1
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Huang Z, Miyashita T, Tang ML. Photon Upconversion at Organic-Inorganic Interfaces. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:329-346. [PMID: 38382565 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090722-011335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Photon upconversion is a process that combines low-energy photons to form useful high-energy photons. There are potential applications in photovoltaics, photocatalysis, biological imaging, etc. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are promising for the absorption of these low-energy photons due to the high extinction coefficient of QDs, especially in the near infrared (NIR). This allows the intriguing use of diffuse light sources such as solar irradiation. In this review, we describe the development of this organic-QD upconversion platform based on triplet-triplet annihilation, focusing on the dark exciton in QDs with triplet character. Then we introduce the underlying energy transfer steps, starting from QD triplet photosensitization, triplet exciton transport, triplet-triplet annihilation, and ending with the upconverted emission. Design principles to improve the total upconversion efficiency are presented. We end with limitations in current reports and proposed future directions. This review provides a guide for designing efficient organic-QD upconversion platforms for future applications, including overcoming the Shockley-Queisser limit for more efficient solar energy conversion, NIR-based phototherapy, and diagnostics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China;
| | - Tsumugi Miyashita
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA;
| | - Ming Lee Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA;
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2
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Antoniou G, Athanasopoulos S, Koyioni M, Koutentis PA, Keivanidis PE. Unexpected Performance of a Bifunctional Sensitizer/Activator Component for Photon Energy Management via Upconversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5337-5343. [PMID: 38728150 PMCID: PMC11129295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
We here report on the observation of upconverted photoluminescence (UC-PL) from the blue-light-emitting 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) mixed with the yellow-light-absorbing bifunctional sensitizer/activator component of (3,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin-22,24-diid-2-one) PtII (PtOEP-K). Yellow-to-blue UC-PL (0.680 eV spectral upshift) is achieved at room temperature under ultralow power continuous incoherent photoexcitation (220 μW/cm2) despite the absence of triplet energy transfer (TET) between PtOEP-K and DPA. Under selective CW-laser photoexcitation of PtOEP-K in DPA:PtOEP-K, a 2.5% UC-PL quantum yield is obtained; that is an improvement exceeding by more than 3 orders of magnitude the UC-PL quantum yield of TTA-UC material combinations wherein no TET is operative. The PL response of DPA:PtOEP-K to varying laser fluence suggests that bimolecular annihilation reactions between triplet-excited PtOEP-K facilitate the UC-PL activation in DPA. These findings pave the way toward low-complexity strategies for the reduction of transmission losses in solar energy technologies through an innovative wavelength upshifting protocol involving excitonic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannis Antoniou
- Device
Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 45 Kitiou Kyprianou str., 3041 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Stavros Athanasopoulos
- Departamento
de Física, Universidad Carlos III
de Madrid, Avenida Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Koyioni
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Panagiotis E. Keivanidis
- Device
Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 45 Kitiou Kyprianou str., 3041 Limassol, Cyprus
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3
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He Q, Wei L, He C, Yang C, Wu W. Supramolecular Annihilator with DPA Parallelly Arranged by Multiple Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions for Enhanced Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. Molecules 2024; 29:2203. [PMID: 38792064 PMCID: PMC11124113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The triplet annihilator is a critical component for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC); both the photophysical properties of the annihilator and the intermolecular orientation have pivotal effects on the overall efficiency of TTA-UC. Herein, we synthesized two supramolecular annihilators A-1 and A-2 by grafting 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) fragments, which have been widely used as triplet annihilators for TTA-UC, on a macrocyclic host-pillar[5]arenes. In A-1, the orientation of the two DPA units was random, while, in A-2, the two DPA units were pushed to a parallel arrangement by intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. The two compounds showed very similar photophysical properties and host-guest binding affinities toward electron-deficient guests, but showed totally different TTA-UC emissions. The UC quantum yield of A-2 could be optimized to 13.7% when an alkyl ammonia chain-attaching sensitizer S-2 was used, while, for A-1, only 5.1% was achieved. Destroying the hydrogen-bonding interactions by adding MeOH to A-2 significantly decreased the UC emissions, demonstrating that the parallel orientations of the two DPA units contributed greatly to the TTA-UC emissions. These results should be beneficial for annihilator designs and provide a new promising strategy for enhancing TTA-UC emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China; (Q.H.); (L.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China; (Q.H.); (L.W.); (C.H.)
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4
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Zhu G, Zhang Q, Yu T, Chen J, Hu R, Yang G, Zeng Y, Li Y. Multiple Force-Triggered Downconverted and Upconverted Emission in Polymers Containing Diels-Alder Adducts. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202301147. [PMID: 38334040 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent mechanophores can indicate the deformation or damage in polymers. The development of mechanophores with multi-triggered response is of great interest. Herein, Diels-Alder (DA) adducts are incorporated into linear poly(methyl acrylate) PMA-BA and network poly(hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) as mechanophores to detect the stress caused by ultrasound, freezing, and compression. The DA mechanophores undergo retro-DA reaction to release 9-styrylanthracene chromophore upon applying force, resulting in cyan fluorescence. The dissociation ratio of the DA mechanophore after pulsed ultrasonication of PMA-BA solution for 240 minutes is estimated to be 52 % by absorption spectra and 1H NMR. Additionally, the rate constant of mechanical cleavage is calculated to be 1.2×10-4 min-1⋅kDa-1 with the decrease in molecular weight from 69 to 22 kDa measured by gel permeation chromatography. Freezing of PHMA gels as well as compression of PHMA bulk samples turn-on the DA mechanophores, revealing the microscale fracture. Photon upconversion responses toward various force stimuli are also achieved in both polymer solutions and bulk samples by doping platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) or palladium meso-tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin (PdTPTBP) sensitizers with multiple excitation wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
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5
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Okamoto T, Izawa S, Hiramoto M, Kobori Y. Efficient Spin Interconversion by Molecular Conformation Dynamics of a Triplet Pair for Photon Up-Conversion in an Amorphous Solid. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2966-2975. [PMID: 38479407 PMCID: PMC10961844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state materials with improved light-to-energy conversions in organic photovoltaics and in optoelectronics are expected to be developed by realizing efficient triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) by manipulating the spin conversion processes to the singlet state. In this study, we elucidate the spin conversion mechanism for delayed fluorescence by TTA from a microscopic view of the molecular conformations. We examine the time evolution of the electron spin polarization of the triplet-pair state (TT state) in an amorphous solid-state system exhibiting highly efficient up-conversion emission by using time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance. We clarified that the spin-state population of the singlet TT increased through the spin interconversion from triplet and quintet TT states during exciton diffusion with random orientation dynamics between the two triplets for the modulation of the exchange interaction, achieving a high quantum yield of up-conversion emission. This understanding provides us with a guide for the development of efficient light-to-energy conversion devices utilizing TTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Okamoto
- Molecular
Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657−8501, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Izawa
- Laboratory
for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Institute
for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiramoto
- Institute
for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Molecular
Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657−8501, Japan
- CREST,
JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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6
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O’Dea C, Isokuortti J, Comer EE, Roberts ST, Page ZA. Triplet Upconversion under Ambient Conditions Enables Digital Light Processing 3D Printing. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:272-282. [PMID: 38435512 PMCID: PMC10906251 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The rapid photochemical conversion of materials from liquid to solid (i.e., curing) has enabled the fabrication of modern plastics used in microelectronics, dentistry, and medicine. However, industrialized photocurables remain restricted to unimolecular bond homolysis reactions (Type I photoinitiations) that are driven by high-energy UV light. This narrow mechanistic scope both challenges the production of high-resolution objects and restricts the materials that can be produced using emergent manufacturing technologies (e.g., 3D printing). Herein we develop a photosystem based on triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) that efficiently drives a Type I photocuring process using green light at low power density (<10 mW/cm2) and in the presence of ambient oxygen. This system also exhibits a superlinear dependence of its cure depth on the light exposure intensity, which enhances spatial resolution. This enables for the first-time integration of TTA-UC in an inexpensive, rapid, and high-resolution manufacturing process, digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. Moreover, relative to traditional Type I and Type II (photoredox) strategies, the present TTA-UC photoinitiation method results in improved cure depth confinement and resin shelf stability. This report provides a user-friendly avenue to utilize TTA-UC in ambient photochemical processes and paves the way toward fabrication of next-generation plastics with improved geometric precision and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor
J. O’Dea
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 ,United States
| | - Jussi Isokuortti
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 ,United States
| | - Emma E. Comer
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 ,United States
| | - Sean T. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 ,United States
| | - Zachariah A. Page
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 ,United States
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7
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Qi F, Feng HJ, Peng Y, Jiang LH, Zeng L, Huang L. New Type Annihilator of π-Expanded Diketopyrrolopyrrole for Robust Photostable NIR-Excitable Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7512-7521. [PMID: 38318769 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared light excitable triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (NIR TTA-UC) materials have attracted interest in a variety of emerging applications such as photoredox catalysis, optogenetics, and stereoscopic 3D printing. Currently, the practical application of NIR TTA-UC materials requires substantial improvement in photostability. Here, we found that the new annihilator of π-expanded diketopyrrolopyrrole (π-DPP) cannot activate oxygen to generate superoxide anion via photoinduced electron transfer, and its electron-deficient characteristics prevent the singlet oxygen-mediated [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction; thus, π-DPP exhibited superior resistance to photobleaching. In conjunction with the NIR photosensitizer PdTNP, the upconversion efficiency of π-DPP is as high as 8.9%, which is eight times of the previously reported PdPc/Furan-DPP. Importantly, after polystyrene film encapsulation, less than 10% photobleaching was observed for this PdTNP/π-DPP-based NIR TTA-UC material after four hours of intensive NIR light exposure. These findings provide a type of annihilator with extraordinary photostability, facilitating the development of NIR TTA-UC materials for practical photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Juan Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yi Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Han Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Le Zeng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ling Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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8
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Mitsui M, Uchida A. Triplet properties and intersystem crossing mechanism of PtAg28 nanocluster sensitizers achieving low threshold and efficient photon upconversion. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:3053-3060. [PMID: 38240331 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05992h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Ligand-protected metal nanoclusters have emerged as a promising platform for providing sensitizers for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC). Herein, we report [PtAg28(BDT)12]4- (PtAg28; BDT = 1,3-benzenedithiolate) as a sensitizer enabling TTA-UC at low excitation intensities. PtAg28 exhibits a long-lived triplet state (approximately 7 μs) generated with a 100% intersystem crossing (ISC) quantum yield. The mechanism driving this efficient ISC was unveiled with the aid of theoretical calculations. Specifically, the S1-T1 ISC reveals a small spin-orbit coupling (SOC) matrix element, attributed to their similar electron configuration. In contrast, the T2 state, which is energetically close to S1, features a hole distribution derived from the Py superatomic orbital of the icosahedral Pt@Ag12 core. This distribution enables direct SOC based on the orbital angular momentum change from the S1 state with a Pz-derived hole distribution. Consequently, the efficient ISC was rationalized by the S1 → T2 → T1 pathway. The T1 state possesses a metal core-to-surface metal charge transfer character, facilitating triplet energy transfer and conferring superior sensitization ability. Leveraging these characteristics, the combination of PtAg28 sensitizer with a 9,10-diphenylanthracene annihilator/emitter attained an extremely low UC threshold of 0.81 mW cm-2 at 532 nm excitation, along with efficient green-to-blue TTA-UC with an internal quantum yield (ΦUCg) of 12.2% (50% maximum). This results in a pseudo-first-order TTA process with strong UC emission under 1-sun conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Mitsui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
| | - Atsuki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
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9
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Gilligan AT, Owens R, Miller EG, Pompetti NF, Damrauer NH. Enhancing NIR-to-visible upconversion in a rigidly coupled tetracene dimer: approaching statistical limits for triplet-triplet annihilation using intramolecular multiexciton states. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1283-1296. [PMID: 38274080 PMCID: PMC10806848 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04795d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Important applications of photon upconversion through triplet-triplet annihilation require conversion of near-IR photons to visible light. Generally, however, efficiencies in this spectral region lag behind bluer analogues. Herein we consider potential benefits from a conformationally well-defined covalent dimer annihilator TIPS-BTX in studies that systematically compare function to a related monomer model TIPS-tetracene (TIPS-Tc). TIPS-BTX exhibits weak electronic coupling between chromophores juxtaposed about a polycyclic bridge. We report an upconversion yield ϕUC for TIPS-BTX that is more than 20× larger than TIPS-Tc under comparable conditions (0.16%). While the dimer ϕUC is low compared to bluer champion systems, this yield is amongst the largest so-far reported for a tetracenic dimer system and is achieved under unoptimized conditions suggesting a significantly higher ceiling. Further investigation shows the ϕUC enhancement for the dimer is due exclusively to the TTA process with an effective yield more that 30× larger for TIPS-BTX compared to TIPS-Tc. The ϕTTA enhancement for TIPS-BTX relative to TIPS-Tc is indicative of participation by intramolecular multiexciton states with evidence presented in spin statistical arguments that the 5TT is involved in productive channels. For TIPS-BTX we report a spin-statistical factor f = 0.42 that matches or exceeds values found in champion annihilator systems such as DPA. At the same time, the poor relative efficiency of TIPS-Tc suggests involvement of non-productive bimolecular channels and excimeric states are suspected. Broadly these studies indicate that funneling of photogenerated electronic states into productive pathways, and avoiding parasitic ones, remains central to the development of champion upconversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Gilligan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Raythe Owens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Ethan G Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Nicholas F Pompetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
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10
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Glaser F, Schmitz M, Kerzig C. Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in solution. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:123-137. [PMID: 38054748 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion offers an attractive possibility to replace a high-energy photon by two photons with lower energy through the combination of a light-harvesting triplet sensitizer and an annihilator for the formation of a fluorescent singlet state. Typically, high annihilator concentrations are required to achieve an efficient initial energy transfer and as a direct consequence the most highly energetic emission is often not detectable due to intrinsic reabsorption by the annihilator itself. Herein, we demonstrate that the addition of a charge-adapted mediator drastically improves the energy transfer efficiency at low annihilator concentrations via an energy transfer cascade. Inspired by molecular dyads and recent developments in nanocrystal-sensitized upconversion, our system exploits a concept to minimize intrinsic filter effects, while boosting the upconversion quantum yield in solution. A sensitizer-annihilator combination consisting of a ruthenium-based complex and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) is explored as model system and a sulfonated pyrene serves as mediator. The impact of opposite charges between sensitizer and mediator - to induce coulombic attraction and subsequently result in accelerated energy transfer rate constants - is analyzed in detail by different spectroscopic methods. Ion pairing and the resulting static energy transfer in both directions is a minor process, resulting in an improved overall performance. Finally, the more intense upconverted emission in the presence of the mediator is used to drive two catalytic photoreactions in a two-chamber setup, illustrating the advantages of our approach, in particular for photoreactions requiring oxygen that would interfere with the upconversion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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11
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Olesund A, Ghasemi S, Moth-Poulsen K, Albinsson B. Bulky Substituents Promote Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Over Triplet Excimer Formation in Naphthalene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22168-22175. [PMID: 37766514 PMCID: PMC10571077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Visible-to-ultraviolet (UV) triplet-triplet annihilation photochemical upconversion (TTA-UC) has gained a lot of attention recently due to its potential for driving demanding high-energy photoreactions using low-intensity visible light. The efficiency of this process has rapidly improved in the past few years, in part thanks to the recently discovered annihilator compound 1,4-bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)naphthalene (N-2TIPS). Despite its beneficial TTA-UC characteristics, the success of N-2TIPS in this context is not yet fully understood. In this work, we seek to elucidate what role the specific type and number of substituents in naphthalene annihilator compounds play to achieve the characteristics sought after for TTA-UC. We show that the type of substituent attached to the naphthalene core is crucial for its performance as an annihilator. More specifically, we argue that the choice of substituent dictates to what degree the sensitized triplets form excimer complexes with ground state annihilators of the same type, which is a process competing with that of TTA. The addition of more bulky substituents positively impacts the upconverting ability by impeding excimer formation on the triplet surface, an effect that is enhanced with the number of substituents. The presence of triplet excimers is confirmed from transient absorption measurements, and the excimer formation rate is quantified, showing several orders of magnitude differences between different derivatives. These insights will aid in the further development of annihilator compounds for solar energy applications for which the behavior at low incident powers is of particular significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Olesund
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Catalan
Institution for Research and Advanced Studies ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard
Maristany 10−14, Barcelona 08019, Spain
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
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12
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He G, Churchill EM, Parenti KR, Zhang J, Narayanan P, Namata F, Malkoch M, Congreve DN, Cacciuto A, Sfeir MY, Campos LM. Promoting multiexciton interactions in singlet fission and triplet fusion upconversion dendrimers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6080. [PMID: 37770472 PMCID: PMC10539328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Singlet fission and triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion are two multiexciton processes intimately related to the dynamic interaction between one high-lying energy singlet and two low-lying energy triplet excitons. Here, we introduce a series of dendritic macromolecules that serve as platform to study the effect of interchromophore interactions on the dynamics of multiexciton generation and decay as a function of dendrimer generation. The dendrimers (generations 1-4) consist of trimethylolpropane core and 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA) dendrons that provide exponential growth of the branches, leading to a corona decorated with pentacenes for SF or anthracenes for TTA-UC. The findings reveal a trend where a few highly ordered sites emerge as the dendrimer generation grows, dominating the multiexciton dynamics, as deduced from optical spectra, and transient absorption spectroscopy. While the dendritic structures enhance TTA-UC at low annihilator concentrations in the largest dendrimers, the paired chromophore interactions induce a broadened and red-shifted excimer emission. In SF dendrimers of higher generations, the triplet dynamics become increasingly dominated by pairwise sites exhibiting strong coupling (Type II), which can be readily distinguished from sites with weaker coupling (Type I) by their spectral dynamics and decay kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying He
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Emily M Churchill
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Kaia R Parenti
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jocelyn Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Faridah Namata
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Malkoch
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Angelo Cacciuto
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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13
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Bo Y, Hou Y, Thiel D, Weiß R, Clark T, Ferguson MJ, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Tetracene Dimers: A Platform for Intramolecular Down- and Up-conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18260-18275. [PMID: 37531628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Photon energy conversion can be accomplished in many different ways, including the two opposing manners, down-conversion (i.e., singlet fission, SF) and up-conversion (i.e., triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion, TTA-UC). Both processes have the potential to help overcome the detailed balance limit of single-junction solar cells. Tetracene, in which the energies of the lowest singlet excited state and twice the triplet excited state are comparable, exhibits both down- and up-conversion. Here, we have designed meta-diethynylphenylene- and 1,3-diethynyladamantyl-linked tetracene dimers, which feature different electronic coupling, to characterize the interplay between intramolecular SF (intra-SF) and intramolecular TTA-UC (intra-TTA-UC) via steady-state and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, we have used Pd-phthalocyanine as a sensitizer to enable intra-TTA-UC in the two dimers via indirect photoexcitation in the near-infrared part of the solar spectrum. The work is rounded off by temperature-dependent measurements, which outline key aspects of how thermal effects impact intra-SF and intra-TTA-UC in different dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Bo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yuxuan Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - René Weiß
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Miyashita T, Jaimes P, Mardini A, Fumanal M, Tang ML. High-Level Reverse Intersystem Crossing and Molecular Rigidity Improve Spin Statistics for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6119-6126. [PMID: 37364235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The structural factors affecting triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) at the molecular level are not well-understood. Here, our steady-state photoluminescence and transient absorption results demonstrate that the spin statistical factor, η, decreases from 0.60 to 0.46 and 0.14 going from 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) to the 1,5-DPA and 2,6-DPA isomers, respectively, during photon upconversion with a platinum octaethylporphyrin sensitizer. Density functional theory (DFT) shows that η depends on the energetics of hot triplet states and molecular rigidity. The significantly high conical intersection energy between the S0 and T1 states for 9,10-DPA gives its longer triplet lifetime. Time-dependent DFT calculations show that 9,10-DPA and 1,5-DPA can undergo high-level reverse intersystem crossing from their T2 and T3 states, respectively, to the bright S1 state, increasing the limit of the spin statistical factor. Both factors ultimately serve to enhance the TTA efficiency. This work provides insight into designing molecules for efficient light-emitting and photon upconversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsumugi Miyashita
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Paulina Jaimes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Andrew Mardini
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Maria Fumanal
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ming Lee Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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15
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Naimovičius L, Bharmoria P, Moth-Poulsen K. Triplet-triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion solar energy systems. MATERIALS CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS 2023; 7:2297-2315. [PMID: 37313216 PMCID: PMC10259159 DOI: 10.1039/d3qm00069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy harvesting is among the best solutions for a global transition toward carbon-neutral energy technologies. The existing solar energy harvesting technologies like photovoltaics (PV) and emerging molecular concepts such as solar fuels and molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) are rapidly developing. However, to realize their full potential, fundamental solar energy loss channels like photon transmission, recombination, and thermalization need to be addressed. Triplet-triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is emerging as a way to overcome losses due to the transmission of photons below the PV/chromophore band gap. However, there are several challenges related to the integration of efficient solid-state TTA-UC systems into efficient devices such as: wide band absorption, materials sustainability, and device architecture. In this article, we review existing work, identify and discuss challenges as well as present our perspective toward possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Naimovičius
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Pankaj Bharmoria
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
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16
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Li H, Wang C, Glaser F, Sinha N, Wenger OS. Metal-Organic Bichromophore Lowers the Upconversion Excitation Power Threshold and Promotes UV Photoreactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11402-11414. [PMID: 37186558 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion is a promising strategy to use visible light for chemical reactions requiring the energy input of UV photons. This strategy avoids unsafe ultraviolet light sources and can mitigate photo-damage and provide access to reactions, for which filter effects hamper direct UV excitation. Here, we report a new approach to make blue-to-UV upconversion more amenable to photochemical applications. The tethering of a naphthalene unit to a cyclometalated iridium(III) complex yields a bichromophore with a high triplet energy (2.68 eV) and a naphthalene-based triplet reservoir featuring a lifetime of 72.1 μs, roughly a factor of 20 longer than the photoactive excited state of the parent iridium(III) complex. In combination with three different annihilators, consistently lower thresholds for the blue-to-UV upconversion to crossover from a quadratic into a linear excitation power dependence regime were observed with the bichromophore compared to the parent iridium(III) complex. The upconversion system composed of the bichromophore and the 2,5-diphenyloxazole annihilator is sufficiently robust under long-term blue irradiation to continuously provide a high-energy singlet-excited state that can drive chemical reactions normally requiring UV light. Both photoredox and energy transfer catalyses were feasible using this concept, including the reductive N-O bond cleavage of Weinreb amides, a C-C coupling reaction based on reductive aryl debromination, and two Paternò-Büchi [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. Our work seems relevant in the context of developing new strategies for driving energetically demanding photochemistry with low-energy input light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Narayan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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17
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Zhou S, Liu Y, Jin W, Qin T, Liu X, Zhao C, Liu Z, Yu X. Synthesis, Structures, and Photophysical Properties of Zigzag BNBNB-Embedded Anthracene-Fused Fluoranthene. Org Lett 2023; 25:1573-1577. [PMID: 36825803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Three zigzag BNBNB-embedded anthracene-fused fluoranthenes are synthesized from 1,3,2-benzodiazaboroles through an indole-type N-directed C-H borylation reaction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses confirm the double bond character of all four alternating B-N bonds and reveal the five-center four-π-electron nature of the BNBNB group. Experimental spectra and density functional theory calculations indicate that borylation remarkably enhances the planarity, extends π-conjugation, and leads to a bathochromic shift in the absorption and emission bands, with remarkable fluorescence quantum yields in solution (92%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wendong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Tingting Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xuguang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Cuihua Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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18
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Zhang J, Ruiz-Molina D, Novio F, Roscini C. Water-Stable Upconverting Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles for Transparent Films and Anticounterfeiting Patterns with Air-Stable Upconversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8377-8386. [PMID: 36722461 PMCID: PMC9940112 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photon upconversion (UC) based on triplet-triplet annihilation is a very promising phenomenon with potential application in several areas, though, due to the intrinsic mechanism, the achievement of diffusion-limited solid materials with air-stable UC is still a challenge. Herein, we report UC coordination polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) combining sensitizer and emitter molecules especially designed with alkyl spacers that promote the amorphous character. Beyond the characteristic constraints of crystalline MOFs, amorphous CPNs facilitate high dye density and flexible ratio tunability. To show the universality of the approach, two types of UC-CPNs are reported, exhibiting highly photostable UC in two different visible spectral regions. Given their nanoscale, narrow size distribution, and good chemical/colloidal stability in water, the CPNs were also successfully printed as anticounterfeiting patterns and used to make highly transparent and photostable films for luminescent solar concentrators, both showing air-stable UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junda Zhang
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona (UAB), Campus
UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola
del Vallès, Spain
| | - Daniel Ruiz-Molina
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Novio
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona (UAB), Campus
UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola
del Vallès, Spain
| | - Claudio Roscini
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Enhanced chiroptic properties of nanocomposites of achiral plasmonic nanoparticles decorated with chiral dye-loaded micelles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:81. [PMID: 36604426 PMCID: PMC9816153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL)-active materials with both large luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) and high emission efficiency continues to be a major challenge. Here, we present an approach to improve the overall CPL performance by integrating triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC) with localized surface plasmon resonance. Dye-loaded chiral micelles possessing TTA-UC ability are designed and attached on the surface of achiral gold nanorods (AuNRs). The longitudinal and transversal resonance peaks of AuNRs overlap with the absorption and emission of dye-loaded chiral micelles, respectively. Typically, 43-fold amplification of glum value accompanied by 3-fold enhancement of upconversion are obtained simultaneously when Au@Ag nanorods are employed in the composites. More importantly, transient absorption spectra reveal a fast accumulation of spin-polarized triplet excitons in the composites. Therefore, the enhancement of chirality-induced spin polarization should be in charge of the amplification of glum value. Our design strategy suggests that combining plasmonic nanomaterials with chiral organic materials could aid in the development of chiroptical nanomaterials.
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20
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Glaser F, Wenger OS. Sensitizer-controlled photochemical reactivity via upconversion of red light. Chem Sci 2022; 14:149-161. [PMID: 36605743 PMCID: PMC9769107 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05229f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining the energy input from two red photons, chemical reactions that would normally require blue or ultraviolet irradiation become accessible. Key advantages of this biphotonic excitation strategy are that red light usually penetrates deeper into complex reaction mixtures and causes less photo-damage than direct illumination in the blue or ultraviolet. Here, we demonstrate that the primary light-absorber of a dual photocatalytic system comprised of a transition metal-based photosensitizer and an organic co-catalyst can completely alter the reaction outcome. Photochemical reductions are achieved with a copper(i) complex in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, whereas oxidative substrate activation occurs with an osmium(ii) photosensitizer. Based on time-resolved laser spectroscopy, this changeover in photochemical reactivity is due to different underlying biphotonic mechanisms. Following triplet energy transfer from the osmium(ii) photosensitizer to 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) and subsequent triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, the fluorescent singlet excited state of DCA triggers oxidative substrate activation, which initiates the cis to trans isomerization of an olefin, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition, an aryl ether to ester rearrangement, and a Newman-Kwart rearrangement. This oxidative substrate activation stands in contrast to the reactivity with a copper(i) photosensitizer, where photoinduced electron transfer generates the DCA radical anion, which upon further excitation triggers reductive dehalogenations and detosylations. Our study provides the proof-of-concept for controlling the outcome of a red-light driven biphotonic reaction by altering the photosensitizer, and this seems relevant in the greater context of tailoring photochemical reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
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21
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Wei L, Fan C, Rao M, Gao F, He C, Sun Y, Zhu S, He Q, Yang C, Wu W. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in LAPONITE®/PVP nanocomposites: absolute quantum yields of up to 23.8% in the solid state and application to anti-counterfeiting. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:3048-3056. [PMID: 36213984 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00887d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The low quantum efficiency in the solid phase and the highly efficient quenching by oxygen are two major weaknesses limiting the practical applications of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion (UC). Herein, we report an organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites fabricated by self-assembly of LAPONITE® clay and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP), which serves as excellent matrix for solid-state TTA-UC even in air. In the hybrid hydrogel doped by TTA-UC components, the anionic acceptors are arranged in an ordered manner at the nano-disk edge through electrostatic attraction, which avoids haphazard accumulation of the acceptors and allows for highly efficient inter-acceptor triplet energy migration. Moreover, the entangled PVP could not only protect the triplet excitons from oxygen quenching but even proactively eliminate oxygen by photoirradiation. Significantly, the dried gel prepared by completely removing water from the hydrogel gave absolute UC quantum efficiencies of up to 23.8% (out of a 50% maximum), which is the highest TTA-UC efficiency obtained in the solid state. The dried gels are readily made into powder by grinding with maintained UC emissions, making them convenient for application to information encryption and anti-counterfeiting security by virtue of the high UC quantum efficiency and insensitivity to oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Chunying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Fanrui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Cheng He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yujiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Sijia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Qiuhui He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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22
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Bharmoria P, Edhborg F, Bildirir H, Sasaki Y, Ghasemi S, Mårtensson A, Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Albinsson B, Börjesson K, Moth-Poulsen K. Recyclable optical bioplastics platform for solid state red light harvesting via triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:21279-21290. [PMID: 36325268 PMCID: PMC9578683 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta04810h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable photonics applications of solid-state triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) are limited by a small UC spectral window, low UC efficiency in air, and non-recyclability of polymeric materials used. In a step to overcome these issues, we have developed new recyclable TTA-UC bioplastics by encapsulating TTA-UC chromophores liquid inside the semicrystalline gelatin films showing broad-spectrum upconversion (red/far-red to blue) with high UC efficiency in air. For this, we synthesized a new anionic annihilator, sodium-TIPS-anthracene-2-sulfonate (TIPS-AnS), that combined with red/far-red sensitizers (PdTPBP/Os(m-peptpy)2(TFSI)2), a liquid surfactant Triton X-100 reduced (TXr) and protein gelatin (G) formed red/far-red to blue TTA-UC bioplastic films just by air drying of their aqueous solutions. The G-TXr-TIPS-AnS-PdTPBP film showed record red to blue (633 to 478 nm) TTA-UC quantum yield of 8.5% in air. The high UC quantum yield has been obtained due to the fluidity of dispersed TXr containing chromophores and oxygen blockage by gelatin fibers that allowed efficient diffusion of triplet excited chromophores. Further, the G-TXr-TIPS-AnS-Os(m-peptpy)2(TFSI)2 bioplastic film displayed far-red to blue (700-730 nm to 478 nm) TTA-UC, demonstrating broad-spectrum photon harvesting. Finally, we demonstrated the recycling of G-TXr-TIPS-AnS-PdTPBP bioplastics by developing a downstream approach that gives new directions for designing future recyclable photonics bioplastic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bharmoria
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Hakan Bildirir
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Yoichi Sasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Anders Mårtensson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology Kemivägen 10 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona, 08193 Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
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23
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Yago T, Tashiro M, Hasegawa K, Gohdo M, Tsuchiya S, Ikoma T, Wakasa M. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation via the Triplet Channel in Crystalline 9,10-Diphenylanthracene. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8768-8774. [PMID: 36102694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Delayed fluorescence resulting from triplet-triplet annihilation in crystalline 9,10-diphenylanthracene was observed by means of steady-state fluorescence measurements under magnetic fields of ≤10 T. At five specific magnetic fields, four peaks and one dip in the magnetic field dependence of fluorescence intensity were observed, proving that exchange-coupled triplet pairs were generated in the course of triplet-triplet annihilation. The dip was in the opposite direction predicted for singlet channel triplet-triplet annihilation. Further analysis using the stochastic Liouville equation confirmed that the closest exchange-coupled triplet pair in crystalline 9,10-diphenylanthracene is quenched via both triplet channel and singlet channel triplet-triplet annihilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Yago
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Manami Tashiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kiichi Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masao Gohdo
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibarakai, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Syuta Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050, Ikarashi, Nishi-Ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Ikoma
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050, Ikarashi, Nishi-Ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Masanobu Wakasa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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24
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Weiss R, VanOrman ZA, Sullivan CM, Nienhaus L. A Sensitizer of Purpose: Generating Triplet Excitons with Semiconductor Nanocrystals. ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:641-654. [PMID: 36855545 PMCID: PMC9928406 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The process of photon upconversion promises importance for many optoelectronic applications, as it can result in higher efficiencies and more effective photon management. Upconversion via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) occurs at low incident powers and at high efficiencies, requirements for integration into existing optoelectronic devices. Semiconductor nanocrystals are a diverse class of triplet sensitizers with advantages over traditional molecular sensitizers such as energetic tunability and minimal energy loss during the triplet sensitization process. In this Perspective, we review current progress in semiconductor nanocrystal triplet sensitization, specifically focusing on the nanocrystal, the ligand shell which surrounds the nanocrystal, and progress in solid-state sensitization. Finally, we discuss potential areas of improvement which could result in more efficient upconversion systems sensitized by semiconductor nanocrystals. Specifically, we focus on the development of solid-state TTA upconversion systems, elucidation of the energy transfer mechanisms from nanocrystal to transmitter ligand which underpin the upconversion process and propose novel configurations of nanocrystal-sensitized systems.
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25
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Recent Advances in the Photoreactions Triggered by Porphyrin-Based Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Systems: Molecular Innovations and Nanoarchitectonics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148041. [PMID: 35887385 PMCID: PMC9323209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is a very promising technology that could be used to convert low-energy photons to high-energy ones and has been proven to be of great value in various areas. Porphyrins have the characteristics of high molar absorbance, can form a complex with different metal ions and a high proportion of triplet states as well as tunable structures, and thus they are important sensitizers for TTA-UC. Porphyrin-based TTA-UC plays a pivotal role in the TTA-UC systems and has been widely used in many fields such as solar cells, sensing and circularly polarized luminescence. In recent years, applications of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoinduced reactions have emerged, but have been paid little attention. As a consequence, this review paid close attention to the recent advances in the photoreactions triggered by porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems. First of all, the photochemistry of porphyrin-based TTA-UC for chemical transformations, such as photoisomerization, photocatalytic synthesis, photopolymerization, photodegradation and photochemical/photoelectrochemical water splitting, was discussed in detail, which revealed the different mechanisms of TTA-UC and methods with which to carry out reasonable molecular innovations and nanoarchitectonics to solve the existing problems in practical application. Subsequently, photoreactions driven by porphyrin-based TTA-UC for biomedical applications were demonstrated. Finally, the future developments of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoreactions were briefly discussed.
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26
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Wang C, Reichenauer F, Kitzmann WR, Kerzig C, Heinze K, Resch-Genger U. Efficient Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Sensitized by a Chromium(III) Complex via an Underexplored Energy Transfer Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202238. [PMID: 35344256 PMCID: PMC9322448 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (sTTA-UC) mainly relies on precious metal complexes thanks to their high intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiencies, excited state energies, and lifetimes, while complexes of abundant first-row transition metals are only rarely utilized and with often moderate UC quantum yields. [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ (bpmp=2,6-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)pyridine) containing earth-abundant chromium possesses an absorption band suitable for green light excitation, a doublet excited state energy matching the triplet energy of 9,10-diphenyl anthracene (DPA), a close to millisecond excited state lifetime, and high photostability. Combined ISC and doublet-triplet energy transfer from excited [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ to DPA gives 3 DPA with close-to-unity quantum yield. TTA of 3 DPA furnishes green-to-blue UC with a quantum yield of 12.0 % (close to the theoretical maximum). Sterically less-hindered anthracenes undergo a [4+4] cycloaddition with [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ and green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Winald R Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Cao X, Li S, Chen W, Lu H, Ye L, Min Z, Sun S, Teng C, Yin H, Zhang Q, He W, Wang X, Lv W, Lv L, Xin H. Multifunctional Hybrid Hydrogel System Enhanced the Therapeutic Efficacy of Treatments for Postoperative Glioma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27623-27633. [PMID: 35673881 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is the most lethal brain tumor with a poor prognosis, and a combination of multiple therapeutic strategies is critical for postoperative glioma treatment. Herein, a multifunctional hybrid hydrogel system (designated as CP&CL@RNPPTX-Gel) was developed for local treatment of postoperative glioma. The system was composed of self-illuminating chlorin e6 (Ce6) conjugated with luminol molecule (CL)-loaded glioma-targeting paclitaxel prodrug nanoparticles and copper peroxide nanodots (CP NDs) coembedded into a three-dimensional thermosensitive hydroxypropyl chitin hydrogel frame. After injection of CP&CL@RNPPTX-Gel into the cavity of postoperative glioma, the solution could be cross-linked into the gel as a drug reservoir under body temperature stimulation. Then, the sustained-released CP NDs decomposed into Cu2+ and H2O2 in the acidic microenvironment of the glioma cells to exert chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Meanwhile, Cu2+ could catalyze the self-luminescence of CL to induce photodynamic therapy (PDT) without external excitation light. Moreover, paclitaxel prodrug nanoparticles degraded into paclitaxel to restrain residual glioma cells in response to intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH). The in vitro and in vivo results showed that CP&CL@RNPPTX-Gel had great potential as a multifunctional hybrid hydrogel system with remarkable therapeutic effects for postoperative glioma treatment via a combination of chemotherapy, CDT, and PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongdan Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lu Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhiyi Min
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shanbo Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chuanhui Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Haoyuan Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Weichong He
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiuzhen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Wuxi 214400, China
| | - Lingyan Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Wuxi 214400, China
| | - Hongliang Xin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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28
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Wang C, Reichenauer F, Kitzmann WR, Kerzig C, Heinze K, Resch‐Genger U. Efficient Triplet‐Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Sensitized by a Chromium(III) Complex via an Underexplored Energy Transfer Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Free University of Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Winald R. Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division Biophotonics Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
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29
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Best practice in determining key photophysical parameters in triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1143-1158. [PMID: 35441266 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process in which low-energy light is transformed into light of higher energy. During the last two decades, it has gained increasing attention due to its potential in, e.g., biological applications and solar energy conversion. The highest efficiencies for TTA-UC systems have been achieved in liquid solution, owing to that several of the intermediate steps require close contact between the interacting species, something that is more easily achieved in diffusion-controlled environments. There is a good understanding of the kinetics dictating the performance in liquid TTA-UC systems, but so far, the community lacks cohesiveness in terms of how several important parameters are best determined experimentally. In this perspective, we discuss and present a "best practice" for the determination of several critical parameters in TTA-UC, namely triplet excited state energies, rate constants for triplet-triplet annihilation ([Formula: see text]), triplet excited-state lifetimes ([Formula: see text]), and excitation threshold intensity ([Formula: see text]). Finally, we introduce a newly developed method by which [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] may be determined simultaneously using the same set of time-resolved emission measurements. The experiment can be performed with a simple experimental setup, be ran under mild excitation conditions, and entirely circumvents the need for more challenging nanosecond transient absorption measurements, a technique that previously has been required to extract [Formula: see text]. Our hope is that the discussions and methodologies presented herein will aid the photon upconversion community in performing more efficient and manageable experiments while maintaining-and sometimes increasing-the accuracy and validity of the extracted parameters.
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30
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Limberg DK, Kang JH, Hayward RC. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Photopolymerization for High-Resolution 3D Printing. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5226-5232. [PMID: 35285620 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) currently offers the highest resolution available in 3D printing (∼100 nm) but requires femtosecond laser pulses at very high peak intensity (∼1 TW/cm2). Here, we demonstrate 3D printing based on triplet-triplet-annihilation photopolymerization (TTAP), which achieves submicron resolution while using a continuous visible LED light source with comparatively low light intensity (∼10 W/cm2). TTAP enables submicrometer feature sizes with exposure times of ∼0.1 s/voxel without requiring a coherent or pulsed light source, opening the door to low-cost fabrication with submicron resolution. This approach enables 3D printing of a diverse array of designs with high resolution and is amenable to future parallelization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Limberg
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ji-Hwan Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90804, United States
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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31
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Carrod AJ, Cravcenco A, Ye C, Börjesson K. Modulating TTA efficiency through control of high energy triplet states. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:4923-4928. [PMID: 35433005 PMCID: PMC8944256 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An ideal annihilator in triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) can achieve a maximum of 50% quantum efficiency. This spin statistical limit depends on the energies of the triplet states of the annihilator molecule, with only 20% quantum efficiencies possible in less-optimal energy configurations (E T2 ≤ 2E T1 ). Our work utilises three perylene analogues substituted with phenyl in sequential positions. When substituted in the bay position the isomer displays drastically lowered upconversion yields, which can be explained by the system going from an ideal to less-ideal energy configuration. We further concluded position 2 is the best site when functionalising perylene without a wish to affect its photophysics, thus demonstrating how molecular design can influence upconversion quantum efficiencies by controlling the energetics of triplet states through substitution. This will in turn help in the design of molecules that maximise upconversion efficiencies for materials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Carrod
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
| | - Alexei Cravcenco
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University Uppsala 752 36 Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
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32
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Olesund A, Johnsson J, Edhborg F, Ghasemi S, Moth-Poulsen K, Albinsson B. Approaching the Spin-Statistical Limit in Visible-to-Ultraviolet Photon Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3706-3716. [PMID: 35175751 PMCID: PMC8895402 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process in which triplet excitons combine to form emissive singlets and holds great promise in biological applications and for improving the spectral match in solar energy conversion. While high TTA-UC quantum yields have been reported for, for example, red-to-green TTA-UC systems, there are only a few examples of visible-to-ultraviolet (UV) transformations in which the quantum yield reaches 10%. In this study, we investigate the performance of six annihilators when paired with the sensitizer 2,3,5,6-tetra(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzonitrile (4CzBN), a purely organic compound that exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence. We report a record-setting internal TTA-UC quantum yield (ΦUC,g) of 16.8% (out of a 50% maximum) for 1,4-bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)naphthalene, demonstrating the first example of a visible-to-UV TTA-UC system approaching the classical spin-statistical limit of 20%. Three other annihilators, of which 2,5-diphenylfuran has never been used for TTA-UC previously, also showed impressive performances with ΦUC,g above 12%. In addition, a new method to determine the rate constant of TTA is proposed, in which only time-resolved emission measurements are needed, circumventing the need for more challenging transient absorption measurements. The results reported herein represent an important step toward highly efficient visible-to-UV TTA-UC systems that hold great potential for driving high-energy photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Olesund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jessica Johnsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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33
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Manjanath A, Yang CH, Kue K, Wang CI, Claudio GC, Hsu CP. Enhancing Singlet Fission Coupling with Nonbonding Orbitals. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:1017-1029. [PMID: 34982933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a process where a singlet exciton is split into a pair of triplet excitons. The increase in the excitonic generation can be exploited to enhance the efficiency of solar cells. Molecules with conjugated π bonds are commonly developed for optoelectronic applications including SF, due to their low energy gaps. The electronic coupling for SF in such well-stacked π-conjugated molecule pairs can be rather limited due to the orthogonal π and π* orbital overlaps that are involved in the coupling elements, leading to a large cancellation in the coupling. In the present work, we show that such limits can be removed by involving triplet states of different origins, such as those with nonbonding n orbitals. We demonstrate such an effect for formaldehyde and methylenimine dimers, with a low-lying n-π* triplet state (T1) in addition to the π-π* triplet (T2). We show that the coupling can be enhanced by 40 times or more for the formaldehyde dimer, and 15 times or more for the methylenimine dimer, with the T1-T2 state as the end product of SF. With 1759 randomly oriented pairs of formaldehyde derived from a molecular dynamics simulation, the coupling from a singlet exciton to this T1-T2 state is, on an average, almost two times larger than that for a regular T1-T1 state. We investigated a few families that have been shown to be prospective candidates for SF, using our proposed strategy. However, our unfavorable results indicate that there are clear difficulties in fulfilling the ES1 ≳ ET1 + ET2 energy criterion. Nevertheless, our results provide a new molecular design concept for better SF (and triplet-triplet annihilation, TTA) materials that allows future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaditya Manjanath
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Hsun Yang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Karl Kue
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Chun-I Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Gil C Claudio
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,National Center for Theoretical Sciences, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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34
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Schad C, Avellanal-Zaballa E, Rebollar E, Ray C, Duque-Redondo E, Moreno F, Maroto BL, Bañuelos J, García-Moreno I, De la Moya S. Triplet–triplet sensitizing within pyrene-based COO-BODIPY: a breaking molecular platform for annihilating photon upconversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:27441-27448. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Upconverted fluorescence assisted by triplet–triplet annihilation from heavy-atom-free photoactivatable multichromophoric organic assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schad
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edurne Avellanal-Zaballa
- Dpto. de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Esther Rebollar
- Dpto. de Química-Física de Materiales, Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano”, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Ray
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Duque-Redondo
- Dpto. de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Florencio Moreno
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz L. Maroto
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Bañuelos
- Dpto. de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Inmaculada García-Moreno
- Dpto. de Química-Física de Materiales, Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano”, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago De la Moya
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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35
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Bossanyi DG, Sasaki Y, Wang S, Chekulaev D, Kimizuka N, Yanai N, Clark J. Spin Statistics for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion: Exchange Coupling, Intermolecular Orientation, and Reverse Intersystem Crossing. JACS AU 2021; 1:2188-2201. [PMID: 34977890 PMCID: PMC8715495 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has great potential to significantly improve the light harvesting capabilities of photovoltaic cells and is also sought after for biomedical applications. Many factors combine to influence the overall efficiency of TTA-UC, the most fundamental of which is the spin statistical factor, η, that gives the probability that a bright singlet state is formed from a pair of annihilating triplet states. The value of η is also critical in determining the contribution of TTA to the overall efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes. Using solid rubrene as a model system, we reiterate why experimentally measured magnetic field effects prove that annihilating triplets first form weakly exchange-coupled triplet-pair states. This is contrary to conventional discussions of TTA-UC that implicitly assume strong exchange coupling, and we show that it has profound implications for the spin statistical factor η. For example, variations in intermolecular orientation tune η from to through spin mixing of the triplet-pair wave functions. Because the fate of spin-1 triplet-pair states is particularly crucial in determining η, we investigate it in rubrene using pump-push-probe spectroscopy and find additional evidence for the recently reported high-level reverse intersystem crossing channel. We incorporate all of these factors into an updated model framework with which to understand the spin statistics of TTA-UC and use it to rationalize the differences in reported values of η among different common annihilator systems. We suggest that harnessing high-level reverse intersystem crossing channels in new annihilator molecules may be a highly promising strategy to exceed any spin statistical limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Bossanyi
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, The University
of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Yoichi Sasaki
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center
for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shuangqing Wang
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, The University
of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Dimitri Chekulaev
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center
for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center
for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jenny Clark
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, The University
of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
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Sun G, Xie Y, Sun L, Zhang H. Lanthanide upconversion and downshifting luminescence for biomolecules detection. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:766-780. [PMID: 34569585 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00299f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecules play critical roles in biological activities and are closely related to various disease conditions. The reliable, selective and sensitive detection of biomolecules holds much promise for specific and rapid biosensing. In recent years, luminescent lanthanide probes have been widely used for monitoring the activity of biomolecules owing to their long luminescence lifetimes and line-like emission which allow time-resolved and ratiometric analyses. In this review article, we concentrate on recent advances in the detection of biomolecule activities based on lanthanide luminescent systems, including upconversion luminescent nanoparticles, lanthanide-metal organic frameworks, and lanthanide organic complexes. We also introduce the latest remarkable accomplishments of lanthanide probes in the design principles and sensing mechanisms, as well as the forthcoming challenges and perspectives for practical achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guotao Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Yao Xie
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lining Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
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Edhborg F, Bildirir H, Bharmoria P, Moth-Poulsen K, Albinsson B. Intramolecular Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Photon Upconversion in Diffusionally Restricted Anthracene Polymer. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:6255-6263. [PMID: 34081465 PMCID: PMC8279549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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In the strive to
develop triplet–triplet annihilation photon
upconversion (TTA-UC) to become applicable in a viable technology,
there is a need to develop upconversion systems that can function
well in solid states. One method to achieve efficient solid-state
TTA-UC systems is to replace the intermolecular energy-transfer steps
with the corresponding intramolecular transfers, thereby minimizing
loss channels involved in chromophore diffusion. Herein, we present
a study of photon upconversion by TTA internally within a polymeric
annihilator network (iTTA). By the design of the annihilator polymer
and the choice of experiment conditions, we isolate upconversion emission
governed by iTTA within the annihilator particles and eliminate possible
external TTA between separate annihilator particles (xTTA). This approach
leads to mechanistic insights into the process of iTTA and makes it
possible to explore the upconversion kinetics and performance of a
polymeric annihilator. In comparison to a monomeric upconversion system
that only functions using xTTA, we show that upconversion in a polymeric
annihilator is efficient also at extremely low annihilator concentrations
and that the overall kinetics is significantly faster. The presented
results show that intramolecular photon upconversion is a versatile
concept for the development of highly efficient solid-state photon
upconversion materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Hakan Bildirir
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Pankaj Bharmoria
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
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