1
|
Liu L, Johnson SI, Appel AM, Bullock RM. Oxidation of Ammonia Catalyzed by a Molecular Iron Complex: Translating Chemical Catalysis to Mediated Electrocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402635. [PMID: 38981858 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia is a promising candidate in the quest for sustainable, clean energy. With its capacity to serve as an energy carrier, the oxidation of ammonia opens avenues for carbon-neutral approaches to address worldwide growing energy needs. We report the catalytic chemical oxidation of ammonia by an Earth-abundant transition metal complex, trans-[LFeII(MeCN)2][PF6]2, where L is a macrocyclic ligand bearing four N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) donors. Using triarylaminium radical cations in MeCN, up to 182 turnovers of N2 per Fe were obtained from chemical catalysis with an extremely low loading of the Fe catalyst (0.043 mM, 0.004 mol % catalyst). This chemical catalysis was successfully transitioned to mediated electrocatalysis for the oxidation of ammonia. Molecular electrocatalysis by the Fe catalyst and the mediator (p-MeOC6H4)3N exhibited a catalytic half-wave potential (Ecat/2) of 0.18 V vs [Cp2Fe]+/0 in MeCN, and achieved 9.3 turnovers of N2 at an applied potential of 0.20 V vs [Cp2Fe]+/0 at -20 °C in controlled-potential electrolysis, with a Faradaic efficiency of 75 %. Based on computational results, the catalyst undergoes sequential oxidation and deprotonation steps to form [LFeIV(NH2)2]2+, and thereafter bimetallic coupling to form an N-N bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
- Current address: College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Samantha I Johnson
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Aaron M Appel
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - R Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Crumpton AE, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Modulating Hydrogen Shuttling in Ammonia by Neutral and Cationic Boron-Containing Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406440. [PMID: 38818696 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Xanthene-backbone FLPs featuring secondary borane functions -B(ArX)H (where ArX=C6F5 (ArF) or C6Cl5 (ArCl)) have been targeted through reactions of the dihydroboranes Me2S ⋅ BArXH2 with [4,5-xanth(PR2)Li]2 (R=Ph, iPr), and investigated in the synthesis of related cationic systems via hydride abstraction. The reactivity of these systems (both cationic and charge neutral) with ammonia have been probed, with a view to probing the potential for proton shuttling via N-H bond 'activation.' We find that in the case of four-coordinate boron systems (cationic or change neutral), the N-H linkage remains intact, supported by a NH⋅⋅⋅P hydrogen bond which is worth up to 17 kcal mol-1 thermodynamically, and enabled by planarization of the flexible xanthene scaffold. For cationic three coordinate systems, N-to-P proton transfer is viable, driven by the ability of the boron centre to stabilise the [NH2]- conjugate base through N-to-B π bonding. This proton transfer can be shown to be reversible in the presence of excess ammonia, depending on the nature of the B-bound ArX group. It is viable in the case of C6F5 substituents, but is prevented by the more sterically encumbering and secondary donor-stabilising capabilities of the C6Cl5 substituent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Szlosek R, Marquardt C, Hegen O, Balázs G, Riesinger C, Timoshkin AY, Scheer M. Synthesis of bismuthanyl-substituted monomeric triel hydrides. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03926b. [PMID: 39184294 PMCID: PMC11342148 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03926b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The syntheses and characterizations of the first bismuthanylborane monomers stabilized only by a donor in D·BH2Bi(SiMe3)2 (D = DMAP 1a, IDipp 1b, IMe41c; DMAP = 4-dimethylaminopyridine, IDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene, IMe4 = 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene) are presented. All compounds were synthesized by salt metathesis reactions between D·BH2I and KBi(SiMe3)2(THF)0.3 and represent some of the extremely rare compounds featuring a 2c-2e B-Bi bond in a molecular compound. The products display high sensitivity towards air and light and slowly decompose in solution even at -80 °C. By the reaction of IDipp·GaH2(SO3CF3) with KBi(SiMe3)2(THF)0.3, the synthesis of the first bismuthanylgallane IDipp·GaH2Bi(SiMe3)2 (2) stabilized only by a 2-electron donor was possible, as evident from single crystal X-ray structure determination, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Computational studies shed light on the stability of the products and the electronic nature of the compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Szlosek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Christian Marquardt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Oliver Hegen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Christoph Riesinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya nab. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Edo GI, Yousif E, Al-Mashhadani MH. Chitosan: An overview of biological activities, derivatives, properties, and current advancements in biomedical applications. Carbohydr Res 2024; 542:109199. [PMID: 38944980 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The second and most often utilized natural polymer is chitosan (CS), a naturally existing amino polysaccharide that is produced by deacetylating chitin. Numerous applications have been the subject of in-depth investigation due to its non-hazardous, biologically compatible, and biodegradable qualities. Chitosan's characteristics, such as mucoadhesion, improved permeability, controlled release of drugs, in situ gelation process, and antibacterial activity, depend on its amino (-NH2) and hydroxyl groups (-OH). This study examines the latest findings in chitosan research, including its characteristics, derivatives, preliminary research, toxic effects, pharmaceutical kinetics and chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) based for non-parenteral delivery of drugs. Chitosan and its derivatives have a wide range of physical and chemical properties that make them highly promising for use in the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries. The characteristics and biological activities of chitosan and its derivative-based nanomaterials for the delivery of drugs, therapeutic gene transfer, delivery of vaccine, engineering tissues, evaluations, and other applications in medicine are highlighted in detail in the current review. Together with the techniques for binding medications to nanoparticles, the application of the nanoparticles was also dictated by their physical properties that were classified and specified. The most recent research investigations on delivery of drugs chitosan nanoparticle-based medication delivery methods applied topically, through the skin, and through the eyes were considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Great Iruoghene Edo
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fetoh A, Fantuzzi F, Lichtenberg C. The Chlorido-Bismuth Dication: A Potent Lewis Acid Captured in a Hepta-Coordinate Species with a Stereochemically Active Lone Pair. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12089-12099. [PMID: 38900030 PMCID: PMC11220759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The stabilization of simple, highly reactive cationic species in molecular complexes represents an important strategy to isolate and characterize compounds with uncommon or even unprecedented structural motifs and properties. Here we report the synthesis, isolation, and full characterization of chlorido-bismuth dications, stabilized only by monodentate dimethylsulfoxide (dmso) ligands: [BiCl(dmso)6][BF4]2 (1) and [BiCl(μ2-dmso)(dmso)4]2[BF4]4 (2). These compounds show unusual distorted pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometries along with high Lewis acidities and have been analyzed by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory calculations. Attempts to generate the bromido- and iodido-analogs gave dmso-stabilized tricationic bismuth species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Fetoh
- Department
of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura
University, El Gomhouria,
Mansoura Qism 2, Dakahlia Governorate 11432 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- School
of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University
of Kent, Park Wood Road, Canterbury CT2 7NH, U.K.
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim SG, Kim D, Oh J, Son YJ, Jeong S, Kim J, Hwang SJ. Phosphorus-Ligand Redox Cooperative Catalysis: Unraveling Four-Electron Dioxygen Reduction Pathways and Reactive Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38597246 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The reduction of dioxygen to water is crucial in biology and energy technologies, but it is challenging due to the inertness of triplet oxygen and complex mechanisms. Nature leverages high-spin transition metal complexes for this, whereas main-group compounds with their singlet state and limited redox capabilities exhibit subdued reactivity. We present a novel phosphorus complex capable of four-electron dioxygen reduction, facilitated by unique phosphorus-ligand redox cooperativity. Spectroscopic and computational investigations attribute this cooperative reactivity to the unique electronic structure arising from the geometry of the phosphorus complex bestowed by the ligand. Mechanistic study via spectroscopic and kinetic experiments revealed the involvement of elusive phosphorus intermediates resembling those in metalloenzymes. Our result highlights the multielectron reactivity of phosphorus compound emerging from a carefully designed ligand platform with redox cooperativity. We anticipate that the work described expands the strategies in developing main-group catalytic reactions, especially in small molecule fixations demanding multielectron redox processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Gyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinrok Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Jun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonghan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu J, Pan S, Yao S, Lorent C, Teutloff C, Zhang Z, Fan J, Molino A, Krause KB, Schmidt J, Bittl R, Limberg C, Zhao L, Frenking G, Driess M. Stabilizing Monoatomic Two-Coordinate Bismuth(I) and Bismuth(II) Using a Redox Noninnocent Bis(germylene) Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6025-6036. [PMID: 38408197 PMCID: PMC10921399 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The formation of isolable monatomic BiI complexes and BiII radical species is challenging due to the pronounced reducing nature of metallic bismuth. Here, we report a convenient strategy to tame BiI and BiII atoms by taking advantage of the redox noninnocent character of a new chelating bis(germylene) ligand. The remarkably stable novel BiI cation complex 4, supported by the new bis(iminophosphonamido-germylene)xanthene ligand [(P)GeII(Xant)GeII(P)] 1, [(P)GeII(Xant)GeII(P) = Ph2P(NtBu)2GeII(Xant)GeII(NtBu)2PPh2, Xant = 9,9-dimethyl-xanthene-4,5-diyl], was synthesized by a two-electron reduction of the cationic BiIIII2 precursor complex 3 with cobaltocene (Cp2Co) in a molar ratio of 1:2. Notably, owing to the redox noninnocent character of the germylene moieties, the positive charge of BiI cation 4 migrates to one of the Ge atoms in the bis(germylene) ligand, giving rise to a germylium(germylene) BiI complex as suggested by DFT calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Likewise, migration of the positive charge of the BiIIII2 cation of 3 results in a bis(germylium)BiIIII2 complex. The delocalization of the positive charge in the ligand engenders a much higher stability of the BiI cation 4 in comparison to an isoelectronic two-coordinate Pb0 analogue (plumbylone; decomposition below -30 °C). Interestingly, 4[BArF] undergoes a reversible single-electron transfer (SET) reaction (oxidation) to afford the isolable BiII radical complex 5 in 5[BArF]2. According to electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the unpaired electron predominantly resides at the BiII atom. Extending the redox reactivity of 4[OTf] employing AgOTf and MeOTf affords BiIII(OTf)2 complex 7 and BiIIIMe complex 8, respectively, demonstrating the high nucleophilic character of BiI cation 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Lorent
- Physical
and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086 Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Johannes Schmidt
- Functional
Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische
Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Bittl
- Fachbereich
Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Limberg
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lili Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mato M, Cornella J. Bismuth in Radical Chemistry and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315046. [PMID: 37988225 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Whereas indications of radical reactivity in bismuth compounds can be traced back to the 19th century, the preparation and characterization of both transient and persistent bismuth-radical species has only been established in recent decades. These advancements led to the emergence of the field of bismuth radical chemistry, mirroring the progress seen for other main-group elements. The seminal and fundamental studies in this area have ultimately paved the way for the development of catalytic methodologies involving bismuth-radical intermediates, a promising approach that remains largely untapped in the broad landscape of synthetic organic chemistry. In this review, we delve into the milestones that eventually led to the present state-of-the-art in the field of radical bismuth chemistry. Our focus aims at outlining the intrinsic discoveries in fundamental inorganic/organometallic chemistry and contextualizing their practical applications in organic synthesis and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mato
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sinhababu S, Singh RP, Radzhabov MR, Kumawat J, Ess DH, Mankad NP. Coordination-induced O-H/N-H bond weakening by a redox non-innocent, aluminum-containing radical. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1315. [PMID: 38351122 PMCID: PMC10864259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Several renewable energy schemes aim to use the chemical bonds in abundant molecules like water and ammonia as energy reservoirs. Because the O-H and N-H bonds are quite strong (>100 kcal/mol), it is necessary to identify substances that dramatically weaken these bonds to facilitate proton-coupled electron transfer processes required for energy conversion. Usually this is accomplished through coordination-induced bond weakening by redox-active metals. However, coordination-induced bond weakening is difficult with earth's most abundant metal, aluminum, because of its redox inertness under mild conditions. Here, we report a system that uses aluminum with a redox non-innocent ligand to achieve significant levels of coordination-induced bond weakening of O-H and N-H bonds. The multisite proton-coupled electron transfer manifold described here points to redox non-innocent ligands as a design element to open coordination-induced bond weakening chemistry to more elements in the periodic table.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Sinhababu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | | | - Maxim R Radzhabov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jugal Kumawat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, 84604, UT, USA
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, 84604, UT, USA
| | - Neal P Mankad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chatgilialoglu C, Barata-Vallejo S, Gimisis T. Radical Reactions in Organic Synthesis: Exploring in-, on-, and with-Water Methods. Molecules 2024; 29:569. [PMID: 38338314 PMCID: PMC10856544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Radical reactions in water or aqueous media are important for organic synthesis, realizing high-yielding processes under non-toxic and environmentally friendly conditions. This overview includes (i) a general introduction to organic chemistry in water and aqueous media, (ii) synthetic approaches in, on, and with water as well as in heterogeneous phases, (iii) reactions of carbon-centered radicals with water (or deuterium oxide) activated through coordination with various Lewis acids, (iv) photocatalysis in water and aqueous media, and (v) synthetic applications bioinspired by naturally occurring processes. A wide range of chemical processes and synthetic strategies under different experimental conditions have been reviewed that lead to important functional group translocation and transformation reactions, leading to the preparation of complex molecules. These results reveal how water as a solvent/medium/reagent in radical chemistry has matured over the last two decades, with further discoveries anticipated in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Center of Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznan, Poland
| | - Sebastian Barata-Vallejo
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 954, Buenos Aires CP 1113, Argentina
| | - Thanasis Gimisis
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mears K, Nguyen GA, Ruiz B, Lehmann A, Nelson J, Fettinger JC, Tuononen HM, Power PP. Hydrobismuthation: Insertion of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons into the Heaviest Main Group Element Bond to Hydrogen. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19-23. [PMID: 38164928 PMCID: PMC10786065 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The bismuth hydride (2,6-Mes2H3C6)2BiH (1, Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl), which has a Bi-H 1H NMR spectroscopic signal at δ = 19.64 ppm, was reacted with phenylacetylene at 60 °C in toluene to yield [(2,6-Mes2C6H3)2BiC(Ph)=CH2] (2) after 15 min. Compound 2 was characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray crystallography, and calculations employing density functional theory. Compound 2 is the first example of a hydrobismuthation addition product and displays Markovnikov regioselectivity. Computational methods indicated that it forms via a radical mechanism with an associated Gibbs energy of activation of 91 kJ mol-1 and a reaction energy of -90 kJ mol-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian
L. Mears
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Gia-Ann Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Bronson Ruiz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Annika Lehmann
- Department
of Chemistry, NanoScience Centre, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box
35, FI-40140 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jonah Nelson
- Department
of Chemistry, NanoScience Centre, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box
35, FI-40140 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department
of Chemistry, NanoScience Centre, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box
35, FI-40140 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Philip P. Power
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Krämer F, Paradies J, Fernández I, Breher F. A crystalline aluminium-carbon-based ambiphile capable of activation and catalytic transfer of ammonia in non-aqueous media. Nat Chem 2024; 16:63-69. [PMID: 37770550 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent achievements in the field of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) for small molecule activations, the reversible activation and catalytic transformations of N-H-activated ammonia remain a challenge. Here we report on a rare combination of an aluminium Lewis acid and a carbon Lewis base. A so-called hidden FLP consisting of a phosphorus ylide featuring an aluminium fragment in the ortho position of a phenyl ring scaffold is introduced. Although the formation of the Lewis acid/base adduct is observed in the solid state, which at first glance leads to formally quenched FLP reactivity, we show that the title compound readily reacts with non-aqueous ammonia thermoneutrally and splits the N-H bond reversibly at ambient temperature. In addition, NH3 transfer reactions mediated by a main-group catalyst are presented. This proof-of-principle study is expected to initiate further activities in utilizing N-H-activated ammonia as a readily available, atom-economical nitrogen source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krämer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Chemistry Department, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moon HW, Wang F, Bhattacharyya K, Planas O, Leutzsch M, Nöthling N, Auer AA, Cornella J. Mechanistic Studies on the Bismuth-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Azoarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313578. [PMID: 37769154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Organobismuth-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation has recently been disclosed as an example of low-valent Bi redox catalysis. However, its mechanistic details have remained speculative. Herein, we report experimental and computational studies that provide mechanistic insights into a Bi-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of azoarenes using p-trifluoromethylphenol (4) and pinacolborane (5) as hydrogen sources. A kinetic analysis elucidated the rate orders in all components in the catalytic reaction and determined that 1 a (2,6-bis[N-(tert-butyl)iminomethyl]phenylbismuth) is the resting state. In the transfer hydrogenation of azobenzene using 1 a and 4, an equilibrium between 1 a and 1 a ⋅ [OAr]2 (Ar=p-CF3 -C6 H4 ) is observed, and its thermodynamic parameters are established through variable-temperature NMR studies. Additionally, pKa -gated reactivity is observed, validating the proton-coupled nature of the transformation. The ensuing 1 a ⋅ [OAr]2 is crystallographically characterized, and shown to be rapidly reduced to 1 a in the presence of 5. DFT calculations indicate a rate-limiting transition state in which the initial N-H bond is formed via concerted proton transfer upon nucleophilic addition of 1 a to a hydrogen-bonded adduct of azobenzene and 4. These studies guided the discovery of a second-generation Bi catalyst, the rate-limiting transition state of which is lower in energy, leading to catalytic transfer hydrogenation at lower catalyst loadings and at cryogenic temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Moon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Feng Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Kalishankar Bhattacharyya
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Oriol Planas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alexander A Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsuruta T, Spinnato D, Moon HW, Leutzsch M, Cornella J. Bi-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of C(sp 2)-H Bonds under Light. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25538-25544. [PMID: 37963280 PMCID: PMC10690797 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
We disclose a Bi-catalyzed C-H trifluoromethylation of (hetero)arenes using CF3SO2Cl under light irradiation. The catalytic method permits the direct functionalization of various heterocycles bearing distinct functional groups. The structural and computational studies suggest that the process occurs through an open-shell redox manifold at bismuth, comprising three unusual elementary steps for a main group element. The catalytic cycle starts with rapid oxidative addition of CF3SO2Cl to a low-valent Bi(I) catalyst, followed by a light-induced homolysis of Bi(III)-O bond to generate a trifluoromethyl radical upon extrusion of SO2, and is closed with a hydrogen-atom transfer to a Bi(II) radical intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tsuruta
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Davide Spinnato
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Hye Won Moon
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu M, Chen W, Wang D, Chen Y, Ye S, Tan G. Triplet bismuthinidenes featuring unprecedented giant and positive zero field splittings. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad169. [PMID: 38034397 PMCID: PMC10684269 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation of triplet pnictinidenes, which bear two unpaired electrons at the pnictogen centers, has long been a great challenge due to their intrinsic high reactivity. Herein, we report the syntheses and characterizations of two bismuthinidenes MsFluindtBu-Bi (3) and MsFluind*-Bi (4) stabilized by sterically encumbered hydrindacene ligands. They were facilely prepared through reductions of the corresponding dichloride precursors with 2 molar equivalents of potassium graphite. The structural analyses revealed that 3 and 4 contain a one-coordinate bismuth atom supported by a Bi-C single σ bond. As a consequence, the remaining two Bi 6p orbitals are nearly degenerate, and 3 and 4 possess triplet ground states. Experimental characterizations with multinuclear magnetic resonance, magnetometry and near infrared spectroscopy coupled to wavefunction based ab initio calculations concurred to evidence that there exist giant and positive zero field splittings (>4300 cm-1) in their S = 1 ground states. Hence even at room temperature the systems almost exclusively populate the lowest-energy nonmagnetic Ms = 0 level, which renders them seemingly diamagnetic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Wu
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hyvl J. Hypervalent organobismuth complexes: pathways toward improved reactivity, catalysis, and applications. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12597-12603. [PMID: 37670510 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02313c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypervalent (three-center, four-electron) bonding in organobismuth complexes has been extensively studied due to its ability to affect molecular geometry, dynamic behavior, or to stabilize the ligand scaffold. This work addresses the effects of this bonding on reactivity, catalytic activity, redox processes, and its potential applications in biosciences, materials science, and small molecule activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Hyvl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ju M, Lu Z, Novaes LFT, Alvarado JIM, Lin S. Frustrated Radical Pairs in Organic Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19478-19489. [PMID: 37656899 PMCID: PMC10625356 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Frustrated radical pairs (FRPs) describe the phenomenon that two distinct radicals─which would otherwise annihilate each other to form a closed-shell covalent adduct─can coexist in solution, owing to steric repulsion or weak bonding association. FRPs are typically formed via spontaneous single-electron transfer between two sterically encumbered precursors─an oxidant and a reductant─under ambient conditions. The two components of a FRP exhibit orthogonal chemical properties and can often act in cooperativity to achieve interesting radical reactivities. Initially observed in the study of traditional frustrated Lewis pairs, FRPs have recently been shown to be capable of homolytically activating various chemical bonds. In this Perspective, we will discuss the discovery of FRPs, their fundamental reactivity in chemical bond activation, and recent developments of their use in synthetic organic chemistry, including in C-H bond functionalization. We anticipate that FRPs will provide new reaction strategies for solving challenging problems in modern organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luiz F. T. Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang J, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Studer A. Photocatalytic phosphine-mediated water activation for radical hydrogenation. Nature 2023; 619:506-513. [PMID: 37380779 PMCID: PMC10356606 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The chemical activation of water would allow this earth-abundant resource to be transferred into value-added compounds, and is a topic of keen interest in energy research1,2. Here, we demonstrate water activation with a photocatalytic phosphine-mediated radical process under mild conditions. This reaction generates a metal-free PR3-H2O radical cation intermediate, in which both hydrogen atoms are used in the subsequent chemical transformation through sequential heterolytic (H+) and homolytic (H•) cleavage of the two O-H bonds. The PR3-OH radical intermediate provides an ideal platform that mimics the reactivity of a 'free' hydrogen atom, and which can be directly transferred to closed-shell π systems, such as activated alkenes, unactivated alkenes, naphthalenes and quinoline derivatives. The resulting H adduct C radicals are eventually reduced by a thiol co-catalyst, leading to overall transfer hydrogenation of the π system, with the two H atoms of water ending up in the product. The thermodynamic driving force is the strong P=O bond formed in the phosphine oxide by-product. Experimental mechanistic studies and density functional theory calculations support the hydrogen atom transfer of the PR3-OH intermediate as a key step in the radical hydrogenation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mato M, Spinnato D, Leutzsch M, Moon HW, Reijerse EJ, Cornella J. Bismuth radical catalysis in the activation and coupling of redox-active electrophiles. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01229-7. [PMID: 37264103 PMCID: PMC10396954 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Radical cross-coupling reactions represent a revolutionary tool to make C(sp3)-C and C(sp3)-heteroatom bonds by means of transition metals and photoredox or electrochemical approaches. However, the use of main-group elements to harness this type of reactivity has been little explored. Here we show how a low-valency bismuth complex is able to undergo one-electron oxidative addition with redox-active alkyl-radical precursors, mimicking the behaviour of first-row transition metals. This reactivity paradigm for bismuth gives rise to well-defined oxidative addition complexes, which could be fully characterized in solution and in the solid state. The resulting Bi(III)-C(sp3) intermediates display divergent reactivity patterns depending on the α-substituents of the alkyl fragment. Mechanistic investigations of this reactivity led to the development of a bismuth-catalysed C(sp3)-N cross-coupling reaction that operates under mild conditions and accommodates synthetically relevant NH-heterocycles as coupling partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mato
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Davide Spinnato
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hye Won Moon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward J Reijerse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oberdorf K, Hanft A, Xie X, Bickelhaupt FM, Poater J, Lichtenberg C. Insertion of CO 2 and CS 2 into Bi-N bonds enables catalyzed CH-activation and light-induced bismuthinidene transfer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5214-5219. [PMID: 37206406 PMCID: PMC10189873 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01635h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The uptake and release of small molecules continue to be challenging tasks of utmost importance in synthetic chemistry. The combination of such small molecule activation with subsequent transformations to generate unusual reactivity patterns opens up new prospects for this field of research. Here, we report the reaction of CO2 and CS2 with cationic bismuth(iii) amides. CO2-uptake gives isolable, but metastable compounds, which upon release of CO2 undergo CH activation. These transformations could be transferred to the catalytic regime, which formally corresponds to a CO2-catalyzed CH activation. The CS2-insertion products are thermally stable, but undergo a highly selective reductive elimination under photochemical conditions to give benzothiazolethiones. The low-valent inorganic product of this reaction, Bi(i)OTf, could be trapped, showcasing the first example of light-induced bismuthinidene transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Oberdorf
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Anna Hanft
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Auckland Park Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang X, Reijerse EJ, Nöthling N, SantaLucia DJ, Leutzsch M, Schnegg A, Cornella J. Synthesis, Isolation, and Characterization of Two Cationic Organobismuth(II) Pincer Complexes Relevant in Radical Redox Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5618-5623. [PMID: 36854169 PMCID: PMC10021010 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis, isolation, and characterization of two cationic organobismuth(II) compounds bearing N,C,N pincer frameworks, which model crucial intermediates in bismuth radical processes. X-ray crystallography uncovered a monomeric Bi(II) structure, while SQUID magnetometry in combination with NMR and EPR spectroscopy provides evidence for a paramagnetic S = 1/2 state. High-resolution multifrequency EPR at the X-, Q-, and W-band enable the precise assignment of the full g- and 209Bi A-tensors. Experimental data and DFT calculations reveal both complexes are metal-centered radicals with little delocalization onto the ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Yang
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward J. Reijerse
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Daniel J. SantaLucia
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wong WHM, Guo X, Chan HT, Yang T, Lin Z. Understanding the Organometallic Step: SO 2 Insertion into Bi(III)-C(Ph) Bond. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201218. [PMID: 36639231 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavier main-group element-catalyzed reactions provide an increasingly attractive tool to perform transformations mimicking the behaviors of transition metal catalysts. Recently, Magre and Cornella reported a Bi-catalyzed synthesis of aryl sulfonyl fluorides, which involves a fundamental organometallic step of SO2 insertion into the Bi-Ph bond. Our theoretical studies reveal that i) the ability of hypervalent coordination of the Bi(III) center allows facile coordination sphere expansion for the SO2 coordination via one oxygen atom; and ii) the high polarity of the Bi-Ph bond makes the Ph migration from the Bi(III) center feasible. These features enable the heavier main group element to resemble the transition metal having flexibility for ligand association and dissociation. Furthermore, iii) the available π electron pair of the migrating Ph group stabilizes the SO2 insertion transition state by maintaining interaction with the Bi(III) center during migration. The insight helps us better understand the heavier main-group catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Hei Marco Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xueying Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hok Tsun Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tilong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dunaj T, Egorycheva M, Arebi A, Dollberg K, von Hänisch C. 2,6‐Di
iso
propylphenyl substituted Bismuth Halide and Interpnictogen Compounds. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Dunaj
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Marina Egorycheva
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Ahmed Arebi
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Kevin Dollberg
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Carsten von Hänisch
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Švec P, Vránová I, Růžičková Z, Samsonov MA, Dostál L, Růžička A. C, N-CHELATED ANTIMONY AND BISMUTH COMPLEXES; OXIDATION AND FLUORINATION. J Organomet Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2023.122644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
|
25
|
Birnthaler D, Narobe R, Lopez-Berguno E, Haag C, König B. Synthetic Application of Bismuth LMCT Photocatalysis in Radical Coupling Reactions. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Birnthaler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rok Narobe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eliseo Lopez-Berguno
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Haag
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|