1
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Cao J, Yang S. Progress in perylene diimides for organic solar cell applications. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6966-6973. [PMID: 35424700 PMCID: PMC8982277 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper summarizes the application of PDI molecules in organic solar cells in recent years, detailing the strategies and approaches of molecular design and their application effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cao
- Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
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2
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Sadowski B, Kaliszewska M, Poronik YM, Czichy M, Janasik P, Banasiewicz M, Mierzwa D, Gadomski W, Lohrey TD, Clark JA, Łapkowski M, Kozankiewicz B, Vullev VI, Sobolewski AL, Piatkowski P, Gryko DT. Potent strategy towards strongly emissive nitroaromatics through a weakly electron-deficient core. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14039-14049. [PMID: 34760187 PMCID: PMC8565362 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03670j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroaromatics seldom fluoresce. The importance of electron-deficient (n-type) conjugates, however, has inspired a number of strategies for suppressing the emission-quenching effects of the strongly electron-withdrawing nitro group. Here, we demonstrate how such strategies yield fluorescent nitroaryl derivatives of dipyrrolonaphthyridinedione (DPND). Nitro groups near the DPND core quench its fluorescence. Conversely, nitro groups placed farther from the core allow some of the highest fluorescence quantum yields ever recorded for nitroaromatics. This strategy of preventing the known processes that compete with photoemission, however, leads to the emergence of unprecedented alternative mechanisms for fluorescence quenching, involving transitions to dark nπ* singlet states and aborted photochemistry. Forming nπ* triplet states from ππ* singlets is a classical pathway for fluorescence quenching. In nitro-DPNDs, however, these ππ* and nπ* excited states are both singlets, and they are common for nitroaryl conjugates. Understanding the excited-state dynamics of such nitroaromatics is crucial for designing strongly fluorescent electron-deficient conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Sadowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Marzena Kaliszewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Zwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Yevgen M Poronik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Małgorzata Czichy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology Strzody 9 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Patryk Janasik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology Strzody 9 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Marzena Banasiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Aleja Lotnikow 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Dominik Mierzwa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Wojciech Gadomski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Zwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Trevor D Lohrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, 420 Latimer Hall Berkeley CA USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA USA
| | - John A Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Mieczysław Łapkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology Strzody 9 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Bolesław Kozankiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Aleja Lotnikow 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Andrzej L Sobolewski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Aleja Lotnikow 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Piatkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Zwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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3
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Rybicka-Jasińska K, Espinoza EM, Clark JA, Derr JB, Carlos G, Morales M, Billones MK, O'Mari O, Ågren H, Baryshnikov GV, Vullev VI. Making Nitronaphthalene Fluoresce. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10295-10303. [PMID: 34653339 PMCID: PMC8800371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds are inherently nonfluorescent, and the subpicosecond lifetimes of the singlet excited states of many small nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as nitronaphthalenes, render them unfeasible for photosensitizers and photo-oxidants, despite their immensely beneficial reduction potentials. This article reports up to a 7000-fold increase in the singlet-excited-state lifetime of 1-nitronaphthalene upon attaching an amine or an N-amide to the ring lacking the nitro group. Varying the charge-transfer (CT) character of the excited states and the medium polarity balances the decay rates along the radiative and the two nonradiative pathways and can make these nitronaphthalene derivatives fluoresce. The strong electron-donating amine suppresses intersystem crossing (ISC) but accommodates CT pathways of nonradiate deactivation. Conversely, the N-amide does not induce a pronounced CT character but slows down ISC enough to achieve relatively long lifetimes of the singlet excited state. These paradigms are key for the pursuit of electron-deficient (n-type) organic conjugates with promising optical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - John A Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - James B Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Gregory Carlos
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Maryann Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mimi Karen Billones
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Omar O'Mari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Glib V Baryshnikov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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4
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Rehmat N, Kurganskii IV, Mahmood Z, Guan QL, Zhao J, Xing YH, Gurzadyan GG, Fedin MV. Spin-Orbit Charge-Transfer Intersystem Crossing in Anthracene-Perylenebisimide Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads and Triads and Photochemical Dianion Formation. Chemistry 2021; 27:5521-5535. [PMID: 33400310 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Perylenebisimide (PBI)-anthracene (AN) donor-acceptor dyads/triad were prepared to investigate spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). Molecular conformation was controlled by connecting PBI units to the 2- or 9-position of the AN moiety. Steady-state, time-resolved transient absorption and emission spectroscopy revealed that chromophore orientation, electronic coupling, and dihedral angle between donor and acceptor exert a significant effect on the photophysical property. The dyad PBI-9-AN with orthogonal geometry shows weak ground-state coupling and efficient intersystem crossing (ISC, ΦΔ =86 %) as compared with PBI-2-AN (ΦΔ =57 %), which has a more coplanar geometry. By nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, a long-lived PBI localized triplet state was observed (τT =139 μs). Time-resolved EPR spectroscopy demonstrated that the electron spin polarization pattern of the triplet state is sensitive to the geometry and number of AN units attached to PBI. Reversible and stepwise generation of near-IR-absorbing PBI radical anion (PBI-⋅ ) and dianion (PBI2- ) was observed on photoexcitation in the presence of triethanolamine, and it was confirmed that selective photoexcitation at the near-IR absorption bands of PBI.- is unable to produce PBI2- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Rehmat
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | | | - Zafar Mahmood
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Qing Lin Guan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road 850, Dalian, 116029, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yong Heng Xing
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road 850, Dalian, 116029, P. R. China
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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5
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Zubiria-Ulacia M, Matxain JM, Casanova D. The role of CT excitations in PDI aggregates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15908-15918. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02344b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Energies and couplings of local excitations and charge transfer states control the nature of singlets and triplets in PDI aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zubiria-Ulacia
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- 20018 Donostia
- Spain
- Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
- Euskadi
| | - Jon M. Matxain
- Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
- Euskadi
- Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- 20018 Donostia
- Spain
- IKERBASQUE
- Basque Foundation for Science
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6
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El-Khouly ME, El-Refaey A, Shaban SY, El-Hendawy MM. Intramolecular electron transfer of light harvesting perylene-pyrene supramolecular conjugate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1098-1107. [PMID: 29993078 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00134k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Electronic interactions between the cationic N,N'-bis(2(trimethylammonium iodide) ethylene)perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyldiimide (TAIPDI) with two electron donors, namely, pyrene (Py) and 1-pyrenesulfonic acid sodium salt (PySA), have been investigated. The spectroscopic studies showed the formation of the supramolecular conjugate between TAIPDI and PySA via ionic interaction, but not with Py. Density functional theory (DFT) combined with a natural energy decomposition analysis (NEDA) technique showed an S-like structure of the supramolecular conjugate TAIPDI-PySA via an ionic interaction. The formation constant of the TAIPDI-PySA supramolecular conjugate was determined to be 3.0 × 104 M-1, suggesting a fairly stable complex formation. The excited state events were monitored by both steady state and time-resolved emission techniques. Upon excitation, the quenching pathways via the singlet-excited states of TAIPDI and PySA involved the intramolecular electron transfer from the electron donating PySA to the electron accepting TAIPDI with a rate constant of 1.10 × 1011 s-1 and a quantum yield of 0.99. The thermodynamic parameters of the supramolecular TAIPDI-PySA conjugate have been determined using the stopped-flow technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El-Khouly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kaf El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt.
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7
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Hestand NJ, Spano FC. Expanded Theory of H- and J-Molecular Aggregates: The Effects of Vibronic Coupling and Intermolecular Charge Transfer. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7069-7163. [PMID: 29664617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 742] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic excited states of molecular aggregates and their photophysical signatures have long fascinated spectroscopists and theoreticians alike since the advent of Frenkel exciton theory almost 90 years ago. The influence of molecular packing on basic optical probes like absorption and photoluminescence was originally worked out by Kasha for aggregates dominated by Coulombic intermolecular interactions, eventually leading to the classification of J- and H-aggregates. This review outlines advances made in understanding the relationship between aggregate structure and photophysics when vibronic coupling and intermolecular charge transfer are incorporated. An assortment of packing geometries is considered from the humble molecular dimer to more exotic structures including linear and bent aggregates, two-dimensional herringbone and "HJ" aggregates, and chiral aggregates. The interplay between long-range Coulomb coupling and short-range charge-transfer-mediated coupling strongly depends on the aggregate architecture leading to a wide array of photophysical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hestand
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
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8
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Steyrleuthner R, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Kraffert F, Cherniawski BP, Bittl R, Briseno AL, Bredas JL, Behrends J. Impact of morphology on polaron delocalization in a semicrystalline conjugated polymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:3627-3639. [PMID: 28094360 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07485e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the delocalization of holes in the semicrystalline conjugated polymer poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophene-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT) by directly measuring the hyperfine coupling between photogenerated polarons and bound nuclear spins using electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy. An extrapolation of the corresponding oligomer spectra reveals that charges tend to delocalize over 4.0-4.8 nm with delocalization strongly dependent on molecular order and crystallinity of the PBTTT polymer thin films. Density functional theory calculations of hyperfine couplings confirm that long-range corrected functionals appropriately describe the change in coupling strength with increasing oligomer size and agree well with the experimentally measured polymer limit. Our discussion presents general guidelines illustrating the various pitfalls and opportunities when deducing polaron localization lengths from hyperfine coupling spectra of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Steyrleuthner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia and Department of Chemistry, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Conte Research Center, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Felix Kraffert
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Benjamin P Cherniawski
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Conte Research Center, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Robert Bittl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alejandro L Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Conte Research Center, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jan Behrends
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Cohen E, Weissman H, Pinkas I, Shimoni E, Rehak P, Král P, Rybtchinski B. Controlled Self-Assembly of Photofunctional Supramolecular Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2018; 12:317-326. [PMID: 29257866 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Designing supramolecular nanotubes (SNTs) with distinct dimensions and properties is highly desirable, yet challenging, since structural control strategies are lacking. Furthermore, relatively complex building blocks are often employed in SNT self-assembly. Here, we demonstrate that symmetric bolaamphiphiles having a hydrophobic core comprised of two perylene diimide moieties connected via a bipyridine linker and bearing polyethylene glycol (PEG) side chains can self-assemble into diverse molecular nanotubes. The structure of the nanotubes can be controlled by assembly conditions (solvent composition and temperature) and a PEG chain length. The resulting nanotubes differ both in diameter and cross section geometry, having widths of 3 nm (triangular-like cross-section), 4 nm (rectangular), and 5 nm (hexagonal). Molecular dynamics simulations provide insights into the stability of the tubular superstructures and their initial stages of self-assembly, revealing a key role of oligomerization via side-by-side aromatic interactions between bis-aromatic cores. Probing electronic and photonic properties of the nanotubes revealed extended electron delocalization and photoinduced charge separation that proceeds via symmetry breaking, a photofunction distinctly different from that of the fibers assembled from the same molecules. A high degree of structural control and insights into SNT self-assembly advance design approaches toward functional organic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Cohen
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Departments of Physics and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Haim Weissman
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Departments of Physics and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Departments of Physics and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Eyal Shimoni
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Departments of Physics and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Pavel Rehak
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Departments of Physics and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Departments of Physics and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Boris Rybtchinski
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Departments of Physics and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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10
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Meena S, Mohammad T, Dutta V, Jacob J. Design and synthesis of N-substituted perylene diimide based low band gap polymers for organic solar cell applications. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30468-30480. [PMID: 35546835 PMCID: PMC9085418 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05232h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report on the synthesis and device studies of a series of new copolymers containing N-substituted perylene dimide and dioctylfluorene units as part of the main backbone. A facile synthetic approach avoiding non-selective bromination was used to synthesize the monomer M1 by the reaction of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride with 2-amino-7-bromo-9,9-dioctylfluorene. The copolymers P1 and P2 were synthesized by Suzuki polycondensation of M1 with 2,2′-(9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluoren-2,7-diyl)bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane) M2 and 9-(heptadecan-9-yl)-2,7-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9H-carbazole M3, respectively. The copolymer P3 was synthesized by direct arylation polymerization of M1 with 4,7-bis(4-octylthiophen-2-yl)benzo[c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole M4. All the copolymers showed thermal stability greater than 380 °C as evidenced from thermogravimetric analysis. The copolymers exhibited a narrow optical band gap (1.80–2.08 eV) with their UV-visible absorption spectra extending up to the NIR region and they are found to be suitable for use in OSC applications. The molecular weights of the polymers P1–P3 were found to be in the range of 10.68 to 16.02 kg mol−1 as measured from GPC analysis. The surface morphology of the active layers based on P1/P2/P3:P3HT blend films was investigated by AFM and the rms values from height images range from 0.65 to 2.90 nm. The polymers were blended with P3HT to fabricate BHJ solar cells in three different weight ratios i.e. 1 : 1, 1.5 : 1 and 2 : 1 and the best power conversion efficiency was observed for the binary film of P3:P3HT blend device in a 1 : 1 weight ratio which reached up to 1.96% with a Voc of 0.55 V, Jsc of 10.12 mA cm−2 and FF of 34.63% which is among the highest reported for BHJ solar cells with N-substituted PDI based acceptors. Newly designed N-substituted perylene diimide based acceptor copolymers have been characterized and tested for organic solar cells with P3HT in different weight ratios.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Meena
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Tauheed Mohammad
- Photovoltaic Laboratory
- Centre for Energy Studies
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Viresh Dutta
- Photovoltaic Laboratory
- Centre for Energy Studies
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Josemon Jacob
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
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11
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Liu F, Hou T, Xu X, Sun L, Zhou J, Zhao X, Zhang S. Recent Advances in Nonfullerene Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuchuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech); 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech); 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xiangfei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech); 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Liya Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech); 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; Johns Hopkins University; 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech); 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
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12
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Roy K, Kayal S, Ravi Kumar V, Beeby A, Ariese F, Umapathy S. Understanding Ultrafast Dynamics of Conformation Specific Photo-Excitation: A Femtosecond Transient Absorption and Ultrafast Raman Loss Study. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6538-6546. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khokan Roy
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Surajit Kayal
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Venkatraman Ravi Kumar
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Andrew Beeby
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Freek Ariese
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- LaserLaB, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Siva Umapathy
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Department
of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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13
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Peeks MD, Tait CE, Neuhaus P, Fischer GM, Hoffmann M, Haver R, Cnossen A, Harmer JR, Timmel CR, Anderson HL. Electronic Delocalization in the Radical Cations of Porphyrin Oligomer Molecular Wires. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10461-10471. [PMID: 28678489 PMCID: PMC5543395 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The radical cations of a family of π-conjugated porphyrin arrays have been investigated: linear chains of N = 1-6 porphyrins, a 6-porphyrin nanoring and a 12-porphyrin nanotube. The radical cations were generated in solution by chemical and electrochemical oxidation, and probed by vis-NIR-IR and EPR spectroscopies. The cations exhibit strong NIR bands at ∼1000 nm and 2000-5000 nm, which shift to longer wavelength with increasing oligomer length. Analysis of the NIR and IR spectra indicates that the polaron is delocalized over 2-3 porphyrin units in the linear oligomers. Some of the IR vibrational bands are strongly intensified on oxidation, and Fano-type antiresonances are observed when activated vibrations overlap with electronic transitions. The solution-phase EPR spectra of the radical cations have Gaussian lineshapes with linewidths proportional to N-0.5, demonstrating that at room temperature the spin hops rapidly over the whole chain on the time scale of the hyperfine coupling (ca. 100 ns). Direct measurement of the hyperfine couplings through electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) in frozen solution (80 K) indicates distribution of the spin over 2-3 porphyrin units for all the oligomers, except the 12-porphyrin nanotube, in which the spin is spread over about 4-6 porphyrins. These experimental studies of linear and cyclic cations give a consistent picture, which is supported by DFT calculations and multiparabolic modeling with a reorganization energy of 1400-2000 cm-1 and coupling of 2000 cm-1 for charge transfer between neighboring sites, placing the system in the Robin-Day class III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Peeks
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia E Tait
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Patrik Neuhaus
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Georg M Fischer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Renée Haver
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Arjen Cnossen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey R Harmer
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane R Timmel
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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14
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Kumari P, Khawas K, Bera MK, Hazra S, Malik S, Kuila BK. Enhanced Charge Carrier Mobility and Tailored Luminescence of n-Type Organic Semiconductor through Block Copolymer Supramolecular Assembly. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kumari
- Centre for Applied Chemistry; Central University of Jharkhand; Brambe Ranchi 835205 Jharkhand India
| | - Koomkoom Khawas
- Centre for Applied Chemistry; Central University of Jharkhand; Brambe Ranchi 835205 Jharkhand India
| | - Manas Kumar Bera
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; 2A&2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Sunit Hazra
- Centre for Applied Chemistry; Central University of Jharkhand; Brambe Ranchi 835205 Jharkhand India
| | - Sudip Malik
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; 2A&2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Biplab Kumar Kuila
- Centre for Applied Chemistry; Central University of Jharkhand; Brambe Ranchi 835205 Jharkhand India
- Center for Excellence in Green and Efficient Energy Technology; Central University of Jharkhand; Brambe Ranchi 835205 Jharkhand India
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15
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16
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Schuster NJ, Paley DW, Jockusch S, Ng F, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C. Electron Delocalization in Perylene Diimide Helicenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel W. Paley
- Chemistry Department; Columbia University; New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Chemistry Department; Columbia University; New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Fay Ng
- Chemistry Department; Columbia University; New York NY 10027 USA
| | | | - Colin Nuckolls
- Chemistry Department; Columbia University; New York NY 10027 USA
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17
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Schuster NJ, Paley DW, Jockusch S, Ng F, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C. Electron Delocalization in Perylene Diimide Helicenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13519-13523. [PMID: 27717214 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report two new helicenes derived from the double fusion of an acene with two perylene diimide (PDI) subunits. These PDI-helicene homologs exhibit very different structural and electronic properties, despite differing by only a single ring in the link between the PDI units. The shorter inter-PDI link brings the two PDI subunits closer together, and this results in the collision of their respective π-electron clouds. This collision facilitates intramolecular through-space electronic delocalization when the PDI-helicene is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel W Paley
- Chemistry Department, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Chemistry Department, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Fay Ng
- Chemistry Department, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Colin Nuckolls
- Chemistry Department, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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18
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Myahkostupov M, Castellano FN. Tetrahedral rigid core antenna chromophores bearing bay-substituted perylenediimides. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Chen KY, Chang CW, Tsai HY. 1,6- and 1,7-Regioisomers of Highly Soluble Amino-Substituted Perylene Tetracarboxylic Dianhydrides: Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties. MATERIALS 2015; 8:4943-4960. [PMID: 28793483 PMCID: PMC5455523 DOI: 10.3390/ma8084943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1,6- and 1,7-regioisomers of diamino-substituted perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydrides (PTCDs) with different n-alkyl chain lengths (n = 6, 12 or 18) were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. These dyes are highly soluble in most organic solvents and even in nonpolar solvents, such as hexane. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the 1,6-diamino-substituted PTCDs (2a-2c) have been obtained in pure form. The regioisomers 1a-1c (1,7-) and 2a-2c (1,6-) exhibit significant differences in their optical characteristics. In addition to the longest wavelength absorption band at around 674 nm, 2a-2c exhibit another shoulder band at ca. 600 nm, and consequently, cover a large part of the visible region relative to those of 1a-1c. Upon excitation, 2a-2c also show larger dipole moment changes than those of 1a-1c; the dipole moments of all compounds have been estimated using Lippert-Mataga equation. Moreover, all the dyes show a unique charge transfer emission in the near-infrared region, of which the peak wavelengths exhibit strong solvatochromism. They all exhibit one irreversible one-electron oxidation and two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. Complementary density functional theory calculations performed on these chromophores are reported in order to rationalize their electronic structure and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kew-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Yang Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
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20
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Hasobe T, Ida K, Sakai H, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S. Coronenetetraimide-Centered Cruciform Pentamers Containing Multiporphyrin Units: Synthesis and Sequential Photoinduced Energy- and Electron-Transfer Dynamics. Chemistry 2015; 21:11196-205. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Takada T, Ido M, Ashida A, Nakamura M, Fujitsuka M, Kawai K, Majima T, Yamana K. Photocurrent Generation through Charge-Transfer Processes in Noncovalent Perylenediimide/DNA Complexes. Chemistry 2015; 21:6846-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Tsai HY, Chang CW, Lin CW, Chen KY. 1,6- and 1,7-Regioisomers of Dicyano-Substituted Perylene Bisimides: Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201400191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Rusen E, Mocanu A, Nistor LC, Hudhomme P, Diacon A. Anionic polymerization by an electron transfer process from a CdSe quantum dot–perylenediimide (PDI) system. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01865j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible physical interactions between CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and perylenediimide (PDI) derivatives have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Rusen
- University Politehnica of Bucharest
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science
- 011061 Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Alexandra Mocanu
- University Politehnica of Bucharest
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science
- 011061 Bucharest
- Romania
| | | | - Piétrick Hudhomme
- Université d'Angers
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- CNRS UMR 6200
- 49045 Angers
- France
| | - Aurel Diacon
- University Politehnica of Bucharest
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science
- 011061 Bucharest
- Romania
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24
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Highly Soluble Monoamino-Substituted Perylene Tetracarboxylic Dianhydrides: Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22642-22660. [PMID: 25493474 PMCID: PMC4284728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Three dialkylamino-substituted perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydrides with different n-alkyl chain lengths (n = 6, 12 or 18), 1a-1c, were synthesized under mild conditions in high yields and were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and high resolution mass spectroscopy. Their optical and electrochemical properties were measured using UV-Vis and emission spectroscopic techniques, as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV). This is the first time that the structures and the properties of monoamino-substituted perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydrides have been reported. These molecules show a deep green color in both solution and the solid state and are soluble in most organic solvents. They all show a unique charge transfer emission in the near-infrared region, and the associated peaks exhibit solvatochromism. The dipole moments of the compounds have been estimated using the Lippert-Mataga equation, and upon excitation, they show slightly larger dipole moment changes than those of corresponding perylene diimides, 2a-2c. Additionally, Compounds 1a-1c undergo two quasi-reversible one-electron oxidations and two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. Complementary density functional theory calculations performed on these chromophores are reported in order to gain more insight into their molecular structures and optical properties.
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25
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1,7-Bis-( N, N-dialkylamino)perylene Bisimides: Facile Synthesis and Characterization as Near-Infrared Fluorescent Dyes. MATERIALS 2014; 7:7548-7565. [PMID: 28788262 PMCID: PMC5512673 DOI: 10.3390/ma7117548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Three symmetric alkylamino-substituted perylene bisimides with different n-alkyl chain lengths (n = 6, 12, or 18), 1,7-bis-(N,N-dialkylamino)perylene bisimides (1a–1c), were synthesized under mild condition and were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and high resolution mass spectroscopy. Their optical and electrochemical properties were measured using UV-Vis and emission spectroscopic techniques as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV). These compounds show deep green color in both solution and solid state, and are highly soluble in dichloromethane and even in nonpolar solvents such as hexane. The shapes of the absorption spectra of 1a–1c in the solution and solid state were found to be almost the same, indicating that the long alkyl chains could efficiently prevent intermolecular contact and aggregation. They show a unique charge transfer emission in the near-infrared region, of which the peak wavelengths exhibit strong solvatochromism. The dipole moments of the molecules have been estimated using the Lippert–Mataga equation, and upon excitation, they show larger dipole moment changes than that of 1,7-diaminoperylene bisimide (2). Moreover, all the dyes exhibit two irreversible one-electron oxidations and two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. Complementary density functional theory calculations performed on these chromophores are reported in order to rationalize their electronic structure and optical properties.
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26
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Cho JW, Yoo H, Lee JE, Yan Q, Zhao D, Kim D. Intramolecular Interactions of Highly π-Conjugated Perylenediimide Oligomers Probed by Single-Molecule Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3895-3901. [PMID: 26278766 DOI: 10.1021/jz501765x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Highly π-conjugated perylenediimide (PDI) oligomers are promising low band gap organic materials for various applications in optoelectronics. In this work, individual fluorescence dynamics of ethynylene- and butadiynylene-bridged dimeric and trimeric PDIs (PEP, PBP, and PEPEP) were monitored and analyzed by single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy to gain information on the degree of extension of π-conjugation through the acetylene bridge in PDI multichromophores. The simultaneous measurements of fluorescence intensity, lifetime, and spectrum indicate a sequential decrease in π-conjugation upon photobleaching of PDI monomer units. Furthermore, Huang-Rhys (HR) factors, S, are obtained to evaluate the degree of electronic coupling in view of π-conjugation and overall rigidity between the PDI units in PDI oligomers at the single-molecule level. In addition, butadiynylene-bridged dimeric PDI (PBP) reveals conformational heterogeneity due to the long butadiynylene linker. These results suggest a new way to control the photophysical properties of the PDI multichromophoric system by expansion of π-conjugation and modification with different linker groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Cho
- †Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Hyejin Yoo
- †Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- †Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Qifan Yan
- ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongho Kim
- †Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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27
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Psutka KM, Bozek KJA, Maly KE. Synthesis and Mesomorphic Properties of Novel Dibenz[a,c]anthracenedicarboximides. Org Lett 2014; 16:5442-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502678m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Psutka
- Department
of Chemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Kevin J. A. Bozek
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kenneth E. Maly
- Department
of Chemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
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28
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Green Perylene Bisimide Dyes: Synthesis, Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties. MATERIALS 2014; 7:5488-5506. [PMID: 28788140 PMCID: PMC5456190 DOI: 10.3390/ma7085488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three asymmetric amino-substituted perylene bisimide dyes with different n-alkyl chain lengths (n = 6, 12, or 18), 1-(N,N-dialkylamino)perylene bisimides (1a-1c), were synthesized under mild condition in high yields and were characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), HRMS (High Resolution Mass Spectrometer), UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra, as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV). These molecules show intense green color in both solution and solid state and are highly soluble in dichloromethane and even in nonpolar solvents, such as hexane. The shapes of the absorption spectra of 1a-1c in solid state and in solution were found to be virtually the same, indicating that the long alkyl chains could efficiently prevent aggregation. They exhibit a unique charge transfer emission in the near-infrared region, of which the peak wavelengths show strong solvatochromism. The dipole moments of the compounds have been estimated using the Lippert-Mataga equation, and upon excitation, they show larger dipole moment changes than that of 1-aminoperylene bisimide (2). Furthermore, all of the compounds exhibit two quasi-reversible one-electron oxidations and two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. Complementary density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed on these dyes are reported in order to rationalize their molecular structures and electronic properties.
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29
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Wu Y, Frasconi M, Gardner DM, McGonigal PR, Schneebeli ST, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Electron delocalization in a rigid cofacial naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9476-81. [PMID: 25044761 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Investigating through-space electronic communication between discrete cofacially oriented aromatic π-systems is fundamental to understanding assemblies as diverse as double-stranded DNA, organic photovoltaics and thin-film transistors. A detailed understanding of the electronic interactions involved rests on making the appropriate molecular compounds with rigid covalent scaffolds and π-π distances in the range of ca. 3.5 Å. Reported herein is an enantiomeric pair of doubly-bridged naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) (NDI) cyclophanes and the characterization of four of their electronic states, namely 1) the ground state, 2) the exciton coupled singlet excited state, 3) the radical anion with strong through-space interactions between the redox-active NDI molecules, and 4) the diamagnetic diradical dianion using UV/Vis/NIR, EPR and ENDOR spectroscopies in addition to X-ray crystallography. Despite the unfavorable Coulombic repulsion, the singlet diradical dianion dimer of NDI shows a more pronounced intramolecular π-π stacking interaction when compared with its neutral analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Wu
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA); Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
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30
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Wu Y, Frasconi M, Gardner DM, McGonigal PR, Schneebeli ST, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Electron Delocalization in a Rigid Cofacial Naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) Dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Avestro AJ, Gardner DM, Vermeulen NA, Wilson EA, Schneebeli ST, Whalley AC, Belowich ME, Carmieli R, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Gated electron sharing within dynamic naphthalene diimide-based oligorotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4442-9. [PMID: 24623608 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The controlled self-assembly of well-defined and spatially ordered π-systems has attracted considerable interest because of their potential applications in organic electronics. An important contemporary pursuit relates to the investigation of charge transport across noncovalently coupled components in a stepwise fashion. Dynamic oligorotaxanes, prepared by template-directed methods, provide a scaffold for directing the construction of monodisperse one-dimensional assemblies in which the functional units communicate electronically through-space by way of π-orbital interactions. Reported herein is a series of oligorotaxanes containing one, two, three and four naphthalene diimide (NDI) redox-active units, which have been shown by cyclic voltammetry, and by EPR and ENDOR spectroscopies, to share electrons across the NDI stacks. Thermally driven motions between the neighboring NDI units in the oligorotaxanes influence the passage of electrons through the NDI stacks in a manner reminiscent of the conformationally gated charge transfer observed in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa-Jennifer Avestro
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems (CCIS) and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA) http://chemgroups.northwestern.edu/wasielewski http://stoddart.northwestern.edu
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32
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Avestro AJ, Gardner DM, Vermeulen NA, Wilson EA, Schneebeli ST, Whalley AC, Belowich ME, Carmieli R, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Gated Electron Sharing Within Dynamic Naphthalene Diimide-Based Oligorotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Chang CW, Tsai HY, Chen KY. 1,6-Dinitroperylene Bisimide Dyes: Synthesis, Characterization and Photophysical Properties. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Tsai HY, Chang CW, Chen KY. 1,6- and 1,7-regioisomers of dinitro- and diamino-substituted perylene bisimides: synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical properties. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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1,6- and 1,7-regioisomers of asymmetric and symmetric perylene bisimides: synthesis, characterization and optical properties. Molecules 2013; 19:327-41. [PMID: 24378971 PMCID: PMC6270995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1,6- and 1,7-regioisomers of dinitro- (1,6-A and 1,7-A) and diamino-substituted perylene bisimides (1,6-B and 1,7-B), and 1-amino-6-nitro- and 1-amino-7-nitroperylene bisimides (1,6-C and 1,7-C) were synthesized. The 1,6-A and 1,7-A regioisomers were successfully separated by high performance liquid chromatography and characterized by 500 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and subsequently, their reduction which afforded the corresponding diaminoperylene bisimides 1,6-B and 1,7-B, respectively. On the other hand, the monoreduction of 1,6-A and 1,7-A, giving the asymmetric 1-amino-6-nitro (1,6-C) and 1-amino-7-nitroperylene bisimides (1,7-C), respectively, can be performed by shortening the reaction time from 6 h to 1 h. This is the first time the asymmetric 1,6-disubstituted perylene bisimide 1,6-C is obtained in pure form. The photophysical properties of 1,6-A and 1,7-A were found to be almost the same. However, the regioisomers 1,6-C and 1,7-C, as well as 1,6-B and 1,7-B, exhibit significant differences in their optical characteristics. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations performed on these dyes are reported in order to rationalize their electronic structure and absorption spectra.
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Schneebeli ST, Frasconi M, Liu Z, Wu Y, Gardner DM, Strutt NL, Cheng C, Carmieli R, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Electron Sharing and Anion-π Recognition in Molecular Triangular Prisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13100-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Schneebeli ST, Frasconi M, Liu Z, Wu Y, Gardner DM, Strutt NL, Cheng C, Carmieli R, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Electron Sharing and Anion-π Recognition in Molecular Triangular Prisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Myahkostupov M, Prusakova V, Oblinsky DG, Scholes GD, Castellano FN. Structural Refinement of Ladder-Type Perylenediimide Dimers: A Classical Tale of Conformational Dynamics. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8634-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401348w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mykhaylo Myahkostupov
- Center for Photochemical
Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Valentina Prusakova
- Center for Photochemical
Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Daniel G. Oblinsky
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Optical Sciences, and Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Scholes
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Optical Sciences, and Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Center for Photochemical
Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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Pochas CM, Kistler KA, Yamagata H, Matsika S, Spano FC. Contrasting Photophysical Properties of Star-Shaped vs Linear Perylene Diimide Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3056-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3087449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Pochas
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania
State University, Brandywine Campus, Media, Pennsylvania 19063, United
States
| | - Kurt A. Kistler
- Department of Chemistry, Temple
University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Hajime Yamagata
- Department of Chemistry, Temple
University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Spiridoula Matsika
- Department of Chemistry, Temple
University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Frank C. Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple
University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Thorley KJ, Würthner F. Synthesis and Properties of a Covalently Linked Angular Perylene Imide Dimer. Org Lett 2012; 14:6190-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3029115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Thorley
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Yoo H, Furumaki S, Yang J, Lee JE, Chung H, Oba T, Kobayashi H, Rybtchinski B, Wilson TM, Wasielewski MR, Vacha M, Kim D. Excitonic Coupling in Linear and Trefoil Trimer Perylenediimide Molecules Probed by Single-Molecule Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12878-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jp307394x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Shu Furumaki
- Department of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Jaesung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Heejae Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Tatsuya Oba
- Department of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Boris Rybtchinski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Thea M. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Martin Vacha
- Department of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Rajaram S, Shivanna R, Kandappa SK, Narayan KS. Nonplanar Perylene Diimides as Potential Alternatives to Fullerenes in Organic Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:2405-2408. [PMID: 26292123 DOI: 10.1021/jz301047d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perylene diimides (PDIs) are attractive alternatives to fullerenes as electron transporters because of their optoelectronic properties, durability, and ease of synthesis. Belying this promise, devices that utilize PDIs as electron acceptors have low efficiencies. The primary deficiency in such cells is the low short circuit current density (JSC), which is traceable to the crystallinity of PDIs. Therefore, disrupting the crystallinity without adversely impacting the charge-transfer properties of PDIs is proposed as an important design principle. This has been achieved using a nonplanar perylene. In combination with a hole transporting polymer, a device efficiency of 2.77% has been achieved. A 10-fold increase in JSC is observed in comparison with a planar PDI, resulting in one of the highest JSC values for a solution processed device featuring a PDI. Indeed, this is one of the highest efficiencies for devices featuring a nonfullerene as the electron transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Rajaram
- †International Centre for Materials Science and ‡Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravichandran Shivanna
- †International Centre for Materials Science and ‡Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- †International Centre for Materials Science and ‡Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - K S Narayan
- †International Centre for Materials Science and ‡Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
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Diacon A, Mocanu A, Boscornea C, Hudhomme P. Monomer type emission of perylenediimide derivatives doped polymer particles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Biedermann F, Elmalem E, Ghosh I, Nau WM, Scherman OA. Strongly Fluorescent, Switchable Perylene Bis(diimide) Host-Guest Complexes with Cucurbit[8]uril In Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7739-43. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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45
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Biedermann F, Elmalem E, Ghosh I, Nau WM, Scherman OA. Strongly Fluorescent, Switchable Perylene Bis(diimide) Host-Guest Complexes with Cucurbit[8]uril In Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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46
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Plugge M, Alain-Rizzo V, Audebert P, Brouwer AM. Excited state dynamics of 3,6-diaryl-1,2,4,5-tetrazines. Experimental and theoretical studies. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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47
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Ishihara Y, Kimura S. Peptide nanotube composed of cyclic tetra-β-peptide having polydiacetylene. Biopolymers 2012; 98:155-60. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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48
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Gao F, Zhao Y, Liang W. Vibronic Spectra of Perylene Bisimide Oligomers: Effects of Intermolecular Charge-Transfer Excitation and Conformational Flexibility. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:2699-708. [DOI: 10.1021/jp107449v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale, and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - WanZhen Liang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale, and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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Cornelis D, Franz E, Asselberghs I, Clays K, Verbiest T, Koeckelberghs G. Interchromophoric Interactions in Chiral X-type π-Conjugated Oligomers: A Linear and Nonlinear Optical Study. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:1317-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ja104978t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Cornelis
- Laboratory for Molecular Electronics and Photonics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan †200F, ‡200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edith Franz
- Laboratory for Molecular Electronics and Photonics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan †200F, ‡200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Asselberghs
- Laboratory for Molecular Electronics and Photonics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan †200F, ‡200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Clays
- Laboratory for Molecular Electronics and Photonics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan †200F, ‡200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry Verbiest
- Laboratory for Molecular Electronics and Photonics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan †200F, ‡200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Molecular Electronics and Photonics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan †200F, ‡200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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50
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Wang L, Xu L, Neoh KG, Kang ET. Water-soluble highly fluorescent poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] for cell labeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04052e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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