1
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Han S, Li S, Fu X, Han S, Chen H, Zhang L, Wang J, Sun G. Research Progress of Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Polymer Porous Materials. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3848-3863. [PMID: 39046083 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Flexible piezoresistive sensors are in high demand in areas such as wearable devices, electronic skin, and human-machine interfaces due to their advantageous features, including low power consumption, excellent bending stability, broad testing pressure range, and simple manufacturing technology. With the advancement of intelligent technology, higher requirements for the sensitivity, accuracy, response time, measurement range, and weather resistance of piezoresistive sensors are emerging. Due to the designability of polymer porous materials and conductive phases, and with more multivariate combinations, it is possible to achieve higher sensitivity and lower detection limits, which are more promising than traditional flexible sensor materials. Based on this, this work reviews recent advancements in research on flexible pressure sensors utilizing polymer porous materials. Furthermore, this review examines sensor performance optimization and development from the perspectives of three-dimensional porous flexible substrate regulation, sensing material selection and composite technology, and substrate and sensing material structure design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Han
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Li
- China Academy of Machinery Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection Company, Ltd., Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Fu
- Wuhan Second Ship Design & Research Institute, Wuhan 430064, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Han
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaohui Sun
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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2
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Burke C, Landi A, Troisi A. The dynamic nature of electrostatic disorder in organic mixed ionic and electronic conductors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39136105 PMCID: PMC11320175 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Charge dynamics in disordered media is described invariably assuming that the energy landscape for hopping site energy is stationary. Within the same framework, the correlation between low electronic disorder and high charge mobility is considered extremely robust, despite the emergence of materials with mixed ionic and electronic conductivity (OMIECs) that display high mobility coexisting with large disorder. We show in this work that the disorder of OMIEC polymers is highly dynamical, i.e. the on-site energy for charge transport fluctuates with a characteristic time comparable with that of electron transport. Under these conditions, the disorder of the "frozen" system is not relevant for the charge carrier, whose dynamics are instead controlled by the underlying dynamics of the material. Deep traps exist but have a finite lifetime. The combination of classical simulations and quantum chemical calculations on the nanosecond timescale seems ideal to disclose and characterise the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
| | - Alessandro Landi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "Adolfo Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
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3
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Cunin CE, Meacham RF, Lee ER, Roh H, Samal S, Li W, Matthews JR, Zhao Y, He M, Gumyusenge A. Leveraging Insulator's Tacticity in Semiconducting Polymer Blends. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:39717-39727. [PMID: 39036945 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Blending conjugated polymers with insulating matrices is often utilized for engineering extrinsic properties in organic electronics. Semiconductor/insulator blends are typically processed to form a uniformly distributed network of conductive domains within the insulating matrix, marrying electronic and physical properties from individual components. Understanding of polymer-polymer interactions in such systems is thus crucial for property co-optimization. One of the commonly overlooked parameters is the structural configuration of the insulator on the resulting properties, especially the electronic properties. This study investigated how the tacticity of the matrix polymer, among other relevant parameters in play, impacts solid state crystallization in semiconductor/matrix blends and hence the resulting charge transport properties. We found an intricate dependence of the film morphology, aggregation behavior, electronic charge transport, and mixed ionic-electronic coupling properties on the insulator's tacticity. Our experimentally iterative approach shows that for a given application, when selecting semiconductor/insulator combinations, the tacticity of the matrix can be leveraged to optimize performance and vary solid-state structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille E Cunin
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rebecca F Meacham
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric R Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heejung Roh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sanket Samal
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wenhao Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - James R Matthews
- Corning Incorporated, One River Front Plaza, Corning, New York 14831, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Mingqian He
- Corning Incorporated, One River Front Plaza, Corning, New York 14831, United States
| | - Aristide Gumyusenge
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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4
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Kumar S, Biswas S, Rashid U, Mony KS, Chandrasekharan G, Mattiotti F, Vergauwe RMA, Hagenmuller D, Kaliginedi V, Thomas A. Extraordinary Electrical Conductance through Amorphous Nonconducting Polymers under Vibrational Strong Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18999-19008. [PMID: 38736166 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing the electrical conductance through amorphous nondoped polymers is challenging. Here, we show that vibrational strong coupling (VSC) of intrinsically nonconducting and amorphous polymers such as polystyrene, deuterated polystyrene, and poly(benzyl methacrylate) to the vacuum electromagnetic field of the cavity enhances the electrical conductivity by at least 6 orders of magnitude compared to the uncoupled polymers. Remarkably, the observed extraordinary conductance is vibrational mode selective and occurs only under the VSC of the aromatic C-H(D) out-of-plane bending modes of the polymers. The conductance is thermally activated at the onset of strong coupling and becomes temperature-independent as the collective strong coupling strength increases. The electrical characterizations are performed without external light excitation, demonstrating the role of vacuum electromagnetic field-matter strong coupling in enhancing long-range transport even in amorphous nonconducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
| | - Subha Biswas
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
| | - Umar Rashid
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
| | - Kavya S Mony
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
| | - Gokul Chandrasekharan
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
| | - Francesco Mattiotti
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, CESQ and ISIS (UMR 7006), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Robrecht M A Vergauwe
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - David Hagenmuller
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, CESQ and ISIS (UMR 7006), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Anoop Thomas
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
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5
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Burke C, Makki H, Troisi A. From Chemical Drawing to Electronic Properties of Semiconducting Polymers in Bulk: A Tool for Chemical Discovery. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4019-4028. [PMID: 38642040 PMCID: PMC11099970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
A quantum chemistry (QC)/molecular dynamics (MD) scheme is developed to calculate electronic properties of semiconducting polymers in three steps: (i) constructing the polymer force field through a unified workflow, (ii) equilibrating polymer models, and (iii) calculating electronic structure properties (e.g., density of states and localization length) from the equilibrated models by QC approaches. Notably, as the second step of this scheme is generally the most time-consuming one, we introduce an alternative method to compute thermally averaged electronic properties in bulk, based on the simulation of a polymer chain in the solution of its repeat units, which is shown to reproduce the microstructure of polymer chains and their electrostatic effect (successfully tested for five benchmark polymers) 10 times faster than state-of-the-art methods. In fact, this scheme offers a consistent and speedy way of estimating electronic properties of polymers from their chemical drawings, thus ensuring the availability of a homogeneous set of simulations to derive structure-property relationships and material design principles. As an example, we show how the electrostatic effect of the polymer chain environment can disturb the localized electronic states at the band tails and how this effect is more significant in the case of diketopyrrolopyrrole polymers as compared to indacenodithiophene and dithiopheneindenofluorene ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Burke
- Department of Chemistry and
Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Hesam Makki
- Department of Chemistry and
Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry and
Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
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6
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Yuan M, Qiu Y, Gao H, Feng J, Jiang L, Wu Y. Molecular Electronics: From Nanostructure Assembly to Device Integration. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7885-7904. [PMID: 38483827 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Integrated electronics and optoelectronics based on organic semiconductors have attracted considerable interest in displays, photovoltaics, and biosensing owing to their designable electronic properties, solution processability, and flexibility. Miniaturization and integration of devices are growing trends in molecular electronics and optoelectronics for practical applications, which requires large-scale and versatile assembly strategies for patterning organic micro/nano-structures with simultaneously long-range order, pure orientation, and high resolution. Although various integration methods have been developed in past decades, molecular electronics still needs a versatile platform to avoid defects and disorders due to weak intermolecular interactions in organic materials. In this perspective, a roadmap of organic integration technologies in recent three decades is provided to review the history of molecular electronics. First, we highlight the importance of long-range-ordered molecular packing for achieving exotic electronic and photophysical properties. Second, we classify the strategies for large-scale integration of molecular electronics through the control of nucleation and crystallographic orientation, and evaluate them based on factors of resolution, crystallinity, orientation, scalability, and versatility. Third, we discuss the multifunctional devices and integrated circuits based on organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and photodetectors. Finally, we explore future research directions and outlines the need for further development of molecular electronics, including assembly of doped organic semiconductors and heterostructures, biological interfaces in molecular electronics and integrated organic logics based on complementary FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hanfei Gao
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiangang Feng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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7
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Park J, Jang JG, Kang K, Kim SH, Kwak J. High Thermoelectric Performance in Solution-Processed Semicrystalline PEDOT:PSS Films by Strong Acid-Base Treatment: Limitations and Potential. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308368. [PMID: 38236169 PMCID: PMC10933597 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Thermoelectric (TE) generation with solution-processable conducting polymers offers substantial potential in low-temperature energy harvesting based on high tunability in materials, processes, and form-factors. However, manipulating the TE and charge transport properties accompanies structural and energetic disorders, restricting the enhancement of thermoelectric power factor (PF). Here, solution-based strong acid-base treatment techniques are introduced to modulate the doping level of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films with preserving its molecular orientation, enabling to achieve a remarkably high PF of 534.5 µW m-1 K-2 . Interestingly, theoretical modeling suggested that further de-doping can increase the PF beyond the experimental value. However, it is impossible to reach this value experimentally, even without any degradation of PEDOT crystallinity. Uncovering the underlying reason for the limitation, an analysis of the relationship among the microstructure-thermoelectric performance-charge transport property revealed that inter-domain connectivity via tie-chains and the resultant percolation for transport are crucial factors in achieving high TE performance, as in charge transport. It is believed that the methods and fundamental understandings in this work would contribute to the exploitation of conducting polymer-based low-temperature energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyung Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringInter‐University Semiconductor Research CenterSoft Foundry InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gyu Jang
- Department of Carbon Convergence EngineeringWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
| | - Keehoon Kang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringResearch Institute of Advanced MaterialsInstitute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Carbon Convergence EngineeringWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringInter‐University Semiconductor Research CenterSoft Foundry InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
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8
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Wang Z, Dong S, Yuan W, Li J, Ma X, Liu F, Jiang X. Photo-Modulated Ionic Polymer as an Adaptable Electron Transport Material for Optically Switchable Pixel-Free Displays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309593. [PMID: 37967857 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
In addition to electrically driven organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays that rely on complicated and costly circuits for switching individual pixel illumination, developing a facile approach that structures pixel-free light-emitting displays with exceptional precision and spatial resolution via external photo-modulation holds significant importance for advancing consumer electronics. Here, optically switchable organic light-emitting pixel-free displays (OSPFDs) are presented and fabricated by judiciously combining an adaptive photosensitive ionic polymer as electron transport materials (ETM) with external photo-modulation as the switching mode while ensuring superior illumination performance and seamless imaging capability. By irradiating the solution-processed OSPFDs with light at specific wavelengths, efficient and reversible tuning of both electron transport and electroluminescence is achieved simultaneously. This remarkable control is achieved by altering the energetic matching within OSPFDs, which also exhibits a high level of universality and adjustable flexibility in the three primary color-based light-emitting displays. Moreover, the ease of creating and erasing desired pixel-free emitting patterns through a non-invasive photopatterning process within a single OSPFD is demonstrated, thereby rendering this approach promising for commercial displaying devices and highly precise pixelated illuminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehong Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Shilong Dong
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenqiang Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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9
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Osazuwa PO, Lo CY, Feng X, Nolin A, Dhong C, Kayser LV. Surface Functionalization with (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) as an Alternative to Blending for Enhancing the Aqueous Stability and Electronic Performance of PEDOT:PSS Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54711-54720. [PMID: 37962428 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), are essential materials for the fabrication of bioelectronic devices due to their unique ability to couple and transport ionic and electronic charges. The growing interest in bioelectronic devices has led to the development of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) that can operate in aqueous solutions and transduce ionic signals of biological origin into measurable electronic signals. A common challenge with OECTs is maintaining the stability and performance of the PEDOT:PSS films operating under aqueous conditions. Although the conventional approach of blending the PEDOT:PSS dispersions with a cross-linker such as (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) helps to ensure strong adhesion of the films to device substrates, it also impacts the morphology and thus electrical properties of the PEDOT:PSS films, which leads to a significant reduction in the performance of OECTs. In this study, we instead functionalize only the surface of the device substrates with GOPS to introduce a silane monolayer before spin-coating the PEDOT:PSS dispersion on the substrate. In all cases, having a GOPS monolayer instead of a blend leads to increased electronic performance metrics, such as three times higher electronic conductivity, volumetric capacitance, and mobility-capacitance product [μC*] value in OECT devices, ultimately leading to a record value of 406 ± 39 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 for amorphous PEDOT:PSS. This increased performance does not come at the expense of operational stability, as both the blend and surface functionalization show similar performance when subjected to pulsed gate bias stress, long-term electrochemical cycling tests, and aging over 150 days. Overall, this study establishes a novel approach to using GOPS as a surface monolayer instead of a blended cross-linker, for achieving high-performance organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors that are stable in water for bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Osazuwa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Chun-Yuan Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Abigail Nolin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Charles Dhong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Laure V Kayser
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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10
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Makki H, Burke CA, Troisi A. Microstructural Model of Indacenodithiophene- co-benzothiadiazole Polymer: π-Crossing Interactions and Their Potential Impact on Charge Transport. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8867-8873. [PMID: 37756473 PMCID: PMC10561260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Morphological and electronic properties of indacenodithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole (IDTBT) copolymer with varying molecular weights are calculated through combined molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum chemical (QC) methods. Our study focuses on the polymer chain arrangements, interchain connectivity pathways, and interplay between morphological and electronic structure properties of IDTBT. Our models, which are verified against GIWAXS measurements, show a considerable number of BT-BT π-π interactions with a (preferential) perpendicular local orientation of polymer chains due to the steric hindrance of bulky side chains around IDT. Although our models predict a noncrystalline structure for IDTBT, the BT-BT (interchain) crossing points show a considerable degree of short-range order in spatial arrangement which most likely result in a mesh-like structure for the polymer and provide efficient pathways for interchain charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Makki
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Colm A. Burke
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
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11
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Liu K, Réhault J, Liang B, Hambsch M, Zhang Y, Seçkin S, Zhou Y, Shivhare R, Zhang P, Polozij M, König TAF, Qi H, Zhou S, Fery A, Mannsfeld SCB, Kaiser U, Heine T, Banerji N, Dong R, Feng X. A Quasi-2D Polypyrrole Film with Band-Like Transport Behavior and High Charge-Carrier Mobility. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303288. [PMID: 37468165 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Quasi-2D (q2D) conjugated polymers (CPs) are polymers that consist of linear CP chains assembled through non-covalent interactions to form a layered structure. In this work, the synthesis of a novel crystalline q2D polypyrrole (q2DPPy) film at the air/H2 SO4 (95%) interface is reported. The unique interfacial environment facilitates chain extension, prevents disorder, and results in a crystalline, layered assembly of protonated quinoidal chains with a fully extended conformation in its crystalline domains. This unique structure features highly delocalized π-electron systems within the extended chains, which is responsible for the low effective mass and narrow electronic bandgap. Thus, the temperature-dependent charge-transport properties of q2DPPy are investigated using the van der Pauw (vdP) method and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The vdP method reveals that the q2DPPy film exhibits a semiconducting behavior with a thermally activated hopping mechanism in long-range transport between the electrodes. Conversely, THz-TDS reveals a band-like transport, indicating intrinsic charge transport up to a record short-range high THz mobility of ≈107.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejun Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Julien Réhault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Baokun Liang
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mike Hambsch
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sezer Seçkin
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yunxia Zhou
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rishi Shivhare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Peng Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Miroslav Polozij
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias A F König
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Shengqiang Zhou
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Leipzig Research Branch, 04316, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Natalie Banerji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Renhao Dong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, D-06120, Halle, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
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12
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Talin AA, Li Y, Robinson DA, Fuller EJ, Kumar S. ECRAM Materials, Devices, Circuits and Architectures: A Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204771. [PMID: 36354177 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-von-Neumann computing using neuromorphic systems based on two-terminal resistive nonvolatile memory elements has emerged as a promising approach, but its full potential has not been realized due to the lack of materials and devices with the appropriate attributes. Unlike memristors, which require large write currents to drive phase transformations or filament growth, electrochemical random access memory (ECRAM) decouples the "write" and "read" operations using a "gate" electrode to tune the conductance state through charge-transfer reactions, and every electron transferred through the external circuit in ECRAM corresponds to the migration of ≈1 ion used to store analogue information. Like static dopants in traditional semiconductors, electrochemically inserted ions modulate the conductivity by locally perturbing a host's electronic structure; however, ECRAM does so in a dynamic and reversible manner. The resulting change in conductance can span orders of magnitude, from gradual increments needed for analog elements, to large, abrupt changes for dynamically reconfigurable adaptive architectures. In this in-depth perspective, the history of ECRAM, the recent progress in devices spanning organic, inorganic, and 2D materials, circuits, architectures, the rich portfolio of challenging, fundamental questions, and how ECRAM can be harnessed to realize a new paradigm for low-power neuromorphic computing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alec Talin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Suhas Kumar
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
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13
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Keene ST, Laulainen JEM, Pandya R, Moser M, Schnedermann C, Midgley PA, McCulloch I, Rao A, Malliaras GG. Hole-limited electrochemical doping in conjugated polymers. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:1121-1127. [PMID: 37414944 PMCID: PMC10465356 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous transport and coupling of ionic and electronic charges is fundamental to electrochemical devices used in energy storage and conversion, neuromorphic computing and bioelectronics. While the mixed conductors enabling these technologies are widely used, the dynamic relationship between ionic and electronic transport is generally poorly understood, hindering the rational design of new materials. In semiconducting electrodes, electrochemical doping is assumed to be limited by motion of ions due to their large mass compared to electrons and/or holes. Here, we show that this basic assumption does not hold for conjugated polymer electrodes. Using operando optical microscopy, we reveal that electrochemical doping speeds in a state-of-the-art polythiophene can be limited by poor hole transport at low doping levels, leading to substantially slower switching speeds than expected. We show that the timescale of hole-limited doping can be controlled by the degree of microstructural heterogeneity, enabling the design of conjugated polymers with improved electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Keene
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Raj Pandya
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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14
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Keene ST, Rao A, Malliaras GG. The relationship between ionic-electronic coupling and transport in organic mixed conductors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi3536. [PMID: 37647402 PMCID: PMC10468126 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) directly convert between ionic and electronic charge through electrochemical (de)doping, enabling a wide range of applications in bioelectronics, neuromorphic computing, and energy storage and conversion. While both ionic and electronic transport are individually well characterized, their combined transport has been difficult to describe self-consistently. We use in situ measurements of electrochemical (de)doping of an archetypal OMIEC to inform a quasi-field drift-diffusion model, which accurately captures experimentally measured ion transport across a range of potentials. We find that the chemical potential of holes, which is modulated by changes in doping level, represents a major driving force for mixed charge transport. Using numerical simulations at device-relevant time scales and potentials, we find that the competition between hole drift and diffusion leads to diffuse space charge regions despite high charge densities. This effect is unique to mixed conducting systems where mobile ionic charges can compensate the accumulation or depletion of electronic charge, thereby screening electrostatic driving forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T. Keene
- Department of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Department of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
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15
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Samal S, Roh H, Cunin CE, Yang GG, Gumyusenge A. Molecularly Hybridized Conduction in DPP-Based Donor-Acceptor Copolymers toward High-Performance Iono-Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207554. [PMID: 36734196 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Iono-electronics, that is, transducing devices able to translate ionic injection into electrical output, continue to demand a variety of mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs). Though polar sidechains are widely used in designing novel polymer MIECs, it remains unclear to chemists how much balance is needed between the two antagonistic modes of transport (ion permeability and electronic charge transport) to yield high-performance materials. Here, the impact of molecularly hybridizing ion permeability and charge mobility in semiconducting polymers on their performance in electrochemical and synaptic transistors is investigated. A series of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based copolymers are employed to demonstrate the multifunctionality attained by controlling the density of polar sidechains along the backbone. Notably, efficient electrochemical signal transduction and reliable synaptic plasticity are demonstrated via controlled ion insertion and retention. The newly designed DPP-based copolymers further demonstrate unprecedented thermal tolerance among organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors, a key property in the manufacturing of organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Samal
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Heejung Roh
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Camille E Cunin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Geon Gug Yang
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Aristide Gumyusenge
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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16
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Makki H, Troisi A. Morphology of conducting polymer blends at the interface of conducting and insulating phases: insight from PEDOT:PSS atomistic simulations. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:16126-16137. [PMID: 36387833 PMCID: PMC9632246 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc03158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Having phase-separated conductive and less-conductive domains is a common morphology in semiconducting polymer blends as it exists in the case of PEDOT:PSS, which is a representative example with a wide range of applications. In this paper, we constructed atomistic models for the interface between the PEDOT-rich (conductive) grains and the PSS-rich (less-conductive) phase through molecular dynamics simulations. Our models are obtained from experimentally relevant compositions, based on precise force field parameters, and through a robust relaxation procedure. We show that both PEDOT-rich and PSS-rich phases consist of PEDOT lamellae embedded in PSS chains. The size of these lamellae depends on the PEDOT concentration in each phase and our model predictions are in quantitative agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, our models suggest that neither the phases nor the interfaces are entirely connected by π-π stacking. Thus, inter-lamellae tunnelling is essential for both intra- and inter-grain charge transport. We also show that a small increase (≈8 wt%) in the PEDOT concentration results in rather larger lamellae sizes, considerably more oriented lamellae, and slightly better inter-lamellae connectivity, which result in enhanced intra-grain conductivity. Moreover, we show how enhancing phase separation between PEDOT-rich and PSS-rich domains (similar to the effect of polar co-solvents), i.e., pulling out PEDOT from the PSS-rich phase and adding it in the PEDOT-rich phase, highly enhances the intra-grain connectivity but decreases the inter-grain conduction paths through the interface. Our results explain how the marginal extra degree of phase separation (based on experimentally obtained values) could result in a great enhancement in the overall film conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Makki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
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