1
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Yang Y, Zhang H, Deng Y, Kong X, Wang Y. Ion exchange in semiconductor magic-size clusters. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:17230-17247. [PMID: 39219401 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02769h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
As a crucial post-synthesis method, ion exchange allows for precise control over the composition, interface, and morphology of nanocrystals at the atomic scale, achieving material properties that are difficult to obtain with traditional synthesis techniques. In nanomaterial science, semiconductor magic-size clusters (MSCs), with their atomic-level precision and unique quantum confinement effects, serve as a bridge between molecules and nanocrystals. Despite this, research on ion exchange in MSCs is still in its infancy. This review introduces the principles of ion exchange and reactions in colloidal nanocrystals and MSCs, analyzing the importance and challenges of ion exchange in studying MSCs. This paper begins with a focus on the current research progress of cation and anion exchange in II-VI and III-V semiconductor MSCs. Then, the common methods for characterizing MSCs during the ion exchange process are discussed. Finally, the article envisions future research directions based on MSCs' ion exchange. Research on MSCs' ion exchange not only aids in designing MSCs with complex functionalities, but also plays an essential role in elucidating the ion exchange mechanisms in nanocrystals, providing new insights for the innovative design and synthesis of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Haoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yalei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xinke Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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2
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Liu H, Chen W, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhou J, Liu E, Dai S, Wang A. Fluorescence immunochromatographic detection of antibodies to the p72 protein of African swine fever virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:134852. [PMID: 39159796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV), a highly contagious pathogen responsible for African swine fever (ASF), causes significant economic losses in the global pork industry. Due to its large and complex structure, ASFV remains refractory to commercial vaccine development, necessitating the creation of rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tools for disease control. In this study, quantum dots were conjugated to ASFV p72 protein to establish a fluorescent immunochromatographic assay for detecting ASFV-specific antibodies. The assay test strips contained four adjacent pads arranged sequentially: a sample-application pad, a pad containing mobile antigen-probe conjugate, a nitrocellulose readout pad featuring a test line containing immobilised staphylococcal protein A and a control line containing immobilised monoclonal antibodies against the ASFV p72 protein, and an absorbent pad driving the directional flow of liquid via capillary action. The resulting fluorescence immunochromatographic assay demonstrated highly sensitive and specific ASFV antibody detection in under 15 min. Specificity testing showed no cross-reactivity with serum antibodies against other viruses and sensitivity surpassing that of commercial ASFV antibody colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips. This novel approach offers rapid detection, excellent specificity, and high sensitivity, and supports the future development of fluorescent immunochromatographic test strips for ASFV antibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Enping Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuxia Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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3
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Chen Z, Russo SP, Mulvaney P. A General Nucleation Model for Semiconductor Nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21600-21611. [PMID: 39052081 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
We introduce a nonclassical model for nanocrystal nucleation in solution which centers on the dynamic interplay of chemical bond breakage and formation coupled with the desolvation of precursor molecules, which we term the molecular chemistry (MC) model. Departing from classical theory, our model employs the bond count as the key variable rather than particle size, thereby redefining the role of supersaturation and its role in determining the so-called critical nucleus size. We apply the model to CdSe nanocrystal formation in nonpolar solvents and showcase its efficacy in predicting solvent dynamics, precursor characteristics, crystal phase, stoichiometry, "magic number" behavior, and transition states. While the coupled-cluster method is used to determine the bond energy, we show that it is possible to derive reaction pathways by reducing the calculations to algebraic approximations for the nucleation energy. This singular set of bond energy parameters allows nanocrystal nucleation and growth to be conceptualized as a straightforward chemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Salvy P Russo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Paul Mulvaney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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4
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Xue J, Wang S, Wang Z, Luan C, Li Y, Chen X, Yu K. Pathway of Room-Temperature Formation of CdSeS Magic-Size Clusters from Mixtures of CdSe and CdS Samples. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2402121. [PMID: 38634202 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The synthetic application of prenucleation-stage samples of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is in its infancy. It is shown that when two prenucleation-stage samples of binary CdSe and CdS are mixed, ternary CdSeS magic-size clusters (MSCs) grow at room temperature in dispersion. As the amount of the CdS sample increases, the optical absorption of the CdSeS MSCs blueshifts from ≈380 to ≈360 nm. It is proposed that the cluster in the CdSe sample reacts with the CdS monomer from the CdS sample. The monomer substitution reaction of CdSe by CdS can proceed continuously; thus, CdSeS MSCs with tunable compositions are obtained. The present study provides compelling evidence that clusters formed in the prenucleation stage of QDs. The clusters are precursor compounds (PCs) of MSCs, transforming at room temperature with the thermoneutrality principle of isodesmic reactions. The nucleation and growth of QDs follows a multi-step non-classical instead of one-step classical nucleation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xue
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
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5
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Endres EJ, Bairan Espano JR, Koziel A, Peng AR, Shults AA, Macdonald JE. Controlling Phase in Colloidal Synthesis. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2024; 4:158-175. [PMID: 38912287 PMCID: PMC11191733 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
A fundamental precept of chemistry is that properties are manifestations of the elements present and their arrangement in space. Controlling the arrangement of atoms in nanocrystals is not well understood in nanocrystal synthesis, especially in the transition metal chalcogenides and pnictides, which have rich phase spaces. This Perspective will cover some of the recent advances and current challenges. The perspective includes introductions to challenges particular to chalcogenide and pnictide chemistry, the often-convoluted roles of bond dissociation energies and mechanisms by which precursors break down, using very organized methods to map the synthetic phase space, a discussion of polytype control, and challenges in characterization, especially for solving novel structures on the nanoscale and time-resolved studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Janet E. Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt
University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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6
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Hu J, Yang Y, Shen Q, Wang S, Chen X, Luan C, Yu K. Room-Temperature Formation of CdTeSe Magic-Size Clusters from Oleate-Capped CdTe Precursor Compounds via CdSe Monomer Substitution. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11487-11493. [PMID: 38833379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
We report the first room-temperature synthesis of ternary CdTeSe magic-size clusters (MSCs) that have mainly the surface ligand oleate (OA). The MSCs display sharp optical absorption peaking at ∼399 nm and are thus referred to as MSC-399. They are made from prenucleation-stage samples of binary CdTe and CdSe, which are prepared by two reactions in 1-octadecene (ODE) of cadmium oleate (Cd(OA)2) and tri-n-octylphosphine chalcogenide (ETOP, E = Te and Se) at 25 °C for 120 min and 80 °C for 15 min, respectively. When the two binary samples are mixed at room temperature and dispersed in a mixture of toluene (Tol) and octylamine (OTA), the CdTeSe MSC-399 develops. Also, when the CdSe sample is added to CdTe MSC-371 in a dispersion, the transformation from CdTe MSC-371 to CdTeSe MSC-399 is seen. We propose that the MSCs develop from their precursor compounds (PCs) that are relatively transparent in optical absorption, such as CdTeSe MSC-399 from CdTeSe PC-399 and CdTe MSC-371 from CdTe PC-371. The formation of CdTeSe PC-399 undergoes monomer substitution and not anion exchange, which is the reaction of CdTe PC-371 and the CdSe monomer to produce CdTeSe PC-399 and the CdTe monomer. Our study provides evidence of monomer substitution for the transformation from binary CdTe to ternary CdTeSe PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yusha Yang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiu Shen
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
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7
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Calvin JJ, Brewer AS, Crook MF, Kaufman TM, Alivisatos AP. Observation of negative surface and interface energies of quantum dots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307633121. [PMID: 38648471 PMCID: PMC11067453 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307633121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Surface energy is a fundamental property of materials and is particularly important in describing nanomaterials where atoms or molecules at the surface constitute a large fraction of the material. Traditionally, surface energy is considered to be a positive quantity, where atoms or molecules at the surface are less thermodynamically stable than their counterparts in the interior of the material because they have fewer bonds or interactions at the surface. Using calorimetric methods, we show that the surface energy is negative in some prototypical colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots with organic ligand coatings. This implies that the surface atoms are more thermodynamically stable than those on the interior due to the strong bonds between these atoms and surfactant molecules, or ligands, that coat their surface. In addition, we extend this work to core/shell indium phosphide/zinc sulfide nanocrystals and show that the interfacial energy between these materials is highly thermodynamically favorable in spite of their large lattice mismatch. This work challenges many of the assumptions that have guided thinking about colloidal nanomaterial thermodynamics, investigates the fundamental stability of many technologically relevant colloidal nanomaterials, and paves the way for future experimental and theoretical work on nanocrystal thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. Calvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Material Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Amanda S. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Material Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Michelle F. Crook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Material Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Tierni M. Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - A. Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Material Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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8
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Pun AB, Lyons AJ, Norris DJ. Silver-doped CdSe magic-sized nanocrystals. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:154711. [PMID: 38634492 DOI: 10.1063/5.0201417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Magic-sized nanocrystals (MSNCs) grow via jumps between very specific sizes. This discrete growth is a possible avenue toward monodisperse nanomaterials that are completely identical in size and shape. In spite of this potential, MSNCs have seen limited study and application due to their poor optical properties. Specifically, MSNCs are limited in their range of emission wavelengths and commonly exhibit poor photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs). Here, we report silver doping of CdSe MSNCs as a strategy to improve the optical properties of MSNCs. Silver doping leads to controllable shifts in emission wavelength and significant increases in MSNC PLQYs. These results suggest that doped MSNCs are interesting candidates for displays or luminescent solar concentrators. Finally, we demonstrate that the doping process does not affect the magic size of our MSNCs, allowing further photophysical study of this class of nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Pun
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra J Lyons
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David J Norris
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Sandeno S, Krajewski SM, Beck RA, Kaminsky W, Li X, Cossairt BM. Synthesis and Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Structure of an Indium Arsenide Nanocluster. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:744-751. [PMID: 38559306 PMCID: PMC10979481 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of magic-sized clusters as intermediates in the synthesis of colloidal quantum dots has allowed for insight into formation pathways and provided atomically precise molecular platforms for studying the structure and surface chemistry of those materials. The synthesis of monodisperse InAs quantum dots has been developed through the use of indium carboxylate and As(SiMe3)3 as precursors and documented to proceed through the formation of magic-sized intermediates. Herein, we report the synthesis, isolation, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure of an InAs nanocluster that is ubiquitous across reports of InAs quantum dot synthesis. The structure, In26As18(O2CR)24(PR'3)3, differs substantially from previously reported semiconductor nanocluster structures even within the III-V family. However, it can be structurally linked to III-V and II-VI cluster structures through the anion sublattice. Further analysis using variable temperature absorbance spectroscopy and support from computation deepen our understanding of the reported structure and InAs nanomaterials as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren
F. Sandeno
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United
States
| | - Sebastian M. Krajewski
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United
States
| | - Ryan A. Beck
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United
States
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United
States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United
States
| | - Brandi M. Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United
States
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10
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Wang Y, Huang Y, Yi H, Li Y, Jiang J, Li Z. Ligand-Induced Divergent Evolution of ZnSe Magic Sized Clusters. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:928-933. [PMID: 38157444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Alkylamine ligand-induced evolutions of ZnSe magic sized clusters (MSCs) toward divergent products have been discovered for the first time. With correspondingly assigned molecular structures, the same ZnSe MSC was found to undergo either single-atom growth or dissolution through the elaborate tailoring of alkylamine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Haoyu Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Jianhui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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11
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Ripberger HH, Schnitzenbaumer KJ, Nguyen LK, Ladd DM, Levine KR, Dayton DG, Toney MF, Cossairt BM. Navigating the Potential Energy Surface of CdSe Magic-Sized Clusters: Synthesis and Interconversion of Atomically Precise Nanocrystal Polymorphs. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27480-27492. [PMID: 38061033 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Magic-sized clusters (MSCs) are kinetically stable, atomically precise intermediates along the quantum dot (QD) reaction potential energy surface. Literature precedent establishes two classes of cadmium selenide MSCs with QD-like inorganic cores: one class is proposed to be cation-rich with a zincblende crystal structure, while the other is proposed to be stoichiometric with a "wurtzite-like" core. However, the wide range of synthetic protocols used to access MSCs has made direct comparisons of their structure and surface chemistry difficult. Furthermore, the physical and chemical relationships between MSC polymorphs are yet to be established. Here, we demonstrate that both cation-rich and stoichiometric CdSe MSCs can be synthesized from identical reagents and can be interconverted through the addition of either excess cadmium or selenium precursor. The structural and compositional differences between these two polymorphs are contrasted using a combination of 1H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and UV-vis transient absorption spectroscopy. The subsequent polymorph interconversion reactions are monitored by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, with evidence for an altered cluster atomic structure observed by powder XRD and PDF analysis. This work helps to simplify the complex picture of the CdSe nanocrystal landscape and provides a method to explore structure-property relationships in colloidal semiconductors through atomically precise synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter H Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Kyle J Schnitzenbaumer
- Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-1797, United States
| | - Lily K Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Dylan M Ladd
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kelsey R Levine
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Damara G Dayton
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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12
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Todd CF, Zhang JZ. Novel Chiral CsPbBr 3 Metal Halide Perovskite Magic-Sized Clusters and Metal Halide Molecular Clusters with Achiral Ligands. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10630-10633. [PMID: 37983016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized inherently chiral cesium lead halide perovskite magic-sized clusters (PMSCs) and ligand-assisted metal halide molecular clusters (MHMCs) using the achiral ligands octanoic acid (OCA) and octylamine (OCAm). UV-vis electronic absorption was used to confirm characteristic absorption bands while circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was utilized to determine their chiroptical activity in the 412-419 and 395-405 nm regions, respectively. In contrast, the larger sized counterpart of PMSCs, namely, perovskite quantum dots (PQDs), do not show chirality. The inherent chirality of the clusters is tentatively attributed to a twisted chiral layered structure, defect-induced chiral structure, or twisted Pb-Br octahedra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia F Todd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Jin Z Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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13
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Zhou X, Li J, Qian X, Zhu J, Kong X, Peng X. Selective Formation of Monodisperse Right Trigonal-Bipyramidal and Cube-Shaped CdSe Nanocrystals: Stacking Faults and Facet-Ligand Pairing. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23238-23248. [PMID: 37830933 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Formation of monodisperse right trigonal-bipyramidal (rTriBP) and cube-shaped CdSe nanocrystals─both being encased with six (100) facets─is found to be dictated by type of stacking faults along the (111) direction of the zinc-blende structure and an ideal facet-ligand pairing for the (100) facets. During growth with little kinetic overdriving, seeds with single twin boundary (TB) and single intrinsic stacking fault (ISF) grow into rTriBP and cube-shaped nanocrystals, respectively, through two consecutive stages. During the facet-formation stage, each seed would grow rapidly into the smallest faceted one to contain the ∼3 nm seed, with cube-shaped ones growing much faster than rTriBP ones because of the stacking-fault-dependent seed location in the final faceted nanocrystals. In the following facet-growth stage, cube-shaped nanocrystals also grow faster, presumably due to the highly reactive stacking fault edges. Consistent with this hypothesis, growth of rTriBP nanocrystals can become faster than that of cube-shaped ones by intentionally introducing additional intrinsic stacking fault(s) in the seeds. Cube-shaped and rTriBP CdSe nanocrystals exhibit distinctive optical properties, representing two classes of optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionglin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiongzhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xudong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xueqian Kong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaogang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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14
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Wang T, Wang Z, Wang S, Chen X, Luan C, Yu K. Thermally-Induced Isomerization of Prenucleation Clusters During the Prenucleation Stage of CdTe Quantum Dots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310234. [PMID: 37581340 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of prenucleation clusters in the prenucleation stage of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) has remained unexplored. With CdTe as a model system, we show that substances form and isomerize prior to the nucleation and growth of QDs. Called precursor compounds (PCs), the prenucleation clusters are relatively optically transparent and can transform to absorbing magic-size clusters (MSCs). When a prenucleation-stage sample at 25, 45, or 80 °C is dispersed in a mixture of cyclohexane (CH) and octylamine (OTA) at room temperature, either MSC-371, MSC-417, or MSC-448 evolves with absorption peaking at 371, 417, or 448 nm, respectively. We propose that PC-371 forms at 25 °C, and isomerizes to PC-417 at 45 °C and to PC-448 at 80 °C. The PCs and MSCs are quasi isomers. Relatively large and small amounts of OTA favor PC-371 and PC-448 in dispersion, respectively. The present findings suggest the existence of PC-to-PC isomerization in the QD prenucleation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghui Wang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Shanling Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Tissue-orientated Property of Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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15
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Mazzotti S, Mule AS, Pun AB, Held JT, Norris DJ. Growth Synchronization and Size Control in Magic-Sized Semiconductor Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37449816 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
"Magic-sized" nanocrystals (MSNCs) grow in discrete jumps between a series of specific sizes. Consequently, MSNCs have been explored as an alternative route to uniform semiconductor particles, potentially with atomic precision. However, because the growth mechanism has been poorly understood, the best strategies to control MSNC syntheses and obtain desired sizes are unknown. Experiments have found that common parameters, such as growth time and temperature, have limited utility. Here, we theoretically and experimentally investigate reactant supersaturation as a tool to control MSNC growth. We compare direct synthesis of CdSe MSNCs with ripening of isolated MSNCs or their mixtures. Surprisingly, we find that MSNCs readily synchronize to the same growth trajectory, even starting from distinct initial conditions, explaining the robustness of MSNC growth. Further, by understanding the synchronization mechanism, we demonstrate methods to control the final MSNC size. These results deepen our knowledge of MSNCs and indicate strategies to tailor their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Mazzotti
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aniket S Mule
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew B Pun
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacob T Held
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David J Norris
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Nguyen HA, Dixon G, Dou FY, Gallagher S, Gibbs S, Ladd DM, Marino E, Ondry JC, Shanahan JP, Vasileiadou ES, Barlow S, Gamelin DR, Ginger DS, Jonas DM, Kanatzidis MG, Marder SR, Morton D, Murray CB, Owen JS, Talapin DV, Toney MF, Cossairt BM. Design Rules for Obtaining Narrow Luminescence from Semiconductors Made in Solution. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37311205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed semiconductors are in demand for present and next-generation optoelectronic technologies ranging from displays to quantum light sources because of their scalability and ease of integration into devices with diverse form factors. One of the central requirements for semiconductors used in these applications is a narrow photoluminescence (PL) line width. Narrow emission line widths are needed to ensure both color and single-photon purity, raising the question of what design rules are needed to obtain narrow emission from semiconductors made in solution. In this review, we first examine the requirements for colloidal emitters for a variety of applications including light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, lasers, and quantum information science. Next, we will delve into the sources of spectral broadening, including "homogeneous" broadening from dynamical broadening mechanisms in single-particle spectra, heterogeneous broadening from static structural differences in ensemble spectra, and spectral diffusion. Then, we compare the current state of the art in terms of emission line width for a variety of colloidal materials including II-VI quantum dots (QDs) and nanoplatelets, III-V QDs, alloyed QDs, metal-halide perovskites including nanocrystals and 2D structures, doped nanocrystals, and, finally, as a point of comparison, organic molecules. We end with some conclusions and connections, including an outline of promising paths forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Grant Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Florence Y Dou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Shaun Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Stephen Gibbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Dylan M Ladd
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Emanuele Marino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Justin C Ondry
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - James P Shanahan
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Eugenia S Vasileiadou
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Daniel R Gamelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - David M Jonas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Daniel Morton
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher B Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jonathan S Owen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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17
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Lee K, Deng G, Bootharaju MS, Hyeon T. Synthesis, Assembly, and Applications of Magic-Sized Semiconductor (CdSe) 13 Cluster. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:1118-1127. [PMID: 37079799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAtomically precise metal chalcogenide clusters (MCCs) are model molecular compounds of scientifically and technologically important semiconductor nanocrystals, which are known as quantum dots (QDs). The significantly high ambient stability of MCCs of particular sizes, as compared to that of slightly smaller or larger sizes, made them be termed "magic-sized clusters" (MSCs). In other words, MSCs with specific sizes between sizes of precursors (typically, metal-ligand complexes) and nanocrystals (typically, QDs) appear sequentially during the colloidal synthesis of nanocrystals, while the other cluster species decompose to precursor monomers or are consumed during the growth of the nanocrystals. Unlike nanocrystals with an ambiguous atomic-level structure and a substantial size distribution, MSCs possess atomically monodisperse size, composition, and distinct atomic arrangement. Chemical synthesis and exploration of properties of MSCs are of great significance since they help systematically understand the evolution of fundamental properties as well as build structure-activity relationships at distinct molecular levels. Furthermore, MSCs are anticipated to offer atomic-level insights into the growth mechanism of the semiconductor nanocrystals, which is highly desirable in the design of advanced materials with new functions. In this Account, we cover our recent efforts in the advancement of one of the most important stoichiometric CdSe MSCs, (CdSe)13. In particular, we present its molecular structure derived from a single crystal X-ray crystallographic study of the closest MSC, Cd14Se13. The crystal structure of MSC enables not only the understanding of the electronic structure and prediction of the potential sites for heteroatom dopants (e.g., Mn2+ and Co2+) but also the identification of favorable synthetic conditions for the selective synthesis of desired MSCs. Next, we focus on enhancing the photoluminescence quantum yield and stability of Mn2+ doped (CdSe)13 MSCs through their self-assembly, which is facilitated by the rigid diamines. In addition, we show how atomic-level synergistic effects and functional groups of the assemblies of alloy MSCs can be utilized for a highly enhanced catalytic CO2 fixation with epoxides. Benefiting from the intermediate stability, the MSCs are explored as single-source precursors to low-dimensional nanostructures, such as nanoribbons and nanoplatelets, through the controlled transformation. Distinct differences in the outcome of the solid-state and colloidal-state conversion of MSCs suggest the need for careful consideration of the phase and reactivity of MSCs as well as the type of dopant to achieve novel structured multicomponent semiconductors. Finally, we summarize the Account and provide future perspectives on the fundamental and applied scientific research of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjae Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Guocheng Deng
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Megalamane S Bootharaju
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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18
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Yang Y, Shen Q, Zhang C, Rowell N, Zhang M, Chen X, Luan C, Yu K. Direct and Indirect Pathways of CdTeSe Magic-Size Cluster Isomerization Induced by Surface Ligands at Room Temperature. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:519-530. [PMID: 36968545 PMCID: PMC10037450 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The field of isomerization reactions for colloidal semiconductor magic-size clusters (MSCs) remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that MSCs isomerize via two fundamental pathways that are regulated by the acidity and amount of an incoming ligand, with CdTeSe as the model system. When MSC-399 isomerizes to MSC-422 at room temperature, the peak red-shift from 399 to 422 nm is continuous (pathway 1) and/or stepwise (pathway 2) as monitored in situ and in real time by optical absorption spectroscopy. We propose that pathway 1 is direct, with intracluster configuration changes and a relatively large energy barrier. Pathway 2 is indirect, assisted by the MSC precursor compounds (PCs), from MSC-399 to PC-399 to PC-422 to MSC-422. Pathway 1 is activated when PC-422 to MSC-422 is suppressed. Our findings unambiguously suggest that when a change occurs directly on a nanospecies, its absorption peak continuously shifts. The present study provides an in-depth understanding of the transformative behavior of MSCs via ligand-induced isomerization upon external chemical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Yang
- Engineering
Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiu Shen
- Engineering
Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Analytical
& Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- Metrology
Research Centre, National Research Council
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Engineering
Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- Laboratory
of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering
Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
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19
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Weatherspoon H, Peters B. Broken bond models, magic-sized clusters, and nucleation theory in nanoparticle synthesis. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114306. [PMID: 36948834 DOI: 10.1063/5.0132601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Magic clusters are metastable faceted nanoparticles that are thought to be important and, sometimes, observable intermediates in the nucleation of certain faceted crystallites. This work develops a broken bond model for spheres with a face-centered-cubic packing that form tetrahedral magic clusters. With just one bond strength parameter, statistical thermodynamics yield a chemical potential driving force, an interfacial free energy, and free energy vs magic cluster size. These properties exactly correspond to those from a previous model by Mule et al. [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 2037 (2021)]. Interestingly, a Tolman length emerges (for both models) when the interfacial area, density, and volume are treated consistently. To describe the kinetic barriers between magic cluster sizes, Mule et al. invoked an energy parameter to penalize the two-dimensional nucleation and growth of new layers in each facet of the tetrahedra. According to the broken bond model, barriers between magic clusters are insignificant without the additional edge energy penalty. We estimate the overall nucleation rate without predicting the rates of formation for intermediate magic clusters by using the Becker-Döring equations. Our results provide a blueprint for constructing free energy models and rate theories for nucleation via magic clusters starting from only atomic-scale interactions and geometric considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Weatherspoon
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Baron Peters
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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20
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Pandit S, Phalswal P, Khanna PK. Magic Size ZnSe Nanoclusters: Synthesis and their Potential. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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21
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Kapuria N, Imtiaz S, Sankaran A, Geaney H, Kennedy T, Singh S, Ryan KM. Multipod Bi(Cu 2-xS) n Nanocrystals formed by Dynamic Cation-Ligand Complexation and Their Use as Anodes for Potassium-Ion Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:10120-10127. [PMID: 36472631 PMCID: PMC9801429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation of an intermediate lamellar Cu-thiolate complex, and tuning its relative stability using alkylphosphonic acids are crucial to enabling controlled heteronucleation to form Bi(Cu2-xS)n heterostructures with a tunable number of Cu2-xS stems on a Bi core. The denticity of the phosphonic acid group, concentration, and chain length of alkylphosphonic acids are critical factors determining the stability of the Cu-thiolate complex. Increasing the stability of the Cu-thiolate results in single Cu2-xS stem formation, and decreased stability of the Cu-thiolate complex increases the degree of heteronucleation to form multiple Cu2-xS stems on the Bi core. Spatially separated multiple Cu2-xS stems transform into a support network to hold a fragmented Bi core when used as an anode in a K-ion battery, leading to a more stable cycling performance showing a specific capacity of ∼170 mAh·g-1 after 200 cycles compared to ∼111 mAh·g-1 for Bi-Cu2-xS single-stem heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Kapuria
- Department of Chemical Sciences and
Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PXLimerick, Ireland
| | - Sumair Imtiaz
- Department of Chemical Sciences and
Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PXLimerick, Ireland
| | - Abinaya Sankaran
- Department of Chemical Sciences and
Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PXLimerick, Ireland
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Department of Chemical Sciences and
Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PXLimerick, Ireland
| | - Tadhg Kennedy
- Department of Chemical Sciences and
Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PXLimerick, Ireland
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences and
Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PXLimerick, Ireland
| | - Kevin M. Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and
Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PXLimerick, Ireland
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22
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Mech SA, Ma F, Zeng C. Mapping the reaction zones for CdTe magic-sized clusters and their emission properties. NANOSCALE 2022; 15:114-121. [PMID: 36508267 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05808a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
CdTe magic-sized clusters (MSCs) are promising building blocks for semiconductor devices because of their single size, consistent properties, and reproducible synthesis. However, the synthetic conditions for CdTe MSCs vary significantly in different reports, which hinders the general understanding of their formation mechanisms. Here, we employed Cd(oleate)2, trioctylphosphine telluride (TOPTe), and oleylamine, which are commonly used for larger quantum dot (QD) synthesis, as standard reaction precursors, and systematically investigated the effects of solvent, phosphine amount, oleylamine amount, Cd : Te ratio, and temperature on the evolution of MSCs with time. These conditions compose the "reaction coordinates" to map out the "reaction zones" for CdTe MSCs and QDs. We found that CdTe MSCs with the first excitonic transition (E1) at 449 nm can be synthesized in high purity with excess TOPTe using toluene as the solvent at 100 °C. Whereas higher temperature, excess of Cd(oleate)2, or more viscous solvent led to the aggregation of 449 nm MSC into larger magic-sized species with E1 at 469 nm as well as QDs with E1 > 500 nm. Increasing phosphine concentration simply enhanced the rate and yield of CdTe MSCs, while a critical amount of oleylamine was required to "turn on" the MSC formation. Interestingly, the pure 449 nm MSCs were non-emissive, but colorful emissions were observed for the reaction mixtures containing both MSCs and QDs. The emissions could be attributed to a small amount of QDs formed during the reaction. The mapping of reaction zones is a crucial step towards the rational synthesis of CdTe MSCs and further understanding of their formation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saryvoudh A Mech
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Fuyan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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23
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Zhang H, Vickers ET, Erickson S, Guarino-Hotz M, Barnett JL, Ghosh S, Zhang JZ. Synthesis and Properties of Stable Amino Metal Halide Molecular Clusters in the Solid State. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10543-10549. [PMID: 36342415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized molecular clusters (MCs) composed of PbBr2 and neutral ligand butylamine (BTYA) with unique optical properties in solution and solid states have been synthesized using ligand-assisted reprecipitation and spin-coating, separately. The studies of their optical properties using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption and photoluminescence (PL) show the first electronic absorption and PL band of the MCs at 401 and 411 nm, respectively, for the solution and solid state samples that exhibit good stability under ambient conditions. Low-temperature PL spectra below 30 K show vibronic peaks indicative of a single size or a very narrow size distribution of the MCs. On the basis of Raman, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy measurements, a layered structural model is proposed for the MCs with a BTYA ligand capping on the surface of the corner-shared tilted [PbBr6]4- octahedral framework. The stable and retained structure of MCs in the solid state is promising for photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
| | - Evan Thomas Vickers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
- Nanoflow X, 2150 Chenault Drive, Carrollton, Texas75006, United States
| | - Samuel Erickson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California95343, United States
| | - Melissa Guarino-Hotz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
| | - Jeremy Lake Barnett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
| | - Sayantani Ghosh
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California95343, United States
| | - Jin Zhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California95064, United States
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24
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Nguyen KA, Pachter R, Day PN. Theoretical Investigation of the Electronic Spectra of Cadmium Chalcogenide 2D Nanoplatelets. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8818-8825. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiet A. Nguyen
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio45432, United States
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio45433, United States
| | - Paul N. Day
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio45432, United States
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25
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Obata K, Higashi T, Hasegawa M, Katayama M, Takanabe K. Synthesis of Metal Chalcogenide Semiconductors by Thermal Decomposition of Organosulfur and Organoselenium Compounds. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201951. [PMID: 35931660 PMCID: PMC9804685 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal chalcogenides - because of their excellent optical and electrical properties - are important semiconductor materials for optical devices, such as solar cells, sensors, and photocatalysts. The challenges associated with metal chalcogenides are the complexity of the conventional synthesis methods and the stringent synthesis conditions. In this study, the synthesis conditions were simplified in a solvent-free synthesis method using cadmium precursor, thiourea and selenium to synthesize metal chalcogenides, such as CdS and CdSe, which have particularly suitable band gaps for the optical devices. CdSx Se1-x solid solution was successfully synthesized under molten thiourea as the reactive reaction medium at relatively low temperatures, even at 180 °C, with residual melamine derivatives in the solid phase. The luminescence properties of CdSx Se1-x and the products in the gas and solid phases were investigated. Optimization of the synthesis conditions for solid solutions of CdSx Se1-x and the role of organic compounds in the formation of metal chalcogenides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Obata
- Department of Chemical System EngineeringSchool of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-kuTokyo113-8656Japan
| | - Tomohiro Higashi
- Institute for Tenure Track PromotionUniversity of MiyazakiNishi 1–1 Gakuen-KibanadaiMiyazaki889-2192Japan
| | - Motoki Hasegawa
- Department of Chemical System EngineeringSchool of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-kuTokyo113-8656Japan
| | - Masao Katayama
- Department of Chemical System EngineeringSchool of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-kuTokyo113-8656Japan
- Environmental Science CenterThe University of Tokyo7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-kuTokyo113-0033Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takanabe
- Department of Chemical System EngineeringSchool of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-kuTokyo113-8656Japan
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26
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Chen PZ, Skirzynska A, Yuan T, Voznyy O, Gu FX. Asymmetric Interfacet Adatom Migration as a Mode of Anisotropic Nanocrystal Growth. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19417-19429. [PMID: 36226909 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crystals are known to grow nonclassically or via four classical modes (the layer-by-layer, dislocation-driven, dendritic, and normal modes, which generally involve minimal interfacet surface diffusion). The field of nanoscience considers this framework to interpret how nanocrystals grow; yet, the growth of many anisotropic nanocrystals remains enigmatic, suggesting that the framework may be incomplete. Here, we study the solution-phase growth of pentatwinned Au nanorods without Br, Ag, or surfactants. Lower supersaturation conditions favored anisotropic growth, which appeared at variance with the known modes. Temporal electron microscopy revealed kinetically limited adatom funneling, as adatoms diffused asymmetrically along the vicinal facets (situated inbetween the {100} side-facets and {111} end-facets) of our nanorods. These vicinal facets were perpetuated throughout the synthesis and, especially at lower supersaturation, facilitated {100}-to-vicinal-to-{111} adatom diffusion. We derived a growth model from classical theory in view of our findings, which showed that our experimental growth kinetics were consistent with nanorods growing via two modes simultaneously: radial growth occurred via the layer-by-layer mode on {100} side-facets, whereas the asymmetric interfacet diffusion of adatoms to {111} end-facets mediated longitudinal growth. Thus, shape anisotropy was not driven by modulating the relative rates of monomer deposition on different facets, as conventionally thought, but rather by modulating the relative rates of monomer integration via interfacet diffusion. This work shows how controlling supersaturation, a thermodynamic parameter, can uncover distinct kinetic phenomena on nanocrystals, such as asymmetric interfacet surface diffusion and a fundamental growth mode for which monomer deposition and integration occur on different facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Z Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S3E5, Canada
| | - Arianna Skirzynska
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S3E5, Canada
| | - Tiange Yuan
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough, ONM1C1A4, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Voznyy
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough, ONM1C1A4, Canada
| | - Frank X Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S3E5, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S3G9, Canada
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27
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He L, Luan C, Liu S, Chen M, Rowell N, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhang C, Lu J, Zhang M, Liang B, Yu K. Transformations of Magic-Size Clusters via Precursor Compound Cation Exchange at Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19060-19069. [PMID: 36215103 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of colloidal semiconductor magic-size clusters (MSCs) from zinc to cadmium chalcogenide (ZnE to CdE) at low temperatures has received scant attention. Here, we report the first room-temperature evolution of CdE MSCs from ZnE samples and our interpretation of the transformation pathway. We show that when prenucleation stage samples of ZnE are mixed with cadmium oleate (Cd(OA)2), CdE MSCs evolve; without this mixing, ZnE MSCs develop. When ZnE MSCs and Cd(OA)2 are mixed, CdE MSCs also form. We propose that Cd(OA)2 reacts with the precursor compounds (PCs) of the ZnE MSCs but not directly with the ZnE MSCs. The cation exchange reaction transforms the ZnE PCs into CdE PCs, from which CdE MSCs develop. Our findings suggest that in reactions that lead to the production of binary ME quantum dots, the E precursor dominates the formation of binary ME PCs (M = Zn or Cd) to have similar stoichiometry. The present study provides a much more profound view of the formation and transformation mechanisms of the ME PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Tissue-orientated Property of Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shangpu Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Meng Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Ze Wang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Lu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
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28
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Busatto S, Spallacci C, Meeldijk JD, Howes S, de Mello Donega C. Room-Temperature Interconversion Between Ultrathin CdTe Magic-Size Nanowires Induced by Ligand Shell Dynamics. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:15280-15297. [PMID: 36147520 PMCID: PMC9483966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c04113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation mechanisms of colloidal magic-size semiconductor nanostructures have remained obscure. Herein, we report the room temperature synthesis of three species of ultrathin CdTe magic-size nanowires (MSNWs) with diameters of 0.7 ± 0.1 nm, 0.9 ± 0.2 nm, and 1.1 ± 0.2 nm, and lowest energy exciton transitions at 373, 418, and 450 nm, respectively. The MSNWs are obtained from Cd(oleate)2 and TOP-Te, provided diphenylphosphine and a primary alkylamine (RNH2) are present at sufficiently high concentrations, and exhibit sequential, discontinuous growth. The population of each MSNW species is entirely determined by the RNH2 concentration [RNH2] so that single species are only obtained at specific concentrations, while mixtures are obtained at concentrations intermediate between the specific ones. Moreover, the MSNWs remain responsive to [RNH2], interconverting from thinner to thicker upon [RNH2] decrease and from thicker to thinner upon [RNH2] increase. Our results allow us to propose a mechanism for the formation and interconversion of CdTe MSNWs and demonstrate that primary alkylamines play crucial roles in all four elementary kinetic steps (viz., monomer formation, nucleation, growth in length, and interconversion between species), thus being the decisive element in the creation of a reaction pathway that leads exclusively to CdTe MSNWs. The insights provided by our work thus contribute toward unravelling the mechanisms behind the formation of shape-controlled and atomically precise magic-size semiconductor nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Busatto
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Spallacci
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes D. Meeldijk
- Materials
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart Howes
- Structural
Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celso de Mello Donega
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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29
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Luan C, Shen Q, Rowell N, Zhang M, Chen X, Huang W, Yu K. A Real‐Time In‐situ Demonstration of Direct and Indirect Transformation Pathways in CdTe Magic‐size Clusters at Room Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Luan
- Sichuan University Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital CHINA
| | - Qiu Shen
- Sichuan University National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering CHINA
| | - Nelson Rowell
- National Research Council Canada Metrology Research Centre CANADA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Sichuan University Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics CHINA
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Sichuan University National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering CHINA
| | - Wen Huang
- Sichuan University Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital CHINA
| | - Kui Yu
- Sichuan University National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials No. 24, South Section, First Ring Road, Chengdu 610065 Chengdu CHINA
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30
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Luan C, Shen Q, Rowell N, Zhang M, Chen X, Huang W, Yu K. A Real-Time In Situ Demonstration of Direct and Indirect Transformation Pathways in CdTe Magic-Size Clusters at Room Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205784. [PMID: 35794715 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The transformations of colloidal semiconductor magic-size clusters (MSCs) are expected to occur with only discrete, step-wise redshifts in optical absorption. Here, we challenge this assumption presenting a novel, conceptually different transformation, for which the redshift is continuous. In the room-temperature transformation from CdTe MSC-448 to MSC-488 (designated by the peak wavelengths in nanometer), the redshift of absorption monitored in situ displays distinctly continuous and/or step-wise behavior. Based on conclusive evidence provided by real-time experiments, the former transformation is apparently direct and intra-cluster with a relatively large energy barrier. The latter transformation is indirect and assisted by MSC precursor compounds (PCs). The former transformation follows the latter often, being predominant at a relatively high temperature. The present findings encourage a reconsideration of the absorption redshift reported previously for transformations of binary II-VI MSCs, together with the pathway associated without the increase of cluster mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Luan
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Tissue-orientated Property of Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiu Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Tissue-orientated Property of Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
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31
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Bootharaju MS, Baek W, Deng G, Singh K, Voznyy O, Zheng N, Hyeon T. Structure of a subnanometer-sized semiconductor Cd14Se13 cluster. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Peters B. Crystal nucleation: Rare made common and captured by Raman. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204971119. [PMID: 35584118 PMCID: PMC9173772 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204971119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Baron Peters
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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33
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Wegner KD, Häusler I, Knigge X, Hodoroaba VD, Emmerling F, Reiss P, Resch-Genger U. One-Pot Heat-Up Synthesis of ZnSe Magic-Sized Clusters Using Thiol Ligands. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7207-7211. [PMID: 35512713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two new families of ZnSe magic-sized clusters (MSCs) is achieved using the thiol ligand 1-dodecanethiol in a simple one-pot heat-up approach. The sizes of the MSCs are controlled with the thiol ligand concentration and reaction temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K David Wegner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Ines Häusler
- AG Strukturforschung/Elektronenmikroskopie Institut für Physik Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Xenia Knigge
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Peter Reiss
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, STEP, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin 12489, Germany
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34
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Abécassis B, Greenberg MW, Bal V, McMurtry BM, Campos MP, Guillemeney L, Mahler B, Prevost S, Sharpnack L, Hendricks MP, DeRosha D, Bennett E, Saenz N, Peters B, Owen JS. Persistent nucleation and size dependent attachment kinetics produce monodisperse PbS nanocrystals. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4977-4983. [PMID: 35655873 PMCID: PMC9067564 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06134h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern syntheses of colloidal nanocrystals yield extraordinarily narrow size distributions that are believed to result from a rapid "burst of nucleation" (La Mer, JACS, 1950, 72(11), 4847-4854) followed by diffusion limited growth and size distribution focusing (Reiss, J. Chem. Phys., 1951, 19, 482). Using a combination of in situ X-ray scattering, optical absorption, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we monitor the kinetics of PbS solute generation, nucleation, and crystal growth from three thiourea precursors whose conversion reactivity spans a 2-fold range. In all three cases, nucleation is found to be slow and continues during >50% of the precipitation. A population balance model based on a size dependent growth law (1/r) fits the data with a single growth rate constant (k G) across all three precursors. However, the magnitude of the k G and the lack of solvent viscosity dependence indicates that the rate limiting step is not diffusion from solution to the nanoparticle surface. Several surface reaction limited mechanisms and a ligand penetration model that fits data our experiments using a single fit parameter are proposed to explain the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Abécassis
- Laboratoire de Chimie, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 F69342 Lyon France
| | | | - Vivekananda Bal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Illinois 10027 USA
| | - Brandon M McMurtry
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Michael P Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Lilian Guillemeney
- Laboratoire de Chimie, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 F69342 Lyon France
| | - Benoit Mahler
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Sylvain Prevost
- Institut Laue-Langevin 71 Avenue des Martyrs 38042 Grenoble France
| | - Lewis Sharpnack
- Department of Earth Science, University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Mark P Hendricks
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Whitman College Walla Walla WA 99362 USA
| | - Daniel DeRosha
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Ellie Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Natalie Saenz
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Baron Peters
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Illinois 10027 USA
| | - Jonathan S Owen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
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35
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Chen PZ, Clasky AJ, Gu FX. Theoretical framework and experimental methodology to elucidate the supersaturation dynamics of nanocrystal growth. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:376-384. [PMID: 35075470 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00572c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Supersaturation is the fundamental parameter driving crystal formation, yet its dynamics in the growth of colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate an approach to characterize supersaturation during classical NC growth. We develop a framework that relates noninvasive measurements of the temporal, size-dependent optical properties of growing NCs to the supersaturation dynamics underlying their growth. Using this approach, we investigate the seed-mediated growth of colloidal Au nanocubes, identifying a triphasic sequence of supersaturation dynamics: rapid monomer consumption, sustained supersaturation, and then gradual monomer depletion. These NCs undergo different shape evolutions in different phases of the supersaturation dynamics. As shown with the Au nanocubes, elucidated supersaturation profiles enable the prediction of growth profiles of NCs. We then apply these insights to rationally modulate NC shape evolutions, decreasing the yield of impurity products. Our findings reveal that the supersaturation dynamics of NC growth can be more complex than previously understood. As our approach is applicable to many types of NCs undergoing classical growth, this work presents an initial step towards more deeply interpreting the phenomena governing nanoscale crystal growth and provides insight for the rational design of NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Z Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.
| | - Aaron J Clasky
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.
| | - Frank X Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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36
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Zhang B, Altamura D, Caliandro R, Giannini C, Peng L, De Trizio L, Manna L. Stable CsPbBr 3 Nanoclusters Feature a Disk-like Shape and a Distorted Orthorhombic Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5059-5066. [PMID: 35258285 PMCID: PMC8949727 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
![]()
CsPbBr3 nanoclusters have been synthesized by several
groups and mostly employed as single-source precursors for the synthesis
of anisotropic perovskite nanostructures or perovskite-based heterostructures.
Yet, a detailed characterization of such clusters is still lacking
due to their high instability. In this work, we were able to stabilize
CsPbBr3 nanoclusters by carefully selecting ad hoc ligands
(benzoic acid together with oleylamine) to passivate their surface.
The clusters have a narrow absorption peak at 400 nm, a band-edge
emission peaked at 410 nm at room temperature, and their composition
is identified as CsPbBr2.3. Synchrotron X-ray pair distribution
function measurements indicate that the clusters exhibit a disk-like
shape with a thickness smaller than 2 nm and a diameter of 13 nm,
and their crystal structure is a highly distorted orthorhombic CsPbBr3. Based on small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering analyses,
the clusters tend to form a two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal packing
with a short-range order and a lamellar packing with a long-range
order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Zhang
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Davide Altamura
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IC-CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Rocco Caliandro
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IC-CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IC-CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucheng Peng
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Luca De Trizio
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Liberato Manna
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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37
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Yang Y, Li Y, Luan C, Rowell N, Wang S, Zhang C, Huang W, Chen X, Yu K. Transformation Pathways in Colloidal CdTeSe Magic‐Size Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Yang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology West China School of Medicine West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- Metrology Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ontario K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Shanling Wang
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology West China School of Medicine West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
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38
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Li Y, Rowell N, Luan C, Zhang M, Chen X, Yu K. A Two-Pathway Model for the Evolution of Colloidal Compound Semiconductor Quantum Dots and Magic-Size Clusters. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107940. [PMID: 35119147 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of formation pathways is critical to the controlled synthesis of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals. As ultrasmall-size quantum dots (QDs) sometimes emerge in reactions along with magic-size clusters (MSCs), distinguishing their individual pathway of evolution is important, but has proven difficult. To decouple the evolution of QDs and MSCs, an unconventional, selective approach has been developed, along with a two-pathway model that provides a fundamental understanding of production selectivity. For on-demand production of either ultrasmall QDs or MSCs, the key enabler is in how to allow a reaction to proceed in the time prior to nucleation and growth of QDs. In this prenucleation stage, an intermediate compound forms, which is the precursor compound (PC) to the MSC. Here, the two-pathway model and the manipulation of such PCs to synthesize either ultrasmall QDs or binary and ternary MSCs are highlighted. The two-pathway model will assist the development of nucleation theory as well as provide a basis for a mechanism-enabled design and predictive synthesis of functional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- Metrology Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Chaoran Luan
- Department of Ophthalmology West China School of Medicine West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
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39
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Busatto S, de Mello Donega C. Magic-Size Semiconductor Nanostructures: Where Does the Magic Come from? ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:237-249. [PMID: 35578704 PMCID: PMC9100663 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.1c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The quest for atomically precise synthesis of colloidal semiconductor nanostructures has attracted increasing attention in recent years and remains a formidable challenge. Nevertheless, atomically precise clusters of semiconductors, known as magic-size clusters (MSCs), are readily accessible. Ultrathin one-dimensional nanowires and two-dimensional nanoplatelets and nanosheets can also be categorized as magic-size nanocrystals (MSNCs). Further, the magic-size growth regime has been recently extended into the size range of colloidal QDs (up to 3.5 nm). Nevertheless, the underlying reasons for the enhanced stability of magic-size nanostructures and their formation mechanisms remain obscure. In this Perspective, we address these intriguing questions by critically analyzing the currently available knowledge on the formation and stability of both MSCs and MSNCs (0D, 1D, and 2D). We conclude that research on magic-size colloidal nanostructures is still in its infancy, and many fundamental questions remain unanswered. Nonetheless, we identify several correlations between the formation of MSCs and 0D, 1D and 2D MSNSs. From our analysis, it appears that the "magic" originates from the complexity of a dynamic and multivariate system running under reaction control. Under conditions that impose a prohibitively high energy barrier for classical nucleation and growth, the reaction proceeds through a complex and dynamic potential landscape, searching for the pathway with the lowest energy barrier, thereby sequentially forming metastable products as it jumps from one local minimum to the next until it eventually becomes trapped into a minimum that is too deep with respect to the available thermal energy. The intricacies of this complex interplay between several synergistic and antagonistic processes are, however, not yet understood and should be further investigated by carefully designed experiments combining multiple complementary in situ characterization techniques.
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Shen J, Luan C, Rowell N, Li Y, Zhang M, Chen X, Yu K. Size matters: Steric hindrance of precursor molecules controlling the evolution of CdSe magic-size clusters and quantum dots. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:8564-8572. [PMID: 35669506 PMCID: PMC9154029 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how to precisely promote the selective production of either colloidal semiconductor metal chalcogenide (ME), magic-size clusters (MSCs), or quantum dots (QDs). Recently, a two-pathway model has been proposed to comprehend their evolution; here, we reveal for the first time that the size of precursors plays a decisive role in the selected evolution pathway of MSCs and QDs. With the reaction of cadmium myristate (Cd(MA)2) and tri-n-octylphosphine selenide (SeTOP) in 1-octadecene (ODE) as a model system, the size of Cd precursors was manipulated by the steric hindrance of carboxylic acid (RCOOH) additive. Without RCOOH, the reaction produced both CdSe MSCs and QDs (from 100 to 240 °C). With RCOOH, the reaction produced MSCs or QDs when R was small (such as CH3-) or large (such as C6H5-), respectively. According to the two-pathway model, the selective evolution is attributed to the promotion and suppression of the self-assembly of Cd and Se precursors, respectively. We propose that the addition of carboxylic acid may occur ligand exchange with Cd(MA)2, causing the different sizes of Cd precursor. The results suggest that the size of Cd precursors regulates the self-assemble behavior of the precursors, which dictates the directed evolution of either MSCs or QDs. The present findings bring insights into the two-pathway model, as the size of M and E precursors determine the evolution pathways of MSCs or QDs, the understanding of which is of great fundamental significance toward mechanism-enabled design and predictive synthesis of functional nanomaterials. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material (additional optical absorption spectra, TEM, NMR, FT-IR, and XRD) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-022-4421-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Shen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Tissue-orientated Property of Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Yang Li
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
| | - Kui Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Tissue-orientated Property of Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
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Yang Y, Li Y, Luan C, Rowell N, Wang S, Zhang C, Huang W, Chen X, Yu K. Transformation Pathways in Colloidal CdTeSe Magic-Size Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114551. [PMID: 34842312 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A rarely studied transformation in colloidal ternary magic-size clusters (MSCs) is addressed. We report the first observation of the transformation from ternary CdTeSe MSC-399 to MSC-422, which occurs at room temperature. These two MSC types display sharp optical absorption resonances at 399 and 422 nm, respectively, and are related in that they are quasi isomers, together with their counterpart precursor compounds (PCs). Binary CdTe and CdSe samples were prepared in the prenucleation stage also called the induction period (IP). After they were mixed and placed in a mixture of toluene and octylamine, the transformation was found to take place and to be assisted by the addition of the CdSe IP sample. A binary IP sample contains corresponding binary PCs and monomers (Mo) and fragments (Fr). We argue that the transformation pathway is enabled by the corresponding ternary PCs, involving the substitution reaction, namely CdTeSe PC-399 + CdSe (Mo/Fr)-1 ⇒ CdTeSe PC-422 + CdSe (Mo/Fr)-2. The present study provides an in-depth understanding of the formation characteristics of the MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Yang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Shanling Wang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
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Samadi Khoshkhoo M, Prudnikau A, Chashmejahanbin MR, Helbig R, Lesnyak V, Cuniberti G. Multicolor Patterning of 2D Semiconductor Nanoplatelets. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17623-17634. [PMID: 34665592 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystal micro/nanoarrays with multiplexed functionalities are of broad interest in the field of nanophotonics, cellular dynamics, and biosensing due to their tunable electrical and optical properties. This work focuses on the multicolor patterning of two-dimensional nanoplatelets (NPLs) via two sequential self-assembly and direct electron-beam lithography steps. By using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate the successful fabrication of fluorescent nanoarrays with a thickness of only two or three monolayers (7-11 nm) and a feature line width of ∼40 nm, which is three to four NPLs wide. To this end, first, large-area thin films of red-emitting CdSe/ZnyCd1-yS and green-emitting CdSe1-xSx/ZnyCd1-yS core/shell NPLs are fabricated based on Langmuir-type self-assembly at the liquid/air interface. By varying the concentration of ligands in the subphase, we investigate the effect of interaction potential on the film's final characteristics to prepare thin superlattices suitable for the patterning step. Equipped with the ability to fabricate a uniform superlattice with a controlled thickness, we next perform nanopatterning on a thin film of NPLs utilizing a direct electron-beam lithography (EBL) technique. The effect of acceleration voltage, aperture size, and e-beam dosage on the nanopattern's resolution and fidelity is investigated for both of the presented NPLs. After successfully optimizing EBL parameters to fabricate single-color nanopatterns, we finally focus on fabricating multicolor patterns. The obtained micro/nanoarrays provide us with an innovative experimental platform to investigate biological interactions as well as Förster resonance energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Samadi Khoshkhoo
- Institute of Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Anatol Prudnikau
- Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Chashmejahanbin
- Institute of Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Ralf Helbig
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden and Max-Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir Lesnyak
- Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute of Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Dresden Center for Intelligent Materials (DCIM), Technische Universität Dresden, School of Engineering Sciences, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Pun AB, Mule AS, Held JT, Norris DJ. Core/Shell Magic-Sized CdSe Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7651-7658. [PMID: 34464529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magic-sized semiconductor nanocrystals (MSNCs) grow via discrete jumps between specific sizes. Despite their potential to offer atomically precise structures, their use has been limited by poor stability and trap-dominated photoluminescence. Recently, CdSe MSNCs have been grown to larger sizes. We exploit such particles and demonstrate a method to grow shells on CdSe MSNC cores via high-temperature synthesis. Thin CdS shells lead to dramatic improvements in the emissive properties of the MSNCs, narrowing their fluorescence line widths, enhancing photoluminescence quantum yields, and eliminating trap emission. Although thicker CdS shells lead to decreased performance, CdxZn1-xS alloyed shells maintain efficient and narrow emission lines. These alloyed core/shell crystallites exhibit a tetrahedral shape, in agreement with a recent model for MSNC growth. Our results indicate that MSNCs can compete with other state-of-the-art semiconductor nanocrystals. Furthermore, these core/shell structures will allow further study of MSNCs and their potential for atomically precise growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Pun
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Aniket S Mule
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jacob T Held
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - David J Norris
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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Zhu J, Cao Z, Zhu Y, Rowell N, Li Y, Wang S, Zhang C, Jiang G, Zhang M, Zeng J, Yu K. Transformation Pathway from CdSe Magic‐Size Clusters with Absorption Doublets at 373/393 nm to Clusters at 434/460 nm. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Zhaopeng Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201800 P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yongcheng Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- Metrology Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Yan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201800 P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Shanling Wang
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Gang Jiang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201800 P. R. China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201204 P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 P. R. China
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Zhu Y, Wang X, Liu M, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Jiang G, Dove MT, Zhang M, Yu K. DFT study for the absorption spectra evolution of CdS magic-size clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Liu L, Pan K, Xu K, Peng X, Zhang JZ. Synthesis and Optical Properties of Mn 2+-Doped Amino Lead Halide Molecular Clusters Assisted by Chloride Ion. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7497-7503. [PMID: 34342458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mn2+-doped amino lead halide molecular clusters (MCs) are synthesized using amine (e.g., n-octylamine, or butylamine) as passivating ligand and MnX2 (X = Cl or Br) as the Mn2+ doping source at room temperature. Their optical properties are investigated with UV-visible absorption, photoluminescence (PL), and PL excitation spectroscopy. The Mn2+ precursor plays a vital role in the synthesis of Mn2+-doped MCs. MnCl2 seems to facilitate the incorporation of Mn. The MnCl2 doping causes electronic absorption blue shift and leads to a spin-forbidden 4T1 → 6A1 Mn d-electron emission. With the help of time-resolved PL, Fourier transform infrared, and electron paramagnetic resonance results, a model is proposed to explain the formation mechanism. We suggest that Mn2+ doping replaces Pb2+ is assisted by Cl- ions that replace Br- ions. This study demonstrates the possibility of doping MCs and has important implications in gaining new fundamental insight into the growth mechanisms of perovskite nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Research Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, PR China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Keliang Pan
- Hubei Institute of Geosciences, Wuhan 430034, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- Multiscale Crystal Materials Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xitian Peng
- Research Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, PR China
| | - Jin Z Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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Zhu J, Cao Z, Zhu Y, Rowell N, Li Y, Wang S, Zhang C, Jiang G, Zhang M, Zeng J, Yu K. Transformation Pathway from CdSe Magic-Size Clusters with Absorption Doublets at 373/393 nm to Clusters at 434/460 nm. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20358-20365. [PMID: 33960093 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Divergent interpretations have appeared in the literature regarding the structural nature and evolutionary behavior for photoluminescent CdSe nanospecies with sharp doublets in optical absorption. We report a comprehensive description of the transformation pathway from one CdSe nanospecies displaying an absorption doublet at 373/393 nm to another species with a doublet at 433/460 nm. These two nanospecies are zero-dimensional (0D) magic-size clusters (MSCs) with 3D quantum confinement, and are labeled dMSC-393 and dMSC-460, respectively. Synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) returns a radius of gyration of 0.92 nm for dMSC-393 and 1.14 nm for dMSC-460, and indicates that both types are disc shaped with the exponent of the SAXS form factor equal to 2.1. The MSCs develop from their unique counterpart precursor compounds (PCs), which are labeled PC-393 and PC-460, respectively. For the dMSC-393 to dMSC-460 transformation, the proposed PC-enabled pathway is comprised of three key steps, dMSC-393 to PC-393 (Step 1), PC-393 to PC-460 (Step 2 involving monomer addition), and PC-460 to dMSC-460 (Step 3). The present study provides a framework for understanding the PC-based evolution of MSCs and how PCs enable transformations between MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhaopeng Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yongcheng Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Yan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shanling Wang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Gang Jiang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China.,Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
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Pun AB, Mazzotti S, Mule AS, Norris DJ. Understanding Discrete Growth in Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Nanoplatelets and Magic-Sized Clusters. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1545-1554. [PMID: 33660971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusSemiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) fluoresce with a color that strongly depends on their size and shape. Thus, to obtain homogeneous optical properties, researchers have strived to synthesize particles that are uniform. However, because NCs typically grow through continuous, incremental addition of material, slight differences in the growth process between individual crystallites yield statistical distributions in size and shape, leading to inhomogeneities in their optical characteristics. Much work has focused on improving synthetic protocols to control these distributions and enhance performance. Interestingly, during these efforts, several syntheses were discovered that exhibit a different type of growth process. The NCs jump from one discrete size to the next. Through purification methods, one of these sizes can then be isolated, providing a different approach to uniform NCs. Unfortunately, the fundamental mechanism behind such discrete growth and how it differs from the conventional continuous process have remained poorly understood.Discrete growth has been observed in two major classes of NCs: semiconductor nanoplatelets (NPLs) and magic-sized clusters (MSCs). NPLs are quasi-two-dimensional crystallites that exhibit a precise thickness of only a few atomic layers but much larger lateral dimensions. During growth, NPLs slowly appear with an increasing number of monolayers. By halting this process at a specific time, NPLs with a desired thickness can then be isolated (e.g., four monolayers). Because the optical properties are primarily governed by this thickness, which is uniform, NPLs exhibit improved optical properties such as narrower fluorescence line widths.While NPLs have highly anisotropic shapes and show discrete growth only in one dimension (thickness), MSCs are isotropic particles. The name "magic" arose because a specific set of NC sizes appear during synthesis. They have been believed to represent special atomic arrangements that possess enhanced structural stability. Historically, they were very small, hence molecular-scale "clusters." Isolation of one of the MSC sizes can then, in principle, provide a uniform sample of NCs. More recently, MSC growth has been extended to larger sizes, beyond what is commonly considered to be the "cluster" regime, challenging the conventional explanation for these materials.This Account summarizes recent work by our group to understand the mechanism that governs discrete growth in semiconductor NCs. We begin by describing the synthesis of NPLs. Next, we discuss the mechanism behind the highly anisotropic shape of NPLs. We build on this by examining the ripening process in NPLs. We show that NPLs slowly appear with increasing thickness, counterintuitively through lateral growth. Then, we turn to the synthesis of MSCs, in particular focusing on their growth mechanism. Our findings indicate a strong connection between NPLs and MSCs. Finally, we review several remaining challenges for the growth of NPLs and MSCs and give a brief outlook on the future of discrete growth. By understanding the underlying process, we believe that it can be exploited more broadly, potentially moving us toward more uniform nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Pun
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Mazzotti
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aniket S. Mule
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David J. Norris
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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