1
|
Charlton SG, Jana S, Chen J. Yielding behaviour of chemically treated Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms. Biofilm 2024; 8:100209. [PMID: 39071175 PMCID: PMC11279707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanics of biofilms are intrinsically shaped by their physicochemical environment. By understanding the influence of the extracellular matrix composition, pH and elevated levels of cationic species on the biofilm rheology, novel living materials with tuned properties can be formulated. In this study, we examine the role of a chaotropic agent (urea), two divalent cations and distilled deionized water on the nonlinear viscoelasticity of a model biofilm Pseudomonas fluorescens. The structural breakdown of each biofilm is quantified using tools of non-linear rheology. Our findings reveal that urea induced a softening response, and displayed strain overshoots comparable to distilled deionized water, without altering the microstructural packing fraction and macroscale morphology. The absorption of divalent ferrous and calcium cations into the biofilm matrix resulted in stiffening and a reduction in normalized elastic energy dissipation, accompanied by macroscale morphological wrinkling and moderate increases in the packing fraction. Notably, ferrous ions induced a predominance of rate dependent yielding, whereas the calcium ions resulted in equal contribution from both rate and strain dependent yielding and structural breakdown of the biofilms. Together, these results indicate that strain rate increasingly becomes an important factor controlling biofilm fluidity with cation-induced biofilm stiffening. The finding can help inform effective biofilm removal protocols and in development of bio-inks for additive manufacturing of biofilm derived materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G.V. Charlton
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- Newcastle University, School of Engineering, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Saikat Jana
- Ulster University, School of Engineering, 2-24 York Street, Belfast, BT15 1AP, United Kingdom
- Newcastle University, School of Engineering, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Jinju Chen
- Newcastle University, School of Engineering, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- Loughborough University, Department of Materials, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Matthews L. Spherulite formation in green nonaqueous media: The impact of urea on gelation in glycerol. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 676:594-602. [PMID: 39053407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Large macroscopic assemblies formed by a surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), and glycerol, can be directed to assemble in a hierarchical manner by the addition of a strong hydrogen-bond donor/acceptor, such as urea. CONTEXT Self-assembly in complex media is important to a range of applications, for instance in biological media, which are multi-component, to industrial formulations, where additives are present for flavour, texture, and preservation. Here, the gelation and self-assembly of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) in glycerol is explored in the presence of an additive, urea. Urea was chosen due to its importance both fundamentally and industrially, but also because of its ability to form strong H-bonds and interact with both glycerol and SDS. EXPERIMENTAL To cover the variety of length scales present in the gel-like phase, a combination of optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering techniques were used to probe the micro- to nanoscale. FINDINGS On the microscale, the formation of a spectacular spherulite phase, even at low urea contents - 0.1 wt%, upon cooling was observed, a stark difference to the microfibrillar phase observed in the absence of urea. Interestingly, the nanostructure of the two crystalline phases were similar and showed negligible differences. This suggests that urea is not involved in the SDS/glycerol microfibril formation but instead directs the assembly of spherulites by bundling the microfibrils. These ternary systems are also probed as a function of urea content, SDS concentration, and temperature. The observations in this work highlight the importance of small molecules in the self-assembly process, which is relevant both fundamentally but also industrially, where small molecules are often added to formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Matthews
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38043, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chafran L, Carfagno A. Synthesis of multi-responsive poly(NIPA- co-DMAEMA)-PBA hydrogel nanoparticles in aqueous solution for application as glucose-sensitive insulin-releasing nanoparticles. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:1259-1270. [PMID: 38932860 PMCID: PMC11196523 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-024-01421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to present an innovative method for synthesizing pH-thermo-glucose responsive poly(NIPA-co-DMAEMA)-PBA hydrogel nanoparticles via single-step aqueous free radical polymerization. Methods The synthesis process involved free radical polymerization in an aqueous solution, and the resulting nanoparticles were characterized for their physical and chemical properties by 1H NMR, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Insulin-loaded poly(NIPA-co-DMAEMA)-PBA hydrogel nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated for their insulin capture and release properties at different pH and temperature, in addition to different glucose concentrations, with the release profile of insulin quantitatively evaluated using the Bradford method. Results 1H NMR results confirmed successful PBA incorporation, and DLS outcomes consistently indicated a transition to a more hydrophobic state above the Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) of NIPA and DMAEMA. While pH responsiveness exhibited variation, insulin release generally increased with rising pH from acidic to neutral conditions, aligning with the anticipated augmentation of anionic PBA moieties and increased hydrogel hydrophilicity. Increased insulin release in the presence of glucose, particularly for formulations with the lowest mol % PBA, along with a slight increase for the highest mol % PBA formulation when increasing glucose from 1 to 4 mg/mL, supported the potential of this approach for nanoparticle synthesis tailored for glucose-responsive insulin release. Conclusions This work successfully demonstrates a novel method for synthesizing responsive hydrogel nanoparticles and underscores their potential for controlled insulin release in response to glucose concentrations. The observed pH-dependent insulin release patterns and the influence of PBA content on responsiveness highlight the versatility and promise of this nanoparticle synthesis approach for applications in glucose-responsive drug delivery systems. Graphical abstract Poly(NIPA) nanoparticles containing PBA moieties are normally synthesized in two or more steps in the presence of organic solvents. Here we propose a new method for the synthesis of multiresponsive hydrogel poly(NIPA-co-DMAEMA)-PBA nanoparticles in aqueous medium in a single reaction to provide a fast and effective strategy for the production of glucose-responsive multi-systems in aqueous media from free radical polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liana Chafran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110 USA
| | - Amy Carfagno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ji D, Kim DY, Fan Z, Lee CS, Kim J. Hysteresis-Free, Elastic, and Tough Hydrogel with Stretch-Rate Independence and High Stability in Physiological Conditions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309217. [PMID: 38133489 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Many existing synthetic hydrogels are inappropriate for repetitive motions because of large hysteresis, and their mechanical properties in warm and saline physiological conditions remain understudied. In this study, a stretch-rate-independent, hysteresis-free, elastic, and tough nanocomposite hydrogel that can maintain its mechanical properties in phosphate-buffered saline of 37 °C similar to warm and saline conditions of the human body is developed. The strength, stiffness, and toughness of the hydrogel are simultaneously reinforced by biomimetic silica nanoparticles with a surface of embedded circular polyamine chains. Such distinctive surfaces form robust interfacial interactions by local topological folding/entanglement with the polymer chains of the matrix. Load transfer from the soft polymer matrix to stiff nanoparticles, along with the elastic sliding/unfolding/disentanglement of polymer chains, overcomes the traditional trade-off between strength/stiffness and toughness and allows for hysteresis-free, strain-rate-independent, and elastic behavior. This robust reinforcement is sustained in warm phosphate-buffered saline. These properties demonstrate the application potential of the developed hydrogel as a soft, elastic, and tough bio-strain sensor that can detect dynamic motions across various deformation speeds and ranges. The findings provide a simple yet effective approach to developing practical hydrogels with a desirable combination of strength/stiffness and toughness, in a fully swollen and equilibrated state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University (CNU), 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziwen Fan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University (CNU), 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bharadwaj S, Tripathy M, van der Vegt NFA. Interactions of adsorbing cosolutes with hydrophobic hydration shells. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:164902. [PMID: 38686820 DOI: 10.1063/5.0207075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The analysis of water density fluctuations in the hydration shell of nonpolar solutes provides insights into water-mediated interactions, especially hydrophobic interactions. These fluctuations are sensitive to small perturbations due to changes in thermodynamic conditions, such as temperature and pressure, but also to the presence of cosolutes, such as salts or small organic molecules. Herein, we investigate the effect of two classes of adsorbing cosolutes, using urea and methanol as representatives, on the fluctuations in energy and solvent density within the solvation shell of a model extended hydrophobic solute. We focus on the interactions of the cosolutes with the hydrophobic hydration shell, rather than with the solute itself, which though important remain largely unexplored. We calculate and analyze the interfacial partial molar energy of the cosolute, using a methodology based on the small system method. This approach provides correlated solvent density and energy fluctuations and allows us to decompose them into contributions due to interactions between the different components present in the solvation shell of the solute. The results show that adsorbed urea molecules interact more favorably with water than nonadsorbed urea molecules, which leads to the attenuation of interfacial density fluctuations and thus to the stabilization of the solvation shell. By contrast, the adsorbed methanol molecules interact preferably with other methanol molecules in the solvation shell, leading to a nano-phase segregated structure, which enhances interfacial fluctuations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swaminath Bharadwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, 201314 Gautam Buddh Nagar, India
| | - Madhusmita Tripathy
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nico F A van der Vegt
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang M, Wang Y, Pang N, Wang M, He Y, Wang X, Guo J. Efficient Removal of Tetracyclines and Quinolones Enabled by Polyphenol-Mediated Supramolecular Coagulation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 38320295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Ubiquitous antibiotics threaten human health and ecosystem sustainability, and existing removal strategies, especially conventional multistep water treatments, are primarily limited by the antibiotic-specific removal capability. Here, we explore the natural biomass, plant polyphenols, in the capture of various antibiotics with a facile treatment─polyphenol-mediated antibiotic-independent supramolecular coagulation (PMAC). The PMAC shows a superior performance in removing five tetracyclines and quinolones (up to 98.54%), even under complex environmental parameters, including different pH, the presence of inorganic particles and ionic strength, and the presence of conventional colloid-associated contaminants. Our mechanistic studies suggested that PMAC is capable of exerting multiple molecular interactions with various antibiotics, and the coordination-driven self-assembly further destabilizes the phenolic-antibiotic nanocomplexes, enabling an antibiotic-independent coagulation. Collectively, the combination of efficient remediation with inexpensive biomass suggests a simple and scalable method for the sustainable removal of antibiotics. Our strategy shows great promise as a cost-effective, facile approach to eliminate antibiotics capable of being integrated into the currently existing water treatment systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Wang
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yu Wang
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Nanjiong Pang
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Mingyao Wang
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yunxiang He
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Junling Guo
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nirmalraj PN, Rossell MD, Dachraoui W, Thompson D, Mayer M. In Situ Observation of Chemically Induced Protein Denaturation at Solvated Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48015-48026. [PMID: 37797325 PMCID: PMC10591235 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins unfold in chaotropic salt solutions, a process that is difficult to observe at the single protein level. The work presented here demonstrates that a liquid-based atomic force microscope and graphene liquid-cell-based scanning transmission electron microscope make it possible to observe chemically induced protein unfolding. To illustrate this capability, ferritin proteins were deposited on a graphene surface, and the concentration-dependent urea- or guanidinium-induced changes of morphology were monitored for holo-ferritin with its ferrihydrite core as well as apo-ferritin without this core. Depending on the chaotropic agent the liquid-based imaging setup captured an unexpected transformation of natively folded holo-ferritin proteins into rings after urea treatment but not after guanidinium treatment. Urea treatment of apo-ferritin did not result in nanorings, confirming that nanorings are a specific signature of denaturation of holo-ferritins after exposture to sufficiently high urea concentrations. Mapping the in situ images with molecular dynamics simulations of ferritin subunits in urea solutions suggests that electrostatic destabilization triggers denaturation of ferritin as urea makes direct contact with the protein and also disrupts the water H-bonding network in the ferritin solvation shell. Our findings deepen the understanding of protein denaturation studied using label-free techniques operating at the solid-liquid interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Niraj Nirmalraj
- Transport
at Nanoscale Interfaces Laboratory, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marta D. Rossell
- Electron
Microscopy Center, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Walid Dachraoui
- Electron
Microscopy Center, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department
of Physics, Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Michael Mayer
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mukherji D, Kremer K. Smart Polymers for Soft Materials: From Solution Processing to Organic Solids. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3229. [PMID: 37571124 PMCID: PMC10421237 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials are ubiquitous in our everyday life, where they find a broad range of uses-spanning across common household items to advanced materials for modern technologies. In the context of the latter, so called "smart polymers" have received a lot of attention. These systems are soluble in water below their lower critical solution temperature Tℓ and often exhibit counterintuitive solvation behavior in mixed solvents. A polymer is known as smart-responsive when a slight change in external stimuli can significantly change its structure, functionm and stability. The interplay of different interactions, especially hydrogen bonds, can also be used for the design of lightweight high-performance organic solids with tunable properties. Here, a general scheme for establishing a structure-property relationship is a challenge using the conventional simulation techniques and also in standard experiments. From the theoretical side, a broad range of all-atom, multiscale, generic, and analytical techniques have been developed linking monomer level interaction details with macroscopic material properties. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent developments in the field of smart polymers, together with complementary experiments. For this purpose, we will specifically discuss the following: (1) the solution processing of responsive polymers and (2) their use in organic solids, with a goal to provide a microscopic understanding that may be used as a guiding tool for future experiments and/or simulations regarding designing advanced functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debashish Mukherji
- Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kurt Kremer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wei W. Hofmeister Effects Shine in Nanoscience. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2302057. [PMID: 37211703 PMCID: PMC10401134 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hofmeister effects play a crucial role in nanoscience by affecting the physicochemical and biochemical processes. Thus far, numerous wonderful applications from various aspects of nanoscience have been developed based on the mechanism of Hofmeister effects, such as hydrogel/aerogel engineering, battery design, nanosynthesis, nanomotors, ion sensors, supramolecular chemistry, colloid and interface science, nanomedicine, and transport behaviors, etc. In this review, for the first time, the progress of applying Hofmeister effects is systematically introduced and summarized in nanoscience. It is aimed to provide a comprehensive guideline for future researchers to design more useful Hofmeister effects-based nanosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Wei
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garg H, Rajesh R, Vemparala S. The conformational phase diagram of neutral polymers in the presence of attractive crowders. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114903. [PMID: 36948827 DOI: 10.1063/5.0140721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the conformational phase diagram of a neutral polymer in the presence of attractive crowders. We show that, for low crowder densities, the polymer predominantly shows three phases as a function of both intra-polymer and polymer-crowder interactions: (1) weak intra-polymer and weak polymer-crowder attractive interactions induce extended or coil polymer conformations (phase E), (2) strong intra-polymer and relatively weak polymer-crowder attractive interactions induce collapsed or globular conformations (phase CI), and (3) strong polymer-crowder attractive interactions, regardless of intra-polymer interactions, induce a second collapsed or globular conformation that encloses bridging crowders (phase CB). The detailed phase diagram is obtained by determining the phase boundaries delineating the different phases based on an analysis of the radius of gyration as well as bridging crowders. The dependence of the phase diagram on strength of crowder-crowder attractive interactions and crowder density is clarified. We also show that when the crowder density is increased, a third collapsed phase of the polymer emerges for weak intra-polymer attractive interactions. This crowder density-induced compaction is shown to be enhanced by stronger crowder-crowder attraction and is different from the depletion-induced collapse mechanism, which is primarily driven by repulsive interactions. We also provide a unified explanation of the observed re-entrant swollen/extended conformations of the earlier simulations of weak and strongly self-interacting polymers in terms of crowder-crowder attractive interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Garg
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
| | - R Rajesh
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Satyavani Vemparala
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou XL, Zhou CH, Gong JY, Yu QW, He Y, Ju XJ, Chu LY. Novel thermo and ion-responsive copolymers based on metallo-base pair directed host-guest complexation for highly selective recognition of Hg 2+ in aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130610. [PMID: 37056001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of materials with highly selective recognition towards Hg2+ is of great significance in environmental monitoring. Herein, a novel thermo-responsive copolymer with Hg2+ recognition property is prepared via thermally-initiated copolymerization of 5'-O-Acryloyl 5-methyl-uridine (APU) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). The chemical structure and stimuli-sensitive properties of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-5-methyl-uridine) (P(NIPAM-co-APU)) linear polymers and hydrogel are thoroughly investigated. At the supramolecular level, P(NIPAM-co-APU) linear polymers could respond to both temperature and Hg2+ stimuli with highly selective recognition towards Hg2+ over other 18 metal ion species (at least 5 fold difference) and common anions. Upon capturing Hg2+ by APU units as host metal receptors, the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of P(NIPAM-co-APU, PNU-7 and PNU-11) linear polymers are significantly shifted more than 10 °C due to the formation of stable APU-Hg2+-APU directed host-guest complexes. Accordingly, at the macroscopic level, P(NIPAM-co-APU) hydrogel display selective and robust recognition of Hg2+ under optimum conditions, and its maximum Hg2+ uptake capacity was 33.1 mg g-1. This work provides a new option for Hg2+ recognition with high selectivity, which could be facilely integrated with other smart systems to achieve satisfactory detection of environmental Hg2+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Long Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chang-Hai Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jue-Ying Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Quan-Wei Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China.
| | - Xiao-Jie Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Liang-Yin Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Borkowski AK, Campbell NI, Thompson WH. Direct calculation of the temperature dependence of 2D-IR spectra: Urea in water. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:064507. [PMID: 36792517 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for directly calculating the temperature derivative of two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectra from simulations at a single temperature is presented. The approach is demonstrated by application to the OD stretching spectrum of isotopically dilute aqueous (HOD in H2O) solutions of urea as a function of concentration. Urea is an important osmolyte because of its ability to denature proteins, which has motivated significant interest in its effect on the structure and dynamics of water. The present results show that the temperature dependence of both the linear IR and 2D-IR spectra, which report on the underlying energetic driving forces, is more sensitive to urea concentration than the spectra themselves. Additional physical insight is provided by calculation of the contributions to the temperature derivative from different interactions, e.g., water-water, water-urea, and urea-urea, present in the system. Finally, it is demonstrated how 2D-IR spectra at other temperatures can be obtained from only room temperature simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Borkowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - N Ian Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Ward H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A Mechanically Strong Shape-memory Organohydrogel Based on Dual Hydrogen bonding and Gelator-induced Solidification Effect. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
|
14
|
Ajayi S, Asakereh I, Rezasoltani H, Davidson D, Khajehpour M. Does Urea Preferentially Interact with Amide Moieties or Nonpolar Sidechains? A Question Answered Through a Judicious Selection of Model Systems. Chemphyschem 2022; 24:e202200731. [PMID: 36478636 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transfer model suggests that urea unfolds proteins mainly by increasing the solubility of the amide backbone, probably through urea-induced increase in hydrogen bonding. Other studies suggest that urea addition increases the magnitude of solvent-solute van der Waals interactions, which increases the solubility of nonpolar sidechains. More recent analyses hypothesize that urea has a similar effect in increasing the solubility of backbone and sidechain groups. In this work, we compare the effects of urea addition on the solvation of amides and alkyl groups. At first, we study the effects of urea addition upon solvent hydrogen bonding acidity and basicity through the perturbation in the fluorescence spectrum of probes 1-AN and 1-DMAN. Our results demonstrate that the solvent's hydrogen bonding properties are minimally affected by urea addition. Subsequently, we show that urea addition does not perturb the intra-molecular hydrogen bonding in salicylic acid significantly. Finally, we investigate how urea preferentially interacts with amide and alkyl groups moieties in water by comparing the effects of urea addition upon the solubility of acetaminophen and 4-tertbutylphenol. We show that urea affects amide and t-butyl solubility (lowers the transfer free energy of both amide (backbone) and alkyl (sidechain) groups) in a similar fashion. In other words, preferential interaction of urea with both moieties contributes to protein denaturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simisola Ajayi
- Department of Chemistry, the, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Iman Asakereh
- Department of Chemistry, the, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Hanieh Rezasoltani
- Department of Chemistry, the, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, the, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mazdak Khajehpour
- Department of Chemistry, the, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zinc- and magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite-urea nanohybrids enhance wheat growth and nitrogen uptake. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19506. [PMID: 36376430 PMCID: PMC9663570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20772-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing and unrestrained application of nitrogen fertilizer to agricultural lands has been directly linked to climate change and reductions in biodiversity. The agricultural sector needs a technological upgrade to adopt sustainable methods for maintaining high yield. We report synthesis of zinc and magnesium doped and undoped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, and their urea nanohybrids, to sustainably deliver nitrogen to wheat. The urea nanohybrids loaded with up to 42% nitrogen were used as a new source of nitrogen and compared with a conventional urea-based fertilizer for efficient and sufficient nitrogen delivery to pot-grown wheat. Doping with zinc and magnesium manipulated the hydroxyapatite crystallinity for smaller size and higher nitrogen loading capacity. Interestingly, 50% and 25% doses of urea nanohybrids significantly boosted the wheat growth and yield compared with 100% doses of urea fertilizer. In addition, the nutritional elements uptake and grain protein and phospholipid levels were significantly enhanced in wheat treated with nanohybrids. These results demonstrate the potential of the multi-nutrient complexes, the zinc and magnesium doped and undoped hydroxyapatite-urea nanoparticles, as nitrogen delivery agents that reduce nitrogen inputs by at least 50% while maintaining wheat plant growth and nitrogen uptake to the same level as full-dose urea treatments.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sharma B, Shrivastava M, Afonso LOB, Soni U, Cahill DM. Metal doped nitrogenous hydroxyapatite nanohybrids slowly release nitrogen to crops and mitigate ammonia volatilization: An impact assessment. NANOIMPACT 2022; 28:100424. [PMID: 36087836 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To supply adequate food, the ongoing and unrestrained administration of nitrogen fertilizer to agricultural fields is polluting the climate and living organisms. On the other hand, the agriculture sector urgently needs a technological upgrade to effectively confront hunger and poverty. Here, we report a rapid synthesis of zinc and magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite-urea nanohybrids for slow release and delivery of nitrogen to wheat and rice crops. Nanohybrids slowly release nitrogen for up to six weeks compared to the burst release of nitrogen from urea, and their use substantially reduces, by at least 3.8 times, ammonia emissions into the environment compared with that of urea fertilizer. A half‑nitrogen dose applied as multi-nutrient complexed nanohybrids maintained crop growth, yield, and nutritional compositions in wheat and subsequent rice crops. Nanohybrids enhanced the wheat crop yield and nitrogen uptake by 22.13% and 58.30%, respectively. The synthesized nitrogen nanohybrids remained in the soil for two continuous crop cycles, reduced ammonia volatilization, and achieved nitrogen delivery to the crops. Additionally, soil dehydrogenase activity (534.55% above control) and urease activities (81.82% above control) suggest that nanohybrids exhibited no adverse impact on soil microorganisms. Our comprehensive study demonstrates the advantages of 'doping' as a method for tailoring hydroxyapatite nanoparticles properties for extended agricultural and environmental applications. The use of nanohybrids substantially reduced greenhouse gas emissions and enabled the reduction, by half, of nitrogen inputs into the agricultural fields. This study, therefore, reports a novel nano-enabled platform of engineered hydroxyapatite-urea nanohybrids as a nitrogen fertilizer for efficient nitrogen delivery that results in improved crop growth while minimizing environmental pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Sharma
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Manoj Shrivastava
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Luis O B Afonso
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - Udit Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi 110070, India.
| | - David M Cahill
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu B, Yan X, Zhao Z, Wang J, Feng J. Distinctly different solvation behaviors of poly( N, N-diethylacrylamide) gels in water/acetone and water/DMSO mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23893-23902. [PMID: 36165400 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02144g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solvation behaviors and intermolecular interactions of a poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEA) gel network in water/DMSO and water/acetone mixtures have been investigated by variable-temperature high-resolution 1H MAS NMR. Unlike decreasing volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) of the typical thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) gel induced by both acetone and DMSO in a water-rich region, distinct phase transition behaviors are revealed for the PDEA gel. That is, acetone is found to increase the VPTT of PDEA directly in the water-rich region while DMSO is also found to increase the VPTT of PDEA at a very low concentration but then decrease the VPTT as the concentration further increases. The above distinctly different VPTT shifts of PDEA are attributed to the different polymer-cosolvent interactions in water/acetone and water/DMSO systems. DMSO molecules with a strong water affinity are preferentially excluded by the PDEA gel network, and can promote the volume phase transition by favoring the collapse of the PDEA gel network, while acetone molecules preferentially adsorbed on the polymer interact with PDEA via non-specific van der Waals interaction, which favors the swollen state of the PDEA gel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biaolan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xiaoshuang Yan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Effect of anions, urea and aggregation state on the thermal behavior of PDMAEMA-based polymers. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-05013-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
19
|
Das M, Joshi A, Devkar R, Seshadri S, Thakore S. Tumor homing dextran and curcumin derived amphiphilic functional polymer self-assembling to tubustecan nanoarchitectures: A strategy of adorning the golden spice (curcumin) for taming the red devil (Dox). J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
20
|
Wei W, Chen X, Wang X. Nanopore Sensing Technique for Studying the Hofmeister Effect. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200921. [PMID: 35484475 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The nanopore sensing technique is an emerging method of detecting single molecules, and extensive research has gone into various fields, including nanopore sequencing and other applications of single-molecule studies. Recently, several researchers have explored the specific ion effects in nanopore channels, enabling a unique understanding of the Hofmeister effect at the single-molecule level. Herein, the recent advances of using nanopore sensing techniques are reviewed to study the Hofmeister effect and the physicochemical mechanism of this process is attempted. The challenges and goals are also discussed for the future in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Wei
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fang T, Chen X, Yang C, Cao Y, Zhang J, Peng W, Li Y, Zhang F, Fan X. Silicene/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) smart hydrogels as remote light-controlled switches. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 621:205-212. [PMID: 35461135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Smart hydrogels with good flexibility and biocompatibility have been widely used. The common near-infrared (NIR) photothermal agents are facing a trade-off between good photothermal-conversion efficiency and high biocompatibility. Therefore, developing new metal-free photothermal agents with low cost, high biocompatibility and excellent phase stability is still in urgent need. In this study, we successfully combined poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) with the two-dimensional (2D) silicene nanosheets via the in situ polymerization method. Attributed to the thermal-responsive nature of PNIPAM and the excellent photothermal properties of 2D silicene, the obtained silicene/PNIPAM composite hydrogels exhibited dual thermal and NIR responsive properties. This smart hydrogel showed rapid, reversible and repeatable NIR light-responsive behaviors. The volume of this smart hydrogels can shrink significantly under NIR irradiation and recover to its original size without the NIR irradiation. Remote near-infrared light-controlled microfluidic pipelines and electronic switches based on obtained silicene/PNIPAM composite hydrogels were also demonstrated. This work significantly broadens the application prospects of silicene-based hydrogels in remote light-controlled devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xifan Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui Graphene Engineering Laboratory, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Changyu Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yaqi Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Junshi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - WenChao Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fengbao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaobin Fan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bharadwaj S, Niebuur BJ, Nothdurft K, Richtering W, van der Vegt NFA, Papadakis CM. Cononsolvency of thermoresponsive polymers: where we are now and where we are going. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2884-2909. [PMID: 35311857 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00146b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cononsolvency is an intriguing phenomenon where a polymer collapses in a mixture of good solvents. This cosolvent-induced modulation of the polymer solubility has been observed in solutions of several polymers and biomacromolecules, and finds application in areas such as hydrogel actuators, drug delivery, compound detection and catalysis. In the past decade, there has been a renewed interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms which drive cononsolvency with a predominant emphasis on its connection to the preferential adsorption of the cosolvent. Significant efforts have also been made to understand cononsolvency in complex systems such as micelles, block copolymers and thin films. In this review, we will discuss some of the recent developments from the experimental, simulation and theoretical fronts, and provide an outlook on the problems and challenges which are yet to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swaminath Bharadwaj
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Computational Physical Chemistry Group, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Bart-Jan Niebuur
- Technical University of Munich, Physics Department, Soft Matter Physics Group, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Katja Nothdurft
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany, European Union
| | - Walter Richtering
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany, European Union
| | - Nico F A van der Vegt
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Computational Physical Chemistry Group, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Christine M Papadakis
- Technical University of Munich, Physics Department, Soft Matter Physics Group, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
MAREKHA B, Hunger J. A single methyl group drastically changes urea's hydration dynamics. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:164504. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0085461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The amphiphilicity and denaturation efficiency of urea can be tuned via alkylation. Although the interaction of alkylureas with water and proteins has been studied in detail, the hydration of 1-methylurea has remained elusive, precluding the isolation of the effect of an individual methyl group. Here, we study water dynamics in the hydration shell of 1-methylurea (1-MU) using infrared absorption and ultrafast infrared spectroscopies. We find that 1-MU hardly affects the hydrogen-bond distribution of water as probed by the OD stretching vibration of HOD molecules. Polarization resolved infrared pump-probe experiments reveal that 1-MU slows down the rotational dynamics of up to 3 water molecules in its hydration shell. Comparison to earlier results for other alkylureas suggests that further alkylation does not necessarily slow down the rotational dynamics of additional water molecules. Two-dimensional infrared experiments show that 1-MU markedly slows down the hydrogen-bond fluctuation dynamics of water, yet similar to what has been found for urea and dimethylureas. Remarkably, (alkyl-) ureas that share a similar effect on water's hydrogen-bond fluctuation dynamics share a similar (modest) protein denaturation tendency. As such, not only the hydrophobicity but also hydration of hydrophilic fragments of alkylureas may be relevant to explain their function towards biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan MAREKHA
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Germany
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dinda S, Sil A, Das A, Tarif E, Biswas R. Does urea modify microheterogeneous nature of ionic amide deep eutectics? Clues from non-reactive and reactive solute-centered dynamics. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
25
|
Vijayakumar B, Takatsuka M, Kita R, Shinyashiki N, Yagihara S, Rathinasabapathy S. Dynamics of the Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Microgel Aqueous Suspension Investigated by Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Vijayakumar
- Department of Physics, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Masanobu Takatsuka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Rio Kita
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Naoki Shinyashiki
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Shin Yagihara
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim D, Honda H, Matsuoka H, Yusa SI, Saruwatari Y. Morphology transition of polyion complex (PIC) micelles with carboxybetaine as a shell induced at different block ratios and their pH-responsivity. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
27
|
Heying M, Lam K, Richardson AD, Canepa J, Wilkinson SP. Cavity-based free energy analysis of osmolyte effects on protein denaturation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5394-5403. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04460e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental measurements of the thermal effects of the same osmolytes on two different globular proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), have shown that quantifying the change...
Collapse
|
28
|
Nishimura SN, Nishida K, Ueda T, Shiomoto S, Tanaka M. Biocompatible poly( N-(ω-acryloyloxy- n-alkyl)-2-pyrrolidone)s with widely-tunable lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs): a promising alternative to poly( N-isopropylacrylamide). Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00154c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The biocompatible (co)polymers undergoes a thermal stimulus-driven liquid–liquid phase separation and form coacervates above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The LCSTs are able to be precisely controlled between 0 °C and 100 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-nosuke Nishimura
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kei Nishida
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ueda
- Gladuate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shohei Shiomoto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Gladuate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Levina A, Wang B, Lay PA. Urea Gel Electrophoresis in Studies of Conformational Changes of Transferrin on Binding and Transport of Non-Ferric Metal Ions. Gels 2021; 8:19. [PMID: 35049554 PMCID: PMC8774473 DOI: 10.3390/gels8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) is a crucial transporter protein for Fe(III), but its biological role in binding other metal ions and their delivery into cells remain highly controversial. The first systematic exploration of the effect of non-Fe(III) metal ion binding on Tf conformation has been performed by urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (urea-PAGE), which is commonly used for nucleic acids but rarely for proteins. Closed Tf conformation, similar to that caused by Fe(III)-Tf binding, was formed for In(III), V(III) or Cr(III) binding to Tf. In all these cases, metal distribution between Tf lobes and/or the rate of metal release under acidic conditions differed from that of Fe(III)-Tf. By contrast, Ga(III) and V(IV) did not form closed Tf conformation under urea-PAGE conditions. Apart from Fe(III), only In(III) was able to increase the proportion of closed Tf conformation in whole serum. These results suggest that Tf is unlikely to act as a natural carrier of any metal ion, except Fe(III), into cells but can reduce toxicity of exogenous metal ions by binding them in serum and preventing their entry into cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Boer Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Sydney Analytical, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rosi BP, Tavagnacco L, Comez L, Sassi P, Ricci M, Buratti E, Bertoldo M, Petrillo C, Zaccarelli E, Chiessi E, Corezzi S. Thermoresponsivity of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels in water-trehalose solution and its relation to protein behavior. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 604:705-718. [PMID: 34280768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESES Additives are commonly used to tune macromolecular conformational transitions. Among additives, trehalose is an excellent bioprotectant and among responsive polymers, PNIPAM is the most studied material. Nevertheless, their interaction mechanism so far has only been hinted without direct investigation, and, crucially, never elucidated in comparison to proteins. Detailed insights would help understand to what extent PNIPAM microgels can effectively be used as synthetic biomimetic materials, to reproduce and study, at the colloidal scale, isolated protein behavior and its sensitivity to interactions with specific cosolvents or cosolutes. EXPERIMENTS The effect of trehalose on the swelling behavior of PNIPAM microgels was monitored by dynamic light scattering; Raman spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations were used to explore changes of solvation and dynamics across the swelling-deswelling transition at the molecular scale. FINDINGS Strongly hydrated trehalose molecules develop water-mediated interactions with PNIPAM microgels, thereby preserving polymer hydration below and above the transition while drastically inhibiting local motions of the polymer and of its hydration shell. Our study, for the first time, demonstrates that slowdown of dynamics and preferential exclusion are the principal mechanisms governing trehalose effect on PNIPAM microgels, at odds with preferential adsorption of alcohols, but in full analogy with the behavior observed in trehalose-protein systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Petra Rosi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Letizia Tavagnacco
- CNR-ISC, Sapienza Università di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Lucia Comez
- CNR-IOM, Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Sassi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Ricci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Buratti
- CNR-ISC, Sapienza Università di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Monica Bertoldo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; CNR-ISOF, Area della Ricerca, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Petrillo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zaccarelli
- CNR-ISC, Sapienza Università di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ester Chiessi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy.
| | - Silvia Corezzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Moll C, Versluis J, Bakker HJ. Direct Observation of the Orientation of Urea Molecules at Charged Interfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10823-10828. [PMID: 34726406 PMCID: PMC8591664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dissolving urea into water induces special solvation properties that play a crucial role in many biological processes. Here we probe the properties of urea molecules at charged aqueous interfaces using heterodyne-detected vibrational sum-frequency generation (HD-VSFG) spectroscopy. We find that at the neat water/air interface urea molecules do not yield a significant sum-frequency generation signal. However, upon the addition of ionic surfactants, we observe two vibrational bands at 1660 and 1590 cm-1 in the HD-VSFG spectrum, assigned to mixed bands of the C═O stretch and NH2 bend vibrations of urea. The orientation of the urea molecules depends on the sign of the charge localized at surface and closely follows the orientation of the neighboring water molecules. We demonstrate that urea is an excellent probe of the local electric field at aqueous interfaces.
Collapse
|
32
|
Lu R, Zhang X, Cheng X, Zan X, Geng W. Secondary Structure-Dominated Layer-by-Layer Growth Mode of Protein Coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13000-13011. [PMID: 34723563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from the luxury functions of proteins, protein coatings have been extended to various applications, including tissue engineering scaffolds, drug delivery, antimicrobials, sensing and diagnostic equipment, food packaging, etc. Fast construction of protein coatings is always interesting to materials science and significant to industrialization. Here, we report a layer-by-layer (LbL) multilayer-constructed coating of tannic acid (TA) and lysozyme (Lyz), in which the secondary conformations of Lyz dominate the growth rate of the TA/Lyz coating. As well characterized by various techniques (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), circular dichroism (CD) spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle, etc.), TA-induced conformational transition of Lyz to α-helices occurs at pH 8 from other secondary structures (β-sheets, β-turns, and random coils), which leads to the very fast growth of TA/Lyz with a number of deposited bilayers, with thicknesses of more than 90 nm for six bilayers. In contrast to the leading conformation of α-helices at pH 8, Lyz displayed multiple conformations (α-helices, β-sheets, β-turns, and random coils) at pH 6, which resulted in coating thicknesses of less than 30 nm for six bilayers. By the addition of NaCl, Tween 20, and urea, we further confirmed that the secondary conformations of Lyz relied greatly on the interactions between TA and Lyz and dominated the growth rate of the multilayers. We believe that these findings will help to understand the transformation of secondary conformations by TA or other polyphenols and inspire a new route to quickly build protein coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruofei Lu
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinxiu Cheng
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingjie Zan
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Wujun Geng
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Perioperative Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xia Y, Sun X, Han J, Cheng F, He W. Complexation of tannic acid with polyoxypropylene diamine in water and application for the preparation of hierarchically structured functional surfaces. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
34
|
Ohashi M, Tamura A, Yui N. Terminal Structure of Triethylene Glycol-Tethered Chains on β-Cyclodextrin-Threaded Polyrotaxanes Dominates Temperature Responsivity and Biointeractions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11102-11114. [PMID: 34478294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological and biomedical applications of cyclodextrin (CD)-threaded polyrotaxanes (PRXs) have gained increasing attention. We had previously investigated the therapeutic effects of oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG)-modified β-CD PRXs in congenital metabolic disorders. Although the chemical modification of PRXs is crucial for these applications, the influences of the chemical structure of OEG modified on PRXs were not completely understood. The current study focuses on the terminal group structures of triethylene glycol (TEG)-tethered chains, wherein three series of TEG-tethered PRXs (TEG-PRXs) with various TEG terminal group structures (hydroxy, methoxy, and ethoxy) were synthesized to investigate their physicochemical properties and biointeractions. The methoxy and ethoxy-terminated TEG-PRXs exhibited temperature-dependent phase transitions in phosphate buffer saline and formed coacervate droplets above their cloud points. A comprehensive analysis revealed that the hydrophobicity of the terminal group structures of the TEG-tethered chains played a dominant role in exhibiting temperature-dependent phase transition. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of the terminal group structures of TEG-tethered chains on PRXs also affected the interactions with lipids and proteins, with the hydrophobic ethoxy-terminated TEG-tethered chains showing the highest interactions. However, in normal human skin fibroblasts, the moderately hydrophobic methoxy-terminated TEG-modified PRXs showed the highest intracellular uptake levels. As a result, we concluded that methoxy-terminated TEG is a suitable chemical modification for the biomedical applications of PRXs due to the negligible temperature responsivity around physiological temperature and significant intracellular uptake levels. The findings of this study shall contribute significantly to the rational design of PRXs and CD-based materials for future pharmacological and biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moe Ohashi
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yui
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Beaudoin G, Lasri A, Zhao C, Liberelle B, De Crescenzo G, Zhu XX. Making Hydrophilic Polymers Thermoresponsive: The Upper Critical Solution Temperature of Copolymers of Acrylamide and Acrylic Acid. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Beaudoin
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Anne Lasri
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Chuanzhuang Zhao
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Benoît Liberelle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales, Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales, Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Xiao-Xia Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Copper nanoparticles loaded polymer vesicles as environmentally amicable nanoreactors: A sustainable approach for cascading synthesis of benzimidazole. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
37
|
Zhu PW. Effects of cosolvent partitioning on conformational transitions and tethered chain flexibility in spherical polymer brushes. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6817-6832. [PMID: 34223603 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00523e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, based on the framework of preferential adsorption concept and analytical self-consistent field (SCF) theory, a model is proposed to investigate the reentrant transition experimentally observed from the thermoresponsive spherical brush in a series of aqueous alcohol solutions. The interaction between monomers is incorporated into the model. Conformational transitions of the spherical brush are quantitatively correlated to the physical parameters, including the number of adsorbed cosolvents which facilitates the solvent quality, the number of cosolvent bridges which drives the brush collapse, as well as their partition coefficients between the brush and the bulk solution. An analytical formula for the number of Kuhn segments per tethered chain is obtained based on the analytical SCF theory, which elucidates the flexibility of tethered chains in the intricate system of multicomponents involving the conformational transitions. Under the experimental conditions associated with the cosolvent-brush interaction, the variation of the monomer chemical potential with the monomer concentration indicates that the monomer distribution of the spherical brush remains continuous. The analysis based on the SFC theory also reveals that the distribution of adsorbed cosolvents is a positive parabola while the distribution of cosolvent bridges appears to be an exponential decay function, implying that the intervening space between tethered chains, rather than the number of adsorbed cosolvents, plays a crucial role in forming the cosolvent bridge. We demonstrate that the model formulated for the reentrant transition under weaker cosolvent-brush interactions provides guidelines for the one under stronger nanoparticle-brush interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ma B, Wang L, Han L, Cai W, Shao X. Understanding the effect of urea on the phase transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in aqueous solution by temperature-dependent near-infrared spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 253:119573. [PMID: 33618264 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Regulating the folding state by denaturants is essential for the structure and function of proteins. Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) is usually regarded as a model for protein denaturation. The effects of urea, as a denaturant, on the aggregations of PNIPAM was studied by temperature-dependent near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and particularly the variation of water structures was analyzed. The NIR spectra of the polymer-urea solutions containing different polymer concentrations were measured at different temperatures. N-way principal component analysis (NPCA) was performed to observe the spectral information. Three principal components (PCs) containing the spectral information of CH groups were obtained, showing three kinds of CH in the system. Obvious dehydration of the three CH groups occurs at 27.5 °C in solution, but the temperature turns to 27 °C for two kinds of the CH and 26.5 °C for the third one, respectively, in the urea-add solution. The effect of urea on the formation of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds that promotes polymer folding is suggested. The spectral information of NH in urea molecule indicates that the direct interaction of urea and polymer facilitates the stability of the polymer globule state. Furthermore, the spectral information of OH shows that the release of the water molecules with three hydrogen bonds (S3), which may connect the NH and CO groups in PNIPAM in solution, leads to the phase transition. When urea is added, urea may reduce the content of the S3 water to facilitate the release, making the phase transition at a low temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Ma
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Li Han
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Wensheng Cai
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xueguang Shao
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Tianjin 300071, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Safari F, Tkacz M, Katrusiak A. High-Pressure Sorption of Hydrogen in Urea. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:7756-7762. [PMID: 34084259 PMCID: PMC8161694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sorption in urea C(NH2)2O has been probed by direct measurements in Sievert's apparatus at 7.23 and 11.12 MPa as well as by Raman spectroscopy for the sample compressed and heated in a high-pressure gas-loaded diamond-anvil cell up to 14 GPa. Both these methods consistently indicate the occurrence of small nonstoichiometric sorption of hydrogen in urea phase I. The compression of urea in hydrogen affects the Raman shifts of the C-N bending mode δ and the stretching mode υs. The sorption affects the H2 vibron position too. The sorption of 1.3 × 10-2 at 11.12 MPa corresponds to a stochastic distribution of H2 molecules in channel pores of urea. The mechanism leading to this stochastic sorption involves strong correlations between the swollen nanodot regions around the pores accommodating H2 molecules and the squeezed neighboring pores too narrow to act as possible sorption sites. This study on the hydrogen-bonded framework (HOF) of urea marks the smallest pores capable of absorbing hydrogen documented so far. This observation also reveals a new class of compounds, which is located between those that absorb large stoichiometric amounts of certain guest molecules and those that do not absorb them at all, namely, the group of compounds that absorb the guests in a stochastic manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Safari
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego
8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - M. Tkacz
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - A. Katrusiak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego
8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bharadwaj S, Nayar D, Dalgicdir C, van der Vegt NFA. An interplay of excluded-volume and polymer-(co)solvent attractive interactions regulates polymer collapse in mixed solvents. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:134903. [PMID: 33832270 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cosolvent effects on the coil-globule transitions in aqueous polymer solutions are not well understood, especially in the case of amphiphilic cosolvents that preferentially adsorb on the polymer and lead to both polymer swelling and collapse. Although a predominant focus in the literature has been placed on the role of polymer-cosolvent attractive interactions, our recent work has shown that excluded-volume interactions (repulsive interactions) can drive both preferential adsorption of the cosolvent and polymer collapse via a surfactant-like mechanism. Here, we further study the role of polymer-(co)solvent attractive interactions in two kinds of polymer solutions, namely, good solvent (water)-good cosolvent (alcohol) (GSGC) and poor solvent-good cosolvent (PSGC) solutions, both of which exhibit preferential adsorption of the cosolvent and a non-monotonic change in the polymer radius of gyration with the addition of the cosolvent. Interestingly, at low concentrations, the polymer-(co)solvent energetic interactions oppose polymer collapse in the GSGC solutions and contrarily support polymer collapse in the PSGC solutions, indicating the importance of the underlying polymer chemistry. Even though the alcohol molecules are preferentially adsorbed on the polymer, the trends of the energetic interactions at low cosolvent concentrations are dominated by the polymer-water energetic interactions in both the cases. Therefore, polymer-(co)solvent energetic interactions can either reinforce or compensate the surfactant-like mechanism, and it is this interplay that drives coil-to-globule transitions in polymer solutions. These results have implications for rationalizing the cononsolvency transitions in real systems such as polyacrylamides in aqueous alcohol solutions where the understanding of microscopic driving forces is still debatable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swaminath Bharadwaj
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Divya Nayar
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Cahit Dalgicdir
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nico F A van der Vegt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gao M, Du N, Yao Z, Li Y, Chen N, Hou W. Vesicle formation of single-chain amphiphilic 4-dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid in water and micelle-to-vesicle transition induced by wet-dry cycles. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2490-2499. [PMID: 33503106 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02229b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Simple single-chain amphiphiles (SCAs) can form vesicular structures in their single-component aqueous solutions, which has attracted great attention, but the understanding of their aggregation behavior is still limited. In this work, the aggregation behavior of 4-dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA), a typical simple SCA, in water was investigated. The structure and properties of the aggregates formed were determined. In particular, the effect of wet-dry cycles on the structures of aggregates was examined. The mechanisms of aggregate formation and structural transition were discussed. It was found that the increase of DBSA concentration can drive the occurrence of a micelle-to-vesicle transition, showing a critical micelle concentration and critical vesicle concentration of ∼0.53 and 2.14 mM, respectively. The vesicles formed coexist with micelles in solution, with a unilamellar structure and ∼80 nm size, and exhibit size-selective permeability. In addition, the vesicles show remarkable stability upon long-term storage, exposure to high temperature, and freeze-thaw cycles. The H-bonding interaction between DBSA species and the interdigitated structure of alkyl chains in bilayers play a key role in the formation and stability of DBSA vesicles. Interestingly, it was found that the wet-dry cycle can induce a micelle-to-vesicle transition and an obvious increase in the size of the original vesicles, accompanied by the formation of some multilamellar vesicles. This work provides a better understanding of the aggregation behavior of simple SCAs in their single-component aqueous solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid & Interface Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Na Du
- Key Laboratory of Colloid & Interface Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Zhiyin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid & Interface Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid & Interface Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Colloid & Interface Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Wanguo Hou
- Key Laboratory of Colloid & Interface Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China. and National Engineering Technology Research Center of Colloidal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yu Y, Brió Pérez M, Cao C, de Beer S. Switching (bio-) adhesion and friction in liquid by stimulus responsive polymer coatings. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
43
|
Fukumoto H, Ishihara K, Yusa SI. Thermo-Responsive Behavior of Mixed Aqueous Solution of Hydrophilic Polymer with Pendant Phosphorylcholine Group and Poly(Acrylic Acid). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13010148. [PMID: 33401453 PMCID: PMC7794920 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A mixed aqueous solution of hydrophilic poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) becomes cloudy under acidic conditions at room temperature. The pendant carboxylic acid groups in PAAc form hydrogen bonds with the ester and phosphate groups in PMPC. While the polymers aggregate under acidic conditions, neither one associate under basic conditions because of the deprotonation of the pendant carboxy groups in PAAc. We observed that the interpolymer complex formed from PMPC, and PAAc was dissociated in aqueous solutions with increasing temperature, which is an upper critical solution temperature behavior. With increasing temperature, the molecular motion increased to dissociate the interpolymer complex. The phase transition temperature increased with increasing polymer and salt concentrations, and with decreasing pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Fukumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Shin-Ichi Yusa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-79-267-4954; Fax: +81-79-266-8868
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tamura A, Ohashi M, Tonegawa A, Kang TW, Zhang S, Yui N. Effect of Alkyl Chain Length of Acylated α‐Cyclodextrin‐Threaded Polyrotaxanes on Thermoresponsive Phase Transition Behavior. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tamura
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 2‐3‐10 Kanda‐Surugadai Chiyoda Tokyo 101‐0062 Japan
| | - Moe Ohashi
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 2‐3‐10 Kanda‐Surugadai Chiyoda Tokyo 101‐0062 Japan
| | - Asato Tonegawa
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 2‐3‐10 Kanda‐Surugadai Chiyoda Tokyo 101‐0062 Japan
| | - Tae Woong Kang
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 2‐3‐10 Kanda‐Surugadai Chiyoda Tokyo 101‐0062 Japan
| | - Shunyao Zhang
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 2‐3‐10 Kanda‐Surugadai Chiyoda Tokyo 101‐0062 Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yui
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 2‐3‐10 Kanda‐Surugadai Chiyoda Tokyo 101‐0062 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bonyadi SZ, Demott CJ, Grunlan MA, Dunn AC. Cartilage-like tribological performance of charged double network hydrogels. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 114:104202. [PMID: 33243694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic hydrogel material may offer utility as a cartilage replacement if it is able to maintain low friction in different sliding environments and achieve bulk mechanical properties to withstand the severe environment of the joint. In this work, we compared the tribological behavior of four double network (DN) hydrogels to that of fresh porcine cartilage in both water and fetal bovine serum (FBS). The DN hydrogels were comprised of a negatively charged 1st network and a 2nd network wherein comonomers of varying charge (i.e. neutral, positive, negative, and zwitterionic) were introduced at 10 wt% to an otherwise neutral network. A steel ball probe was used to perform microindentation tests to determine the surface elastic modulus of the samples and estimate their contact areas during sliding. Friction tests using a stationary probe with a stage that reciprocated at a range of speeds were performed to develop lubrication curves in both water and FBS. We found that the DN hydrogels with a neutral or zwitterionic 2nd network had the lowest friction and shear stresses, notably below that of cartilage. The differences in charge and structure of the samples were more evident in water than in FBS, as the lubrication responses for all the hydrogels spanned a wider range of values. In FBS, the lubrication responses were pushed towards elasto-hydrodynamics with nearly all friction coefficient values falling below 0.3. This indicates that the FBS interacts with the hydrogels and cartilage samples in a similar manner as that of cartilage by maintaining a robust layer of solution at the interface during sliding. These DN hydrogels prove to fulfill, and in some cases surpass, the lubrication demands for cartilage replacement in load bearing joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Z Bonyadi
- Department of Mechanical Science & Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Connor J Demott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Melissa A Grunlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alison C Dunn
- Department of Mechanical Science & Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
A cosolvent surfactant mechanism affects polymer collapse in miscible good solvents. Commun Chem 2020; 3:165. [PMID: 36703319 PMCID: PMC9814688 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The coil-globule transition of aqueous polymers is of profound significance in understanding the structure and function of responsive soft matter. In particular, the remarkable effect of amphiphilic cosolvents (e.g., alcohols) that leads to both swelling and collapse of stimuli-responsive polymers has been hotly debated in the literature, often with contradictory mechanisms proposed. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we herein demonstrate that alcohols reduce the free energy cost of creating a repulsive polymer-solvent interface via a surfactant-like mechanism which surprisingly drives polymer collapse at low alcohol concentrations. This hitherto neglected role of interfacial solvation thermodynamics is common to all coil-globule transitions, and rationalizes the experimentally observed effects of higher alcohols and polymer molecular weight on the coil-to-globule transition of thermoresponsive polymers. Polymer-(co)solvent attractive interactions reinforce or compensate this mechanism and it is this interplay which drives polymer swelling or collapse.
Collapse
|
47
|
Decay behavior and stability of free radicals of silk fibroin with alkali/urea pretreatment induced by electron beam irradiation. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
48
|
Liu X, Hou Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W. Thermoresponsive Polymers of Poly(2-( N-alkylacrylamide)ethyl acetate)s. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2464. [PMID: 33114303 PMCID: PMC7690893 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoresponsive poly(2-(N-alkylacrylamide) ethyl acetate)s with different N-alkyl groups, including poly(2-(N-methylacrylamide) ethyl acetate) (PNMAAEA), poly(2-(N-ethylacrylamide) ethyl acetate) (PNEAAEA), and poly(2-(N-propylacrylamide) ethyl acetate) (PNPAAEA), as well as poly(N-acetoxylethylacrylamide) (PNAEAA), were synthesized by solution RAFT polymerization. Unexpectedly, it was found that there are induction periods in the RAFT polymerization of these monomers, and the induction time correlates with the length of the N-alkyl groups in the monomers and follows the order of NAEAA < NMAAEA < NEAAEA < NPAAEA. The solubility of poly(2-(N-alkylacrylamide) ethyl acetate)s in water is also firmly dependent on the length of the N-alkyl groups. PNPAAEA including the largest N-propyl group is insoluble in water, whereas PNMAAEA and PNEAAEA are thermoresponsive in water and undergo the reversible soluble-to-insoluble transition at a critical solution temperature. The cloud point temperature (Tcp) of the thermoresponsive polymers is in the order of PNEAAEA < PNAEAA < PNMAAEA. The parameters affecting the Tcp of thermoresponsive polymers, e.g., degree of polymerization (DP), polymer concentration, salt, urea, and phenol, are investigated. Thermoresponsive PNMAAEA-b-PNEAAEA block copolymer and PNMAAEA-co-PNEAAEA random copolymers with different PNMAAEA and/or PNEAAEA fractions are synthesized, and their thermoresponse is checked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China;
| | - Yuwen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China;
| | - Wangqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang K, Liu Q, Liu G, Zeng Y. Novel thermoresponsive homopolymers of poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) (acyloxy) methacrylate]s: LCST-type transition in water and UCST-type transition in alcohols. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
50
|
|