Nonaromatic Thiophene-Fused Heptalene and Its Aromatic Dianion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7636-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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Oshima H, Fukazawa A, Sasamori T, Yamaguchi S. A Nonaromatic Thiophene-Fused Heptalene and Its Aromatic Dianion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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