1
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Lei B, Cao F, Chen M, Wang X, Mo Z. Bisgermylene-Stabilized Stannylone: Catalytic Reduction of Nitrous Oxide and Nitro Compounds via Element-Ligand Cooperativity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17817-17826. [PMID: 38780163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis, structural characterization, and catalytic application of a bis(germylene)-stabilized stannylone (2). The reduction of digermylated stannylene (1) with 2.2 equiv of potassium graphite (KC8) leads to the formation of stannylone 2 as a green solid in 78% yield. Computational studies showed that stannylone 2 possesses a formal Sn(0) center and a delocalized 3-c-2-e π-bond in the Ge2Sn core, which arises from back-donation of the p-type lone pair electrons on the Sn atom to the vacant orbitals of the Ge atoms. Stannylone 2 can serve as an efficient precatalyst for the selective reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitroarenes (ArNO2) with the formation of dinitrogen (N2) and hydrazines (ArNH-NHAr), respectively. Exposure of 2 with N2O (1 atm) resulted in the insertion of two oxygen atoms into the Ge-Ge and Ge-Sn bonds, yielding the germyl(oxyl)stannylene (3). Moreover, the stoichiometric reaction of 2 with 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene afforded an amido(oxyl)stannylene (4) through the complete scission of the N-O bonds of the nitroarene. Stannylenes 3 and 4 serve as catalytically active species for the catalytic reduction of nitrous oxide and nitroarenes, respectively. Mechanistic studies reveal that the cooperation of the low-valent Ge and Sn centers allows for multiple electron transfers to cleave the N-O bonds of N2O and ArNO2. This approach presents a new strategy for catalyzing the deoxygenation of N2O and ArNO2 using a zerovalent tin compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fanshu Cao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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2
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Lorkowski J, Yorkgitis P, Serrato MR, Gembicky M, Pietraszuk C, Bertrand G, Jazzar R. Genuine carbene versus carbene-like reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401020. [PMID: 38632078 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Singlet carbenes are not always isolable and often even elude direct detection. When they escape observation, their formation can sometimes be evidenced by in situ trapping experiments. However, is carbene-like reactivity genuine evidence of carbene formation? Herein, using the first example of a spectroscopically characterized cyclic (amino)(aryl)carbene (CAArC), we cast doubt on the most common carbene trapping reactions as sufficient proof of carbene formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lorkowski
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA-92093-0343, USA
| | - Patrick Yorkgitis
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA-92093-0343, USA
| | - Melinda R Serrato
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA-92093-0343, USA
| | - Milan Gembicky
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA-92093-0343, USA
| | - Cezary Pietraszuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA-92093-0343, USA
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA-92093-0343, USA
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3
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Bourne C, Dong H, McKain K, Mayer LC, McKay AP, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Stasch A. Alkyl backbone variations in common β-diketiminate ligands and applications to N-heterocyclic silylene chemistry. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9887-9895. [PMID: 38807511 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01298d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
We report the extension of the common β-diketimine proligand class, RArnacnacH (HC(RCNAr)2H), where R is an alkyl group such as Et or iPr, plus Ph, and Ar is a sterically demanding aryl substituent such as Dip = 2,6-diispropylphenyl, Dep = 2,6-diethylphenyl, Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl or mesityl, Xyl = 2,6-dimethylphenyl, via one-pot condensation procedures. When a condensation reaction is carried out using the chemical dehydrating agent PPSE (polyphosphoric acid trimethylsilylester), β-diketiminate phosphorus(V) products such as (iPrMesnacnac)PO2 can also be obtained, which can be converted to the respective proligand iPrMesnacnacH via alkaline hydrolysis. The RArnacnacH proligands can be converted to their alkali metal complexes with common methods and we have found that deprotonation of iPrDipnacnacH is significantly more sluggish than that of related β-diketimines with smaller backbone alkyl groups. The basicity of the RArnacnac- anions can play a role in the success of their salt metathesis chemistry and we have prepared and structurally characterised the EtDipnacnac-derived silicon(II) compounds (EtDipnacnac)SiBr and (EtDipnacnac')Si, where EtDipnacnac' is the deprotonated variant MeCHC(NDip)CHC(NDip)Et.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Bourne
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Huanhuan Dong
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Katharine McKain
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Lena C Mayer
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Aidan P McKay
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Andreas Stasch
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
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4
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Wang T, Guo Z, English LE, Stephan DW, Jupp AR, Xu M. Synthesis and Reactivity of the [NCCCO] - Cyanoketenate Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402728. [PMID: 38483891 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Cyanoketene is a fundamental molecule that is actively being searched for in the interstellar medium. Its deprotonated form (cyanoketenate) is a heterocumulene that is isoelectronic to carbon suboxide whose structure has been the subject of debate. However, the investigation of cyanoketene and its derivatives is hampered by the lack of practical synthetic routes to these compounds. We report the first synthesis of the cyanoketenate anion in [K(18-crown-6)][NCCCO] (1) as a stable molecule on a multigram scale in excellent yields (>90 %). The structure of this molecule is probed crystallographically and computationally. We also explore the protonation of 1, and its reaction with triphenylsilylchloride and carbon dioxide. In all cases, anionic dimers are formed. The cyanoketene could be synthesized and crystallographically characterized when stabilized by a N-heterocyclic carbene. The cyanoketenate is a very useful unsaturated building block containing N, C and O atoms that can now be explored with relative ease and will undoubtedly unlock more interesting reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai, China, 200092
| | - Zhuangzhuang Guo
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai, China, 200092
| | - Laura E English
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK, B15 2TT
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3H6
| | - Andrew R Jupp
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK, B15 2TT
| | - Maotong Xu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai, China, 200092
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5
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Tho Nguyen M, Gusev DG, Dmitrienko A, Pilkington M, Nikonov GI. Reversible Coupling of Germylone with Isocyanates. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400613. [PMID: 38379193 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The germylone dimNHCGe (5, dimNHC=diimino N-heterocyclic carbene) undergoes a [2+2] cycloaddition with isocyanates RNCO (R=4-tolyl or 3,5-xylyl) to furnish novel alkyl carboxamido germylenes 7 (R=4-tolyl) and 8 (R=3,5-xylyl), featuring a C-C bond between the former carbene carbon and the isocyanate moiety. Heating a mixture of 8 with 4-tolyl isocyanate to 100 °C results in isocyanate metathesis, demonstrating reversible C-C bond formation on the reduced germanium compound. DFT calculations suggest that this process occurs via the reductive dissociation of isocyanate from 8 that regenerates the parent Ge(0) compound 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Tho Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3 A1, Canada
| | - Dmitry G Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2 L 3 C5, Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3 A1, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3 A1, Canada
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3 A1, Canada
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6
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He M, Hu C, Wei R, Wang XF, Liu LL. Recent advances in the chemistry of isolable carbene analogues with group 13-15 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3896-3951. [PMID: 38436383 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbenes (R2C:), compounds with a divalent carbon atom containing only six valence shell electrons, have evolved into a broader class with the replacement of the carbene carbon or the RC moiety with main group elements, leading to the creation of main group carbene analogues. These analogues, mirroring the electronic structure of carbenes (a lone pair of electrons and an empty orbital), demonstrate unique reactivity. Over the last three decades, this area has seen substantial advancements, paralleling the innovations in carbene chemistry. Recent studies have revealed a spectrum of unique carbene analogues, such as monocoordinate aluminylenes, nitrenes, and bismuthinidenes, notable for their extraordinary properties and diverse reactivity, offering promising applications in small molecule activation. This review delves into the isolable main group carbene analogues that are in the forefront from 2010 and beyond, spanning elements from group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl), group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) and group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). Specifically, this review focuses on the potential amphiphilic species that possess both lone pairs of electrons and vacant orbitals. We detail their comprehensive synthesis and stabilization strategies, outlining the reactivity arising from their distinct structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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7
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Ruppert H, Meister A, Pfretzschner R, Vieira AF, Greb L. Concatenating Structural Constraint Effects at Tin for the Sequential Generation, Stabilization, and Transfer of Acyclic Aminocarbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146. [PMID: 38604608 PMCID: PMC11048120 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Structural constraint approaches have been employed toward different ends in recent years, from augmenting the nucleophilicity in pyramidalized low-valent p-block compounds to enhancing the Lewis acidities at planarized tetravalent p-block elements. While previous studies exploited these effects separately, this work introduces a strategy to concatenate structural constraint approaches at individual stages of a reaction sequence in a row to unlock a synthetic path unattainable by conventional methodologies. The boosted nucleophilicity resulting from the constrained tetracoordinated calix[4]pyrrolato stannate(II) dianion enables the reductive formation of sterically unprotected acyclic aminocarbenes. These amino carbenes are stabilized at the concomitantly formed square-planar stannane(IV) as air-stable adducts. Transfer of the carbenes onto copper(I) by cooperativity of the calix[4]pyrrole ligand finalizes this protocol to hitherto unreported yet prototypical carbene complexes. Detailed spectroscopic and quantum theoretical analyses establish the synergy of structural constraints and element-ligand cooperation as the linchpin to this reaction path and its selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Ruppert
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Arne Meister
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ronja Pfretzschner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - André Faria Vieira
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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8
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Mukhopadhyay J, Bhagat S, Sahoo SC, Bharatam PV. L→S Coordination Complexes Containing Benzothiazol-2-ylidene Ligand: Quantum Chemical Analysis and Synthesis. Chempluschem 2024:e202400150. [PMID: 38554142 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
(NHC)→E coordination interactions were known where NHC is an N-heterocyclic carbene, and E is a main group element (B, C, N, Si, P). Recently, it was suggested that compounds with (NHC)→S coordination chemistry are also possible. This work reports quantum chemical analysis and synthesis of (NHC)→S-R(+) complexes in which benzothiazol-2-ylidene acts as a ligand. A Density functional study established that (NHC)→S interaction can best be described as a coordination interaction. Synthetic efforts were made, initially, to generate divalent sulfur compounds containing benzothiazole substituents. N-alkylation of the heterocyclic ring in these sulfides using methyl triflate led to the generation of the desired products with (NHC)→S coordination chemistry, which involves the in situ generation of NHC ring ligands. The observed changes in the 13C NMR spectra, before and after methylation, confirmed the change in the electronic character of the C-S bond from a covalent character to a coordination character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S., Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Srikant Bhagat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S., Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Subash C Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S., Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
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9
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LaPierre EA, Patrick BO, Manners I. Synthesis of Carbene-Stabilized PNPN Fragments and Their Carbene-Dependent Redox Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6326-6335. [PMID: 38408316 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of carbene-stabilized 1,3-diaza-2,4-diphosphabutenes CAACMePNPNCAACMe 4CAAC (CAACMe = 1-[2,6-bis(isopropyl)phenyl]-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-2-pyrrolidinylidene) and IPrPNPNIPr 4NHC (IPr = 1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene). The bonding in both systems is defined by a delocalized polar covalent π-system, with 4NHC exhibiting increased conjugation relative to 4CAAC. The nature of the stabilizing carbene also influences the redox properties of the compound, with 4CAAC undergoing potassium-mediated reduction to the closed-shell P-P bonded dimer K252, which upon treatment with Kryptofix-2,2,2 converts to the transient radical anion [Kcrypt][5], the formal one-electron reduction product of 4CAAC. In contrast, 4NHC undergoes reversible one-electron oxidation to the stable radical cation [6NHC][SbF6]. Computational and spectroscopic analyses of both radical species are suggestive of unevenly delocalized spin, with the bulk of the spin density residing on phosphorus in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne A LaPierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
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10
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Kumar S, Maurer LR, Schnakenburg G, Das U, Filippou AC. NHC-Supported 2-Sila and 2-Germavinylidenes: Synthesis, Dynamics, First Reactivity and Theoretical Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202400227. [PMID: 38317632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
2-tetrelavinylidenes (C=EH2 ; E=Si, Ge) are according to quantum chemical studies the least stable isomers on the [E,C,2H] potential energy hypersurface isomerizing easily via the trans-bent tetrelaacetylenes HE≡CH to the thermodynamically most stable 1-tetrelavinylidenes (E=CH2 ). Consequently, experimental studies on 2-tetrelavinylidenes (C=ER2 ) and their derivatives are lacking. Herein we report experimental and theoretical studies of the first N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) supported 2-silavinylidene (NHC)C=SiBr(Tbb) (1-Si: NHC=C[N(Dipp)CH]2 , Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Tbb=2,6-bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-4-tert-butylphenyl) and the isovalent 2-germavinylidenes (NHC)C=GeBr(R) (1-Ge, 1-GeMind: R=Tbb, Mind (1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7-octamethyl-s-hydrindacene-4-yl)). The NHC-supported 2-tetrelavinylidenes were obtained selectively from the 1,2-dibromoditetrelenes (E)-(R)BrE=EBr(R) using the diazoolefin (NHC)CN2 as vinylidene transfer reagent. 1-E (E=Si, Ge) have a planar vinylidene core, a bent-dicoordinated vinylidene carbon atom (CVNL ), a very short E=CVNL bond and an almost orthogonal orientation of the NHC five-membered ring to the vinylidene core. Quantum chemical analysis of the electronic structures of 1-E suggest a significantly bent 1-tetrelaallene and tetrelyne character. NMR studies shed light into the dynamics of 1-E involving NHC-rotation around the CVNL -CNHC bond with a low activation barrier. Furthermore, the synthetic potential of 1-E is demonstrated by the synthesis and full characterization of the unprecedented NHC-supported bromogermynes BrGe=C(EBr2 Tbb)(NHC) (2-SiGe: E=Si; 2-GeGe: E=Ge).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leonard R Maurer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ujjal Das
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander C Filippou
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Kawase Y, Tsujimoto S, Obayashi T, Kimura S, Ito K, Ikoma S, Ota K, Hashizume D, Matsuo T. Selective monooxygenation of diphosphenes with molecular oxygen. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1956-1960. [PMID: 38235826 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04348g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The O2 splitting mediated by the bulky Rind-based diphosphenes resulted in the clean formation of the mixed-valent diphosphorus compounds, diphosphene oxides, with P2O moieties. Their structural features and electronic properties have been clearly characterized by experimental and theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuria Kawase
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Shota Tsujimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Obayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Kanta Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Ikoma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Kei Ota
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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12
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Xia SH, He J, Liu Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Lahm ME, Robinson GH, Schaefer HF. Structures and Energetics of E 2H 3+ (E = As, Sb, and Bi) Cations. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:563-571. [PMID: 38227954 PMCID: PMC10823464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
E2H2 (E = As, Sb, Bi) structures involving multiple bonds have attracted much attention recently. The E2H3+ cations (protonated E2H2) are predicted to be viable with substantial proton affinities (>180 kcal/mol). Herein, the bonding characters and energetics of a number of E2H3+ isomers are explored through CCSD(T) and DFT methods. For the As2H3+ system, the CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ-PP method predicts that the vinylidene-like structure lies lowest in energy, with the trans and cis isomers higher by 6.7 and 9.3 kcal/mol, respectively. However, for Sb2H3+ and Bi2H3+ systems, the trans isomer is the global minimum, while the energies of the cis and vinylidene-like structures are higher, respectively, by 2.0 and 2.4 kcal/mol for Sb2H3+ and 1.6 and 15.0 kcal/mol for Bi2H3+. Thus, the vinyledene-like structure is the lowest energy for the arsenic system but only a transition state of the bismuth system. With permanent dipole moments, all minima may be observable in microwave experiments. Besides, we have also obtained transition states and planar-cis structures with higher energies. The current results should provide new insights into the various isomers and provide a number of predictions for future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Xia
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu
University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jihuan He
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu
University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhuoqun Liu
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu
University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunhan Liu
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu
University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu
University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Mitchell E. Lahm
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Gregory H. Robinson
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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13
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Duan C, Cui C. Boryl-substituted low-valent heavy group 14 compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:361-379. [PMID: 38086648 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Low valent group 14 compounds exhibit diverse structures and reactivities. The employment of diazaborolyl anions (NHB anions), isoelectronic analogues to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), in group 14 chemistry leads to the exceptional structures and reactivity. The unique combination of σ-electron donation and pronounced steric hindrance impart distinct structural characteristics to the NHB-substituted low valent group 14 compounds. Notably, the modulation of the HOMO-LUMO gap in these compounds with the diazaborolyl substituents results in novel reaction patterns in the activation of small molecules and inert chemical bonds. This review mainly summarizes the recent advances in NHB-substituted low-valent heavy Group 14 compounds, emphasizing their synthesis, structural characteristics and application to small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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14
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Yu CH, Au-Yeung KC, Liu R, Lee CH, Jiang D, Semagne Aweke B, Wu CH, Wang YJ, Wang TH, Voon Kong K, Yap GPA, Chen WC, Frenking G, Zhao L, Ong TG. Diversification of the Carbodicarbene Class by Embedding an Anionic Component in its Scaffold. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302886. [PMID: 37730960 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbodicarbene (CDC) has become an emerging ligand in many fields due to its strong σ-donating ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Yu
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
| | - Ka-Chun Au-Yeung
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
- Corporate R&D Center, LCY Chemical Corporation, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Ruiqin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao-Hsien Lee
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
| | - Dandan Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bamlaku Semagne Aweke
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (R.O.C
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Chia-Hung Wu
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Yu-Jou Wang
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Ting-Hsuan Wang
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
| | - Kien Voon Kong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Wen-Ching Chen
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
| | - Gernot Frenking
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lili Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tiow-Gan Ong
- Institute of chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C., 115201
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (R.O.C
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15
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Chen M, Zhang Z, Liu J, Li G, Zhao L, Mo Z. Isolation and Reactivity of Homoleptic Diphosphene Lead Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312837. [PMID: 37837247 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to their limited capacity for π-backdonation, isolation of π-complexes of main-group elements remains a great challenge. We report herein the synthesis of a homoleptic diphosphene lead complex (2) from the degradation of P4 with a bis(germylene)-stabilized Pb(0) complex. Structural and computational studies showed that 2 possesses significant π bonding interactions between Pb atom and diphosphene ligands, which is reminiscent of transition-metal diphosphene complexes. Consistent with its unique electronic structure, complex 2 can deliver Pb(0) atoms to perform redox reaction with an iminoquinone to produce a cyclic plumbylene (4) and perform 2,5-dimethyl-3,4-dimethylimidazol-1-ylidene (IMe2 Me2 ) induced phosphorus cation abstraction to give an anionic PbP3 complex (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Gongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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16
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Tran PM, Wang Y, Lahm ME, Wei P, Molnar CJ, Schaefer HF, Robinson GH. Germanium(II) Dithiolene Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302258. [PMID: 37603856 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The 1 : 2 reaction of the imidazole-based dithiolate (2) with GeCl2 • dioxane in THF/TMEDA gives 3, a TMEDA-complexed dithiolene-based germylene. Compound 3 is converted to monothiolate-complexed (5) and N-heterocyclic carbene-complexed (7) germanium(II) dithiolene complexes via Lewis base ligand exchange. A bis-dithiolene-based germylene (8), involving a 3c-4e S-Ge-S bond, has also been synthesized through controlled hydrolysis of 7. The bonding nature of 3, 5, and 8 was investigated by both experimental and theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong M Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Mitchell E Lahm
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Pingrong Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Christopher J Molnar
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
| | - Gregory H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2556, USA
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17
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Du S, Cao F, Chen X, Rong H, Song H, Mo Z. A silylene-stabilized ditin(0) complex and its conversion to methylditin cation and distannavinylidene. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7474. [PMID: 37978294 PMCID: PMC10656547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic high reactivity, isolation of tin(0) complexes remains challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis of a silylene-stabilized ditin(0) complex (2) by reduction of a silylene-supported dibromostannylene (1) with 1 equivalent of magnesium (I) dimer in toluene. The structure of 2 was established by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Density Functional Theory calculations revealed that complex 2 bears a Sn=Sn double bond and one lone pair of electrons on each of the Sn(0) atoms. Remarkably, complex 2 is readily methylated to give a mixed-valent methylditin cation (4), which undergoes topomerization in solution though a reversible 1,2-Me migration along a Sn=Sn bond. Computational studies showed that the three-coordinate Sn atom in 4 is the dominant electrophilic center, and allows for facile reaction with KHBBus3 furnishing an unprecedented N-heterocyclic silylenes-stabilized distannavinylidene (5). The synthesis of 2, 4 and 5 demonstrates the exceptional ability of N-heterocyclic silylenes to stabilize low valent tin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Du
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanshu Cao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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18
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Segizbayev M, Tho Nguyen M, Gusev DG, Dmitrienko A, Pilkington M, van der Est A, Nikonov GI. A Guanidine-Supported π-Complex of Germanium Amenable to Intramolecular C-C Cleavage in Arene and Ge Atom Transfer. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301981. [PMID: 37732936 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The germylone dimNHCGe (dimNHC=diimino N-heterocyclic carbene) reacts with azides N3 R (R=SiMe3 or p-tolyl) to furnish the first examples of germanium π-complexes, i. e. guanidine-ligated compounds (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge (NHI=N-heterocyclic imine, R=SiMe3 ) and (dimNHI-Tol)Ge (R=p-tolyl). DFT calculations suggest that these species are formed by a Staudinger type replacement of dinitrogen in the azide by a nucleophilic germylone, leading to a transient carbene adduct of iminogermylidene. Heating a solution of compound (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge to 70 °C results in extrusion of the iminogermylidene that further aggregates to produce the known [Me3 SiNGe]4 tetramer, whereas the imidazolylidene fragment transforms into an unusual heptatriene species that can be considered as a product of carbene insertion into the C-C bond of a pendant Ar substituent at the imidazolylidene nitrogen of the dimNHC. Reaction of (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge with tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone results in the net transfer of a germanium atom and formation of the free diimino-guanidine ligand. This ligand also forms when (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge is treated with azide N3 (p-Tol), with the germanium product being [(p-Tol)NGe]n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medet Segizbayev
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Dmitry G Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2 L 3 C5, Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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19
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Segizbayev M, Dmitrienko A, Simionescu R, Pilkington M, Nikonov GI. Germanium Analogue of the Parent Phosphine-Borane FLP Compound. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300747. [PMID: 37739931 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Diimino-carbene-supported germylone dimNHCGe does not react with BPh3 and does not activate dihydrogen in the FLP mode in the combination with this borane. However, it reacts with B(C6 F5 )3 to give the zwitterionic borate dimNHCGe-(C6 F4 )BF(C6 F5 )2 . This compound can be converted into the hydroborate dimNHCGe-(C6 F4 )BH(C6 F5 )2 (8) and further into [dimNHCGe-(C6 F4 )B(C6 F5 )2 ]+ (4). Compound 4 is a Ge/B analogue of Stephan's FLP parent P/B compound (C6 H2 Me3 )2 P-C6 F4 -B(C6 F5 )2 but unlike the latter cannot split dihydrogen. Moreover, attempts to prepare a Ge/B analogue of the zwitterion (C6 H2 Me3 )2 HP-C6 F4 -BH(C6 F5 )2 by protonation of borate 8 resulted in immediate elimination of H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medet Segizbayev
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Razvan Simionescu
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
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20
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Hansmann MM. Diazoalkenes: From an Elusive Intermediate to a Stable Substance Class in Organic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304574. [PMID: 37095063 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Over decades diazoalkenes (R2 C=C=N2 ) were postulated as reactive intermediates in organic chemistry even though their direct spectroscopic detection proved very challenging. In the 1970/80ies several groups probed their existence mainly indirectly by trapping experiments or directly by matrix-isolation studies. In 2021, our group and the Severin group reported independently the synthesis and characterization of the first room-temperature stable diazoalkenes, which initiated a rapidly expanding research field. Up to now four different classes of N-heterocyclic substituted room-temperature stable diazoalkenes have been reported. Their properties and unique reactivity, such as N2 /CO exchange or utilization as vinylidene precursors in organic and transition metal chemistry are presented. This review summarizes the early discoveries of diazoalkenes from their initial postulation as transient, elusive species up to the recent findings of the room-temperature stable derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Hansmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund, Germany
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21
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Fan J, Koh AP, Zhou J, Zhang ZF, Wu CS, Webster RD, Su MD, So CW. Tetrakis( N-heterocyclic Carbene)-Diboron(0): Double Single-Electron-Transfer Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11669-11677. [PMID: 37201187 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMe) to coordinate with diatomic B2 species afforded a tetrakis(N-heterocyclic carbene)-diboron(0) [(IMe)2B-B(IMe)2] (2). The singly bonded B2 moiety therein possesses a valence electronic configuration 1σg21πu21πg*2 with four vacant molecular orbitals (1σu*, 2σg, 1πu', 1πg'*) coordinated with IMe. Its unprecedented electronic structure is analogous to the energetically unfavorable planar hydrazine with a D2h symmetry. The two highly reactive πg* antibonding electrons enable double single-electron-transfer (SET) reactivity in small-molecule activation. Compound 2 underwent a double SET reduction with CO2 to form two carbon dioxide radical anions CO2•-, which then reduced pyridine to yield a carboxylated pyridine reductive coupling dianion [O2CNC5(H)5-C5(H)5NCO2]2- and converted compound 2 to the tetrakis(N-heterocyclic carbene)-diborene dication [(IMe)2B═B(IMe)2]2+ (32+). This is a remarkable transition-metal-free SET reduction of CO2 without ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - An-Ping Koh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shiun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Richard D Webster
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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22
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Authesserre U, Swamy VSVSN, Saffon-Merceron N, Baceiredo A, Kato T, Maerten E. New Insight into the Reactivity of S,S-Bis-ylide. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083295. [PMID: 37110528 PMCID: PMC10142965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work focuses on the reactivity of S,S-bis-ylide 2, which presents a strong nucleophilic character, as evidenced by reactions with methyl iodide and CO2, affording C-methylated salts 3 and betaine 4, respectively. The derivatization of betaine 4 affords the corresponding ester derivative 6, which is fully characterized by using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, an original reaction with phosphenium ions leads to the formation of a transient push-pull phosphino(sulfonio)carbene 8, which rearranges to give stabilized sulfonium ylide derivative 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Authesserre
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - V S V S N Swamy
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, ICT UAR2599 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Baceiredo
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Tsuyoshi Kato
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Eddy Maerten
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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