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De Kreijger S, Cauët E, Elias B, Troian-Gautier L. Synthesis of Ru(II) and Os(II) photosensitizers bearing one 9,10-diamino-1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene scaffold. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10270-10284. [PMID: 38829264 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of eight Ru(II) and Os(II) photosensitizers bearing a common 9,10-disubstituted-1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene backbone is reported. With Os(II) photosensitizers, the 9,10-diNH2-1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene could be directly chelated onto the metal center via the heteroaromatic moiety, whereas similar conditions using Ru(II) resulted in the formation of an o-quinonediimine derivative. Hence, an alternative route, proceeding via the chelation of 9-NH2-10-NO2-1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene and subsequent ligand reduction of the corresponding photosensitizers was developed. Photosensitizers chelated via the polypyridyl-type moiety exhibited classical photophysical properties whereas the o-quinonediimine chelated Ru(II) analogues exhibited red-shifted absorption (520 nm) and no photoluminescence at room temperature in acetonitrile. The most promising photosensitizers were investigated for excited-state quenching with guanosine-5'-monophosphate in aqueous buffered conditions where reductive excited-state electron transfer was observed by nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon De Kreijger
- UCLouvain, Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Emilie Cauët
- Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (CP 160/09), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP160/09, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- UCLouvain, Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- UCLouvain, Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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2
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Goodwin MJ, Dickenson JC, Ripak A, Deetz AM, McCarthy JS, Meyer GJ, Troian-Gautier L. Factors that Impact Photochemical Cage Escape Yields. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7379-7464. [PMID: 38743869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of visible light to mediate chemical reactions in fluid solutions has applications that range from solar fuel production to medicine and organic synthesis. These reactions are typically initiated by electron transfer between a photoexcited dye molecule (a photosensitizer) and a redox-active quencher to yield radical pairs that are intimately associated within a solvent cage. Many of these radicals undergo rapid thermodynamically favored "geminate" recombination and do not diffuse out of the solvent cage that surrounds them. Those that do escape the cage are useful reagents that may undergo subsequent reactions important to the above-mentioned applications. The cage escape process and the factors that determine the yields remain poorly understood despite decades of research motivated by their practical and fundamental importance. Herein, state-of-the-art research on light-induced electron transfer and cage escape that has appeared since the seminal 1972 review by J. P. Lorand entitled "The Cage Effect" is reviewed. This review also provides some background for those new to the field and discusses the cage escape process of both homolytic bond photodissociation and bimolecular light induced electron transfer reactions. The review concludes with some key goals and directions for future research that promise to elevate this very vibrant field to even greater heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John C Dickenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexia Ripak
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jackson S McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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Berardi S, Benazzi E, Marchini E, Cristino V, Argazzi R, Boaretto R, Gobbato T, Rigodanza F, Cerullo G, Bozzini B, Bonchio M, Prato M, Berger T, Caramori S. Role of Intragap States in Sensitized Sb-Doped Tin Oxide Photoanodes for Solar Fuels Production. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27209-27223. [PMID: 38747220 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In view of developing photoelectrosynthetic cells which are able to store solar energy in chemical bonds, water splitting is usually the reaction of choice when targeting hydrogen production. However, alternative approaches can be considered, aimed at substituting the anodic reaction of water oxidation with more commercially capitalizable oxidations. Among them, the production of bromine from bromide ions was investigated long back in the 1980s by Texas Instruments. Herein we present optimized perylene-diimide (PDI)-sensitized antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) photoanodes enabling the photoinduced HBr splitting with >4 mA/cm2 photocurrent densities under 0.1 W/cm2 AM1.5G illumination and 91 ± 3% faradaic efficiencies for bromine production. These remarkable results, among the best currently reported for the photoelectrochemical Br- oxidation by dye sensitized photoanodes, are strongly related to the occupancy extent of ATO's intragap (IG) states, generated upon Sb-doping, as demonstrated by comparing their performances with PDI-sensitized analogues on both undoped SnO2- and TiO2-passivated ATO scaffolds by means of (spectro)electrochemistry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The architecture of the ATO-PDI photoanodic assembly was further modified via the introduction of a molecular iridium-based water oxidation catalyst, thus proving the versatility of the proposed hybrid interfaces as photoanodic platforms for photoinduced oxidations in PEC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Berardi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benazzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Marchini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vito Cristino
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Argazzi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- ISOF-CNR, c/o Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rita Boaretto
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Thomas Gobbato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Cerullo
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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De Kreijger S, Ripak A, Elias B, Troian-Gautier L. Investigation of the Excited-State Electron Transfer and Cage Escape Yields Between Halides and a Fe(III) Photosensitizer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10286-10292. [PMID: 38569088 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Excited-state quenching and reduction of [Fe(phtmeimb)2]+, where phtmeimb is phenyl[tris(3-methyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene)]borate, with iodide, bromide, and chloride were studied in dichloromethane, acetonitrile, and acetonitrile/water 1:1 mixture by means of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Quenching rate constants were almost diffusion-limited in dichloromethane and acetonitrile and followed the expected periodic trend, i.e., I- > Br- > Cl-. Confirmation of excited-state reductive electron transfer was only unambiguously obtained when iodide was used as a quencher. The cage escape yields, i.e., the separation of the geminate radical pair formed upon bimolecular excited-state electron transfer, were determined. These yields were larger in dichloromethane (0.079) than in acetonitrile (0.017), and no photoproduct could be observed in acetonitrile/water 1:1. This study further emphasizes that solvents with low dielectric constant are more suited for productive excited-state electron transfer using Fe(III) photosensitizers with 2LMCT excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon De Kreijger
- UCLouvain, Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexia Ripak
- UCLouvain, Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- UCLouvain, Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- UCLouvain, Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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Bruggeman DF, Detz RJ, Mathew S, Reek JNH. Increased solar-driven chemical transformations through surface-induced benzoperylene aggregation in dye-sensitized photoanodes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:503-516. [PMID: 38363531 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The impact of benzo[ghi]perylenetriimide (BPTI) dye aggregation on the performance of photoelectrochemical devices was explored, through imide-substitution with either alkyl (BPTI-A, 2-ethylpropyl) or bulky aryl (BPTI-B, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) moieties, to, respectively, enable or suppress aggregation. While both dyes demonstrated similar monomeric optoelectronic properties in solution, adsorption onto mesoporous SnO2 revealed different behavior, with BPTI-A forming aggregates via π-stacking and BPTI-B demonstrating reduced aggregation in the solid state. BPTI photoanodes were tested in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) before application to dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) for Br2 production (a strong oxidant) coupled to H2 generation (a solar fuel). BPTI-A demonstrated a twofold higher dye loading of the SnO2 surface than BPTI-B, resulting in a fivefold enhancement to both photocurrent and Br2 production. The enhanced output of the photoelectrochemical systems (with respect to dye loading) was attributed to both J- and H- aggregation phenomena in BPTI-A photoanodes that lead to improved light harvesting. Our investigation provides a strategy to exploit self-assembly via aggregation to improve molecular light-harvesting and charge separation properties that can be directly applied to dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didjay F Bruggeman
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bioinspired Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remko J Detz
- Energy Transition Studies, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Radarweg 60, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bioinspired Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bioinspired Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hasan AMM, Susan MABH. Synergism in carbon nanotubes and carbon-dots: counter electrode of a high-performance dye-sensitized solar cell. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7616-7630. [PMID: 38440284 PMCID: PMC10911412 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00601a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) play a crucial role in the realm of renewable energy technology by converting solar energy into electrical energy in an efficient and cost-effective way. In the pursuit of improving the photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSCs, this work aims at fabricating a new counter electrode (CE) using a binary composite of heteroatom-doped carbon dots (C-dots) and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (o-MWCNTs). We demonstrate that this binary composite exhibits superior performance to pristine o-MWCNTs, resulting in a remarkable enhancement in the PCE. The PCE of the o-MWCNT/C-dots composite was measured at an impressive 4.28%, significantly outperforming the pristine o-MWCNT electrode, which yielded an efficiency of 2.24%. The enhanced performance of the o-MWCNT/C-dots composite can be attributed to the synergistic effects of heteroatom-doped C-dots since their binding to the o-MWCNTs by activated oxygenic surface functional groups increases the surface area from 218 to 253 m2 g-1. This enhanced surface area results from the reduction of π-π stacking interactions of the individual tubes and production of a new hollow channel in the structure that provides an ideal scaffold for I2 adsorption and electron transfer. We demonstrate the role of C-dots on MWCNT's property modulation toward higher PCE by density functional theory (DFT) calculation and electrochemical analysis. Electron-excess N and S doped C-dots exhibit strong catalytic activity, allowing for rapid electron transfer processes in the CE-electrolyte surface via the donor acceptor mechanism, whereas electron-deficient B doped C-dots undermine the cell performance by forming a charge recombination trap at the CE surface. The synthesized composite has higher redox reversibility up to 100 CV cycles and chemical stability, studied by the post-performance material characterization. The findings offer a promising avenue for the development of high-performance DSSCs, which will help to promote sustainable and renewable energy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Abu Bin Hasan Susan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh
- Dhaka University Nanotechnology Center (DUNC), University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh
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7
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Zhou J, Cheng H, Cheng J, Wang L, Xu H. The Emergence of High-Performance Conjugated Polymer/Inorganic Semiconductor Hybrid Photoelectrodes for Solar-Driven Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300418. [PMID: 37421184 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) energy conversion holds great potential in converting solar energy into storable and transportable chemicals or fuels, providing a viable route toward a carbon-neutral society. Conjugated polymers are rapidly emerging as a new class of materials for PEC water splitting. They exhibit many intriguing properties including tunable electronic structures through molecular engineering, excellent light harvesting capability with high absorption coefficients, and facile fabrication of large-area thin films via solution processing. Recent advances have indicated that integrating rationally designed conjugated polymers with inorganic semiconductors is a promising strategy for fabricating efficient and stable hybrid photoelectrodes for high-efficiency PEC water splitting. This review introduces the history of developing conjugated polymers for PEC water splitting. Notable examples of utilizing conjugated polymers to broaden the light absorption range, improve stability, and enhance the charge separation efficiency of hybrid photoelectrodes are highlighted. Furthermore, key challenges and future research opportunities for further improvements are also presented. This review provides an up-to-date overview of fabricating stable and high-efficiency PEC devices by integrating conjugated polymers with state-of-the-art semiconductors and would have significant implications for the broad solar-to-chemical energy conversion research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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Zhu K, Einhaus LM, Mul G, Huijser A. Photophysical Study on the Effect of the External Potential on NiO-Based Photocathodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5217-5224. [PMID: 38235571 PMCID: PMC10835655 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigate the effects of the applied external potential on a dye-sensitized NiO photocathode by time-resolved photoluminescence and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy under operating conditions. Instead of the anticipated acceleration of photoinduced hole injection from dye into NiO at a more negative applied potential, we observe that both hole injection and charge recombination are slowed down. We cautiously assign this effect to a variation in OH- ion concentration in the inner Helmholtz plane of the electrochemical double layer with applied potential, warranting further investigation for the realization of efficient solar fuel devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijian Zhu
- PhotoCatalytic Synthesis
Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne M. Einhaus
- PhotoCatalytic Synthesis
Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Mul
- PhotoCatalytic Synthesis
Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Huijser
- PhotoCatalytic Synthesis
Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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Abate PO, Juárez VM, Baraldo LM. Coupling between two Ru(bda) catalysts bridged by a trans-dicyano complex. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1575-1585. [PMID: 38164735 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We have prepared two trimetallic complexes [{Ru(bda)(DMSO)(μ-CN)}2Ru(L)4] (with bda = 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate) where two {Ru(bda)} centers are bridged by a cyanide complex of the trans-Ru(L)4CN2 family (with L = pyridine and 4-tert-butylpyridine). The complex [{Ru(bda)(DMSO)(μ-CN)}2Ru(py)4] is fully soluble in aqueous solution and is a catalyst for the oxidation of water both chemically, using Ce(IV) at pH = 1 as the terminal oxidant, and electrochemically. Both reactions are first order in the complex and the resting state of the catalyst is the [RuVRuIII(py)4RuIV]2+ redox state. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies together with (TD)DFT calculations show that the coupling between the Ru(bda) fragments for the [RuIIIRuII(py)4RuIII]2+ and [RuIVRuII(py)4RuIV]2+ redox states is very weak, but significant for the [RuVRuII(py)4RuIV]2+ ion due to the orientation of the orbitals involved. This coupling affects the reactivity of the [RuVRuII(py)4RuIV]2+ redox state, making it a much slower catalyst towards the water oxidation reaction than [RuVRuIII(py)4RuIV]2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro O Abate
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química-Física de Materiales, Ambientes y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia M Juárez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química-Física de Materiales, Ambientes y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis M Baraldo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química-Física de Materiales, Ambientes y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fortunato MT, Moore CE, Turro C. Ligand-Centered Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production in an Axially Capped Rh 2(II,II) Paddlewheel Complex with Red Light. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27348-27357. [PMID: 38055041 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A new series of Rh2(II,II) complexes with the formula cis-[Rh2(DTolF)2(bpnp)(L)]2+, where bpnp = 2,7-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,8-naphthyridine, DTolF = N,N'-di(p-tolyl) formamidinate, and L = pdz (pyridazine; 2), cinn (cinnoline; 3), and bncn (benzo[c]cinnoline; 4), were synthesized from the precursor cis-[Rh2(DTolF)2(bpnp)(CH3CN)2]2+ (1). The first reduction couple in 2-4 is localized on the bpnp ligand at approximately -0.52 V vs Ag/AgCl in CH3CN (0.1 M TBAPF6), followed by reduction of the corresponding diazine ligand. Complex 1 exhibits a Rh2(δ*)/DTolF → bpnp(π*) metal/ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (1ML-LCT) absorption with a maximum at 767 nm (ε = 1800 M-1 cm-1). This transition is also present in the spectra of 2-4, overlaid with the Rh2(δ*)/DTolF → L(π*) 1ML-LCT bands at 516 nm in 2 (L = pdz), 640 nm in 3 (L = cinn), and 721 nm in 4 (L = bncn). Complexes 2 and 3 exhibit Rh2(δ*)/DTolF → bpnp 3ML-LCT excited states with lifetimes, τ, of 3 and 5 ns, respectively, in CH3CN, whereas the lowest energy 3ML-LCT state in 4 is Rh2(δ*)/DTolF → bncn in nature with τ = 1 ns. Irradiation of 4 with 670 nm light in DMF in the presence of 0.1 M TsOH (p-toluene sulfonic acid) and 30 mM BNAH (1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide) results in the production of H2 with a turnover number (TON) of 16 over 24 h. The axial capping of the Rh2(II,II) bimetallic core with the bpnp ligand prevents the formation of an Rh-H hydride intermediate. These results show that the observed photocatalytic reactivity is localized on the bncn ligand, representing the first example of ligand-centered H2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Fortunato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
| | - Curtis E Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
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Sahoo A, Bar M, Biswas R, Abedin T, Baitalik S. Modulation of ground and excited state properties of ruthenium complexes through sequential incorporation of metal into a polypyridyl-imidazole bridging ligand. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15896-15906. [PMID: 37840479 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02757k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A polypyridyl-imidazole-based bridging ligand, 2-(4-(4,5-di(pyridine-2-yl)-1H-imidazole-2-yl)phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (phen-H2PhImz-bpy), possessing three bidentate coordinating sites, has been designed in this work. The bridging ligand is employed to synthesize mono-, bi-, and trimetallic Ru(II) complexes in combination with terminal bipyridine units for the systematic modulation of photophysical and redox properties upon sequential incorporation of the metal unit into the bridge. All the compounds are characterized via NMR spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Absorption and both steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopic investigations of the ligand as well as Ru(II) complexes are thoroughly conducted in different solvents. The redox behaviors of the complexes are examined through cyclic voltammetry (CV) in acetonitrile. The focus of the investigation is centered on the systematic modulation of MLCT absorption and emission as well as the redox behavior of the complex entity upon the gradual incorporation of the Ru2+ unit into the complex backbone. The emission energy, quantum yield and lifetime are found to decrease systematically with an increase in the Ru2+ unit in the complex backbone and a linear relationship is observed in each case. A good correlation is also observed between the emission energies of complexes with their respective ΔE1/2 values (the difference between the first oxidation and first reduction potential).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Sahoo
- Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Manoranjan Bar
- Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Raju Biswas
- Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Tuhin Abedin
- Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Sujoy Baitalik
- Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
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12
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Barker M, Whittemore TJ, London HC, Sledesky JM, Harris EA, Smith Pellizzeri TM, McMillen CD, Wagenknecht PS. Design Strategies for Luminescent Titanocenes: Improving the Photoluminescence and Photostability of Arylethynyltitanocenes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17870-17882. [PMID: 37831503 PMCID: PMC10618925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Complexes that undergo ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) to d0 metals are of interest as possible photocatalysts. Cp2Ti(C2Ph)2 (where C2Ph = phenylethynyl) was reported to be weakly emissive in room-temperature (RT) fluid solution from its phenylethynyl-to-Ti 3LMCT state but readily photodecomposes. Coordination of CuX between the alkyne ligands to give Cp2Ti(C2Ph)2CuX (X = Cl, Br) has been shown to significantly increase the photostability, but such complexes are not emissive in RT solution. Herein, we investigate whether inhibition of alkyne-Ti-alkyne bond compression might be responsible for the increased photostability of the CuX complexes by investigating the decomposition of a structurally constrained analogue, Cp2Ti(OBET) (OBET = o-bis(ethynyl)tolane). To investigate the mechanism of nonradiative decay from the 3LMCT states in Cp2Ti(C2Ph)2CuX, the photophysical properties were investigated both upon deuteration and upon rigidifying in a poly(methyl methacrylate) film. These investigations suggested that inhibition of structural rearrangement may play a dominant role in increasing emission lifetimes and quantum yields. The bulkier Cp*2Ti(C2Ph)2CuBr was prepared and is emissive at 693 nm in RT THF solution with a photoluminescent quantum yield of 1.3 × 10-3 (τ = 0.18 μs). Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations suggest that emission occurs from a 3LMCT state dominated by Cp*-to-Ti charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Barker
- Department
of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, United States
| | - Thomas J. Whittemore
- Department
of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, United States
| | - Henry C. London
- Department
of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, United States
| | - Jack M. Sledesky
- Department
of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Harris
- Department
of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Smith Pellizzeri
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Illinois
University, Charleston, Illinois 61920, United States
| | - Colin D. McMillen
- Department
of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Paul S. Wagenknecht
- Department
of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29609, United States
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13
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De Kreijger S, Elias B, Troian-Gautier L. Chloride, Bromide, and Iodide Photooxidation in Acetonitrile/Water Mixtures Using Binuclear Iridium(III) Photosensitizers. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16196-16202. [PMID: 37734153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Two iridium(III) binuclear photosensitizers, [Ir(dFCF3ppy)2(N-N)Ir(dFCF3ppy)2]2+, where N-N is tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3″,2″-h:2‴,3‴-j]phenazine (Ir-TPPHZ) and 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene[9,10-b]-1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene (Ir-TAPHAT) are reported for iodide, bromide, and chloride photooxidation in acetonitrile and acetonitrile/water mixtures using blue-light irradiation. Excited-state reduction potentials Ered* of +2.02 and +2.09 V vs NHE were determined for Ir-TPPHZ and Ir-TAPHAT, respectively. Both photosensitizers' excited states were efficiently quenched by iodide, bromide, and chloride with quenching rate constants in the (3.5-9.2) × 1010 and (0.0036-2.9) × 1010 M-1 s-1 ranges in neat acetonitrile and acetonitrile/water mixtures, respectively. Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy provided unambiguous evidence of reductive excited-state electron transfer, with all halides in the solvent mixtures containing up to 50% water. Cage-escape yields were large (55-96%) in acetonitrile and dropped below 32% in 50:50 acetonitrile/water mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon De Kreijger
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), UCLouvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, Box L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), UCLouvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, Box L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), UCLouvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, Box L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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14
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Wang X, Shen C, Li J, Zhang M, Song P. Control and regulation of the performance of fullerene-based dye-sensitized solar cells with a D-D-A structure by external electric fields. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:3267-3278. [PMID: 37325534 PMCID: PMC10262961 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00115f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the modulating effect of an electric field (Fext) on the photovoltaic properties of triphenylamine-based sensitizers with a D-D-A structure and compared the photovoltaic parameters at different electric field intensities. The results show that Fext can effectively adjust the photoelectric properties of the molecule. From the change of the parameters that measures the degree of electron delocalization, it can be seen that the Fext can effectively strengthen the electronic communication and promote the charge transfer process within the molecule. And the dye molecule under a strong Fext has a narrower energy gap, more favorable injection, regeneration driving force and a larger conduction band energy level shift, which ensures that the dye molecule can exhibit larger Voc and Jsc under a strong Fext. The results of calculations on the photovoltaic parameters of dye molecules show that dye molecules can exhibit better photovoltaic performance under the action of Fext, which provides beneficial predictions and prospects for the development of highly efficient DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- College of Physics, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 China +86-24-62202306
| | - Cong Shen
- College of Physics, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 China +86-24-62202306
| | - Jingping Li
- College of Physics, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 China +86-24-62202306
| | - Meixia Zhang
- College of Physics, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 China +86-24-62202306
| | - Peng Song
- College of Physics, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 China +86-24-62202306
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15
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Taseska T, Yu W, Wilsey MK, Cox CP, Meng Z, Ngarnim SS, Müller AM. Analysis of the Scale of Global Human Needs and Opportunities for Sustainable Catalytic Technologies. Top Catal 2023; 66:338-374. [PMID: 37025115 PMCID: PMC10007685 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-023-01799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWe analyzed the enormous scale of global human needs, their carbon footprint, and how they are connected to energy availability. We established that most challenges related to resource security and sustainability can be solved by providing distributed, affordable, and clean energy. Catalyzed chemical transformations powered by renewable electricity are emerging successor technologies that have the potential to replace fossil fuels without sacrificing the wellbeing of humans. We highlighted the technical, economic, and societal advantages and drawbacks of short- to medium-term decarbonization solutions to gauge their practicability, economic feasibility, and likelihood for widespread acceptance on a global scale. We detailed catalysis solutions that enhance sustainability, along with strategies for catalyst and process development, frontiers, challenges, and limitations, and emphasized the need for planetary stewardship. Electrocatalytic processes enable the production of solar fuels and commodity chemicals that address universal issues of the water, energy and food security nexus, clothing, the building sector, heating and cooling, transportation, information and communication technology, chemicals, consumer goods and services, and healthcare, toward providing global resource security and sustainability and enhancing environmental and social justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teona Taseska
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
| | - Wanqing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
| | | | - Connor P. Cox
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
| | - Ziyi Meng
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
| | - Soraya S. Ngarnim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
| | - Astrid M. Müller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
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16
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Badiei YM, Annon O, Maldonado C, Delgado E, Nguyen C, Rivera C, Li C, Ortega AF. Single‐Site Molecular Ruthenium(II) Water‐Oxidation Catalysts Grafted into a Polymer‐Modified Surface for Improved Stability and Efficiency. ChemElectroChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202300028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosra M. Badiei
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Oshane Annon
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Christina Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Emily Delgado
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Caroline Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Christina Rivera
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Clive Li
- Department of STEM Hudson County Community College 07306 Jersey City NJ USA
| | - Abril Flores Ortega
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
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17
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Pattadar D, Zheng L, Robb AJ, Beery D, Yang W, Hanson K, Scott Saavedra S. Molecular Orientation of -PO 3H 2 and -COOH Functionalized Dyes on TiO 2, Al 2O 3, ZrO 2, and ITO: A Comparative Study. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:2705-2715. [PMID: 36908684 PMCID: PMC9996377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c08632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Modification of transparent metal oxide (MOx) surfaces with organic monolayers is widely employed to tailor the properties of interfaces in organic electronic devices, and MOx substrates modified with light-absorbing chromophores are a key component of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effects of an organic modifier on the performance of a MOx-based device are frequently assessed by performing experiments on model monolayer|MOx interfaces, where an "inert" MOx (e.g., Al2O3) is used as a control for an "active" MOx (e.g., TiO2). An underlying assumption in these studies is that the structure of the MOx-monolayer complex is similar between different metal oxides. The validity of this assumption was examined in the present study. Using UV-Vis attenuated total reflection spectroscopy, we measured the mean dipole tilt angle of 4,4'-(anthracene-9,10-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene)diphosphonic acid (A1P) adsorbed on indium tin oxide (ITO), TiO2, ZrO2, and Al2O3. When the surface roughness of the MOx substrate and the surface coverage (𝛤) of the A1P film were constant, the molecular orientation of A1P was the same on these substrates. The study was extended to 4,4'-(anthracene-9,10-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene)dicarboxylic acid (A1C) adsorbed on the same group of MOx substrates. The mean tilt angle of A1C and A1P films on ITO was the same, which is likely due the intermolecular interactions resulting from the high and approximately equal 𝛤 of both films. Comparing A1C films at the same 𝛤 on TiO2 and Al2O3 having the same surface roughness, there was no difference in the mean tilt angle. MD simulations of A1C and A1P on TiO2 produced nearly identical tilt angle distributions, which supports the experimental findings. This study provides first experimental support for the assumption that the structure of the MOx-modifer film is the same on an "active" substrate vs. a "inert" control substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba Pattadar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Lianqing Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Alex J. Robb
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Drake Beery
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - S. Scott Saavedra
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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18
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Cheshire TP, Boodry J, Kober EA, Brennaman MK, Giokas PG, Zigler DF, Moran AM, Papanikolas JM, Meyer GJ, Meyer TJ, Houle FA. A quantitative model of charge injection by ruthenium chromophores connecting femtosecond to continuous irradiance conditions. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:244703. [PMID: 36586990 DOI: 10.1063/5.0127852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A kinetic framework for the ultrafast photophysics of tris(2,2-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) phosphonated and methyl-phosphonated derivatives is used as a basis for modeling charge injection by ruthenium dyes into a semiconductor substrate. By including the effects of light scattering, dye diffusion, and adsorption kinetics during sample preparation and the optical response of oxidized dyes, quantitative agreement with multiple transient absorption datasets is achieved on timescales spanning femtoseconds to nanoseconds. In particular, quantitative agreement with important spectroscopic handles-the decay of an excited state absorption signal component associated with charge injection in the UV region of the spectrum and the dynamical redshift of a ∼500 nm isosbestic point-validates our kinetic model. Pseudo-first-order rate coefficients for charge injection are estimated in this work, with an order of magnitude ranging from 1011 to 1012 s-1. The model makes the minimalist assumption that all excited states of a particular dye have the same charge injection coefficient, an assumption that would benefit from additional theoretical and experimental exploration. We have adapted this kinetic model to predict charge injection under continuous solar irradiation and find that as many as 68 electron transfer events per dye per second take place, significantly more than prior estimates in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Cheshire
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jéa Boodry
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Erin A Kober
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - M Kyle Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Paul G Giokas
- Coherent Inc., 5100 Patrick Henry Dr., Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - David F Zigler
- Chemistry & Biochemistry Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA
| | - Andrew M Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - John M Papanikolas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Frances A Houle
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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19
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Khan MA, Sen UR, Khan S, Sengupta S, Shruti S, Naskar S. Manganese based Molecular Water Oxidation Catalyst: From Natural to Artificial Photosynthesis. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02603594.2022.2130273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sahanwaj Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology-Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Swaraj Sengupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology-Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Sonal Shruti
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology-Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Subhendu Naskar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology-Mesra, Ranchi, India
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20
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Lalaoui N, Abdellah M, Materna KL, Xu B, Tian H, Thapper A, Sa J, Hammarström L, Ott S. Gold nanoparticle-based supramolecular approach for dye-sensitized H 2-evolving photocathodes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15716-15724. [PMID: 36177940 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02798d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solar conversion of water into the storable energy carrier H2 can be achieved through photoelectrochemical water splitting using light adsorbing anodes and cathodes bearing O2 and H2 evolving catalysts, respectively. Herein a novel photocathode nanohybrid system is reported. This photocathode consists of a dye-sensitized p-type nickel oxide (NiO) with a perylene-based chromophore (PCA) and a tetra-adamantane modified cobaloxime reduction catalyst (Co) that photo-reduces aqueous protons to H2. An original supramolecular approach was employed, using β-cyclodextrin functionalized gold nanoparticles (β-CD-AuNPs) to link the alkane chain of the PCA dye to the adamantane moieties of the cobaloxime catalyst (Co). This new architecture was investigated by photoelectrochemical measurements and via femtosecond-transient absorption spectroscopy. The results show that irradiation of the complete NiO|PCA|β-CD-AuNPs|Co electrode leads to ultrafast hole injection into NiO (π = 3 ps) from the excited dye, followed by rapid reduction of the catalyst, and finally H2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Lalaoui
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, UMR CNRS 5250, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed Abdellah
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Chemistry, Qena Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Kelly L Materna
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Haining Tian
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anders Thapper
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jacinto Sa
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
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21
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Reyes Cruz EA, Nishiori D, Wadsworth BL, Nguyen NP, Hensleigh LK, Khusnutdinova D, Beiler AM, Moore GF. Molecular-Modified Photocathodes for Applications in Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar-to-Fuel Technologies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16051-16109. [PMID: 36173689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nature offers inspiration for developing technologies that integrate the capture, conversion, and storage of solar energy. In this review article, we highlight principles of natural photosynthesis and artificial photosynthesis, drawing comparisons between solar energy transduction in biology and emerging solar-to-fuel technologies. Key features of the biological approach include use of earth-abundant elements and molecular interfaces for driving photoinduced charge separation reactions that power chemical transformations at global scales. For the artificial systems described in this review, emphasis is placed on advancements involving hybrid photocathodes that power fuel-forming reactions using molecular catalysts interfaced with visible-light-absorbing semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Daiki Nishiori
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Brian L Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Nghi P Nguyen
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Lillian K Hensleigh
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Anna M Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - G F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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22
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Gibbons B, Cai M, Morris AJ. A Potential Roadmap to Integrated Metal Organic Framework Artificial Photosynthetic Arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17723-17736. [PMID: 36126182 PMCID: PMC9545145 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of coordination polymers, gained popularity in the late 1990s with the efforts of Omar Yaghi, Richard Robson, Susumu Kitagawa, and others. The intrinsic porosity of MOFs made them a clear platform for gas storage and separation. Indeed, these applications have dominated the vast literature in MOF synthesis, characterization, and applications. However, even in those early years, there were hints to more advanced applications in light-MOF interactions and catalysis. This perspective focuses on the combination of both light-MOF interactions and catalysis: MOF artificial photosynthetic assemblies. Light absorption, charge transport, H2O oxidation, and CO2 reduction have all been previously observed in MOFs; however, work toward a fully MOF-based approach to artificial photosynthesis remains out of reach. Discussed here are the current limitations with MOF-based approaches: diffusion through the framework, selectivity toward high value products, lack of integrated studies, and stability. These topics provide a roadmap for the future development of fully integrated MOF-based assemblies for artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Meng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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23
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Decavoli C, Boldrini CL, Faroldi F, Baldini L, Sansone F, Ranaudo A, Greco C, Cosentino U, Moro G, Manfredi N, Abbotto A. Calix[4]arene‐Based Sensitizers for Host‐Guest Supramolecular Dyads for Solar Energy Conversion in Photoelectrochemical Cells. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Decavoli
- Department of Materials Science and Milano-Bicocca Solar Energy Research Center – MIB-Solar University of Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Chiara L. Boldrini
- Department of Materials Science and Milano-Bicocca Solar Energy Research Center – MIB-Solar University of Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Federica Faroldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Laura Baldini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Anna Ranaudo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Milano-Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 1 20126 Milano Italy
| | - Claudio Greco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Milano-Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 1 20126 Milano Italy
| | - Ugo Cosentino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Milano-Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 1 20126 Milano Italy
| | - Giorgio Moro
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences University of Milano-Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milano Italy
| | - Norberto Manfredi
- Department of Materials Science and Milano-Bicocca Solar Energy Research Center – MIB-Solar University of Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandro Abbotto
- Department of Materials Science and Milano-Bicocca Solar Energy Research Center – MIB-Solar University of Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
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24
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Ito A, Iwamura M, Sakuda E. Excited-state dynamics of luminescent transition metal complexes with metallophilic and donor–acceptor interactions. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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25
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Lindroth R, Materna KL, Hammarström L, Wallentin CJ. Sustainable Ir-Photoredox Catalysis by Means of Heterogenization. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:427-432. [PMID: 36855667 PMCID: PMC9955341 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A heterogenized iridium catalyst was employed to perform photoredox catalysis for a collection of mechanistically orthogonal reactions using very low quantities of iridium (0.01-0.1 mol %). The heterogenized construct consists of an organometallic iridium coordination complex bonded to an aluminum metal oxide solid-state support via an anchoring group. The solid-state support allows for easy recovery and reusability of the catalyst. Evaluation of the catalytic activity was performed with five different reactions, showing broad applicability and demonstrating the general potential for a heterogenized strategy. Moreover, the heterogenized catalyst was shown to be reusable up to five times and also mediated the reactions with much higher efficiency than the original processes by employing the corresponding homogeneous catalyst. As a result of the low catalyst loadings employed, the feasibility of reusage, and faster reaction times, this catalyst offers a more sustainable option when precious metal catalysts are used in organic synthesis. Finally, the catalyst was successfully applied to a gram-scale reaction, showing it is susceptible to scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard Lindroth
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE41296, Sweden
| | - Kelly L. Materna
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala SE75120, Sweden, (K.L.M.)
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala SE75120, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Wallentin
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE41296, Sweden, (C.J.W.)
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26
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Moinel A, Brochnow M, Aumaître C, Giannoudis E, Fize J, Saint-Pierre C, Pécaut J, Maldivi P, Artero V, Demadrille R, Chavarot-Kerlidou M. Push-pull organic dyes and dye-catalyst assembly featuring a benzothiadiazole unit for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS 2022; 6:3565-3572. [PMID: 35979141 PMCID: PMC9337615 DOI: 10.1039/d2se00292b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the design and the preparation of two new dyes and a molecular dyad for the photoelectrochemical hydrogen production from water in a dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell (DSPEC). We designed dyes that include a benzothiadiazole (BTD) and an indacenodithiophene (IDT) units, and we obtained a new molecular dyad by covalent coupling with the cobalt diimine-dioxime catalyst. The introduction of the benzothiadiazole core in the structure improves the absorption properties and leads to an extension of the spectrum in the visible range up to 650 nm. The photoelectrochemical properties of the new dyad were evaluated on pristine and lithium-doped NiO electrodes. We demonstrate that increasing the light harvesting efficiency of the dyad by introducing a IDT-BTD chromophore is clearly beneficial for the photoelectrochemical activity. We also demonstrate that lithium doping of NiO, which improves the electronic conductivity of the mesoporous film, leads to a significant increase in performance, in terms of TON and F.E., more than doubled with our new dyad. This BTD-based molecular system outperforms the results of previously reported dyads using the same catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moinel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - M Brochnow
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - C Aumaître
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - E Giannoudis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - J Fize
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - C Saint-Pierre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - J Pécaut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - P Maldivi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - V Artero
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - R Demadrille
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - M Chavarot-Kerlidou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38000 Grenoble France
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27
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Zhu Y, Liu G, Zhao R, Gao H, Li X, Sun L, Li F. Photoelectrochemical water oxidation improved by pyridine N-oxide as a mimic of tyrosine-Z in photosystem II. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4955-4961. [PMID: 35655895 PMCID: PMC9067620 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00443g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis provides a way to store solar energy in chemical bonds with water oxidation as a major challenge for creating highly efficient and robust photoanodes that mimic photosystem II. We report here an easily available pyridine N-oxide (PNO) derivative as an efficient electron transfer relay between an organic light absorber and molecular water oxidation catalyst on a nanoparticle TiO2 photoanode. Spectroscopic and kinetic studies revealed that the PNO/PNO+˙ couple closely mimics the redox behavior of the tyrosine/tyrosyl radical pair in PSII in improving light-driven charge separation via multi-step electron transfer. The integrated photoanode exhibited a 1 sun current density of 3 mA cm-2 in the presence of Na2SO3 and a highly stable photocurrent density of >0.5 mA cm-2 at 0.4 V vs. NHE over a period of 1 h for water oxidation at pH 7. The performance shown here is superior to those of previously reported organic dye-based photoanodes in terms of photocurrent and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Guoquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Ran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm 10044 Sweden
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
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28
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Arcidiacono A, Robb AJ, Masitas RA, Salpage SR, McLeod GM, Chen J, Ogunsolu OO, Roper MG, Hanson K. Inhibited interlayer electron transfer in metal ion linked multilayers on mesoporous metal oxide films. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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29
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Li S, Shuler EW, Willinger D, Nguyen HT, Kim S, Kang HC, Lee JJ, Zheng W, Yoo CG, Sherman BD, Leem G. Enhanced Photocatalytic Alcohol Oxidation at the Interface of RuC-Coated TiO 2 Nanorod Arrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22799-22809. [PMID: 35195406 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-driven organic oxidations carried out under mild conditions offer a sustainable approach to performing chemical transformations important to the chemical industry. This work reports an efficient photocatalytic benzyl alcohol oxidation process using one-dimensional (1D) TiO2 nanorod (NR)-based photoanodes with surface-adsorbed ruthenium polypyridyl photocatalysts at room temperature. The photocatalyst bis(2,2'-bipyridine)(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)Ru(II) (RuC) was covalently anchored onto TiO2 nanorod arrays grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode surfaces (FTO|t-TiO2|RuC, t = the thickness of TiO2 NR). Under aerobic conditions, the photophysical and photocatalytic properties of FTO|t-TiO2|RuC (t = 1, 2, or 3.5 μm) photoanodes were investigated in a solution containing a hydrogen atom transfer mediator (4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl, ACT) as cocatalyst. Dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) using the FTO|t-TiO2|RuC (t = 1, 2, or 3.5 μm) photoanodes and ACT-containing electrolyte were investigated for carrying out photocatalytic oxidation of a lignin model compound containing a benzylic alcohol functional group. The best-performing anode surface, FTO|1-TiO2|RuC (shortest NR length), oxidized the 2° alcohol of the lignin model compound to the Cα-ketone form with a > 99% yield over a 4 h photocatalytic experiment with a Faradaic efficiency of 88%. The length of TiO2 NR arrays (TiO2 NRAs) on the FTO substrate influenced the photocatalytic performance with longer NRAs underperforming compared to the shorter arrays. The influence of the NR length is hypothesized to affect the homogeneity of the RuC coating and accessibility of the ACT mediator to the RuC-coated TiO2 surface. The efficient photocatalytic alcohol oxidation with visible light at room temperature as demonstrated in this study is important to the development of sustainable approaches for lignin depolymerization and biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Eric Wolfgang Shuler
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Debora Willinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Hai Tien Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Saerona Kim
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Hyeong Cheol Kang
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Joon Lee
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Benjamin D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
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Troiano JL, Crabtree RH, Brudvig GW. Optimization of Surface Loading of the Silatrane Anchoring Group on TiO 2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6582-6589. [PMID: 35076223 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anchoring groups are usually needed for the attachment of small molecules to metal oxide surfaces such as in water-splitting dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (WS-DSPECs). Here, we optimize the surface loading onto titanium dioxide surfaces of the silatrane anchoring group, a triethanolamine-protected trialkoxysilane. This anchoring group is not yet widely used because prior protocols afforded low surface coverage, but it has the advantage of high stability over a wide pH range and at both oxidizing and reducing potentials when bound. A new and improved method for estimating surface coverage is described here and used to determine that loading using previously reported binding protocols is very low. However, we were able to uncover several factors contributing to this low loading, which has allowed us to develop methods to greatly improve surface coverage for a variety of silatranes. Most notably, we were able to increase the loading of a model arylsilatrane by 145% through use of a benzoic acid additive. This is not general acid catalysis because alkylsilatranes are not similarly affected and 4-t-butylbenzoic acid, having a similar pKa to benzoic acid, is not effective. Because the bulky t-butyl group of the latter additive is not expected to pi-stack with our arylsilatrane, we have tentatively assigned this enhancement to aromatic stacking between the aromatic additive and the arylsilatrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Troiano
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, 520 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Robert H Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, 520 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, 520 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
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31
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Tayvah UT, Neu J, Spies JA, Schmuttenmaer CA, Brudvig GW. Ultrafast terahertz spectroscopy provides insight into charge transfer efficiency and dynamics in artificial photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 151:145-153. [PMID: 33219918 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy provides a noncontact method to measure the ultrafast dynamics and photoconductivity of mobile carriers in semiconducting materials. This has proven useful in studying artificial photosynthesis devices which use semiconductor photoelectrodes. We present a brief introduction to optical-pump THz-probe (OPTP) spectroscopy, a technique that provides unique and useful insight into interfacial electron transfer (from the surface-attached dye to the conduction band of the semiconductor) in dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells. Compared with more familiar methods like visible transient absorption spectroscopy, OPTP spectroscopy stands out in offering both sub-picosecond time resolution as well as sensitivity to mobile carriers (electrons and holes) in the semiconductor portion of artificial photosynthesis devices. The mobile carriers are crucial to device performance as only they pass to the other half cell to complete the reaction. In order to highlight these advantages and illustrate the types of questions OPTP spectroscopy can address, we discuss three case studies. In the first, OPTP spectroscopy is used to measure the injection rates from a set of six different dyes, revealing the effect of the energetics and lifetimes of the dye excited states on interfacial electron transfer. The subsequent case studies investigate the influence of varying the moieties which bind to the surface (anchors), as well as the moieties that connect the chromophore with these anchors (linkers). OPTP spectroscopy was used to measure the interfacial electron transfer rate as these moieties were varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel T Tayvah
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Jens Neu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Jacob A Spies
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Charles A Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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32
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Seddon AA, Karlsson JKG, Gibson EA, O’Reilly L, Kaufmann M, Vos JG, Pryce MT. Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Using Dye-Sensitised Nickel Oxide : Environmental effects and photocatalyst design considerations. JOHNSON MATTHEY TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1595/205651322x16269403109779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectrocatalysis offers a way to generate hydrogen and oxygen from water under ambient light. Here, a series of hydrogen evolving photocatalysts based on a ruthenium(II) bipyridyl sensitiser covalently linked to platinum or palladium catalytic centres were adsorbed onto mesoporous
nickel oxide and tested for hydrogen evolution in a photoelectrochemical half-cell. The electrolyte buffer was varied and certain catalysts performed better at pH 7 than pH 3 (for example, PC3 with photocurrent density = 8 μA cm‐2), which is encouraging for coupling with
an oxygen evolving photoanode in tandem water splitting devices. The molecular catalysts were surprisingly robust when integrated into devices, but the overall performance appears to be limited by rapid recombination at the photocatalyst|NiO interface. Our findings provide further insight
towards basic design principles for hydrogen evolving photoelectrochemical systems and guidelines for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A. Seddon
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University NE1 7RU UK
| | - Joshua K. G. Karlsson
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University NE1 7RU UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Gibson
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University NE1 7RU UK
| | - Laura O’Reilly
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Martin Kaufmann
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Johannes G. Vos
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Mary T. Pryce
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
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Du Hill L, De Keersmaecker M, Colbert AE, Hill JW, Placencia D, Boercker JE, Armstrong NR, Ratcliff EL. Rationalizing energy level alignment by characterizing Lewis acid/base and ionic interactions at printable semiconductor/ionic liquid interfaces. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:471-481. [PMID: 34859805 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer and energy conversion processes at semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces are controlled by local electric field distributions, which can be especially challenging to measure. Herein we leverage the low vapor pressure and vacuum compatibility of ionic liquid electrolytes to undertake a layer-by-layer, ultra-high vacuum deposition of a prototypical ionic liquid EMIM+ (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium) and TFSI- (bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide) on the surfaces of different electronic materials. We consider a case-by-case study between a standard metal (Au) and four printed electronic materials, where interfaces are characterized by a combination of X-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopies (XPS/UPS). For template-stripped gold surfaces, we observe through XPS a preferential orientation of the TFSI anion at the gold surface, enabling large electric fields (∼108 eV m-1) within the first two monolayers detected by a large surface vacuum level shift (0.7 eV) in UPS. Conversely, we observe a much more random orientation on four printable semiconductor surfaces: methyl ammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3), regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl (P3HT)), sol-gel nickel oxide (NiOx), and PbIx-capped PbS quantum dots. For the semiconductors considered, the ionization energy (IE) of the ionic liquid at 3 ML coverage is highly substrate dependent, indicating that underlying chemical reactions are dominating interface level alignment (electronic equilibration) prior to reaching bulk electronic structure. This indicates there is no universal rule for energy level alignment, but that relative strengths of Lewis acid/base sites and ion-molecular interactions should be considered. Specifically, for P3HT, interactions are found to be relatively weak and occurring through the π-bonding structure in the thiophene ring. Alternatively, for NiOx, PbS/PbIx quantum dots, and MAPbI3, our XPS data suggest a combination of ionic bonding and Lewis acid/base reactions between the semiconductor and IL, with MAPbI3 being the most reactive surface. Collectively, our results point towards new directions in interface engineering, where strategically chosen ionic liquid-based anions and cations can be used to preferentially passivate and/or titrate surface defects of heterogeneous surfaces while simultaneously providing highly localized electric fields. These opportunities are expected to be translatable to opto-electronic and electrochemical devices, including energy conversion and storage and biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linze Du Hill
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Michel De Keersmaecker
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Adam E Colbert
- US. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC. 20375, USA
| | - Joshua W Hill
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Diogenes Placencia
- US. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC. 20375, USA
| | - Janice E Boercker
- US. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC. 20375, USA
| | - Neal R Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Erin L Ratcliff
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, 1235 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Jacob-Dolan J, Capobianco M, Liu HY, Decavoli C, Crabtree RH, Brudvig G. BODIPY and Dipyrrin as Unexpected Robust Anchoring Groups on TiO 2 Nanoparticles. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14260-14266. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of molecules to metal oxide surfaces typically demands the presence of an anchoring group that in turn requires synthetic steps to introduce. BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) chromophores have long been...
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35
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Zhang T, Han X, Nguyen NT, Yang L, Zhou X. TiO2-based photocatalysts for CO2 reduction and solar fuel generation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)64045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Materna KL, Hammarström L. Photoredox Catalysis Using Heterogenized Iridium Complexes*. Chemistry 2021; 27:16966-16977. [PMID: 34137473 PMCID: PMC9292873 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heterogenized photoredox catalysts provide a path for sustainable chemical synthesis using highly tunable, reusable constructs. Here, heterogenized iridium complexes as photoredox catalysts were assembled via covalent attachment to metal oxide surfaces (ITO, ZrO2 , Al2 O3 ) in thin film or nanopowder constructs. The goal was to understand which materials provided the most promising constructs for catalysis. To do this, reductive dehalogenation of bromoacetophenone to acetophenone was studied as a test reaction for system optimization. All catalyst constructs produced acetophenone with high conversions and yields with the fastest reactions complete in fifteen minutes using Al2 O3 supports. The nanopowder catalysts resulted in faster and more efficient catalysis, while the thin film catalysts were more robust and easily reused. Importantly, the thin film constructs show promise for future photoelectrochemical and electrochemical photoredox setups. Finally, all catalysts were reusable 2-3 times, performing at least 1000 turnovers (Al2 O3 ), demonstrating that heterogenized catalysts are a sustainable catalyst alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Materna
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
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37
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Godin R, Durrant JR. Dynamics of photoconversion processes: the energetic cost of lifetime gain in photosynthetic and photovoltaic systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13372-13409. [PMID: 34786578 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00577d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The continued development of solar energy conversion technologies relies on an improved understanding of their limitations. In this review, we focus on a comparison of the charge carrier dynamics underlying the function of photovoltaic devices with those of both natural and artificial photosynthetic systems. The solar energy conversion efficiency is determined by the product of the rate of generation of high energy species (charges for solar cells, chemical fuels for photosynthesis) and the energy contained in these species. It is known that the underlying kinetics of the photophysical and charge transfer processes affect the production yield of high energy species. Comparatively little attention has been paid to how these kinetics are linked to the energy contained in the high energy species or the energy lost in driving the forward reactions. Here we review the operational parameters of both photovoltaic and photosynthetic systems to highlight the energy cost of extending the lifetime of charge carriers to levels that enable function. We show a strong correlation between the energy lost within the device and the necessary lifetime gain, even when considering natural photosynthesis alongside artificial systems. From consideration of experimental data across all these systems, the emprical energetic cost of each 10-fold increase in lifetime is 87 meV. This energetic cost of lifetime gain is approx. 50% greater than the 59 meV predicted from a simple kinetic model. Broadly speaking, photovoltaic devices show smaller energy losses compared to photosynthetic devices due to the smaller lifetime gains needed. This is because of faster charge extraction processes in photovoltaic devices compared to the complex multi-electron, multi-proton redox reactions that produce fuels in photosynthetic devices. The result is that in photosynthetic systems, larger energetic costs are paid to overcome unfavorable kinetic competition between the excited state lifetime and the rate of interfacial reactions. We apply this framework to leading examples of photovoltaic and photosynthetic devices to identify kinetic sources of energy loss and identify possible strategies to reduce this energy loss. The kinetic and energetic analyses undertaken are applicable to both photovoltaic and photosynthetic systems allowing for a holistic comparison of both types of solar energy conversion approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Godin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada. .,Clean Energy Research Center, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Okanagan Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience, and Ecosystem Services, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Otsuka H, Kobayashi A, Yoshida M, Kato M. Carbazole modification of ruthenium bipyridine-dicarboxylate oxygen evolution molecular catalysts. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16233-16241. [PMID: 34730158 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized new oxygen-evolving molecular Ru(II) catalysts with one or two carbazole moieties on the axial pyridyl ligands, namely [Ru(bda)(cbz-py)(py)] and [Ru(bda)(cbz-py)2] [C1 and C2; bdaH2 = 2,2'-bipyridyl-6,6'-dicarboxylic acid, py = pyridine, and cbz-py = 9-(pyridin-4-yl)-9H-carbazole] to investigate the effect of cbz modification on the photophysical and catalytic properties of the well-known molecular catalyst [Ru(bda)(py)2] (C0). The initial oxygen-evolving catalytic activities of C1 and C2 were higher than that of C0 in both a chemical reaction driven by the strong oxidant (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6] (CAN = ceric ammonium nitrate) and photochemical oxidation using a [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) photosensitizer with Na2S2O8 as the sacrificial oxidant. The higher activities were ascribed to the electron-withdrawing cbz groups, which promoted the radical coupling reaction to form a RuIV-O-O-RuIV species. A unique oxygen-evolution rate change behaviour was observed for both C1 and C2 in the presence of a large excess of CAN, suggesting the competitive oxidation of the cbz moiety during the chemical oxygen evolution reaction. This work suggests that the cbz modification of an oxygen evolution molecular catalyst is a promising approach for integrating the hole accumulator near the oxygen evolution catalytic centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Otsuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Masako Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan. .,Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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39
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Wang D, Xu Z, Sheridan MV, Concepcion JJ, Li F, Lian T, Meyer TJ. Photodriven water oxidation initiated by a surface bound chromophore-donor-catalyst assembly. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14441-14450. [PMID: 34880995 PMCID: PMC8580115 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03896f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In photosynthesis, solar energy is used to produce solar fuels in the form of new chemical bonds. A critical step to mimic photosystem II (PS II), a key protein in nature's photosynthesis, for artificial photosynthesis is designing devices for efficient light-driven water oxidation. Here, we describe a single molecular assembly electrode that duplicates the key components of PSII. It consists of a polypyridyl light absorber, chemically linked to an intermediate electron donor, with a molecular-based water oxidation catalyst on a SnO2/TiO2 core/shell electrode. The synthetic device mimics PSII in achieving sustained, light-driven water oxidation catalysis. It highlights the value of the tyrosine–histidine pair in PSII in achieving efficient water oxidation catalysis in artificial photosynthetic devices. We describe a single molecular assembly electrode that mimics PSII. Flash photolysis revealed the electron transfer steps between chromophore light absorption and the creation and storage of redox equivalents in the catalyst for water oxidation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Degao Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 China .,Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH Zhongchuangyi Road, Hangzhou Bay District Ningbo Zhejiang 315336 China.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Matthew V Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | | | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
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40
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Bruggeman DF, Mathew S, Detz RJ, Reek JNH. Comparison of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in dye-sensitised photoelectrochemical cells for alcohol oxidation coupled to dihydrogen formation. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS 2021; 5:5707-5716. [PMID: 34912969 PMCID: PMC8577521 DOI: 10.1039/d1se01275d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examines two strategies-homo- and heterogeneous approaches for the light-driven oxidation of benzyl alcohol in dye-sensitised photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs). The DSPEC consists of a mesoporous anatase TiO2 film on FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), sensitised with the thienopyrroledione-based dye AP11 as the photoanode and an FTO-Pt cathode combined with a redox-mediating catalyst. The homogeneous catalyst approach entails the addition of the soluble 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) to the DSPEC anolyte, while the heterogeneous strategy employs immobilisation of a TEMPO analogue with a silatrane anchor (S-TEMPO) onto the photoanode. Irradiation of the photoanode oxidises the TEMPO-moiety to TEMPO+, both in the homogeneous and the heterogeneous system, which is a chemical oxidant for benzyl alcohol oxidation. Photoanodes containing the heterogeneous S-TEMPO+ demonstrate decreased photocurrent, attributed to introducing alternative pathways for electron recombination. Moreover, the immobilised S-TEMPO demonstrates an insufficient ability to mediate electron transfer from the organic substrate to the photooxidised dye, resulting in device instability. In contrast, the homogeneous approach with TEMPO as a redox-mediating catalyst in the anolyte is efficient in the light-driven oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde over 32 hours, promoted by the efficient electron mediation of TEMPO between AP11 and the organic substrate. Our work demonstrates that operational limitations in DSPECs can be solved by rational device design using diffusion-mediated electron transfer steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Bruggeman
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - S Mathew
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - R J Detz
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) - Energy Transition Studies Radarweg 60 Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - J N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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41
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Giannoudis E, Bold S, Müller C, Schwab A, Bruhnke J, Queyriaux N, Gablin C, Leonard D, Saint-Pierre C, Gasparutto D, Aldakov D, Kupfer S, Artero V, Dietzek B, Chavarot-Kerlidou M. Hydrogen Production at a NiO Photocathode Based on a Ruthenium Dye-Cobalt Diimine Dioxime Catalyst Assembly: Insights from Advanced Spectroscopy and Post-operando Characterization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49802-49815. [PMID: 34637266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The production of hydrogen by efficient, low-cost, and integrated photoelectrochemical water splitting processes represents an important target for the ecological transition. This challenge can be addressed thanks to bioinspired chemistry and artificial photosynthesis approaches by designing dye-sensitized photocathodes for hydrogen production, incorporating bioinspired first-row transition metal-based catalysts. The present work describes the preparation and photoelectrochemical characterization of a NiO photocathode sensitized with a phosphonate-derivatized ruthenium tris-diimine photosensitizer covalently linked to a cobalt diimine dioxime hydrogen-evolving catalyst. Under simulated AM 1.5G irradiation, hydrogen is produced with photocurrent densities reaching 84 ± 7 μA·cm-2, which is among the highest values reported so far for dye-sensitized photocathodes with surface-immobilized catalysts. Thanks to the unique combination of advanced spectroscopy and surface characterization techniques, the fast desorption of the dyad from the NiO electrode and the low yield of electron transfer to the catalyst, resulting in the Co demetallation from the diimine dioxime framework, were identified as the main barriers limiting the performances and the stability of the system. This work therefore paves the way for a more rational design of molecular photocathodes for solar fuel production and represents a further step toward the development of sustainable processes for the production of hydrogen from sunlight and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Giannoudis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastian Bold
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schwab
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jakob Bruhnke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nicolas Queyriaux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Gablin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Didier Leonard
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Didier Gasparutto
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dmitry Aldakov
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Vincent Artero
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Murielle Chavarot-Kerlidou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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42
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Nhon L, Shan B, Taggart AD, Wolfe RMW, Li TT, Klug CM, Nayak A, Bullock RM, Cahoon JF, Meyer TJ, Schanze KS, Reynolds JR. Influence of Surface and Structural Variations in Donor-Acceptor-Donor Sensitizers on Photoelectrocatalytic Water Splitting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47499-47510. [PMID: 34590823 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated organic chromophores composed of linked donor (D) and acceptor (A) moieties have attracted considerable attention for photoelectrochemical applications. In this work, we compare the optoelectronic properties and photoelectrochemical performance of two D-A-D structural isomers with thiophene-X-carboxylic acid (X denotes 3 and 2 positions) derivatives and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole as the D and A moieties, respectively. 5,5'-(Benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-4,7-diyl)bis(thiophene-3-carboxylic acid), BTD1, and 5,5'-(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-4,7-diyl)bis(thiophene-2-carboxylic acid), BTD2, were employed in the study to understand how structural isomers affect surface attachments within chromophore-catalyst assemblies and their influence on charge-transfer dynamics. Crystal structures revealed that varying the position of the -COOH anchoring group causes the molecules to either contort out of a plane (BTD1) or adopt a near-perfect planar conformation (BTD2). BTD1 and BTD2 were co-loaded with either a water oxidation catalyst, [Ru(2,6-bis(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine)-(4,4'-((HO)2OPCH2)2-2,2'-bipyridine)(OH2)]2, RuCt2+, or proton reduction catalyst [Ni(P2PhN2C6H4CH2PO3H2)2]2+, NiCt2+, on oxide electrodes to facilitate photodriven water splitting reactions. Emission quenching measurements indicate that both BTD1 and BTD2 inject electrons into n-type SnO2|TiO2 electrodes and holes into p-type NiO semiconductors from their respective excited states at high efficiencies >60%. Photocurrent densities of chromophore-catalyst assemblies obtained using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) show that BTD2-sensitized photoanodes generate significantly more photocurrent than BTD1-sensitized electrodes; however, both exhibit similar performances at the photocathode. Photoelectrocatyltic measurements demonstrate that both BTD1 and BTD2 performed similarly, generating Faradaic efficiencies of 39 and 38% at the anode or 61 and 79% at the cathode. Transient absorption measurements suggest that the differences between the LSV and photoelectrocatalytic measurements result from the differences in quantum yields of the photogenerated redox equivalents, which is also a reflection of the varying metal oxide surface conformation. Our findings suggest that BTD2 should be investigated further in photocathodic studies since it has the structural advantage of being incorporated into diverse types of chromophore-catalyst assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nhon
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Bing Shan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Aaron D Taggart
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rylan M W Wolfe
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Research Center of Applied Solid State Chemistry, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Christina M Klug
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-12, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Animesh Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - R Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-12, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - James F Cahoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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43
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Nikoloudakis E, Pati PB, Charalambidis G, Budkina DS, Diring S, Planchat A, Jacquemin D, Vauthey E, Coutsolelos AG, Odobel F. Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrosynthesis Cells for Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation Using a Zinc Porphyrin Sensitizer and TEMPO Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Nikoloudakis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Palas Baran Pati
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Darya S. Budkina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Diring
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Aurélien Planchat
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Athanassios G. Coutsolelos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Fabrice Odobel
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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44
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Cardon JM, Krueper G, Kautz R, Fabian DM, Angsono J, Chen HY, Ardo S. Reconciliation of Differences in Apparent Diffusion Coefficients Measured for Self-Exchange Electron Transfer between Molecules Anchored to Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:41396-41404. [PMID: 32337970 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active sites present at large concentrations as part of a solid support or dissolved as molecules in fluid solutions undergo reversible self-exchange electron-transfer reactions. These processes can be monitored using a variety of techniques. Chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry are common techniques used to interrogate this behavior for molecules bound to mesoporous thin films of wide-bandgap semiconductors and insulators. In order to use these techniques to obtain accurate values for apparent diffusion coefficients, which are proxies for rate constants for self-exchange electron transfer, it is imperative to take into consideration nonidealities in redox titrations, parasitic currents, and ohmic resistances. Using spectroelectrochemical measurements taken concurrently with measurements of chronoamperometry data, we show that the spectroscopic data is not confounded from effects of parasitic currents or electroinactive dyes. However, we show that the thickness of the thin film over the region that is optically probed by the measurements must be known. When each of these considerations is included in data analyses, calculated apparent diffusion coefficients are, within error, independent of the method used to obtain the data. These considerations help reconcile variations in apparent diffusion coefficients measured using different techniques that have been reported over the past several decades and allow correct analyses to be performed in the future, independent of the method used to obtain the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Cardon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Gregory Krueper
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rylan Kautz
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - David M Fabian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jacqueline Angsono
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Hsiang-Yun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Shane Ardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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45
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Seidler B, Wahyuono RA, Wintergerst P, Ahner J, Hager MD, Rau S, Schubert US, Dietzek B. Red-light sensitized hole-conducting polymer for energy conversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18026-18034. [PMID: 34612276 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03114g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel hole conductive polymer with photoactive Os(ii) complexes in the side chains. This PPV derivative can be activated upon absorption of red visible light and delivers notable photocurrents when used as photocathode material. Thus, the polymer presents as a stepping stone towards developing soft matter alternatives to NiO photocathodes, which function under visible light irradiation. To show the concept we combine electrical impedance spectroscopy with steady state spectroscopy. As light-driven hole injection from Os complex to the PPV polymer is thermodynamically feasible both based on reductive quenching of photoexcited PPV and based on oxidative quenching of the photoexcited Os chromophores we investigate the impact of illumination wavelengths on the photocathode behavior and photochemical stability of the material. While both blue and red light excitation, i.e., excitation of the chromophoric units PPV and excitation of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer transitions in the side-chain pendant Os chromophores yield cathodic photocurrents, the photochemical stability is drastically enhanced upon red-light excitation. Hence, the results of the investigations discussed show the validity of the concept developing red-light sensitized hole-conducting polymers for energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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46
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Gish MK, Raulerson EK, Pekarek RT, Greenaway AL, Thorley KJ, Neale NR, Anthony JE, Johnson JC. Resolving electron injection from singlet fission-borne triplets into mesoporous transparent conducting oxides. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11146-11156. [PMID: 34522312 PMCID: PMC8386672 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer into mesoporous oxide substrates is well-known to occur efficiently for both singlet and triplet excited states in conventional metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) dyes. However, in all-organic dyes that have the potential for producing two triplet states from one absorbed photon, called singlet fission dyes, the dynamics of electron injection from singlet vs. triplet excited states has not been elucidated. Using applied bias transient absorption spectroscopy with an anthradithiophene-based chromophore (ADT-COOH) adsorbed to mesoporous indium tin oxide (nanoITO), we modulate the driving force and observe changes in electron injection dynamics. ADT-COOH is known to undergo fast triplet pair formation in solid-state films. We find that the electronic coupling at the interface is roughly one order of magnitude weaker for triplet vs. singlet electron injection, which is potentially related to the highly localized nature of triplets without significant charge-transfer character. Through the use of applied bias on nanoITO:ADT-COOH films, we map the electron injection rate constant dependence on driving force, finding negligible injection from triplets at zero bias due to competing recombination channels. However, at driving forces greater than -0.6 eV, electron injection from the triplet accelerates and clearly produces a trend with increased applied bias that matches predictions from Marcus theory with a metallic acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Gish
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Pkwy CO 80401 USA
| | - Emily K Raulerson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Pkwy CO 80401 USA
| | - Ryan T Pekarek
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Pkwy CO 80401 USA
| | - Ann L Greenaway
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Pkwy CO 80401 USA
| | - Karl J Thorley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Nathan R Neale
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Pkwy CO 80401 USA
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Justin C Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Pkwy CO 80401 USA
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La Ganga G, Puntoriero F, Fazio E, Natali M, Nastasi F, Santoro A, Galletta M, Campagna S. Photoinduced Water Oxidation in Chitosan Nanostructures Containing Covalently Linked Ru II Chromophores and Encapsulated Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2021; 27:16904-16911. [PMID: 34418201 PMCID: PMC9291156 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The luminophore Ru(bpy)2(dcbpy)2+ (bpy=2,2’‐bipyridine; dcbpy=4,4’‐dicarboxy‐2,2’‐bipyridine) is covalently linked to a chitosan polymer; crosslinking by tripolyphosphate produced Ru‐decorated chitosan fibers (NS‐RuCh), with a 20 : 1 ratio between chitosan repeating units and RuII chromophores. The properties of the RuII compound are unperturbed by the chitosan structure, with NS‐RuCh exhibiting the typical metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (MLCT) absorption and emission bands of RuII complexes. When crosslinks are made in the presence of IrO2 nanoparticles, such species are encapsulated within the nanofibers, thus generating the IrO2⊂NS‐RuCh system, in which both RuII photosensitizers and IrO2 water oxidation catalysts are within the nanofiber structures. NS‐RuCh and IrO2⊂NS‐RuCh have been characterized by dynamic light scattering, scanning electronic microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, which indicated a 2 : 1 ratio between RuII chromophores and IrO2 species. Photochemical water oxidation has been investigated by using IrO2⊂NS‐RuCh as the chromophore/catalyst assembly and persulfate anions as the sacrificial species: photochemical water oxidation yields O2 with a quantum yield (Φ) of 0.21, definitely higher than the Φ obtained with a similar solution containing separated Ru(bpy)32+ and IrO2 nanoparticles (0.05) or with respect to that obtained when using NS‐RuCh and “free” IrO2 nanoparticles (0.10). A fast hole‐scavenging process (rate constant, 7×104 s−1) involving the oxidized photosensitizer and the IrO2 catalyst within the IrO2⊂NS‐RuCh system is behind the improved photochemical quantum yield of IrO2⊂NS‐RuCh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina La Ganga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Fausto Puntoriero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Enza Fazio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Nastasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Santoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Maurilio Galletta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Campagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
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Shao Y, de Groot HJM, Buda F. Two-Channel Model for Electron Transfer in a Dye-Catalyst-Dye Supramolecular Complex for Photocatalytic Water Splitting. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3155-3162. [PMID: 34097820 PMCID: PMC8453919 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To improve the performance of dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell (DS-PEC) devices for splitting water, the tailoring of the photocatalytic four-photon water oxidation half-reaction represents a principle challenge of fundamental significance. In this study, a Ru-based water oxidation catalyst (WOC) covalently bound to two 2,6-diethoxy-1,4,5,8-diimide-naphthalene (NDI) dye functionalities provides comparable driving forces and channels for electron transfer. Constrained ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the photocatalytic cycle of this two-channel model for photocatalytic water splitting. The introduction of a second light-harvesting dye in the Ru-based dye-WOC-dye supramolecular complex enables two separate parallel electron-transfer channels, leading to a five-step catalytic cycle with three intermediates and two doubly oxidized states. The total spin S=1 is conserved during the catalytic process and the system with opposite spin on the oxidized NDI proceeds from the Ru=O intermediate to the final Ru-O2 intermediate with a triplet molecular 3 O2 ligand that is eventually released into the environment. The in-depth insight into the proposed photocatalytic cycle of the two-channel model provides a strategy for the development of novel high-efficiency supramolecular complexes for DS-PEC devices with buildup and conservation of spin multiplicity along the reaction coordinate as a design principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shao
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Huub J. M. de Groot
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
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49
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Liu G, Wong WSY, Kraft M, Ager JW, Vollmer D, Xu R. Wetting-regulated gas-involving (photo)electrocatalysis: biomimetics in energy conversion. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10674-10699. [PMID: 34369513 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
(Photo)electrolysis of water or gases with water to species serving as industrial feedstocks and energy carriers, such as hydrogen, ammonia, ethylene, propanol, etc., has drawn tremendous attention. Moreover, these processes can often be driven by renewable energy under ambient conditions as a sustainable alternative to traditional high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis methods. In addition to the extensive studies on catalyst development, increasing attention has been paid to the regulation of gas transport/diffusion behaviors during gas-involving (photo)electrocatalytic reactions towards the goal of creating industrially viable catalytic systems with high reaction rates, excellent long-term stabilities and near-unity selectivities. Biomimetic surfaces and systems with special wetting capabilities and structural advantages can shed light on the future design of (photo)electrodes and address long-standing challenges. This article is dedicated to bridging the fields of wetting and catalysis by reviewing the cutting-edge design methodologies of both gas-evolving and gas-consuming (photo)electrocatalytic systems. We first introduce the fundamentals of various in-air/underwater wetting states and their corresponding bioinspired structural properties. The relationship amongst the bubble transport behavior, wettability, and porosity/tortuosity is also discussed. Next, the latest implementations of wetting-related design principles for gas-evolving reactions (i.e. the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction) and gas-consuming reactions (i.e. the oxygen reduction reaction and CO2 reduction reaction) are summarized. For photoelectrode designs, additional factors are taken into account, such as light absorption and the separation, transport and recombination of photoinduced electrons and holes. The influences of wettability and 3D structuring of (photo)electrodes on the catalytic activity, stability and selectivity are analyzed to reveal the underlying mechanisms. Finally, remaining questions and related future perspectives are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Liu
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 Singapore. and Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES), CREATE Tower, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - William S Y Wong
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Kraft
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES), CREATE Tower, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore and Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Joel W Ager
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Berkeley Educational Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS), CREATE Tower, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Doris Vollmer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rong Xu
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 Singapore. and Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES), CREATE Tower, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
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50
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Ye S, Shi W, Liu Y, Li D, Yin H, Chi H, Luo Y, Ta N, Fan F, Wang X, Li C. Unassisted Photoelectrochemical Cell with Multimediator Modulation for Solar Water Splitting Exceeding 4% Solar-to-Hydrogen Efficiency. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12499-12508. [PMID: 34343431 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical overall water splitting has been considered as a promising approach for producing chemical energy from solar energy. Although many photoelectrochemical cells have been developed for overall water splitting by coupling two semiconductor photoelectrodes, inefficient charge transfer between the light-harvesters and electron acceptor/donor severely restricts the solar energy conversion efficiency. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, we assembled a photoelectrochemical platform with multimediator modulation to achieve unassisted overall water splitting. Photogenerated electrons are transferred in order through multimediators driven by the electrochemical potential gradient, resulting in efficient charge separation and transportation with enhanced charge transfer rate and reduced charge recombination rate. The integrated system composed of inorganic oxide-based photoanode (BiVO4) and organic polymer-based photocathode (PBDB-T:ITIC:PC71BM) with complementary light absorption, exhibits a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency as high as 4.3%. This work makes a rational design possible by constructing an efficient charge-transfer chain in artificial photosynthesis systems for solar fuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Dongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yaling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Na Ta
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Fengtao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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