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Dong Y, Zhang Z, Hashikawa Y, Meng H, Bai F, Itami K, Chaolumen. A Double Twisted Nanographene with a Contorted Pyrene Core. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406927. [PMID: 39011764 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The mature synthetic methodologies enable us to rationally design and produce chiral nanographenes (NGs), most of which consist of multiple helical motifs. However, inherent chirality originating from twisted geometry has just emerged to be employed in chiral NGs. Herein, we report a red-emissive chiral NG constituted of orthogonally arranged two-fold twisted π-skeletons at a contorted pyrene core which contributes to optical transitions of S0→S1 and vice versa. The thus-obtained NG exhibited a robustness on its redox properties through 2e- uptake/release. The chemical oxidation generated stable radical cation whose absorption covers near-infrared I and II regions. Overall, the contorted pyrene core governs electronic nature of the chiral NG. The twist operation on NGs would be, therefore, a design strategy to alter conventional chirality induction on NGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - He Meng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Fenghua Bai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Chaolumen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
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Okamoto S, Hashikawa Y, Murata Y. Solution Dynamics of Covalent Open-[60]Fullerene Dimers. Chempluschem 2024:e202400260. [PMID: 38710654 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The translational diffusivity of covalent open-[60]fullerene dimers in an organic solvent was found to be well describable by a prolate ellipsoid model while a monomeric open-[60]fullerene behaves like a sphere model. The water association dynamics were examined for two open-[60]fullerene dimers, showing a higher water affinity for the sp3-linked dimer relative to sp2-linked dimer owing to an effective orbital-orbital overlap identified by π(fullerene)→σ*(H2O) interactions as suggested by theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Okamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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Hashikawa Y, Murata Y. Direct Through-Space Substituent-π Interactions in Noncovalent Arene-Fullerene Assemblies. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400075. [PMID: 38385611 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The arene-arene interactions between electron-rich and deficient aromatics have been less understood. Herein, we focus on a [60]fullerene π-surface as an electron-deficient aromatics. Using a 1H signal of H2O@C60 as a magnetic probe, the presence of benzene-fullerene interactions was confirmed. To investigate substituent effects on the noncovalent arene-fullerene interactions, NMR titration experiments were carried out using an open-[60]fullerene and a series of substituted benzenes, i. e., PhX (X=NO2, CN, Cl, OMe, H, CH3, and NH2), demonstrating a 1 : 2 stoichiometry with a positive correlation between stabilization energies upon the first association (ΔG1) and Hammet constants (σm). The destabilization of the self-assembled structure for X=OMe with a σ-withdrawing nature clearly showed direct through-space substituent-π interactions describable by the Wheeler-Houk model while the second association was suggested to be considerably perturbed by the secondary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Okamoto S, Hashikawa Y, Murata Y. Phosphine-Mediated Dimerization of Open-[60]Fullerenes. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400142. [PMID: 38589293 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
By a reaction of trimethylphosphine with an open-[60]fullerene, corresponding dimers could be generated via two-fold deoxygenation processes even though the formation of β-oxo-phosphorous ylide is inevitable, a part of which is hydrolyzed to yield an α-methylene carbonyl derivative. Nevertheless, Wittig reaction and aldol condensation did not proceed well, indicating the presence of an unknown dimerization pathway. In the ylide formation, 1-phosphonium-3-carbabetaine was previously proposed as a key intermediate. Upon assuming that the betaine also participates in the dimerization process, we examined a possible reaction pathway computationally. As the results, the betaine formed by a reaction with the first phosphine was suggested to undergo nucleophilic addition to an unreacted molecule of the open-[60]fullerene, yielding an epoxide dimer which is then deoxygenated by the second phosphine to furnish the desired open-[60]fullerene dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Okamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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Hashikawa Y, Okamoto S, Murata Y. Synthesis of inter-[60]fullerene conjugates with inherent chirality. Nat Commun 2024; 15:514. [PMID: 38225251 PMCID: PMC10789730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Coalescence of [60]fullerenes potentially produces hypothetical nanocarbon assemblies with non-naturally occurring topologies. Since the discovery of [60]fullerene in 1985, coalesced [60]fullerene oligomers have only been observed as transient species by transmission electron microscopy during an oligomerization process under a high electron acceleration voltage. Herein, we showcase the rational synthesis of covalent assemblies consisting of inherently chiral open-[60]fullerenes. The crystallographic analyses unveiled double-caged structures of non-conjugated and conjugated inter-[60]fullerene hybrids, in which the two [60]fullerene cages are bounds to each other through a covalent linkage. The former one further assembles via a heterochiral recognition so that four carbon cages are arranged in a tetrahedral manner both in solution and solid state. Reflecting radially-conjugated double π-surface nature, the inter-[60]fullerene conjugate exhibits strong electronic communication in its reduced states, intense absorption behavior, and chiroptical activity with a dissymmetry factor of 0.21 (at 674 nm) which breaks the record for known chiral organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Shu Okamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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Chang X, Xu Y, von Delius M. Recent advances in supramolecular fullerene chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:47-83. [PMID: 37853792 PMCID: PMC10759306 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene chemistry has come a long way since 1990, when the first bulk production of C60 was reported. In the past decade, progress in supramolecular chemistry has opened some remarkable and previously unexpected opportunities regarding the selective (multiple) functionalization of fullerenes and their (self)assembly into larger structures and frameworks. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of these recent developments. We describe how macrocycles and cages that bind strongly to C60 can be used to block undesired addition patterns and thus allow the selective preparation of single-isomer addition products. We also discuss how the emergence of highly shape-persistent macrocycles has opened opportunities for the study of photoactive fullerene dyads and triads as well as the preparation of mechanically interlocked compounds. The preparation of two- or three-dimensional fullerene materials is another research area that has seen remarkable progress over the past few years. Due to the rapidly decreasing price of C60 and C70, we believe that these achievements will translate into all fields where fullerenes have traditionally (third-generation solar cells) and more recently been applied (catalysis, spintronics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Youzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
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Gao R, Liu Z, Liu Z, Su J, Gan L. Open-Cage Fullerene as a Macrocyclic Ligand for Na, Pt, and Rh Metal Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18022-18028. [PMID: 37526598 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
An open-cage [60]fullerene derivative was prepared through Malaprade oxidation of a vicinal triol moiety as the key step. Above the 17-membered orifice, there is one carboxyl group. Three ketone carbonyl groups and one lactone carbonyl group are located on the rim of the orifice. The carboxylic and carbonyl oxygen atoms around the orifice act as strong polydentate ligands for a sodium ion. These oxygen atoms also react with [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 to form various isomeric rhodium complexes with comparable stability. The fullerene C═C bond on the rim of the orifice forms a stable platinum complex when treated with Pt(PPh3)4. Single crystal X-ray diffraction data reveal that one of the carboxylic oxygen atoms above the orifice forms a H-bond with the water molecule trapped in the cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangbing Gan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Sadai S, Hashikawa Y, Murata Y. Open-[60]fullerene-aniline conjugates with near-infrared absorption. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14575-14579. [PMID: 37188248 PMCID: PMC10177950 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02113k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Two open-[60]fullerene-aniline conjugates were synthesized, in which the two-fold addition of diamine gave a thiazolidine-2-thione ring on the [60]fullerene cage in the presence of CS2. By increasing the number of N,N-dimethylaniline moieties, the absorption edge was considerably shifted up to 1200 nm owing to effective acceptor-donor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Sadai
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | | | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
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Abstract
ConspectusUnderstanding and harnessing the properties of nanoscale molecular entities are considered as new frontiers in basic chemistry. In this regard, synthetic nanographene with atomic precision has attracted much attention recently. For instance, taking advantage of the marvelous bonding capability of carbon, flat, curved, ribbon-type, or cone-shaped nanographenes have been prepared in highly controllable and elegant manner, allowing one to explore fascinating molecular architectures with intriguing optical, electrochemical, and magnetic characteristics. This stands in stark contrast to other carbon-rich nanomaterials, such as graphite oxides or carbon quantum dots, which preclude thorough investigations because of complicate structural defects. Undoubtedly, synthetic nanographene contributes strongly to modern aromatic chemistry and represents a vibrant field that may deliver transforming functional materials crucial for optoelectronics, nanotechnologies, and biomedicine.Nonetheless, in many cases, synthesis and characterization of nanographene compounds are highly demanding. Low solubility, high molecular strain, undesired selectivity, as well as incomplete or excessive C-C bond formation are common impediments, that require formidable efforts to control the molecular geometry, to modulate the edge structure, to achieve accurate doping, or to push the upper size boundary. These endeavors are indispensable for establishing structure-property relationships, and lay down foundation for exploring synthetic nanographenes at a high level of sophistications.In this Account, we summarize our contributions to this field by presenting a series of helical synthetic nanographenes, such as hexapole [7]helicene (H7H), nitrogen-doped H7H, hexapole [9]helicene (H9H), superhelicene, and supertwistacene. This kind of giant synthetic nanographene reaches the size domain of carbon quantum dots, albeit has precise atomic structure. It provides a unique platform to study aromatic chemistry and chirality at the nanoscale. We discuss synthetic methods and point out, in particular, the strengths and pitfalls of Scholl oxidation, which are expected to be valuable for making synthetic nanographenes in general. In addition, we illustrate their exciting electrochemical and photophysical performance, which include, but are not limited to, reversible multielectron redox chemistry, record high panchromatic absorption, impressive photothermal behavior, and extremely strong Cotton effect. These unusual characteristics are convincingly traced back to their three-dimensional conjugated architectures, highlighting the critical roles of π-electron delocalization, heteroatom-doping, substitution, and molecular symmetry in determining nanographenes' properties and functions. Lastly, we put forward our understanding on the challenges and opportunities that lies ahead and hope this Account will inspire ever more ambitious achievements from this attractive area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiaobing Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Hashikawa Y, Sadai S, Okamoto S, Murata Y. Near-Infrared-Absorbing Chiral Open [60]Fullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215380. [PMID: 36357327 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Though [60]fullerene is an achiral molecular nanocarbon with Ih symmetry, it could attain an inherent chirality depending upon a functionalization pattern. The conventional chiral induction of C60 relies mainly upon a multiple addition affording a mixture of achiral and chiral isomers while their chiral function would be largely offset by the existence of pseudo-mirror plane(s). These are major obstacles to proceed further study on fullerene chirality and yet leave its understanding elusive. Herein, we showcase a carbene-mediated synthesis of C1 -symmetric chiral open [60]fullerenes showing an intense far-red to near-infrared absorption. The large dissymmetry factor of |gabs |=0.12 was achieved at λ=820 nm for circular dichroism in benzonitrile. This is, in general, unachievable by other small chiral organic molecules, demonstrating the potential usage of open [60]fullerenes as novel types of chiral chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shumpei Sadai
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shu Okamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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