1
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Singh P, König B, Shaikh AC. Electro-photochemical Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H bonds: Synthesis toward Sustainability. JACS AU 2024; 4:3340-3357. [PMID: 39328771 PMCID: PMC11423327 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, there has been a surge of interest in harnessing the functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds due to their promising applications across various domains. Yet, traditional methodologies have heavily leaned on stoichiometric quantities of costly and often environmentally harmful metal oxidants, posing sustainability challenges for C-H activation chemistry at large. In stark contrast, the emergence of electro-photocatalytic-driven C(sp3)-H bond activation presents a transformative alternative. This approach offers a viable route for forging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. It stands out by directly engaging inert C(sp3)-H bonds, prevalent in organic compounds, without the necessity for prefunctionalization or harsh reaction conditions. Such methodology simplifies the synthesis of intricate organic compounds and facilitates the creation of novel chemical architectures with remarkable efficiency and precision. This review aims to shed light on the notable strides achieved in recent years in the realm of C(sp3)-H bond functionalization through organic electro-photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India
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2
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Gu X, Shen J, Xu Z, Liu J, Shi M, Wei Y. Visible-Light-Mediated Activation of Remote C(sp 3)-H Bonds by Carbon-Centered Biradical via Intramolecular 1,5- or 1,6-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409463. [PMID: 39031578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction that efficiently yields azetidine, oxetane, and indoline derivatives through a mechanism resembling the carbon analogue of the Norrish-Yang reaction. This process is facilitated by excited triplet-state carbon-centered biradicals, enabling the 1,5-HAT reaction by suppressing the critical 1,4-biradical intermediates from undergoing the Norrish Type II cleavage reaction, and pioneering unprecedented 1,6-HAT reactions initiated by excited triplet-state alkenes. We demonstrate the synthetic utility and compatibility of this method across various functional groups, validated through scope evaluation, large-scale synthesis, and derivatization. Our findings are supported by control experiments, deuterium labeling, kinetic studies, cyclic voltammetry, Stern-Volmer experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ziyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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3
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Rahaman S, Sahay SS, Kumari A, Dey S. Multicomponent Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine: Access to Abnormal Mannich and Mannich-Type Reaction. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10773-10784. [PMID: 39017591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
This study showcases successfully switchable approaches to accomplish the C3-aryl methylation and C3- amino methylation of privileged nitrogen-containing pharmaceutical compounds "imidazopyridines" with distinct amines, which surmounts the long-standing requirement for a superfluous directing group. These two transformations manifest pronounced regio- and chemo-divergent behavior, successfully demonstrating unprecedented multicomponent "abnormal Mannich and Mannich-type" reactions. The remarkable environmentally benign protocol has been efficiently extended to concise the synthesis and late-stage derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segufa Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Suhag Singh Sahay
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Annu Kumari
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Swapan Dey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
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4
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Gu Y, Luo M, Yuan H, Liu G, Wang S. Photocatalytic Enantioselective Radical Cascade Multicomponent Minisci Reaction of β-Carbolines Using Diazo Compounds as Radical Precursors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402272. [PMID: 38639395 PMCID: PMC11220658 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Here, a photocatalytic asymmetric multicomponent cascade Minisci reaction of β-carbolines with enamides and diazo compounds is reported, enabling an effective enantioselective radical C─H functionalization of β-carbolines with high yields and enantioselectivity (up to 83% yield and 95% ee). This enantioselective multicomponent Minisci protocol exhibits step economy, high chemo-/enantio-selective control, and good functional group tolerance, allowing access to a variety of valuable chiral β-carbolines. Notably, diazo compounds are suitable radical precursors in enantioselective cascade radical reactions. Moreover, the efficiency and practicality of this approach are demonstrated by the asymmetric synthesis of bioactive compounds and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Jie Gu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and TechnologyXiangtan411201P. R. China
| | - Mu‐Peng Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and TechnologyXiangtan411201P. R. China
| | - Guo‐Kai Liu
- School of PharmacyShenzhen University Medical SchoolShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Shou‐Guo Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
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5
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Hu H, Shi Z, Guo X, Zhang FH, Wang Z. A Radical Approach for Asymmetric α-C-H Addition of N-Sulfonyl Benzylamines to Aldehydes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5316-5323. [PMID: 38364304 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Efficient synthesis of enantioenriched amines is of great importance due to their significant synthetic and biological applications. Photoredox-mediated asymmetric α-amino C(sp3)-H functionalization offers an atom-economical and sustainable approach to access chiral amines. However, the development of analogous reactions is in its early stages, generally affording chiral amines with a single stereocenter. Herein, we present a novel synergistic triple-catalysis approach for the asymmetric α-C-H addition of readily available N-sulfonyl amines to aldehydes under mild conditions. This method allows for the efficient synthesis of a diverse array of valuable β-amino alcohols bearing vicinal stereocenters. Unlike previous reports, our protocol employs a radical approach using earth-abundant Cr catalysis. Quinuclidine plays a dual role by facilitating highly selective hydrogen-atom transfer to generate α-amino radicals and promoting the dissociation of the Cr-O bond, which is crucial for the overall catalytic cycle as evidenced by control, NMR, and DFT experiments. Preliminary mechanistic studies, including radical trapping, nonlinear effect, Stern-Volmer plot, kinetic isotope effect, and Hammett plot, offer valuable insights into the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Zhaoxin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310030, China
| | - Xiaochong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310030, China
| | - Feng-Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310030, China
| | - Zhaobin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310024, China
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6
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Xu GQ, Wang WD, Xu PF. Photocatalyzed Enantioselective Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1209-1223. [PMID: 38170467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its diverse activation processes including single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT), visible-light photocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable and efficient platform for organic synthesis. These processes provide a powerful avenue for the direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds under mild conditions. Over the past decade, there have been remarkable advances in the enantioselective functionalization of the C(sp3)-H bond via photocatalysis combined with conventional asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we summarize the advances in asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization involving visible-light photocatalysis and discuss two main pathways in this emerging field: (a) SET-driven carbocation intermediates are followed by stereospecific nucleophile attacks; and (b) photodriven alkyl radical intermediates are further enantioselectively captured by (i) chiral π-SOMOphile reagents, (ii) stereoselective transition-metal complexes, and (iii) another distinct stereoscopic radical species. We aim to summarize key advances in reaction design, catalyst development, and mechanistic understanding, to provide new insights into this rapidly evolving area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wei David Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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7
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Wang LC, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Wu XF. Cobalt-catalyzed aminoalkylative carbonylation of alkenes toward direct synthesis of γ-amino acid derivatives and peptides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7439. [PMID: 37978196 PMCID: PMC10656502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Amino acids and peptides analogues are common constituents of building blocks for numerous biologically active molecules, pharmaceuticals, and natural products. In particular, γ-amino acids are providing with better metabolic stability than α-amino acids. Herein we report a multicomponent carbonylation technology that combines readily available amides, alkenes, and the feedstock gas carbon monoxide to build architecturally complex and functionally diverse γ-amino acid derivatives in a single step by the implementation of radical relay catalysis. This transformation can also be used as a late-stage functionalization strategy to deliver complex, advanced γ-amino acid products for pharmaceutical and other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Cheng Wang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Rostock, Germany
| | - Yang Yuan
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Youcan Zhang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Rostock, Germany.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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8
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Chen TS, Long H, Gao Y, Xu HC. Continuous Flow Electrochemistry Enables Practical and Site-Selective C-H Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310138. [PMID: 37590086 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxygenation of ubiquitous C(sp3 )-H bonds remains a highly sought-after method in both academia and the chemical industry for constructing functionalized organic molecules. However, it is extremely challenging to selectively oxidize a certain C(sp3 )-H bond to afford alcohols due to the presence of multiple C(sp3 )-H bonds with similar strength and steric environment in organic molecules, and the alcohol products being prone to further oxidation. Herein, we present a practical and cost-efficient electrochemical method for the highly selective monooxygenation of benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds using continuous flow reactors. The electrochemical reactions produce trifluoroacetate esters that are resistant to further oxidation but undergo facile hydrolysis during aqueous workup to form benzylic alcohols. The method exhibits a broad scope and exceptional site selectivity and requires no catalysts or chemical oxidants. Furthermore, the electrochemical method demonstrates excellent scalability by producing 115 g of one of the alcohol products. The high site selectivity of the electrochemical method originates from its unique mechanism to cleave benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds through sequential electron/proton transfer, rather than the commonly employed hydrogen atom transfer (HAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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9
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Ma C, Shen J, Qu C, Shao T, Cao S, Yin Y, Zhao X, Jiang Z. Enantioselective Chemodivergent Three-Component Radical Tandem Reactions through Asymmetric Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20141-20148. [PMID: 37639692 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemodivergent synthesis has been achieved in asymmetric photocatalysis. Under a dual catalyst system consisting of a chiral phosphoric acid and DPZ as a photosensitizer, different inorganic bases enabled the formation of two sets of valuable products from the three-component radical tandem transformations of 2-bromo-1-arylenthan-1-ones, styrenes, and quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. The key to success was the distinct pKa environment, in which the radicals that formed on the quinoxalin-2(1H)-one rings after two radical addition processes underwent either single-electron oxidation or single-electron reduction. In addition, this work represents the first use of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones in asymmetric photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaorui Ma
- Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Shen
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Chaofan Qu
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Tianju Shao
- Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Cao
- Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Yin
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
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10
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Kang H, Tan L, Han JT, Huang CY, Su H, Kavun A, Li CJ. Acceptorless cross-dehydrogenative coupling for C(sp 3)-H heteroarylation mediated by a heterogeneous GaN/ketone photocatalyst/photosensitizer system. Commun Chem 2023; 6:181. [PMID: 37658203 PMCID: PMC10474291 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkanes are naturally abundant chemical building blocks that contain plentiful C(sp3)-H bonds. While inert, the activation of C(sp3)-H via hydrogen atom abstraction (HAT) stages an appealing approach to generate alkyl radicals. However, prevailing shortcomings include the excessive use of oxidants and alkanes that impede scope. We herein show the use of gallium nitride (GaN) as a non-toxic, recyclable, heterogeneous photocatalyst to enable alkyl C(sp3)-H in conjunction with the catalytic use of simple photosensitizer, benzophenone, to promote the desired alkyl radical generation. The dual photocatalytic cycle enables cross-dehydrogenative Minisci alkylation under mild and chemical oxidant-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyotaik Kang
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada.
| | - Lida Tan
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada
| | - Jing-Tan Han
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada
| | - Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada
| | - Hui Su
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada
| | - Aleksei Kavun
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada
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11
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Tian JJ, Li RR, Tian GX, Wang XC. Enantioselective C3-Allylation of Pyridines via Tandem Borane and Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307697. [PMID: 37395559 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a one-pot method for enantioselective C-H allylation of pyridines at C3 via tandem borane and palladium catalysis. This method involves borane-catalyzed pyridine hydroboration to generate dihydropyridines, then palladium-catalyzed enantioselective allylation of the dihydropyridines with allylic esters, and finally air oxidation of the allylated dihydropyridines to afford the products. This method enables the introduction of an allylic group at C3 with excellent regio- and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Tian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rui-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Gui-Xiu Tian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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12
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Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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13
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Abstract
Azines, such as pyridines, quinolines, pyrimidines, and pyridazines, are widespread components of pharmaceuticals. Their occurrence derives from a suite of physiochemical properties that match key criteria in drug design and is tunable by varying their substituents. Developments in synthetic chemistry, therefore, directly impact these efforts, and methods that can install various groups from azine C-H bonds are particularly valuable. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in late-stage functionalization (LSF) reactions that focus on advanced candidate compounds that are often complex structures with multiple heterocycles, functional groups, and reactive sites. Because of factors such as their electron-deficient nature and the effects of the Lewis basic N atom, azine C-H functionalization reactions are often distinct from their arene counterparts, and the application of these reactions in LSF contexts is difficult. However, there have been many significant advances in azine LSF reactions, and this review will describe this progress, much of which has occurred over the past decade. It is possible to categorize these reactions as radical addition processes, metal-catalyzed C-H activation reactions, and transformations occurring via dearomatized intermediates. Substantial variation in reaction design within each category indicates both the rich reactivity of these heterocycles and the creativity of the approaches involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celena M Josephitis
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Hillary M H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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14
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Harris G, Trowbridge AD, Gaunt MJ. A Chiral Amine Transfer Approach to the Photocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Trialkyl-α-tertiary Amines. Org Lett 2023; 25:861-866. [PMID: 36724345 PMCID: PMC9926512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing challenge within radical chemistry is that of controlling the absolute stereochemistry of the products. Here, we report the stereocontrolled addition of α-amino radicals reductively generated from imines via visible-light-mediated photoredox-catalysis to alkenes, giving rise to enantioenriched α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amines. This process exploits a commercially available phenylglycinol derivative as a source of both nitrogen and chiral information. DFT studies support a stereochemical model whereby an intramolecular H-bond rigidifies the transition state of the enantiodetermining step.
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15
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Shu X, Zhong D, Huang Q, Huan L, Huo H. Site- and enantioselective cross-coupling of saturated N-heterocycles with carboxylic acids by cooperative Ni/photoredox catalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:125. [PMID: 36624097 PMCID: PMC9829739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Site- and enantioselective cross-coupling of saturated N-heterocycles and carboxylic acids-two of the most abundant and versatile functionalities-to form pharmaceutically relevant α-acylated amine derivatives remains a major challenge in organic synthesis. Here, we report a general strategy for the highly site- and enantioselective α-acylation of saturated N-heterocycles with in situ-activated carboxylic acids. This modular approach exploits the hydrogen-atom-transfer reactivity of photocatalytically generated chlorine radicals in combination with asymmetric nickel catalysis to selectively functionalize cyclic α-amino C-H bonds in the presence of benzylic, allylic, acyclic α-amino, and α-oxy methylene groups. The mild and scalable protocol requires no organometallic reagents, displays excellent chemo-, site- and enantioselectivity, and is amenable to late-stage diversification, including a modular synthesis of previously inaccessible Taxol derivatives. Mechanistic studies highlight the exceptional versatility of the chiral nickel catalyst in orchestrating (i) catalytic chlorine elimination, (ii) alkyl radical capture, (iii) cross-coupling, and (iv) asymmetric induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - De Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Leitao Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Haohua Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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16
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Luo MP, Gu YJ, Wang SG. Photocatalytic enantioselective Minisci reaction of β-carbolines and application to natural product synthesis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:251-256. [PMID: 36687353 PMCID: PMC9811569 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly efficient enantioselective direct C-H functionalization of β-carbolines via a Minisci-type radical process under a photo-redox and chiral phosphoric acid cooperative catalytic system has been disclosed. Through this protocol, a wide range of C1 aminoalkylated β-carbolines were constructed directly with high levels of enantioselectivities from readily available β-carbolines and alanine-derived redox-active esters. This transformation allows straightforward access to highly valuable enantioenriched β-carbolines, which are an intriguing structural motif in valuable natural products and synthetic bio-active compounds. This protocol has been utilized as a highly efficient synthetic strategy for the concise asymmetric total synthesis of marine alkaloids eudistomin X, (+)-eudistomidin B and (+)-eudistomidin I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Peng Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Yi-Jie Gu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Shou-Guo Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China
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17
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Le Saux E, Georgiou E, Dmitriev IA, Hartley WC, Melchiorre P. Photochemical Organocatalytic Functionalization of Pyridines via Pyridinyl Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:47-52. [PMID: 36574031 PMCID: PMC9837848 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a photochemical method for the functionalization of pyridines with radicals derived from allylic C-H bonds. Overall, two substrates undergo C-H functionalization to form a new C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond. The chemistry harnesses the unique reactivity of pyridinyl radicals, generated upon single-electron reduction of pyridinium ions, which undergo effective coupling with allylic radicals. This novel mechanism enables distinct positional selectivity for pyridine functionalization that diverges from classical Minisci chemistry. Crucial was the identification of a dithiophosphoric acid that masters three catalytic tasks, sequentially acting as a Brønsted acid for pyridine protonation, a single electron transfer (SET) reductant for pyridinium ion reduction, and a hydrogen atom abstractor for the activation of allylic C(sp3)-H bonds. The resulting pyridinyl and allylic radicals then couple with high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Le Saux
- ICIQ
− Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain,URV
− Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eleni Georgiou
- ICIQ
− Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain,URV
− Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Igor A. Dmitriev
- ICIQ
− Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain,URV
− Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Will C. Hartley
- ICIQ
− Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,
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18
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Lahdenperä ASK, Bacoş PD, Phipps RJ. Enantioselective Giese Additions of Prochiral α-Amino Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22451-22457. [PMID: 36454604 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Amines featuring an adjacent stereocenter are important building blocks, and recent years have seen remarkable growth in methods forming these via prochiral α-amino radical intermediates. However, very few can exert control over the newly formed stereocenter. We disclose a strategy to overcome this in the context of one of the most widely used radical carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, the Giese reaction. Incorporation of a removable basic heteroarene into the substrate enables a network of attractive noncovalent interactions between a phosphoric acid catalyst, the subsequently formed α-amino radical, and the Giese acceptor, allowing the catalyst to exert control during the C-C bond forming step. Deprotection of the products leads to analogues of γ-aminobutyric acid. We anticipate that this strategy will be applicable to other asymmetric radical transformations in which catalyst control is presently challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti S K Lahdenperä
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - P David Bacoş
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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19
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Laha R, Patel TI, Moschitto MJ. Desulfinative Alkylation of Heteroarenes via an Electrostatic Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex. Org Lett 2022; 24:7394-7399. [PMID: 36194682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized pyridine and quinoline rings are important components of numerous bioactive molecules and natural products; however, diversification of these rings often requires de novo heterocycle ring synthesis or demanding reaction conditions. We report a method for desulfinative alkylation of pyridine and quinoline N-methoxide salts that operates under both photocatalytic and electrostatic electron donor-acceptor-mediated pathways. Unlike most EDA-mediated processes, this reaction operates in the absence of light and with the desulfination of the donor compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkrishna Laha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey 163 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Twinkle I Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey 163 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Matthew J Moschitto
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey 163 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08901, United States
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20
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Schirmer TE, König B. Ion-Pairing Catalysis in Stereoselective, Light-Induced Transformations. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19207-19218. [PMID: 36240496 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of photoredox catalysis, numerous concepts for asymmetric induction were successfully and broadly adapted from polar two-electron transformations to radical chemistry. While this applies to organocatalysis or transition metal chemistry, asymmetric ion-pairing catalysis remains a niche application within light-driven reactions today. This perspective gives an overview of recent examples, strategies, and their application in stereoselective transformations at the interface of ion-pairing and photo(redox) catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias E Schirmer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Gillespie J, Fanourakis A, Phipps RJ. Strategies That Utilize Ion Pairing Interactions to Exert Selectivity Control in the Functionalization of C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18195-18211. [PMID: 36178308 PMCID: PMC9562467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatic attraction between two groups of opposite charge, typically known as ion-pairing, offers unique opportunities for the design of systems to enable selectivity control in chemical reactions. Catalysis using noncovalent interactions is an established and vibrant research area, but it is noticeable that hydrogen bonding interactions are still the main interaction of choice in system design. Opposite charges experience the powerful force of Coulombic attraction and have the ability to exert fundamental influence on the outcome of reactions that involve charged reagents, intermediates or catalysts. In this Perspective, we will examine how ion-pairing interactions have been used to control selectivity in C-H bond functionalization processes. This broad class of reactions provides an interesting and thought-provoking lens through which to examine the application of ion-pairing design strategies because it is one that encompasses great mechanistic diversity, poses significant selectivity challenges, and perhaps most importantly is of immense interest to synthetic chemists in both industry and academia. We survey reactions that proceed via radical and ionic mechanisms alongside those that involve transition metal catalysis and will deal with control of site-selectivity and enantioselectivity. We anticipate that as this emerging area develops, it will become an ever-more important design strategy for selectivity control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert J. Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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22
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Guo J, Xie Y, Lai ZM, Weng J, Chan ASC, Lu G. Enantioselective Hydroalkylation of Alkenylpyridines Enabled by Merging Photoactive Electron Donor–Acceptor Complexes with Chiral Bifunctional Organocatalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Min Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Albert S. C. Chan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gui Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Photoelectrochemical asymmetric catalysis enables site- and enantioselective cyanation of benzylic C–H bonds. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Li JF, Pan D, Wang HR, Zhang T, Li Y, Huang G, Ye M. Enantioselective C2-H Alkylation of Pyridines with 1,3-Dienes via Ni-Al Bimetallic Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18810-18816. [PMID: 36205623 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A chiral phosphine oxide-ligated Ni-Al bimetallic catalyst was used to realize an enantioselective C2-H alkylation of pyridines without the need of a C2-block. A wide range of pyridines, including unsubstituted pyridine, C3, C4, and C2-substituted pyridines, and even complex pyridine-containing bioactive molecules are well compatible with the reaction, providing up to 81% yield and up to 97% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hao-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mengchun Ye
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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25
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Cao K, Li C, Tian D, Zhao X, Yin Y, Jiang Z. Catalytic Enantioselective Reductive Cross Coupling of Electron-Deficient Olefins. Org Lett 2022; 24:4788-4792. [PMID: 35735267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report an enantioselective reductive cross coupling of electron-deficient olefins. Using a visible-light-driven cooperative photoredox and chiral Brønsted acid-catalyzed reaction with a Hantzsch ester as the terminal reductant, various cyclic and acyclic enones with 2-vinylpyridines were converted in high yields (up to 93%) to a wide range of enantioenriched pyridine derivatives featuring diverse γ-tertiary carbon stereocenters with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangning Cao
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China.,International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Li
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Dong Tian
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Yin
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
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26
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Colgan AC, Proctor RSJ, Gibson DC, Chuentragool P, Lahdenperä ASK, Ermanis K, Phipps RJ. Hydrogen Atom Transfer Driven Enantioselective Minisci Reaction of Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200266. [PMID: 35420220 PMCID: PMC9321721 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective Minisci reactions have recently been developed but all instances so far utilize α-amino radical coupling partners. We report a substantial evolution of the enantioselective Minisci reaction that enables α-hydroxy radicals to be used, providing valuable enantioenriched secondary alcohol products. This is achieved through the direct oxidative coupling of two C-H bonds on simple alcohol and pyridine partners through a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-driven approach: a challenging process to achieve due to the numerous side reactions that can occur. Our approach is highly regioselective as well as highly enantioselective. Dicumyl peroxide, upon irradiation with 390 nm light, serves as both HAT reagent and oxidant whilst selectivity is controlled by use of a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst. Computational and experimental evidence provide mechanistic insight as to the origin of selectivity, revealing a stereodetermining deprotonation step distinct from the analogous reaction of amide-containing substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avene C. Colgan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Rupert S. J. Proctor
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - David C. Gibson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Padon Chuentragool
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Antti S. K. Lahdenperä
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Kristaps Ermanis
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Nottingham University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Robert J. Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
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27
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Del Río-Rodríguez R, Fragoso-Jarillo L, Garrido-Castro AF, Maestro MC, Fernández-Salas JA, Alemán J. General electrochemical Minisci alkylation of N-heteroarenes with alkyl halides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6512-6518. [PMID: 35756520 PMCID: PMC9172443 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01799g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report, a general, facile and environmentally friendly Minisci-type alkylation of N-heteroarenes under simple and straightforward electrochemical conditions using widely available alkyl halides as radical precursors. Primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl radicals have been shown to be efficiently generated and coupled with a large variety of N-heteroarenes. The method presents a very high functional group tolerance, including various heterocyclic-based natural products, which highlights the robustness of the methodology. This applicability has been further proved in the synthesis of various interesting biologically valuable building blocks. In addition, we have proposed a mechanism based on different proofs and pieces of electrochemical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Fragoso-Jarillo
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Módulo 2 28049 Madrid Spain
| | | | - M Carmen Maestro
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Módulo 2 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Jose A Fernández-Salas
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Módulo 2 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Módulo 2 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Spain
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28
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Sharique M, Majhi J, Dhungana RK, Kammer LM, Krumb M, Lipp A, Romero E, Molander GA. A practical and sustainable two-component Minisci alkylation via photo-induced EDA-complex activation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5701-5706. [PMID: 35694363 PMCID: PMC9116295 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01363k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An operationally simple, open-air, and efficient light-mediated Minisci C-H alkylation method is described, based on the formation of an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between nitrogen-containing heterocycles and redox-active esters. In contrast to previously reported protocols, this method does not require a photocatalyst, an external single electron transfer agent, or an oxidant additive. Achieved under mildly acidic and open-air conditions, the reaction incorporates primary-, secondary-, and tertiary radicals, including bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl (BCP) radicals, along with various heterocycles to generate Minisci alkylation products in moderate to good yields. Additionally, the method is exploited to generate a stereo-enriched, hetereoaryl-substituted carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Roshan K Dhungana
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Lisa Marie Kammer
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Matthias Krumb
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Alexander Lipp
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Eugénie Romero
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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29
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Li Y, Han C, Wang Y, Huang X, Zhao X, Qiao B, Jiang Z. Catalytic Asymmetric Reductive Azaarylation of Olefins via Enantioselective Radical Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7805-7814. [PMID: 35471031 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light-driven photocatalytic reductive azaarylation has been widely used to construct the important imine-containing azaarene derivatives. In addition to the direct use of various commercially available cyanoazaarenes as feedstocks, the synthetic advantages include precise regioselectivity, high efficiency, mild reaction conditions, and good functional group tolerance. However, although many efficient reductive azaarylation methods have been established, the example of an enantioselective manner is still unmet, which most likely can be ascribed to the highly reactive radical coupling as the key step of forming stereocenters. Exploring the feasibility of enantiocontrol thus constitutes an attractive but highly challenging task. Here, we demonstrate that chiral hydrogen-bonding/photosensitizer catalysis is a viable platform as it enables the realization of the first enantioselective manifold. A variety of acyclic and cyclic enones as the reaction partners are compatible with the dual catalyst system, leading to a wide array of valuable enantioenriched azaarene variants with high yields and ees. Regulating the types of chiral catalysts represents one of the important manners to success, in which several readily accessible Cinchona alkaloid-derived bifunctional catalysts are introduced in asymmetric photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Cuijie Han
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Baokun Qiao
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
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30
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Colgan AC, Proctor RSJ, Gibson DC, Chuentragool P, Lahdenpera A, Ermanis K, Phipps RJ. Hydrogen Atom Transfer Driven Enantioselective Minisci Reaction of Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avene C. Colgan
- University of Cambridge Central Science Library: University of Cambridge Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | - Antti Lahdenpera
- University of Cambridge Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Robert J Phipps
- University of Cambridge Department of Chemistry Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UNITED KINGDOM
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31
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Choi H, Mathi GR, Hong S, Hong S. Enantioselective functionalization at the C4 position of pyridinium salts through NHC catalysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1776. [PMID: 35365667 PMCID: PMC8975994 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A catalytic method for the enantioselective and C4-selective functionalization of pyridine derivatives is yet to be developed. Herein, we report an efficient method for the asymmetric β-pyridylations of enals that involve N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis with excellent control over enantioselectivity and pyridyl C4-selectivity. The key strategy for precise stereocontrol involves enhancing interactions between the chiral NHC-bound homoenolate and pyridinium salt in the presence of hexafluorobenzene, which effectively differentiates the two faces of the homoenolate radical. Room temperature is sufficient for this transformation, and reaction efficiency is further accelerated by photo-mediation. This methodology exhibits broad functional group tolerance and enables facile access to a diverse range of enantioenriched β-pyridyl carbonyl compounds under mild and metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyeol Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Gangadhar Rao Mathi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Seonghyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
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32
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Liang D, Chen JR, Tan LP, He ZW, Xiao WJ. Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of Axially and Centrally Chiral Heterobiaryls by Minisci Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6040-6049. [PMID: 35322666 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Axially chiral biaryls and heterobiaryls constitute the most represented subclass of atropisomers with prevalence in natural products, bioactive compounds, privileged chiral ligand/catalysts, and optically pure materials. Despite many ionic protocols for their construction, radical-based variants represent another highly desirable and intriguing strategy but are far less developed. Moreover, efficient synthesis of axially chiral heterobiaryl molecules, especially ones having multiple heteroatoms and other types of chiral elements, through radical routes remains extremely limited. We herein disclose the first catalytic asymmetric, metal-free construction of axially and centrally chiral heterobiaryls by Minisci reaction of 5-arylpyrimidines and α-amino acid-derived redox-active esters. This is enabled by the use of 4CzIPN as an organic photoredox catalyst in conjunction with a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst. The reaction achieved a variety of interesting 5-arylpyrimidines featuring the union of an axially chiral heterobiaryl and a centrally chiral α-branched amine with generally excellent regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity (up to 82% yield; >19:1 dr; >99% ee). This finding also builds up a new platform for the development of desymmetrization methods via radical-involved atroposelective functionalization at heteroarene of prochiral heterobiaryls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liang
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Li-Ping Tan
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Zi-Wei He
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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33
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McLean LA, Ashford MW, Fyfe JWB, Slawin AMZ, Leach AG, Watson AJB. Asymmetric Synthesis of Heterocyclic Chloroamines and Aziridines by Enantioselective Protonation of Catalytically Generated Enamines. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200060. [PMID: 35133031 PMCID: PMC9306946 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a method for the synthesis of chiral vicinal chloroamines via asymmetric protonation of catalytically generated prochiral chloroenamines using chiral Brønsted acids. The process is highly enantioselective, with the origin of asymmetry and catalyst substituent effects elucidated by DFT calculations. We show the utility of the method as an approach to the synthesis of a broad range of heterocycle-substituted aziridines by treatment of the chloroamines with base in a one-pot process, as well as the utility of the process to allow access to vicinal diamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A. McLean
- EaStCHEM, School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9ST, FifeUK
| | - Matthew W. Ashford
- EaStCHEM, School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9ST, FifeUK
| | - James W. B. Fyfe
- EaStCHEM, School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9ST, FifeUK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9ST, FifeUK
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- School of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Allan J. B. Watson
- EaStCHEM, School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9ST, FifeUK
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34
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Barham JP, Kaur J. Site-Selective C(sp3)–H Functionalizations Mediated by Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions via α-Amino/α-Amido Radicals. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1677-6619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAmines and amides, as N-containing compounds, are ubiquitous in pharmaceutically-active scaffolds, natural products, agrochemicals, and peptides. Amides in nature bear a key responsibility for imparting three-dimensional structure, such as in proteins. Structural modifications to amines and amides, especially at their positions α to N, bring about profound changes in biological activity oftentimes leading to more desirable pharmacological profiles of small drug molecules. A number of recent developments in synthetic methodology for the functionalizations of amines and amides omit the need of their directing groups or pre-functionalizations, achieving direct activation of the otherwise relatively benign C(sp3)–H bonds α to N. Among these, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) has proven a very powerful platform for the selective activation of amines and amides to their α-amino and α-amido radicals, which can then be employed to furnish C–C and C–X (X = heteroatom) bonds. The abilities to both form these radicals and control their reactivity in a site-selective manner is of utmost importance for such chemistries to witness applications in late-stage functionalization. Therefore, this review captures contemporary HAT strategies to realize chemo- and regioselective amine and amide α-C(sp3)–H functionalization, based on bond strengths, bond polarities, reversible HAT equilibria, traceless electrostatic-directing auxiliaries, and steric effects of in situ-generated HAT agents.1 Introduction2 Functionalizations of Amines3 Functionalizations of Carbamates4 Functionalizations of Amides5 Conclusion
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35
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Ji X, Yang Z, Wu X, Deng GJ, Huang H. Photoredox Neutral Decarboxylative Hydroxyalkylations of Heteroarenes with α-Keto Acids. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4168-4182. [PMID: 35212524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox neutral decarboxylative hydroxyalkylations of heteroarenes with α-keto acids under mild conditions are described. Stable and readily available α-keto acids were employed as hydroxyalkylating reagents with only CO2 released as the byproduct. A range of aromatic and aliphatic α-keto acids were successfully converted into hydroxyalkylated products with various heteroarenes. This transformation proceeded through a decarboxylation/Minisci addition/SCS sequence, generating a variety of valuable hydroxyalkylated heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Ji
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhonglin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Xinzhuang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Guo-Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Huawen Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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36
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Thakur A, - M, Kumar I, Sharma U. Visible Light Induced Functionalization of C‐H Bonds: Opening of New Avenues in Organic Synthesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Thakur
- CSIR-IHBT: Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology CSIR Chemical Technology Division INDIA
| | - Manisha -
- CSIR-IHBT: Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology CSIR Chemical Technology Division INDIA
| | - Inder Kumar
- CSIR-IHBT: Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology CSIR Chemical Technology Division INDIA
| | - Upendra Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division Palampur, IndiaPalampur 176061 Palampur INDIA
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37
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. S. Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
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38
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Yao W, Bergamino EAB, Ngai MY. Asymmetric Photocatalysis Enabled by Chiral Organocatalysts. ChemCatChem 2022; 14:e202101292. [PMID: 36204304 PMCID: PMC9531867 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalysis has advanced as a versatile tool in organic synthesis. However, attaining precise stereocontrol in photocatalytic reactions has been a longstanding challenge due to undesired photochemical background reactions and the involvement of highly reactive radicals or radical ion intermediates generated under photocatalytic conditions. To address this problem and expand the synthetic utility of photocatalytic reactions, a number of innovative strategies, including mono- and dual-catalytic approaches, have recently emerged. Of these, exploiting chiral organocatalysis, such as enamine catalysis, iminium-ion catalysis, Brønsted acid/base catalysis, and N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis, to induce chirality transfer of photocatalytic reactions has been widely explored. This Review aims to provide a current, comprehensive overview of asymmetric photocatalytic reactions enabled by chiral organocatalysts published through June 2021. The substrate scope, advantages, limitations, and proposed reaction mechanisms of each reaction are discussed. This review should serve as a reference for the development of visible-light-induced asymmetric photocatalysis and promote the improvement of the chemical reactivity and stereoselectivity of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
| | | | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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39
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Li J, Siang Tan S, Kyne SH, Wai Hong Chan P. Minisci‐Type Alkylation of
N
‐Heteroarenes by
N
‐(Acyloxy)phthalimide Esters Mediated by a Hantzsch Ester and Blue LED Light. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Li
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Suan Siang Tan
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Sara Helen Kyne
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Philip Wai Hong Chan
- Department of Biological Environment Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University Hang Zhou Shi, Zhuji 311800, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
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40
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Kemmochi M, Miyamoto Y, Sumida Y, Ohmiya H. Direct Photoexcitation of Borate Enabling Minisci Reaction. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marin Kemmochi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Science Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyamoto
- Division of Pharmaceutical Science Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Yuto Sumida
- Division of Pharmaceutical Science Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Science Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- JST, PRESTO 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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41
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Lin XL, Yu Y, Zhang L, Leng LJ, Xiao DR, Cai T, Luo QL. Switchable synthesis of 1,4-bridged dihydroisoquinoline-3-ones and isoquinoline-1,3,4-triones through radical oxidation of isoquinolinium salts with phenyliodine( iii) diacetate. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00887d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A switchable synthesis of 1,4-bridged dihydroisoquinoline-3-ones and isoquinoline-1,3,4-triones is developed via radical oxidation of isoquinolinium salts with PhI(OAc)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li-Jing Leng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dong-Rong Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tian Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qun-Li Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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42
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Liu XL, Jiang LB, Luo MP, Ren Z, Wang SG. Recent advances in catalytic enantioselective direct C–H bond functionalization of electron-deficient N-containing heteroarenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective direct C–H bond functionalization of electron-deficient N-containing heteroarenes represents one of the most straightforward and powerful protocols to construct diverse enantioenriched highly functionalized N-heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Liu
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Luo-Bin Jiang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mu-Peng Luo
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, 3002 Lantian Road, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shou-Guo Wang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, China
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43
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Yin Y, Zhao X, Jiang Z. Asymmetric Photocatalytic Synthesis of Enantioenriched Azaarene Derivatives. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202201047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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44
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Xu J, Cai H, Shen J, Shen C, Wu J, Zhang P, Liu X. Photo-Induced Cross-Dehydrogenative Alkylation of Heteroarenes with Alkanes under Aerobic Conditions. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17816-17832. [PMID: 34875167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a Minisci-type cross-dehydrogenative alkylation in an aerobic atmosphere using abundant and inexpensive cerium chloride as a photocatalyst and air as an oxidant. This photoreaction exhibits excellent tolerance to functional groups and is suitable for both heteroarene and alkane substrates under mild conditions, generating the corresponding products in moderate-to-good yields. Our method provides an alternative approach for the late-stage functionalization of valuable substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Center for Functional Materials, National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Heng Cai
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jiabin Shen
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Chao Shen
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Center for Functional Materials, National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Center for Functional Materials, National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
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45
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Xia D, Duan XF. Tandem vinyl radical Minisci-type annulation on pyridines: one-pot expeditious access to azaindenones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13570-13573. [PMID: 34846057 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06204b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A new regiospecific alkylative/alkenylative cascade annulation of pyridines has been achieved whilst the corresponding classic Minisci alkylative annulation failed. This protocol provides a novel and expeditious access to azaindenones and related compounds via cross-dehydrogenative coupling with the long-standing problem of C2/C4 regioselectivity of pyridines being well addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xia
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xin-Fang Duan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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46
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Liu L, Guo K, Tian Y, Yang C, Gu Q, Li Z, Ye L, Liu X. Copper‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Enantioselective Radical Oxidative C(sp
3
)−H/C(sp)−H Cross‐Coupling with Rationally Designed Oxazoline‐Derived N,N,P(O)‐Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Kai‐Xin Guo
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yu Tian
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chang‐Jiang Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Qiang‐Shuai Gu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhong‐Liang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liu Ye
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xin‐Yuan Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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47
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Liu L, Guo KX, Tian Y, Yang CJ, Gu QS, Li ZL, Ye L, Liu XY. Copper-Catalyzed Intermolecular Enantioselective Radical Oxidative C(sp 3 )-H/C(sp)-H Cross-Coupling with Rationally Designed Oxazoline-Derived N,N,P(O)-Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26710-26717. [PMID: 34606167 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intermolecular asymmetric radical oxidative C(sp3 )-C(sp) cross-coupling of C(sp3 )-H bonds with readily available terminal alkynes is a promising method to forge chiral C(sp3 )-C(sp) bonds because of the high atom and step economy, but remains underexplored. Here, we report a copper-catalyzed asymmetric C(sp3 )-C(sp) cross-coupling of (hetero)benzylic and (cyclic)allylic C-H bonds with terminal alkynes that occurs with high to excellent enantioselectivity. Critical to the success is the rational design of chiral oxazoline-derived N,N,P(O)-ligands that not only tolerate the strong oxidative conditions which are requisite for intermolecular hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) processes but also induce the challenging enantiocontrol. Direct access to a range of synthetically useful chiral benzylic alkynes and 1,4-enynes, high site-selectivity among similar C(sp3 )-H bonds, and facile synthesis of enantioenriched medicinally relevant compounds make this approach very attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kai-Xin Guo
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiang-Shuai Gu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liu Ye
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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48
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Chen X, Wei W, Li C, Zhou H, Qiao B, Jiang Z. Photoredox-Catalyzed Synthesis of Remote Fluoroalkylated Azaarene Derivatives and the α-Deuterated Analogues via 1, n-Hydrogen-Atom-Transfer-Involving Radical Reactions. Org Lett 2021; 23:8744-8749. [PMID: 34723556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A modular strategy to access the remote fluoroalkylated azaarene derivatives and the α-deuterated analogues, which are the isosteres of many pharmaceutically important compounds, is reported. Transformations under the sustainable photoredox catalysis platform could efficiently experience cascade radical addition, 1,n-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), and single-electron reduction to offer the crucial anions α to azaarenes. Through reacting with H2O or the inexpensive D2O, two series of valuable products were obtained in high yields with substantial deuterium incorporation. The work demonstrates that the HAT of the α-sp3 C-H of the electron-withdrawing azaarenes with alkyl radicals is viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Wei
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Li
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
| | - Baokun Qiao
- International S&T Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
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49
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Li J, Huang CY, Han JT, Li CJ. Development of a Quinolinium/Cobaloxime Dual Photocatalytic System for Oxidative C–C Cross-Couplings via H2 Release. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jing-Tan Han
- Department of Chemistry, FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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50
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Volpe R, Law HYL, White JM, Flynn BL. Selective Synthesis of C1-Symmetric BINOL-phosphates and P-chiral Phosphoramides Using Directed ortho-Lithiation. Org Lett 2021; 23:7055-7058. [PMID: 34448592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Directed ortho-lithiation (DoL) has been developed as an effective method for the ortho-substitution of BINOL-phosphoric acid and BINOL-N-triflylphosphoramide (BINOL-P-acids). It can be employed in the rapid assembly of either mono- or disubstituted BINOL-P-acids, including unsymmetrical disubstitution through iterative DoL. Most significantly, DoL has proven to be highly effective in the diastereoselective desymmetrization of pseudo-C2-symmetric BINOL-N-triflylphosphoramide, affording a chiral P-group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Volpe
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hanson Y-L Law
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan M White
- Bio21 Institute, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bernard L Flynn
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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