1
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Franov LJ, Wilsdon TL, Czyz ML, Polyzos A. Electroinduced Reductive and Dearomative Alkene-Aldehyde Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39417706 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
The direct coupling of alkene feedstocks with aldehydes represents an expedient approach to the generation of new and structurally diverse C(sp3)-hybridized alcohols that are primed for elaboration into privileged architectures. Despite their abundance, current disconnection strategies enabling the direct coupling of carbon-carbon π-bonds and aldehydes remain challenging because contemporary methods are often limited by substrate or functional group tolerance and compatibility in complex molecular environments. Here, we report a coupling between simple alkenes, heteroarenes and unactivated aliphatic aldehydes via an electrochemically induced reductive activation of C-C π-bonds. The cornerstone of this approach is the discovery of rapid alternating polarity (rAP) electrolysis to access and direct highly reactive radical anion intermediates derived from conjugated alkenes and heterocyclic compounds. Our developed catalyst-free protocol enables direct access to new and structurally diverse C(sp3)-hybridized alcohol products. This is achieved by the controlled reduction of conjugated alkenes and the C2-C3 π-bond in heteroarenes via an unprecedented reductive dearomative functionalization for heterocyclic compounds. Experimental mechanistic studies demonstrate a kinetically biased single-electron reduction of C-C π-bonds over aldehydes. Application of rAP enables chemoselective generation of olefinic radical anion intermediates and avoids undesired saturative overreduction. Overall, this technology provides a versatile approach to the reductive coupling of olefin and heterocycle feedstocks with aliphatic aldehydes, offering straightforward access to diverse C(sp3)-rich oxygenated scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Franov
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tayla L Wilsdon
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Milena L Czyz
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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2
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Zhang T, Jiang S, Qian MY, Zhou QL, Xiao LJ. Ligand-Controlled Regiodivergent Nickel-Catalyzed Hydroaminoalkylation of Unactivated Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3458-3470. [PMID: 38270100 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Ligand modulation of transition-metal catalysts to achieve optimal reactivity and selectivity in alkene hydrofunctionalization is a fundamental challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Hydroaminoalkylation, an atom-economical approach for alkylating amines using alkenes, is particularly significant for amine synthesis in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and fine chemical industries. However, the existing methods usually require specific substrate combinations to achieve precise regio- and stereoselectivity, which limits their practical utility. Protocols allowing for regiodivergent hydroaminoalkylation from the same starting materials, controlling both regiochemical and stereochemical outcomes, are currently absent. Herein, we report a ligand-controlled, regiodivergent nickel-catalyzed hydroaminoalkylation of unactivated alkenes with N-sulfonyl amines. The reaction initiates with amine dehydrogenation and involves aza-nickelacycle intermediates. Tritert-butylphosphine promotes branched regioselectivity and syn diastereoselectivity, whereas ethyldiphenylphosphine enables linear selectivity, yielding regioisomers with inverse orientation. Systematic evaluation of diverse monodentate phosphine ligands reveals distinct regioselectivity cliffs, and % Vbur (min), a ligand steric descriptor, was established as a predictive parameter correlating ligand structure to regioselectivity. Computational investigations supported experimental findings, offering mechanistic insights into the origins of regioselectivity. Our method provides an efficient and predictable route for amine synthesis, demonstrating broad substrate scope, excellent tolerance toward various functional groups, and practical advantages. These include the use of readily available starting materials and cost-effective nickel(II) salts as precatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng-Ying Qian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li-Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Ortiz E, Shezaf JZ, Shen W, Krische MJ. Historical perspective on ruthenium-catalyzed hydrogen transfer and survey of enantioselective hydrogen auto-transfer processes for the conversion of lower alcohols to higher alcohols. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12625-12633. [PMID: 36516346 PMCID: PMC9645367 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05621f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium-catalyzed hydrogen auto-transfer reactions for the direct enantioselective conversion of lower alcohols to higher alcohols are surveyed. These processes enable completely atom-efficient carbonyl addition from alcohol proelectrophiles in the absence of premetalated reagents or metallic reductants. Applications in target-oriented synthesis are highlighted, and a brief historical perspective on ruthenium-catalyzed hydrogen transfer processes is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Welch Hall (A5300) 105 E 24th St. Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Jonathan Z Shezaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Welch Hall (A5300) 105 E 24th St. Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Weijia Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Welch Hall (A5300) 105 E 24th St. Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Welch Hall (A5300) 105 E 24th St. Austin TX 78712 USA
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4
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Deng XH, Jiang JX, Jiang Q, Yang T, Chen B, He L, Chu WD, He CY, Liu QZ. CuH-Catalyzed Enantioselective Reductive Coupling of 1,3-Dienes and Trifluoromethyl Ketoimines or α-Iminoacetates. Org Lett 2022; 24:4586-4591. [PMID: 35714047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intermolecular addition of allylic copper species generated from diene and copper hydride remains elusive. Herein copper hydride catalyzed asymmetric cross reductive coupling of conjugated dienes and ketoimines including trifluoromethyl ketoimines and α-iminoacetates was first achieved using chiral Ph-BPE as the ligand, providing rapid access to structurally and optically enriched homoallylic amines containing two vicinal stereogenic centers with up to 95% yield, 99% ee, and 11:1 diastereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Hua Deng
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Si-chuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Jia-Xi Jiang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Si-chuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Si-chuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Si-chuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Si-chuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Long He
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Wen-Dao Chu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Si-chuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Cheng-Yu He
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Si-chuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Quan-Zhong Liu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Si-chuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
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5
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Mao Y, Shi S. Ni-Catalyzed Three-Component Coupling Reaction of Butadiene,Aldimines and Alkenylboronic Acids. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202110042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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DiPucchio RC, Lenzen KE, Daneshmand P, Ezhova MB, Schafer LL. Direct, Catalytic α-Alkylation of N-Heterocycles by Hydroaminoalkylation: Substrate Effects for Regiodivergent Product Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11243-11250. [PMID: 34278789 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Saturated N-heterocycles are prevalent in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries, yet remain challenging to catalytically alkylate. Most strategies for C-H activation of these challenging substrates use protected amines or high loadings of precious metal catalysts. We report an early transition-metal system for the broad, robust, and direct alkylation of unprotected amine heterocycles with simple alkenes. Short reaction times are achieved using an in situ generated tantalum catalyst that avoids the use of bases, excess substrate, or additives. In most cases, this catalyst system is selective for the branched reaction product, including examples of products that are generated with excellent diastereoselectivity. Alkene electronic properties can be exploited for substrate-modified regioselectivity to access the alternative linear amine alkylation product with a group 5 catalyst. This method allows for the facile isolation of unprotected N-heterocyclic products, as useful substrates for further reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C DiPucchio
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Karst E Lenzen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Pargol Daneshmand
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Maria B Ezhova
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
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7
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Li YQ, Shi SL. Ni-Catalyzed Coupling of Butadiene, Aldimines, and Arylboronic Acids to Homoallylic Amines under Base-Free Conditions. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Liang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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Santana CG, Krische MJ. From Hydrogenation to Transfer Hydrogenation to Hydrogen Auto-Transfer in Enantioselective Metal-Catalyzed Carbonyl Reductive Coupling: Past, Present, and Future. ACS Catal 2021; 11:5572-5585. [PMID: 34306816 PMCID: PMC8302072 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atom-efficient processes that occur via addition, redistribution or removal of hydrogen underlie many large volume industrial processes and pervade all segments of chemical industry. Although carbonyl addition is one of the oldest and most broadly utilized methods for C-C bond formation, the delivery of non-stabilized carbanions to carbonyl compounds has relied on premetalated reagents or metallic/organometallic reductants, which pose issues of safety and challenges vis-à-vis large volume implementation. Catalytic carbonyl reductive couplings promoted via hydrogenation, transfer hydrogenation and hydrogen auto-transfer allow abundant unsaturated hydrocarbons to serve as substitutes to organometallic reagents, enabling C-C bond formation in the absence of stoichiometric metals. This perspective (a) highlights past milestones in catalytic hydrogenation, hydrogen transfer and hydrogen auto-transfer, (b) summarizes current methods for catalytic enantioselective carbonyl reductive couplings, and (c) describes future opportunities based on the patterns of reactivity that animate transformations of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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9
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Agrawal T, Martin RT, Collins S, Wilhelm Z, Edwards MD, Gutierrez O, Sieber JD. Access to Chiral Diamine Derivatives through Stereoselective Cu-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Imines and Allenamides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5026-5046. [PMID: 33724828 PMCID: PMC8025098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chiral 1,2-diamino compounds are important building blocks in organic chemistry for biological applications and as asymmetric inducers in stereoselective synthesis that are challenging to prepare in a straightforward and stereoselective manner. Herein, we disclose a cost-effective and readily available Cu-catalyzed system for the reductive coupling of a chiral allenamide with N-alkyl substituted aldimines to access chiral 1,2-diamino synthons as single stereoisomers in high yields. The method shows broad reaction scope and high diastereoselectivity and can be easily scaled using standard Schlenk techniques. Mechanistic investigations by density functional theory calculations identified the mechanism and origin of stereoselectivity. In particular, the addition to the imine was shown to be reversible, which has implications toward development of catalyst-controlled stereoselective variants of the identified reductive coupling of imines and allenamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toolika Agrawal
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3208, United States
| | - Robert T. Martin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Stephen Collins
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3208, United States
| | - Zachary Wilhelm
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mytia D. Edwards
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3208, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Joshua D. Sieber
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3208, United States
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10
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Kaper T, Fischer M, Warsitz M, Zimmering R, Beckhaus R, Doye S. Intermolecular Hydroaminoalkylation of Propadiene. Chemistry 2020; 26:14300-14304. [PMID: 32844473 PMCID: PMC7702142 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular hydroaminoalkylation reactions of propadiene with selected secondary amines take place in the presence of a 2,6-bis(phenylamino)pyridinato titanium catalyst. The corresponding products, synthetically useful allylamines, are formed in convincing yields and with high selectivities. In addition, propadiene easily inserts into the titanium-carbon bond of a titanaaziridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kaper
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Malte Fischer
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Michael Warsitz
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - René Zimmering
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Ruediger Beckhaus
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Sven Doye
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-1126129OldenburgGermany
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11
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Li X, Ding G, Thompson BL, Hao L, Deming DA, Heiden ZM, Zhang Q. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Zirconium Phosphate Nanoplatelet-Supported Ru-Anadem Nanostructures and Their Catalytic Study for the Hydrogenation of Acetophenone. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:30670-30679. [PMID: 32515936 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds containing carbonyl groups has been extensively studied and widely used in industrial processes. Herein, we report the preparation of a novel nanomaterial, α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) nanoplatelet-supported ruthenium nano-anadem catalyst, which possesses high selectivity in the catalytic hydrogenation of aromatic ketones. The α-ZrP nanoplatelets were prepared using a modified reflux method. Through an ion-exchange and reduction reaction pathway, ruthenium nanoparticles were loaded on ZrP to produce Ru-ZrP with a nano-anadem structure. The successful synthesis of Ru-ZrP composites is supported by a series of characterization techniques (PXRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, XPS, FT-IR, etc.). Compared with pure ZrP nanoplatelets, the catalytic hydrogenation of acetophenone has been dramatically improved when using Ru-ZrP. Full conversion was achieved at room temperature, and the yield of 1-cyclohexylehtanol was up to 95%. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, and hydrogen pressure were investigated. The investigation illustrates that there are two proposed reaction pathways in the hydrogenation of acetophenone, which are further supported by computational analyses. Recycling experiments indicate that the Ru-ZrP material could be reused four times without a noticeable activity decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Brena L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Leiduan Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Derek A Deming
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Zachariah M Heiden
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
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12
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A general carbonyl alkylative amination for tertiary amine synthesis. Nature 2020; 581:415-420. [PMID: 32268340 PMCID: PMC7116815 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity of tertiary alkylamines in pharmaceutical and agrochemical agents, natural products and smallmolecule biological probes1,2 continues to stimulate enormous efforts towards their streamlined synthesis3–9. Arguably, the most robust method for tertiary alkylamine synthesis is carbonyl reductive amination3: comprising two elementary steps, condensation of a secondary alkylamine with an aliphatic aldehyde forms an all alkyl-iminium ion, which is reduced by a hydride reagent. Chemists have sought to develop direct strategies for a ‘higher order’ variant of this reaction via the union of an alkyl fragment with an in-situ generated all alkyl-iminium ion10–14. However, despite more than 70 years of research, the successful realization of a ‘carbonyl alkylative amination’ has remained elusive. Herein, we report that a practical and general solution can be accomplished by the addition of alkyl-radicals to all alkyl-iminium ions. The process is facilitated by visible-light and a silane reducing agent, which, together with the other reaction components, trigger a distinct radical initiation step to establish a chain process. An attractive feature of this operationally straightforward, metal-free and modular transformation is the unbiased nature of tertiary amines that arise from the traceless union of aldehydes and secondary amines with alkyl-halides. As such, the structural and functional diversity within these classes of abundant feedstocks provides a versatile and flexible strategy for the streamlined synthesis of complex tertiary amines.
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13
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Trowbridge A, Walton SM, Gaunt MJ. New Strategies for the Transition-Metal Catalyzed Synthesis of Aliphatic Amines. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2613-2692. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Trowbridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Scarlett M. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Oncology
- IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Darwin Building, Unit 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Gaunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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14
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Kennedy CR, Zhong H, Joannou MV, Chirik PJ. Pyridine(diimine) Iron Diene Complexes Relevant to Catalytic [2+2]-Cycloaddition Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2020; 362:404-416. [PMID: 32431586 PMCID: PMC7236768 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity of pyridine(diimine) iron piperylene and isoprene complexes are described. These diene complexes are competent precatalysts for (i) the selective cross-[2+2]-cycloaddition of butadiene or (E)-piperylene with ethylene and α-olefins and (ii) the 1,4-hydrovinylation of isoprene with ethylene. In the former case, kinetic analysis implicates the diamagnetic η4-piperylene complex as the resting state prior to rate-determining oxidative cyclization. Variable temperature 1H NMR and EXSY experiments established that diene exchange from the diamagnetic, 18e- complexes occurs rapidly in solution at ambient temperature through a dissociative mechanism. The solid-state structure of (Me(Et)PDI)Fe(η4-piperylene) (Me(Et)PDI = 2,6-(2,6-Me2-C6H3N═CEt)2C5H3N), was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and confirmed the s-trans coordination of the monosubstituted 1,3-diene. Possible relationships between ligand-controlled diene coordination geometry, metallacycle denticity, and chemoselectivity of iron-mediated cycloaddition reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Rose Kennedy
- Princeton University, Department of Chemistry, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Hongyu Zhong
- Princeton University, Department of Chemistry, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Matthew V. Joannou
- Princeton University, Department of Chemistry, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Princeton University, Department of Chemistry, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
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15
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Kaiser D, Tona V, Gonçalves CR, Shaaban S, Oppedisano A, Maulide N. A General Acid-Mediated Hydroaminomethylation of Unactivated Alkenes and Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14639-14643. [PMID: 31482639 PMCID: PMC6790944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In comparison to the extensively studied metal-catalyzed hydroamination reaction, hydroaminomethylation has received significantly less attention despite its considerable potential to streamline amine synthesis. State-of-the-art protocols for hydroaminomethylation of alkenes rely largely on transition-metal catalysis, enabling this transformation only under highly designed and controlled conditions. Here we report a broadly applicable, acid-mediated approach to the hydroaminomethylation of unactivated alkenes and alkynes. This methodology employs cheap, readily available, and bench-stable reactants and affords the desired amines with excellent functional group tolerance and impeccable regioselectivity. The broad scope of this transformation, as well as mechanistic investigations and in situ domino functionalization reactions are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kaiser
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronica Tona
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos R Gonçalves
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saad Shaaban
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alberto Oppedisano
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Kaiser D, Tona V, Gonçalves CR, Shaaban S, Oppedisano A, Maulide N. Eine allgemeine Methode zur Hydroaminomethylierung von Alkenen und Alkinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kaiser
- Universität Wien Institut für Organische Chemie Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Veronica Tona
- Universität Wien Institut für Organische Chemie Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Carlos R. Gonçalves
- Universität Wien Institut für Organische Chemie Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Saad Shaaban
- Universität Wien Institut für Organische Chemie Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Alberto Oppedisano
- Universität Wien Institut für Organische Chemie Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Universität Wien Institut für Organische Chemie Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
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17
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Cooze C, Dada R, Lundgren RJ. Direct Formic Acid Mediated
Z
‐Selective Reductive Coupling of Dienes and Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12246-12251. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cooze
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Raphael Dada
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Rylan J. Lundgren
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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18
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Cooze C, Dada R, Lundgren RJ. Direct Formic Acid Mediated
Z
‐Selective Reductive Coupling of Dienes and Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cooze
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Raphael Dada
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Rylan J. Lundgren
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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19
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DiPucchio RC, Rosca S, Athavan G, Schafer LL. Exploiting Natural Complexity: Synthetic Terpenoid‐Alkaloids by Regioselective and Diastereoselective Hydroaminoalkylation Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. DiPucchio
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Sorin‐Claudiu Rosca
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Gayathri Athavan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C V6T 1Z1 Canada
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20
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Luo G, Liu F, Luo Y, Zhou G, Kang X, Hou Z, Luo L. Computational Investigation of Scandium-Based Catalysts for Olefin Hydroaminoalkylation and C–H Addition. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Guangli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, and Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Lun Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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21
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Gilmour DJ, Lauzon JMP, Clot E, Schafer LL. Ta-Catalyzed Hydroaminoalkylation of Alkenes: Insights into Ligand-Modified Reactivity Using DFT. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Damon J. Gilmour
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jean Michel P. Lauzon
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Eric Clot
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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22
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Li M, Wang J, Meng F. Cu-Catalyzed Enantioselective Reductive Coupling of 1,3-Dienes and Aldimines. Org Lett 2018; 20:7288-7292. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fanke Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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23
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Li H, Xiong Y, Zhang G. Rhodium‐Catalyzed Annulations of 1,3‐Dienes and Salicylaldehydes/2‐Hydroxybenzyl Alcohols Promoted by 2‐Ethylacrolein. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Shuang Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesTaishan Medical University 619 Changcheng Road Taian 271016 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
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24
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Li HS, Guo G, Zhang RZ, Li F. Rhodium-Catalyzed Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones through Sequential C–C Coupling and Redox Isomerization. Org Lett 2018; 20:5040-5043. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Shuang Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian 271016, P. R. China
| | - Guili Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian 271016, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Ze Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian 271016, P. R. China
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian 271016, P. R. China
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25
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Liu Y, Fiorito D, Mazet C. Copper-catalyzed enantioselective 1,2-borylation of 1,3-dienes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5284-5288. [PMID: 29997884 PMCID: PMC6001400 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01538d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly enantioselective Cu-catalyzed borylation of 2-substituted 1,3-dienes is reported. The use of a chiral phosphanamine ligand is essential in achieving high chemo-, regio-, diastereo- and enantioselectivity. It provides access to a variety of homoallylic boronates in consistently high yield and enantiomeric excess with 2-aryl and 2-heteroaryl 1,3-dienes as well as sterically demanding 2-alkyl 1,3-dienes. Preliminary investigations based on a non-linear effect study point to a mechanism involving more than one metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbin Liu
- University of Geneva , Department of Organic Chemistry , 30 quai Ernest Ansermet , 1211 Geneva-4 , Switzerland .
| | - Daniele Fiorito
- University of Geneva , Department of Organic Chemistry , 30 quai Ernest Ansermet , 1211 Geneva-4 , Switzerland .
| | - Clément Mazet
- University of Geneva , Department of Organic Chemistry , 30 quai Ernest Ansermet , 1211 Geneva-4 , Switzerland .
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26
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Shao X, Li K, Malcolmson SJ. Enantioselective Synthesis of anti-1,2-Diamines by Cu-Catalyzed Reductive Couplings of Azadienes with Aldimines and Ketimines. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7083-7087. [PMID: 29775301 PMCID: PMC5999589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here we report highly efficient and chemoselective azadiene-imine reductive couplings catalyzed by (Ph-BPE)Cu-H that afford anti-1,2-diamines. In all cases, reactions take place with either aldimine or ketimine electrophiles to deliver a single diastereomer of product in >95:5 er. The products' diamines are easily differentiable, facilitating downstream synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Kangnan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Steven J. Malcolmson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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27
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Holmes M, Schwartz LA, Krische MJ. Intermolecular Metal-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Dienes, Allenes, and Enynes with Carbonyl Compounds and Imines. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6026-6052. [PMID: 29897740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed reductive coupling has emerged as an alternative to the use of stoichiometric organometallic reagents in an increasingly diverse range of carbonyl and imine additions. In this review, the use of diene, allene, and enyne pronucleophiles in intermolecular carbonyl and imine reductive couplings are surveyed, along with related hydrogen autotransfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Holmes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Welch Hall A5300, 105 East 24th Street , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Leyah A Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Welch Hall A5300, 105 East 24th Street , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Welch Hall A5300, 105 East 24th Street , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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28
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Kalck P, Urrutigoïty M. Tandem Hydroaminomethylation Reaction to Synthesize Amines from Alkenes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3833-3861. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Kalck
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS UPR 8241, Composante ENSIACET de l’Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, University of Toulouse UPS-INP, 4 allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Martine Urrutigoïty
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS UPR 8241, Composante ENSIACET de l’Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, University of Toulouse UPS-INP, 4 allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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29
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Edwards PM, Schafer LL. Early transition metal-catalyzed C–H alkylation: hydroaminoalkylation for Csp3–Csp3 bond formation in the synthesis of selectively substituted amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12543-12560. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06445h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protecting group, directing group, and external oxidant free synthesis of structurally diverse amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Edwards
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - L. L. Schafer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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30
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Buxton CS, Blakemore DC, Bower JF. Reductive Coupling of Acrylates with Ketones and Ketimines by a Nickel-Catalyzed Transfer-Hydrogenative Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13824-13828. [PMID: 28868751 PMCID: PMC5656909 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed coupling of benzyl acrylates with activated ketones and imines provides γ-butyrolactones and lactams, respectively. The benzyl alcohol byproduct released during the lactonization/lactamization event is relayed to the next cycle where it serves as the reductant for C-C bond formation. This strategy represents a conceptually unique approach to transfer-hydrogenative C-C bond formation, thus providing examples of reductive heterocyclizations where hydrogen embedded within an alcohol leaving group facilitates turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John F. Bower
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TSUK
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31
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Buxton CS, Blakemore DC, Bower JF. Reductive Coupling of Acrylates with Ketones and Ketimines by a Nickel-Catalyzed Transfer-Hydrogenative Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. Buxton
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | - John F. Bower
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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32
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Roane J, Holmes M, Krische MJ. Reductive C-C Coupling via Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation: Departure from Stoichiometric Metals in Carbonyl Addition. CURRENT OPINION IN GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY 2017; 7:1-5. [PMID: 29726550 PMCID: PMC5926236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal catalyzed reductive couplings of π-unsaturated reagents with carbonyl compounds via hydrogenation or transfer hydrogenation has emerged as an alternative to the use of stoichiometric organometallic reagents in carbonyl addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Roane
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Welch Hall (A5300), 105 E 24 St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael Holmes
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Welch Hall (A5300), 105 E 24 St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael J Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Welch Hall (A5300), 105 E 24 St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
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33
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Brandt JW, Chong E, Schafer LL. Ligand Effects and Kinetic Investigations of Sterically Accessible 2-Pyridonate Tantalum Complexes for Hydroaminoalkylation. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Brandt
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Eugene Chong
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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34
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Lauzon JM, Eisenberger P, Roşca SC, Schafer LL. Amidate Complexes of Tantalum and Niobium for the Hydroaminoalkylation of Unactivated Alkenes. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Michel Lauzon
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Patrick Eisenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Sorin-Claudiu Roşca
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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35
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Montgomery SL, Mangas-Sanchez J, Thompson MP, Aleku GA, Dominguez B, Turner NJ. Direct Alkylation of Amines with Primary and Secondary Alcohols through Biocatalytic Hydrogen Borrowing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10491-10494. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Montgomery
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Juan Mangas-Sanchez
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Matthew P. Thompson
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Godwin A. Aleku
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Beatriz Dominguez
- Johnson Matthey Catalysis and Chiral Technologies; 28 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0FP UK
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
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36
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Montgomery SL, Mangas-Sanchez J, Thompson MP, Aleku GA, Dominguez B, Turner NJ. Direct Alkylation of Amines with Primary and Secondary Alcohols through Biocatalytic Hydrogen Borrowing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Montgomery
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Juan Mangas-Sanchez
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Matthew P. Thompson
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Godwin A. Aleku
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Beatriz Dominguez
- Johnson Matthey Catalysis and Chiral Technologies; 28 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0FP UK
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
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37
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Partridge BM, Callingham M, Lewis W, Lam HW. Arylative Intramolecular Allylation of Ketones with 1,3-Enynes Enabled by Catalytic Alkenyl-to-Allyl 1,4-Rhodium(I) Migration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Partridge
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- Department of Chemistry; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Michael Callingham
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry; University of Nottingham; Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road NG7 2TU UK
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Hon Wai Lam
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry; University of Nottingham; Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road NG7 2TU UK
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38
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Partridge BM, Callingham M, Lewis W, Lam HW. Arylative Intramolecular Allylation of Ketones with 1,3-Enynes Enabled by Catalytic Alkenyl-to-Allyl 1,4-Rhodium(I) Migration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7227-7232. [PMID: 28523779 PMCID: PMC5488243 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alkenyl‐to‐allyl 1,4‐rhodium(I) migration enables the generation of nucleophilic allylrhodium(I) species by remote C−H activation. This new mode of reactivity was employed in the diastereoselective reaction of arylboron reagents with substrates containing a 1,3‐enyne tethered to a ketone, to give products containing three contiguous stereocenters. The products can be obtained in high enantioselectivities using a chiral sulfur‐alkene ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Partridge
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Michael Callingham
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Hon Wai Lam
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, NG7 2TU, UK
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39
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Yang XH, Dong VM. Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydrofunctionalization: Enantioselective Coupling of Indolines and 1,3-Dienes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1774-1777. [PMID: 28128936 PMCID: PMC6857534 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We communicate a strategy for the hydrofunctionalization of 1,3-dienes via Rh-hydride catalysis. Conjugated dienes are coupled to nucleophiles to demonstrate the feasibility of novel C-C, C-O, C-S, and C-N bond forming processes. In the presence of a chiral JoSPOphos ligand, hydroamination generates chiral allylic amines with high regio- and enantioselectivity. Tuning both the pKa and steric properties of an acid-additive is critical for enantiocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 4403 Natural Sciences I, Irvine, California, 92697 USA
| | - Vy M. Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 4403 Natural Sciences I, Irvine, California, 92697 USA
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40
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Chelucci G. Ruthenium and osmium complexes in CC bond-forming reactions by borrowing hydrogen catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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41
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Liu RY, Yang Y, Buchwald SL. Regiodivergent and Diastereoselective CuH-Catalyzed Allylation of Imines with Terminal Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14077-14080. [PMID: 27723269 PMCID: PMC5198719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed, chemoselective hydrometalation process enables the use of simple allenes as allylmetal nucleophile surrogates in imine allylation reactions. By modulating the nitrogen-protecting group, either highly branched- or linear-selective addition can be achieved from the same allene. Both reactions exhibit excellent diastereoselectivity and broad functional-group tolerance. Preliminary results indicate that good enantioselectivity can also be achieved in the linear-selective reaction. Finally, a mechanistic model for the regiodivergence is proposed on the basis of density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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42
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Locascio TM, Tunge JA. Palladium-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Substitution of Propargylic Carbonates. Chemistry 2016; 22:18140-18146. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Locascio
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Kansas, 2010 Malott Hall; 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Jon A. Tunge
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Kansas, 2010 Malott Hall; 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive Lawrence KS 66045 USA
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43
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Liu RY, Yang Y, Buchwald SL. Regiodivergent and Diastereoselective CuH-Catalyzed Allylation of Imines with Terminal Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y. Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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44
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Jiang L, Cao P, Wang M, Chen B, Wang B, Liao J. Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Cu-Catalyzed Borylative Coupling of 1,3-Dienes and Aldimines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyin Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Peng Cao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Min Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Bing Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jian Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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45
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Jiang L, Cao P, Wang M, Chen B, Wang B, Liao J. Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Cu-Catalyzed Borylative Coupling of 1,3-Dienes and Aldimines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13854-13858. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyin Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Peng Cao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Min Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Bing Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jian Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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46
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Leon MA, Liu X, Phan JH, Clift MD. Amine Functionalization through Sequential Quinone-Catalyzed Oxidation/Nucleophilic Addition. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Leon
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Kansas; 2010 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive 66045 Lawrence KS USA
| | - Xinyun Liu
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Kansas; 2010 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive 66045 Lawrence KS USA
| | - Johnny H. Phan
- Eli Lilly and Company; 893 S. Delaware Street, DC-1920 46285 Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Michael D. Clift
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Kansas; 2010 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive 66045 Lawrence KS USA
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47
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Yang Y, Perry IB, Buchwald SL. Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Addition of Styrene-Derived Nucleophiles to Imines Enabled by Ligand-Controlled Chemoselective Hydrocupration. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9787-90. [PMID: 27454393 PMCID: PMC5010012 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed intermolecular enantioselective addition of styrenes to imines has been achieved under mild conditions at ambient temperature. This process features the use of styrenes as latent carbanion equivalents via the intermediacy of catalytically generated benzylcopper derivatives, providing an effective means for accessing highly enantiomerically enriched amines bearing contiguous stereocenters. Mechanistic studies shed light on the origin of the preferential styrene hydrocupration in the presence of an imine with the Ph-BPE-derived copper catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ian B Perry
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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48
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Perez F, Oda S, Geary LM, Krische MJ. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation for C-C Bond Formation: Hydrohydroxyalkylation and Hydroaminoalkylation via Reactant Redox Pairs. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:35. [PMID: 27573275 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Merging the chemistry of transfer hydrogenation and carbonyl or imine addition, a broad new family of redox-neutral or reductive hydrohydroxyalkylations and hydroaminomethylations have been developed. In these processes, hydrogen redistribution between alcohols and π-unsaturated reactants is accompanied by C-C bond formation, enabling direct conversion of lower alcohols to higher alcohols. Similarly, hydrogen redistribution between amines to π-unsaturated reactants results in direct conversion of lower amines to higher amines. Alternatively, equivalent products of hydrohydroxyalkylation and hydroaminomethylation may be generated through the reaction of carbonyl compounds or imines with π-unsaturated reactants under the conditions of 2-propanol-mediated reductive coupling. Finally, using vicinally dioxygenated reactants, that is, diol, ketols, or diones, successive transfer hydrogenative coupling occurs to generate 2 C-C bonds, resulting in products of formal [4+2] cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Perez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St., A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
| | - Susumu Oda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St., A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
| | - Laina M Geary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St., A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St., A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA.
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49
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Chen T, Chen X, Wei J, Lin D, Xie Y, Zeng W. Copper-Catalyzed Cascade Cycloamination of α-Csp3–H Bond of N-Aryl Ketimines with Azides: Access to Quinoxalines. Org Lett 2016; 18:2078-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Chen
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xun Chen
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Jun Wei
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Dongen Lin
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Ying Xie
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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50
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Pelletier JDA, Basset JM. Catalysis by Design: Well-Defined Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:664-77. [PMID: 26959689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis, a field important industrially and scientifically, is increasingly seeking and refining strategies to render itself more predictable. The main issue is due to the nature and the population of catalytically active sites. Their number is generally low to very low, their "acid strengths" or " redox properties" are not homogeneous, and the material may display related yet inactive sites on the same material. In many heterogeneous catalysts, the discovery of a structure-activity reationship is at best challenging. One possible solution is to generate single-site catalysts in which most, if not all, of the sites are structurally identical. Within this context and using the right tools, the catalyst structure can be designed and well-defined, to reach a molecular understanding. It is then feasible to understand the structure-activity relationship and to develop predictable heterogeneous catalysis. Single-site well-defined heterogeneous catalysts can be prepared using concepts and tools of surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC). This approach operates by reacting organometallic compounds with surfaces of highly divided oxides (or of metal nanoparticles). This strategy has a solid track record to reveal structure-activity relationship to the extent that it is becoming now quite predictable. Almost all elements of the periodical table have been grafted on surfaces of oxides (from simple oxides such as silica or alumina to more sophisticated materials regarding composition or porosity). Considering catalytic hydrocarbon transformations, heterogeneous catalysis outcome may now be predicted based on existing mechanistic proposals and the rules of molecular chemistry (organometallic, organic) associated with some concepts of surface sciences. A thorough characterization of the grafted metal centers must be carried out using tools spanning from molecular organometallic or surface chemistry. By selection of the metal, its ligand set, and the support taken as a X, L ligands in the Green formalism, the catalyst can be designed and generated by grafting the organometallic precursor containing the functional group(s) suitable to target a given transformation (surface organometallic fragments (SOMF)). The choice of these SOMF is based on the elementary steps known in molecular chemistry applied to the desired reaction. The coordination sphere necessary for any catalytic reaction involving paraffins, olefins, and alkynes also can thus be predicted. Only their most complete understanding can allow development of catalytic reactions with the highest possible selectivity, activity, and lifetime. This Account will examine the results of SOMC for hydrocarbon transformations on oxide surfaces bearing metals of group 4-6. The silica-supported catalysts are exhibiting remarkable performances for Ziegler-Natta polymerization and depolymerization, low temperature hydrogenolysis of alkanes and waxes, metathesis of alkanes and cycloalkanes, olefins metathesis, and related reactions. In the case of reactions involving molecules that do not contain carbon (water-gas shift, NH3 synthesis, etc.) this single site approach is also valid but will be considered in a later review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie D. A. Pelletier
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Marie Basset
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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