Conformation and Molecular Dynamics of Single Polystyrene Chain Confined in Coordination Nanospace

Utilizing Activated Carbon Nanopores for Electrochemical Oxidation of Perylene to Redox-Active 3,10-Perylenedione: Application in Electrochemical Capacitor Electrodes

We demonstrate that nanopores of activated carbon (AC) function as nanoreactors that oxidize perylene (PER) to a redox-active organic compound, 3,10-perylenedione (PERD), without any metal catalysts or organic solvents. PER is first adsorbed on AC in the gas phase, and the PER-adsorbed AC is subjected to electrochemical oxidation in aqueous H2SO4 as the electrolyte. Because gas-phase adsorption is solvent-free, PER is completely adsorbed on AC as long as the amount of PER does not exceed the saturated adsorption capacity of the AC, which enables accurate control of the amount adsorbed. PER is electrochemically oxidized to PERD in the nanopores of AC at above 0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl. The hybridized PERD undergoes a rapid reversible two-electron redox reaction in the nanopores owing to the large contact interface between the conductive carbon pore surfaces and PERD. The resulting AC/PERD hybrids serve as electrodes for electrochemical capacitors, utilizing the rapid redox reaction of PERD. The hybridization method is advantageous for quantitatively optimizing electrochemical capacitor performance by adjusting the amount of adsorbed PER. Moreover, because PERD hybridization in the AC nanopores does not expand the electrode volume, the volumetric capacitance increases with increasing hybridized PERD content. In three-electrode cell measurements, the volumetric capacitance at 0.05 A g-1 reaches 299 F cm-3, and 61% of this capacitance is retained at 10 A g-1 when 5 mmol of PER is used per gram of AC. Meanwhile, pristine AC delivers 117 F cm-3 at 0.05 A g-1 with a capacitance retention of 46% at 10 A g-1. Two-electrode cell measurements reveal that self-discharge is significantly suppressed by the hybridized PERD when AC/PERD hybrids and AC are used as cathodes and anodes, respectively, compared to that of a symmetrical AC cell. Moreover, PERD does not undergo cross-diffusion in the asymmetrical cells during self-discharge tests for 24 h.

Metal Organic Frameworks: Current State and Analysis of Their Use as Modifiers of the Vulcanization Process and Properties of Rubber

The interest in and application of metal organic frameworks (MOF) is increasing every year. These substances are widely used in many places, including the separation and storage of gases and energy, catalysis, electrochemistry, optoelectronics, and medicine. Their use in polymer technology is also increasing, focusing mainly on the synthesis of MOF-polymer hybrid compounds. Due to the presence of metal ions in their structure, they can also serve as a component of the crosslinking system used for curing elastomers. This article presents the possibility of using zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8 or MOF-5 as activators for sulfur vulcanization of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), replacing zinc oxide in conventional (CV) or effective (EF) curing systems to different extents. Their participation in the curing process and influence on the crosslinking density and structure, as well as the mechanical and thermal properties of the rubber vulcanizates, were examined.

Polymerization within Nanoporous Anodized Alumina Oxide Templates (AAO): A Critical Survey

In the last few years, the polymerization of monomers within the nanocavities of porous materials has been thoroughly studied and developed, allowing for the synthesis of polymers with tailored morphologies, chemical architectures and functionalities. This is thus a subject of paramount scientific and technological relevance, which, however, has not previously been analyzed from a general perspective. The present overview reports the state of the art on polymerization reactions in spatial confinement within porous materials, focusing on the use of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. It includes the description of the AAO templates used as nanoreactors. The polymerization reactions are categorized based on the polymerization mechanism. Amongst others, this includes electrochemical polymerization, free radical polymerization, step polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). For each polymerization mechanism, a further subdivision is made based on the nature of the monomer used. Other aspects of "in situ" polymerization reactions in restricted AAO geometries include: conversion monitoring, kinetic studies, modeling and polymer characterization. In addition to the description of the polymerization process itself, the use of polymer materials derived from polymerization in AAO templates in nanotechnology applications, is also highlighted. Finally, the review is concluded with a general discussion outlining the challenges that remain in the field.

Strategies for the application of metal-organic frameworks in catalytic reactions

Efficient catalysts play crucial roles in various organic reactions and polymerization. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have the merits of ultrahigh porosity, large surface area, dispersed polymetallic sites and modifiable linkers, which make them promising candidates for catalyzation. This review primarily summarizes the recent research progress on diverse strategies for tailoring MOFs that are endowed with excellent catalytic behavior. These strategies include utilizing MOFs as nanosized reaction channels, metal nodes decorated as catalytic active sites and the modification of ligands or linkers. All these make them highly attractive to various applications, especially in catalyzing organic reactions or polymerizations and they have proven to be effective catalysts for a wide variety of reactions. MOFs are still an evolving field with tremendous prospects; therefore, through the research and development of more modification and regulation strategies, MOFs will realize their wider practical application in the future.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising candidates for catalyzation. This review primarily summarized the recent research progress in diverse strategies for tailoring MOFs which are endowed with more excellent catalytic behavior.

Implanting Polypyrrole in Metal-Porphyrin MOFs: Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance for CO2RR

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with plenty of active sites and high porosity have been considered as an excellent platform for the electroreduction of CO₂, yet they are still restricted by the low conductivity or low efficiency. Herein, we insert the electron-conductive polypyrrole (PPy) molecule into the channel of MOFs through the in situ polymerization of pyrrole in the pore of MOF-545-Co to increase the electron-transfer ability of MOF-545-Co and the obtained hybrid materials present excellent electrocatalytic CO₂RR performance. For example, FE_CO of PPy@MOF-545-Co can reach up to 98% at -0.8 V, almost 2 times higher than that of bare MOF-545-Co. The high performance might be attributed to the incorporation of PPy that can serve as electric cables in the channel of MOF to facilitate electron transfer during the CO₂RR process. This attempt might provide new insights to improve the electrocatalytic performance of MOFs for CO₂RR.

Polymer Ligand-Sensitized Lanthanide Metal-Organic Frameworks for an On-Site Analysis of a Radionuclide

Herein, a new strategy to increase the sensitivity of a lanthanide metal-organic framework (Ln-MOF) to UO₂²⁺ was proposed by using polymeric ligands. By utilizing [Tb(1,3,5-benzenetrisbenzoate)]n (Tb-TBT) MOF as the host, preloaded 2-vinyl terephthalic acid (VTP) was polymerized in situ, which produced a novel fluorescent composite denoted as PVTP⊂Tb-TBT. Benefiting from the coordination of PVTP to the Tb nodes, the polymeric chains performed both as molecular scaffolds that improved the water stability of the framework and as additional antennae that sensitized the photoluminescence of the Tb nodes. More importantly, the detection sensitivity and selectivity of PVTP⊂Tb-TBT to UO₂²⁺ were much improved compared to those of Tb-TBT. Detailed characterizations indicated that the incorporation of PVTP efficiently enriched UO₂²⁺ in the probe, which promoted the energy dissipation to UO₂²⁺. Besides, UO₂²⁺ was also supposed to release PVTP from PVTP⊂Tb-TBT and, thus, exposed the open metal sites to water molecules, which interrupted the sensitization effect of PVTP and induced a nonradiative energy dissipation. A limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.75 nm was recorded by suspending the PVTP⊂Tb-TBT probe in a water sample, far below the limit in drinking water set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (130 nm). Furthermore, a remotely controlled sampling and an on-site analysis of real water samples were realized by facilely loading PVTP⊂Tb-TBT on thin films (TFs). The LOD for UO₂²⁺ was 2.5 nm by using the TFs. This study reports a new strategy for boosting the sensitivity and selectivity of Ln-MOF to monitor UO₂²⁺ and expands the application of the strategy to an on-site analysis.

Impact of dimensionality and confinement on reaction dynamics and thermodynamics within 1D and 2D nanostructures

Confinement has been shown to contribute to the dynamics of small molecules within nanoscale hydrophobic or hydrophilic cavities. Enclosure within a confined space can also influence energy transfer pathways, such as the enhancement of fluorescence over thermal relaxation. In this paper, the effect of confinement on the thermodynamic properties and reaction kinetics of small hydrophobic molecules confined in a soft polymeric template is detailed. A quasi-elastic neutron scattering experiment identified a substantial decrease in translational diffusion of pyrrole after solubilization within a hydrophobic cavity. This decrease in mobility is due to pyrrole's closer packing and increased density under confinement vs the bulk liquid. The decreased mobility and increased density explain the spontaneous polymerization reaction of pyrrole observed within the cavity. The precise characterization of the polymerization kinetics under confinement found that the reaction is independent of pyrrole concentration, consistent with the close packing density. Kinetic data also show that confinement dimensionality finds a thermodynamic expression in the transition state entropy. The dynamics and kinetics experiments reported here offer rare empirical insight into the important influence that cavity geometry places on the reactions they host.

Anionic Polymerization in Porous Organic Frameworks: A Strategy to Fabricate Anchored Polymers and Copolymers

An anionic mechanism is used to create polymers and copolymers as confined to, or anchored to, high-surface-area porous nanoparticles. Linear polymers with soft and glassy chains, such as polyisoprene and polymethylmethacrylate, were produced by confined anionic polymerization in 3D networks of porous aromatic frameworks. Alternatively, multiple anions were generated on the designed frameworks which bear removal protons at selected positions, and initiate chain propagation, resulting in chains covalently connected to the 3D network. Such growth can continue outside the pores to produce polymer-matrix nanoparticles coated with anchored chains. Sequential reactions were promoted by the living character of this anionic propagation, yielding nanoparticles that were covered by a second polymer anchored by anionic block copolymerization. The intimacy of the matrix and the grown-in polymers was demonstrated by magnetization transfer across the interfaces in 2D ¹ H-¹³ C-HETCOR NMR spectra.

Controlled individual and partial polyethylene nanofibers with high Tm2 prepared by PPM-supported Cp2TiCl2 catalysts

Controlled individual and partial nanofibrous polyethylenes with high second melting point (T_m2) were obtained through ethylene-confined polymerization using a porous polymer microsphere (PPM)-supported Cp₂TiCl₂ catalyst.

High Melting Point of Linear, Spiral Polyethylene Nanofibers and Polyethylene Microspheres Obtained Through Confined Polymerization by a PPM-Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalyst

In this work, different types of polyethylene (linear, spiral nanofibers and microspheres) were obtained via confined polymerization by a PPM-supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst. Firstly, the Ziegler-Natta catalyst was chemical bonded inside the porous polymer microspheres (PPMs) supports with different pore diameter and supports size through chemical reaction. Then slightly and highly confined polymerization occurred in the PPM-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts. SEM results illustrated that the slightly confined polymerization was easy to obtain linear and spiral nanofibers, and the nanofibers were observed in polyethylene catalyzed by PPMs-1#/cat and PPMs-2#/cat with low pore diameter (about 23 nm). Furthermore, the highly confined polymerization produced polyethylene microspheres, which obtained through other PPM-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts with high pore diameter. In addition, high second melting point (Tm2: up to 143.3 °C) is a unique property of the polyethylene obtained by the PPM-supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst after removing the residue through physical treatment. The high Tm2 was ascribed to low surface free energy (σe), which was owing to the entanglement of polyethylene polymerized in the PPMs supports with interconnected multi-modal pore structure.

Encapsulating polyaniline within porous MIL-101 for high-performance corrosion protection

The metal corrosion possesses a serious threat to the safety and loss of property. The anticorrosion study on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) remains rarely reported. Therefore, it is desirable to build MOFs-based anticorrosion coating with long-term corrosion resistance. Herein, we prepared a novel MOF-polymer anticorrosion composite PANI@MIL-101 by encapsulating polyaniline (PANI) within the pores of MIL-101 with in-situ polymerization of aniline monomer. The N₂ adsorption-desorption and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of PANI@MIL-101 illustrate that PANI is successfully encapsulated in the pores of MIL-101 with in-situ polymerization. PANI@MIL-101 was dispersed in epoxy resin (EP) to prepare anti-corrosive coatings. The Tafel potentiodynamic polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy show that PANI@MIL-101/EP coating system has superior corrosion protection with the lowest i_corr value and the highest |Z|_0.01 value compared with MIL-101/EP coating, PANI/EP coating and EP coating. A possible anticorrosion mechanism of PANI@MIL-101 was discussed. This work reveals that MOF-polymer composite materials are superb candidates for high-performance corrosion protection.

Structure of the Polymer Backbones in polyMOF Materials

The molecular connectivity of polymer-metal-organic framework (polyMOF) hybrid materials was investigated using density functional theory calculations and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The architectural constraints that dictate the formation of polyMOFs were assessed by examining poly(1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid) (pbdc) polymers in two archetypical MOF lattices (UiO-66 and IRMOF-1). Modeling of the polyMOFs showed that in the IRMOF-1-type lattice, six, seven, and eight methylene (-CH₂-) groups between 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (terephthalate, bdc^2-) units can be accommodated without significant distortions, while in the UiO-66-type lattice, an optimal spacing of seven methylene groups between bdc^2- units is needed to minimize strain. Solid-state NMR supports these predictions and reveals pronounced spectral differences for the same polymer in the two polyMOF lattices. With seven methylene groups, polyUiO-66-7a shows 7 ± 3% of uncoordinated terephthalate linkers, while these are undetectable (<4%) in the corresponding polyIRMOF-1-7a. In addition, NMR-detected backbone mobility is significantly higher in the polyIRMOF-1-7a than in the corresponding polyUiO-66-7a, again indicative of taut chains in the latter.

Confined polymerisation of bis-thyminyl monomers within nanoreactors: towards molecular weight control

Controlling polymer molecular weight by topochemical polymerisation inside nanoreactors.

Water-Ethanol and Methanol-Ethanol Separations Using in Situ Confined Polymer Chains in a Metal-Organic Framework

This study presents a straightforward approach for the in situ polymerization of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) chains within the one-dimensional (1D) pores of the five-coordinated zinc-based metal-organic framework DMOF in order to obtain new MOF-based composites. The loading amount of PNIPAM within DMOF ⊃ PNIPAM composites can be tuned by changing the initial weight ratio between NIPAM, which is the monomer of PNIPAM, and DMOF. The guest PNIPAM chains in the composites block partially the 1D pores of DMOF, thus leading to a narrowed nanospace. The water adsorption studies reveal that the water uptake increased by increasing the loading of PNIPAM in the final DMOF ⊃ PNIPAM composites, indicating that the exposed amide groups of PNIPAM gradually alter the hydrophobicity of pristine DMOF and lead to hydrophilic DMOF ⊃ PNIPAM composites. The composite with the highest loading of PNIPAM displays a selective adsorption for water and methanol over ethanol when using equimolar mixtures of methanol-ethanol and water-ethanol. This is confirmed by the single-component adsorption measurements as well as ideal adsorbed solution theory molecular simulations. Additionally, the water stability of pristine DMOF has been greatly improved after the incorporation of PNIPAM in its pores. PNIPAM can undergo a phase transition between hydrophobic and hydrophilic phases in response to a low temperature change. This property is used in order to control the desorption of water and methanol molecules, thus enabling an efficient and cost-effective regeneration process.

Metal-Organic Frameworks in Polymer Science: Polymerization Catalysis, Polymerization Environment, and Hybrid Materials

The development of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has had a significant impact on various fields of chemistry and materials science. Naturally, polymer science also exploited this novel type of material for various purposes, which is due to the defined porosity, high surface area, and catalytic activity of MOFs. The present review covers various topics of MOF/polymer research beginning with MOF-based polymerization catalysis. Furthermore, polymerization inside MOF pores as well as polymerization of MOF ligands is described, which have a significant effect on polymer structures. Finally, MOF/polymer hybrid and composite materials are highlighted, encompassing a range of material classes, like bulk materials, membranes, and dispersed materials. In the course of the review, various applications of MOF/polymer combinations are discussed (e.g., adsorption, gas separation, drug delivery, catalysis, organic electronics, and stimuli-responsive materials). Finally, past research is concluded and an outlook toward future development is provided.

Host-Guest Complexation Using Pillar[5]arene Crystals: Crystal-Structure Dependent Uptake, Release, and Molecular Dynamics of an Alkane Guest

Host-guest complexation has been mainly investigated in solution, and it is unclear how guest molecules access the assembled structures of host and dynamics of guest molecules in the crystal state. In this study, we studied the uptake, release, and molecular dynamics of n-hexane vapor in the crystal state of pillar[5]arenes bearing different substituents. Pillar[5]arene bearing 10 ethyl groups yielded a crystal structure of herringbone-type 1:1 complexes with n-hexane, whereas pillar[5]arene with 10 allyl groups formed 1:1 complexes featuring a one-dimensional (1D) channel structure. For pillar[5]arene bearing 10 benzyl groups, one molecule of n-hexane was located in the cavity of pillar[5]arene, and another n-hexane molecule was located outside of the cavity between two pillar[5]arenes. The substituent-dependent differences in molecular arrangement influenced the uptake, release, and molecular dynamics of the n-hexane guest. The substituent effects were not observed in host-guest chemistry in solution, and these features are unique for the crystal state host-guest chemistry of pillar[5]arenes.

Molecular weight fractionation by confinement of polymer in one-dimensional pillar[5]arene channels

Confinement of polymers in nano-spaces can induce unique molecular dynamics and properties. Here we show molecular weight fractionation by the confinement of single polymer chains of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in the one-dimensional (1D) channels of crystalline pillar[5]arene. Pillar[5]arene crystals are activated by heating under reduced pressure. The activated crystals are immersed in melted PEO, causing the crystals to selectively take up PEO with high mass fraction. The high mass fractionation is caused by the greater number of attractive CH/π interactions between PEO C-H groups and the π-electron-rich 1D channel of the pillar[5]arene with increasing PEO chain length. The molecular motion of the confined PEO (PEO chain thickness of ~3.7 Å) in the 1D channel of pillar[5]arenes (diameter of ~4.7 Å) is highly restricted compared with that of neat PEO.

Confinement of polymers in nano-spaces can induce unique molecular dynamics and properties. Here the authors show high mass fractionation by the confinement of single polymer chains of poly(ethylene oxide) in the one-dimensional channels of crystalline pillar[5]arene.

MOF-templated self-polymerization of p-phenylenediamine to a polymer with a hollow box-assembled spherical structure

Cu–pPD acts as both a structural template and reactant to realize direct conversion from MOFs to polymers in one step.

Controlled polymerizations using metal-organic frameworks

This short review focuses on recent developments in polymerization reactions using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). MOFs are crystalline porous materials that are able to tune their frameworks, enabling their use as promising media for polymerization. The precise design of the MOF structure is key to controlling polymerizations, allowing for the regulation of not only primary but also higher-order structures.

Electrochemical polymerization of pyrene and aniline exclusively inside the pores of activated carbon for high-performance asymmetric electrochemical capacitors

An asymmetric polymer capacitor was prepared from pyrene (PY), aniline (ANI), and commercially available activated carbon (AC) through a solvent-free preparation. PY and ANI were adsorbed into the AC host material in the gas phase and electrochemically polymerized exclusively inside the AC pores in an aqueous H2SO4 electrolyte (1 M). No volumetric expansion of the AC particles occurred upon the adsorption of monomers and their subsequent polymerizations; thus, the volumetric capacitance was enhanced by the inclusion of pseudocapacitive polypyrene (PPY) and polyaniline (PANI). The PPY and PANI structures formed inside the AC pores are very thin and have a large contact area with the conductive carbon surfaces. Therefore, the charge transfer distance between the polymers and the carbon surfaces was drastically shortened, significantly reducing the charge transfer resistance; i.e., high power density. The maximum volumetric capacitances for the PPY- and PANI-hybridized AC reached 314 and 299 F cm-3, respectively. Moreover, the strong adhesion derived from their large contact areas and adsorption capability of AC endow these materials with long cycle lifetimes. The PPY- and PANI-hybridized AC have different redox potentials and can be assembled into an asymmetric capacitor. The volumetric capacitance obtained for the asymmetric capacitor further surpassed that of the symmetric capacitor consisting of pristine AC, with high power density and long cycle lifetimes.

Hybridization of MOFs and polymers

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received much attention because of their attractive properties. They show great potential applications in many fields. An emerging trend in MOF research is hybridization with flexible materials, which is the subject of this review. Polymers possess a variety of unique attributes, such as softness, thermal and chemical stability, and optoelectrical properties that can be integrated with MOFs to make hybrids with sophisticated architectures. Hybridization of MOFs and polymers is producing new and versatile materials that exhibit peculiar properties hard to realize with the individual components. This review article focuses on the methodology for hybridization of MOFs and polymers, as well as the intriguing functions of hybrid materials.

Single-Atom Scale Structural Selectivity in Te Nanowires Encapsulated Inside Ultranarrow, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Extreme nanowires (ENs) represent the ultimate class of crystals: They are the smallest possible periodic materials. With atom-wide motifs repeated in one dimension (1D), they offer a privileged perspective into the physics and chemistry of low-dimensional systems. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) provide ideal environments for the creation of such materials. Here we present a comprehensive study of Te ENs encapsulated inside ultranarrow SWCNTs with diameters between 0.7 nm and 1.1 nm. We combine state-of-the-art imaging techniques and 1D-adapted ab initio structure prediction to treat both confinement and periodicity effects. The studied Te ENs adopt a variety of structures, exhibiting a true 1D realization of a Peierls structural distortion and transition from metallic to insulating behavior as a function of encapsulating diameter. We analyze the mechanical stability of the encapsulated ENs and show that nanoconfinement is not only a useful means to produce ENs but also may actually be necessary, in some cases, to prevent them from disintegrating. The ability to control functional properties of these ENs with confinement has numerous applications in future device technologies, and we anticipate that our study will set the basic paradigm to be adopted in the characterization and understanding of such systems.

Functional conductive nanomaterials via polymerisation in nano-channels: PEDOT in a MOF

Reactions inside the pores of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer potential for controlling polymer structures with regularity to sub-nanometre scales. We report a wet-chemistry route to poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT)-MOF composites. After a two-step removal of the MOF template we obtain unique and stable macroscale structures of this conductive polymer with some nanoscale regularity.

Double glass transitions in exfoliated poly(methyl methacrylate)/organically modified MgAl layered double hydroxide nanocomposites

PMMA chains were confined at a layered material (organically modified MgAl layered double hydroxides) surface, which formed the interfacial layer between nanoparticles and the polymer matrix.

Confined Polymerization in Highly Ordered Mesoporous Organosilicas

Hybrid mesoporous organosilica exhibiting crystal-like order in the walls provided an ideal channel reaction vessel for the confined polymerization of acrylonitrile (PAN). The resulting high-molecular-mass PAN fills the channels at high yield and forms an ordered nanostructure of polymer nanobundles enclosed into the hybrid matrix. The in situ thermal transformation of PAN into rigid polyconjugated and, eventually, into condensed polyaromatic carbon nanofibers, retains the periodic architecture. Simultaneously, the matrix evolves showing the fusion of the p-phenylene rings and the cleavage of carbonsilicon bonds: this gives rise to graphitic-carbon/silica nanocomposites containing hyper-oxydrylated silica nanophases. Interestingly, the 3D hexagonal mesostructure survives in the carbonaceous material. The exploitation of porous materials of high capacity and a hybrid nature, for polymerization in the confined state, followed by high temperature treatments, allowed us to achieve unique and precisely fabricated nanostructures, thus paving the way for the construction of fine-tuned electronic and light-harvesting materials.

Threading chalcogenide layers with polymer chains

Inserting polymers into a crystalline inorganic matrix to understand the structure, position, and the structure-property relationships of the resulting composites is important for designing new inorganic-organic materials and tuning their properties. Single crystals of polymer-chalcogenide composites were successfully prepared by trapping polyethyleneglycol within a selenidostannate matrix under surfactant-thermal conditions. This work might provide a new strategy for preparing novel crystalline polymer-inorganic composites through encapsulating polymer chains within inorganic matrices.

A hydrophobic adsorbent based on hierarchical porous polymers derived from morphologies of a biomineral

Functional biogenic hierarchical morphologies are applied to a hydrophobic adsorbent consisting of polystyrene through the morphology replication technique.