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Chen LC, Shi J, Lu ZX, Lin RJ, Lu TG, Zou YL, Liang QM, Huang R, Shi J, Xiao ZY, Zhang Y, Liu J, Yang Y, Hong W. Highly Reversible Molecular Photoswitches with Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Electrodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305607. [PMID: 37817357 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecule-electrode coupling plays an essential role in photoresponsive devices with photochromic molecules, and the strong coupling between the molecule and the conventional electrodes leads to/ the quenching effect and limits the reversibility of molecular photoswitches. In this work, we developed a strategy of using transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) electrodes to fabricate the thiol azobenzene (TAB) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) junctions with the eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) technique. The current-voltage characteristics of the EGaIn/GaOx //TAB/TMDCs photoswitches showed an almost 100% reversible photoswitching behavior, which increased by ∼28% compared to EGaIn/GaOx //TAB/AuTS photoswitches. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed the coupling strength of the TAB-TMDCs electrode decreased by 42% compared to that of the TAB-AuTS electrode, giving rise to improved reversibility. our work demonstrated the feasibility of 2D TMDCs for fabricating SAMs-based photoswitches with unprecedentedly high reversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhi-Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rong-Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Tai-Ge Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qing-Man Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ruiyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zong-Yuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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2
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Chen N, Yang Z, Lin JL, Zhou Z, Xie Y, Wang L, Li Y. Fabrication of multi-functional molecular tunnelling junctions by click chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:336-339. [PMID: 38073516 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04576e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Continuous advancement in molecular electronics demands increasing functionality and diversity of integrated molecular junctions; however, single-functional molecular junctions fail to meet these requirements. In this article, we propose the use of a widely applicable and efficient click reaction on the surface to modify self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to achieve multifunctional molecular tunnelling junctions, current rectification and memristance, on a single chip. This approach has allowed us to meet the growing demand for versatility and functionality in molecular electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lejia Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Mostaghimi M, Pacheco Hernandez H, Jiang Y, Wenzel W, Heinke L, Kozlowska M. On-off conduction photoswitching in modelled spiropyran-based metal-organic frameworks. Commun Chem 2023; 6:275. [PMID: 38110545 PMCID: PMC10728195 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Materials with photoswitchable electronic properties and conductance values that can be reversibly changed over many orders of magnitude are highly desirable. Metal-organic framework (MOF) films functionalized with photoresponsive spiropyran molecules demonstrated the general possibility to switch the conduction by light with potentially large on-off-ratios. However, the fabrication of MOF materials in a trial-and-error approach is cumbersome and would benefit significantly from in silico molecular design. Based on the previous proof-of-principle investigation, here, we design photoswitchable MOFs which incorporate spiropyran photoswitches at controlled positions with defined intermolecular distances and orientations. Using multiscale modelling and automated workflow protocols, four MOF candidates are characterized and their potential for photoswitching the conductivity is explored. Using ab initio calculations of the electronic coupling between the molecules in the MOF, we show that lattice distances and vibrational flexibility tremendously modulate the possible conduction photoswitching between spiropyran- and merocyanine-based MOFs upon light absorption, resulting in average on-off ratios higher than 530 and 4200 for p- and n-conduction switching, respectively. Further functionalization of the photoswitches with electron-donating/-withdrawing groups is demonstrated to shift the energy levels of the frontier orbitals, permitting a guided design of new spiropyran-based photoswitches towards controlled modification between electron and hole conduction in a MOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mersad Mostaghimi
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Helmy Pacheco Hernandez
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yunzhe Jiang
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lars Heinke
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Mariana Kozlowska
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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4
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Sullivan RP, Morningstar JT, Castellanos-Trejo E, Welker ME, Jurchescu OD. The Stark Effect: A Tool for the Design of High-Performance Molecular Rectifiers. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37974048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronic devices offer a path to the miniaturization of electronic circuits and could potentially facilitate novel functionalities that can be embedded into the molecular structure. Given their nanoscale dimensions, device properties are strongly influenced by quantum effects, yet many of these phenomena have been largely overlooked. We investigated the mechanism responsible for current rectification in molecular diodes and found that efficient rectification is achieved by enhancing the Stark effect strength and enabling a large number of molecules to participate in transport. These findings provided insights into the operation of molecular rectifiers and guided the development of high-performance devices via the design of molecules containing polarizable aromatic rings. Our results are consistent for different molecular structures and are expected to have broad applicability to all molecular devices by answering key questions related to charge transport mechanisms in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - John T Morningstar
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Eduardo Castellanos-Trejo
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Mark E Welker
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Oana D Jurchescu
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
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Chatterjee S, Molla S, Ahmed J, Bandyopadhyay S. Light-driven modulation of electrical conductance with photochromic switches: bridging photochemistry with optoelectronics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12685-12698. [PMID: 37814882 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04269c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic conducting molecules have emerged because of their unique capacity to modulate electrical conductivity upon exposure to light, toggling between high and low conductive states. This unique amalgamation has unlocked novel avenues for the application of these materials across diverse areas in optoelectronics and smart materials. The fundamental mechanism underpinning this phenomenon is based on the light-driven isomerization of conjugated π-systems which influences the extent of conjugation. The photoisomerization process discussed here involves photochromic switches such as azobenzenes, diarylethenes, spiropyrans, dimethyldihydropyrenes, and norbornadiene. The change in the degree of conjugation alters the charge transport in both single molecules and bulk states in solid samples or solutions. This article discusses a number of recent examples of photochromic conducting systems and the challenges and potentials of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheelbhadra Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Sariful Molla
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Jakir Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Subhajit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
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6
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Li T, Bandari VK, Schmidt OG. Molecular Electronics: Creating and Bridging Molecular Junctions and Promoting Its Commercialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209088. [PMID: 36512432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics is driven by the dream of expanding Moore's law to the molecular level for next-generation electronics through incorporating individual or ensemble molecules into electronic circuits. For nearly 50 years, numerous efforts have been made to explore the intrinsic properties of molecules and develop diverse fascinating molecular electronic devices with the desired functionalities. The flourishing of molecular electronics is inseparable from the development of various elegant methodologies for creating nanogap electrodes and bridging the nanogap with molecules. This review first focuses on the techniques for making lateral and vertical nanogap electrodes by breaking, narrowing, and fixed modes, and highlights their capabilities, applications, merits, and shortcomings. After summarizing the approaches of growing single molecules or molecular layers on the electrodes, the methods of constructing a complete molecular circuit are comprehensively grouped into three categories: 1) directly bridging one-molecule-electrode component with another electrode, 2) physically bridging two-molecule-electrode components, and 3) chemically bridging two-molecule-electrode components. Finally, the current state of molecular circuit integration and commercialization is discussed and perspectives are provided, hoping to encourage the community to accelerate the realization of fully scalable molecular electronics for a new era of integrated microsystems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Xue K, Hussain S, Fan S, Peng X. Proton conducting metal-organic frameworks with light response for multistate logic gates. RSC Adv 2023; 13:12646-12653. [PMID: 37101529 PMCID: PMC10123489 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01252b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The simulation of neurons receiving stimulation and transmitting signals by proton conduction has great potential applications in electrochemistry and biology. In this work, copper tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (Cu-TCPP), which is a proton conductive metal organic framework (MOF) with photothermal response, is adopted as the structural framework, with the in situ co-incorporation of polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and sulfonated spiropyran (SSP) to prepare the composite membranes. The resultant PSS-SSP@Cu-TCPP thin-film membranes were used as the logic gates i.e., NO gate, NOR gate and NAND gate because of the photothermal effect of Cu-TCPP MOFs and the photoinduced conformational changes of SSP. This membrane exhibits the high proton conductivity of 1.37 × 10-4 S cm-1. Under the conditions of 55 °C and 95% relative humidity (RH), using 405 nm laser irradiation with 400 mW cm-2 and 520 nm laser irradiation with 200 mW cm-2 as inputs, the device can be adjusted between various steady states, and the value of the conductivity is regarded as the output with different thresholds in different logic gates. Before and after laser irradiation, the electrical conductivity changes dramatically, and the ON/OFF switching ratio reached 1068. The application of three logic gates is realized by constructing circuits with LED lights. Depending on the convenience of light and the easy measurement of conductivity, this kind of device with light source as input and electrical signal as output provides the possibility to realize the remote control of chemical sensors and complex logic gates devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Shabab Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Shuaikang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nanomaterials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University Wenzhou 325006 P. R. China
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O'Driscoll LJ, Jay M, Robinson BJ, Sadeghi H, Wang X, Penhale-Jones B, Bryce MR, Lambert CJ. Planar aromatic anchors control the electrical conductance of gold|molecule|graphene junctions. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2299-2306. [PMID: 37056609 PMCID: PMC10089101 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00873d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a family of alkanethiol molecules with planar aromatic head groups, designed to anchor molecules effectively to graphene electrodes, is reported. Characterisation of self-assembled monolayers of these molecules on a gold surface via conductive atomic force microscopy shows that when an aromatic head group is present, the conductance G graphene obtained using a graphene coated probe is higher than the conductance G Pt obtained using a platinum (Pt) probe. For Pt probe and graphene probe junctions, the tunnelling decay constant of benzyl ether derivatives with an alkanethiol molecular backbone is determined as β = 5.6 nm-1 and 3.5 nm-1, respectively. The conductance ratio G graphene/G Pt increases as the number of rings present in the aromatic head unit, n, increases. However, as the number of rings increases, the conductance path length increases because the planar head groups lie at an angle to the plane of the electrodes. This means that overall conductance decreases as n increases. Density functional theory-based charge transport calculations support these experimental findings. This study confirms that planar aromatic head groups can function as effective anchoring units for graphene electrodes in large area molecular junctions. However, the results also indicate that the size and geometry of these head groups must be considered in order to produce effective molecular designs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Jay
- Dept. of Physics, Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB UK
| | | | - Hatef Sadeghi
- Dept. of Engineering, Warwick University Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Xintai Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University Dalian China
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9
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Zhao Z, Soni S, Lee T, Nijhuis CA, Xiang D. Smart Eutectic Gallium-Indium: From Properties to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203391. [PMID: 36036771 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn), a liquid metal with a melting point close to or below room temperature, has attracted extensive attention in recent years due to its excellent properties such as fluidity, high conductivity, thermal conductivity, stretchability, self-healing capability, biocompatibility, and recyclability. These features of EGaIn can be adjusted by changing the experimental condition, and various composite materials with extended properties can be further obtained by mixing EGaIn with other materials. In this review, not only the are unique properties of EGaIn introduced, but also the working principles for the EGaIn-based devices are illustrated and the developments of EGaIn-related techniques are summarized. The applications of EGaIn in various fields, such as flexible electronics (sensors, antennas, electronic circuits), molecular electronics (molecular memory, opto-electronic switches, or reconfigurable junctions), energy catalysis (heat management, motors, generators, batteries), biomedical science (drug delivery, tumor therapy, bioimaging and neural interfaces) are reviewed. Finally, a critical discussion of the main challenges for the development of EGaIn-based techniques are discussed, and the potential applications in new fields are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Zhao
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Center and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Center and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Xiang
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, P. R. China
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10
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Nguyen QV, Martin P, Lacroix JC. Probing the Effect of the Density of Active Molecules in Large-Area Molecular Junctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11990-11995. [PMID: 36537879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the density of active molecules in molecular junctions (MJs) has been investigated by using a host/guest strategy. Mixed layers consisting of oligothiophene (BTB) encapsulated by β-cyclodextrin (BTB@β-CD) were generated. Cyclodextrins were then removed, and the pinholes generated were filled with BTB to obtain BTB@BTB films. MJs based on mixed BTB@β-CD and BTB@BTB layers, as well as single-component BTB MJs, were compared. The variation of ln J vs thickness is similar for all systems while the Jo of BTB@β-CD MJs is 20 times lower than that of BTB MJs. After β-cyclodextrin has been removed, and the pinholes filled, Jo increases and reaches the same value as for the BTB MJs, showing that the conductance scales with the number of active molecules. This strategy provides a unique method for investigating molecular interactions in direct tunneling MJs as well as the possibility of fabricating new functionalized MJs based on mixed layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen Van Nguyen
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, 11307 Cau Giay, Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Pascal Martin
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean Christophe Lacroix
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, 11307 Cau Giay, Hanoi Vietnam
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11
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Bairagi D, Hazra S, Basu K, Banerjee A. A Nanohybrid Containing Cyan‐Emitting Copper Nanoclusters and TiO
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Nanoparticles: Tuning of Optoelectronic Properties. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipayan Bairagi
- School of Biological Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Soumyajit Hazra
- School of Biological Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Kingshuk Basu
- School of Biological Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- School of Biological Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
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12
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Li P, Zhou L, Zhao C, Ju H, Gao Q, Si W, Cheng L, Hao J, Li M, Chen Y, Jia C, Guo X. Single-molecule nano-optoelectronics: insights from physics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:086401. [PMID: 35623319 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac7401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule optoelectronic devices promise a potential solution for miniaturization and functionalization of silicon-based microelectronic circuits in the future. For decades of its fast development, this field has made significant progress in the synthesis of optoelectronic materials, the fabrication of single-molecule devices and the realization of optoelectronic functions. On the other hand, single-molecule optoelectronic devices offer a reliable platform to investigate the intrinsic physical phenomena and regulation rules of matters at the single-molecule level. To further realize and regulate the optoelectronic functions toward practical applications, it is necessary to clarify the intrinsic physical mechanisms of single-molecule optoelectronic nanodevices. Here, we provide a timely review to survey the physical phenomena and laws involved in single-molecule optoelectronic materials and devices, including charge effects, spin effects, exciton effects, vibronic effects, structural and orbital effects. In particular, we will systematically summarize the basics of molecular optoelectronic materials, and the physical effects and manipulations of single-molecule optoelectronic nanodevices. In addition, fundamentals of single-molecule electronics, which are basic of single-molecule optoelectronics, can also be found in this review. At last, we tend to focus the discussion on the opportunities and challenges arising in the field of single-molecule optoelectronics, and propose further potential breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihui Li
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Ju
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Si
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Cheng
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hao
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijian Chen
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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13
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Bejarano F, Gutiérrez D, Catalán-Toledo J, Roca-Sanjuán D, Gierschner J, Veciana J, Mas-Torrent M, Rovira C, Crivillers N. Photoswitching activation of a ferrocenyl-stilbene analogue by its covalent grafting to gold. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6185-6192. [PMID: 35229090 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05012e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Until now, surface-deposited stilbenes have been much less studied than other photochromic systems. Here, an asymmetrically substituted styrene incorporating a redox-active ferrocene moiety and a terminal alkyne group has been synthesised to investigate its photoisomerization in solution, and upon the formation of chemisorbed self-assembled monolayers through a carbon-gold bond formation. Charge transport measurements across the monolayers reveal that upon chemical linkage to the gold substrate there is an alteration of the isomerization pathway, which favours the trans to cis conversion, which is not observed in solution. The experimental observations are interpreted based on quantum chemistry calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Bejarano
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Diego Gutiérrez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain. .,Leitat Technological Center (LEITAT), Carrer Innovació, 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
| | - José Catalán-Toledo
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Institute of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, ES-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Concepció Rovira
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Núria Crivillers
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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14
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Light-Driven Charge Transport and Optical Sensing in Molecular Junctions. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040698. [PMID: 35215024 PMCID: PMC8878161 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Probing charge and energy transport in molecular junctions (MJs) has not only enabled a fundamental understanding of quantum transport at the atomic and molecular scale, but it also holds significant promise for the development of molecular-scale electronic devices. Recent years have witnessed a rapidly growing interest in understanding light-matter interactions in illuminated MJs. These studies have profoundly deepened our knowledge of the structure–property relations of various molecular materials and paved critical pathways towards utilizing single molecules in future optoelectronics applications. In this article, we survey recent progress in investigating light-driven charge transport in MJs, including junctions composed of a single molecule and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of molecules, and new opportunities in optical sensing at the single-molecule level. We focus our attention on describing the experimental design, key phenomena, and the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, topics presented include light-assisted charge transport, photoswitch, and photoemission in MJs. Emerging Raman sensing in MJs is also discussed. Finally, outstanding challenges are explored, and future perspectives in the field are provided.
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15
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Shi J, Jiang F, Long S, Lu Z, Liu T, Zheng H, Shi J, Yang Y, Hong W, Tian ZQ. The influence of water on the charge transport through self-assembled monolayers junctions fabricated by EGaIn technique. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Zhao Y, Gobbi M, Hueso LE, Samorì P. Molecular Approach to Engineer Two-Dimensional Devices for CMOS and beyond-CMOS Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 122:50-131. [PMID: 34816723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials (2DMs) have attracted tremendous research interest over the last two decades. Their unique optical, electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties make 2DMs key building blocks for the fabrication of novel complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) and beyond-CMOS devices. Major advances in device functionality and performance have been made by the covalent or noncovalent functionalization of 2DMs with molecules: while the molecular coating of metal electrodes and dielectrics allows for more efficient charge injection and transport through the 2DMs, the combination of dynamic molecular systems, capable to respond to external stimuli, with 2DMs makes it possible to generate hybrid systems possessing new properties by realizing stimuli-responsive functional devices and thereby enabling functional diversification in More-than-Moore technologies. In this review, we first introduce emerging 2DMs, various classes of (macro)molecules, and molecular switches and discuss their relevant properties. We then turn to 2DM/molecule hybrid systems and the various physical and chemical strategies used to synthesize them. Next, we discuss the use of molecules and assemblies thereof to boost the performance of 2D transistors for CMOS applications and to impart diverse functionalities in beyond-CMOS devices. Finally, we present the challenges, opportunities, and long-term perspectives in this technologically promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Zhao
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,School of Micro-Nano Electronics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,CIC nanoGUNE, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis E Hueso
- CIC nanoGUNE, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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17
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Hu Y, Li J, Zhou Y, Shi J, Li G, Song H, Yang Y, Shi J, Hong W. Single Dynamic Covalent Bond Tailored Responsive Molecular Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University Shenzhen 518000 China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Guopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University Shenzhen 518000 China
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18
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Hu Y, Li J, Zhou Y, Shi J, Li G, Song H, Yang Y, Shi J, Hong W. Single Dynamic Covalent Bond Tailored Responsive Molecular Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20872-20878. [PMID: 34254414 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Responsive molecular devices are one of the core units for molecular electronics, and dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs) provide the opportunity for the fabrication of responsive molecular devices. Herein we employ a single dynamic acyl hydrazone bond to fabricate tailored molecular devices using the scanning tunneling microscopy break-junction technique (STM-BJ) and the eutectic Ga-In technique (EGaIn). We found that the single-DCB-tailored molecular devices exhibited acid-base and/or photo-thermal response with three well-defined molecular conductance states. The reversible switching has the ON/OFF ratio of ≈10 between each state for single-molecule junctions and ≈3 for the SAMs-based molecular junctions. Combined with the density functional theory calculations, we revealed that the multiple conductance states of these molecular junctions originate from the dynamic acyl hydrazone bond exchange and C=N isomerization. Our work opens the avenue towards the design of tailored single-molecule electrical devices by implanting dynamic covalent bonds in molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Guopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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19
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Duan Y, Zhao H, Xiong C, Mao L, Wang D, Zheng Y. Learning from Spiropyrans: How to Make Further Developments of
Donor‐Acceptor
Stenhouse Adducts. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Duan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Haiquan Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Chaoyue Xiong
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Lijun Mao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
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20
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Bhadra P, Siu SWI. Effect of Concentration, Chain Length, Hydrophobicity, and an External Electric Field on the Growth of Mixed Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers: A Molecular Dynamics Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1913-1924. [PMID: 33503375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growing functionalized self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with fewer defects and lower cost is the focus of ongoing investigations. In the present study, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the process of SAM formation on a gold substrate from mixed alkanethiolates in ethanol solution. Using the mixed-SAM system of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) with either 1-decanethiol (C9CH3) or 6-mercaptohexanol (C6OH) in a 3:7 ratio as the standard SAM model, we systematically investigated the effects of the concentration, chain length, functional group, and an external electric field on SAM growth. The results showed that the initial growth rate and surface coverage of the SAM are dependent on the ligand concentration. At a certain high concentration (about 1.2-1.5 times the minimum concentration), the final surface coverage is optimal. Reducing the chain length and increasing the proportion of hydrophobic diluting molecules are effective ways to improve the surface coverage, but the compositional ligands have to be changed, which may not be desirable for the functional requirements of SAMs. Furthermore, by investigating the behavior of the alkanethiolates and ethanol solvent under an applied external field, we find that a strong electric field with a proper field direction can facilitate the generation of defect-free monolayers. These findings will contribute to the understanding of mixed-SAM formation and provide insight into experimental design for efficient and effective SAM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiti Bhadra
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Shirley W I Siu
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
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21
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Qiu X, Rousseva S, Ye G, Hummelen JC, Chiechi RC. In Operando Modulation of Rectification in Molecular Tunneling Junctions Comprising Reconfigurable Molecular Self-Assemblies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006109. [PMID: 33326147 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reconfiguration of molecular tunneling junctions during operation via the self-assembly of bilayers of glycol ethers is described. Well-established functional groups are used to modulate the magnitude and direction of rectification in assembled tunneling junctions by exposing them to solutions containing different glycol ethers. Variable-temperature measurements confirm that rectification occurs by the expected bias-dependent tunneling-hopping mechanism for these functional groups and that glycol ethers, besides being an unusually efficient tunneling medium, behave similarly to alkanes. Memory bits are fabricated from crossbar junctions prepared by injecting eutectic Ga-In (EGaIn) into microfluidic channels. The states of two 8-bit registers were set by trains of droplets such that they are able to perform logical AND operations on bit strings encoded into chemical packets that alter the composition of the crossbar junctions through self-assembly to effect memristor-like properties. This proof-of-concept work demonstrates the potential for fieldable devices based on molecular tunneling junctions comprising self-assembled monolayers and bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Rousseva
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gang Ye
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan C Hummelen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
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22
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Kim Y. Photoswitching Molecular Junctions: Platforms and Electrical Properties. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2368-2383. [PMID: 32777151 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable advances in technology have enabled the manipulation of individual molecules and the creation of molecular electronic devices utilizing single and ensemble molecules. Maturing the field of molecular electronics has led to the development of functional molecular devices, especially photoswitching or photochromic molecular junctions, which switch electronic properties under external light irradiation. This review introduces and summarizes the platforms for investigating the charge transport in single and ensemble photoswitching molecular junctions as well as the electronic properties of diverse photoswitching molecules such as diarylethene, azobenzene, dihydropyrene, and spiropyran. Furthermore, the article discusses the remaining challenges and the direction for moving forward in this area for future photoswitching molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsang Kim
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.,Current address, 7644 Ambrose way, California, 95831, USA
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23
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Kumar S, Soni S, Danowski W, van Beek CLF, Feringa BL, Rudolf P, Chiechi RC. Correlating the Influence of Disulfides in Monolayers across Photoelectron Spectroscopy Wettability and Tunneling Charge-Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15075-15083. [PMID: 32786759 PMCID: PMC7472521 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite their ubiquity, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiols on coinage metals are difficult to study and are still not completely understood, particularly with respect to the nature of thiol-metal bonding. Recent advances in molecular electronics have highlighted this deficiency due to the sensitivity of tunneling charge-transport to the subtle differences in the overall composition of SAMs and the chemistry of their attachment to surfaces. These advances have also challenged assumptions about the spontaneous formation of covalent thiol-metal bonds. This paper describes a series of experiments that correlate changes in the physical properties of SAMs to photoelectron spectroscopy to unambiguously assign binding energies of noncovalent interactions to physisorbed disulfides. These disulfides can be converted to covalent metal-thiolate bonds by exposure to free thiols, leading to the remarkable observation of the total loss and recovery of length-dependent tunneling charge-transport. The identification and assignment of physisorbed disulfides solve a long-standing mystery and reveal new, dynamic properties in SAMs of thiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn L. F. van Beek
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Soni S, Ye G, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Asyuda A, Zharnikov M, Hong W, Chiechi RC. Understanding the Role of Parallel Pathways via In-Situ Switching of Quantum Interference in Molecular Tunneling Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14308-14312. [PMID: 32469444 PMCID: PMC7497014 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the modulation of tunneling probabilities in molecular junctions by switching one of two parallel intramolecular pathways. A linearly conjugated molecular wire provides a rigid framework that allows a second, cross-conjugated pathway to be effectively switched on and off by protonation, affecting the total conductance of the junction. This approach works because a traversing electron interacts with the entire quantum-mechanical circuit simultaneously; Kirchhoff's rules do not apply. We confirm this concept by comparing the conductances of a series of compounds with single or parallel pathways in large-area junctions using EGaIn contacts and single-molecule break junctions using gold contacts. We affect switching selectively in one of two parallel pathways by converting a cross-conjugated carbonyl carbon into a trivalent carbocation, which replaces destructive quantum interference with a symmetrical resonance, causing an increase in transmission in the bias window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Soni
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gang Ye
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringKey Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and SystemsShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Jueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005China
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Present address: MicrosystemsDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Andika Asyuda
- Applied Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 253D-69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 253D-69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005China
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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25
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Soni S, Ye G, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Asyuda A, Zharnikov M, Hong W, Chiechi RC. Understanding the Role of Parallel Pathways via In‐Situ Switching of Quantum Interference in Molecular Tunneling Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Soni
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gang Ye
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Jueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Present address: Microsystems Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Andika Asyuda
- Applied Physical Chemistry Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical Chemistry Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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26
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Audi H, Viero Y, Alwhaibi N, Chen Z, Iazykov M, Heynderickx A, Xiao F, Guérin D, Krzeminski C, Grace IM, Lambert CJ, Siri O, Vuillaume D, Lenfant S, Klein H. Electrical molecular switch addressed by chemical stimuli. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10127-10139. [PMID: 32352127 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the conductance switching of benzo-bis(imidazole) molecules upon protonation depends on the lateral functional groups. The protonated H-substituted molecule shows a higher conductance than the neutral one (Gpro > Gneu), while the opposite (Gneu > Gpro) is observed for a molecule laterally functionalized by amino-phenyl groups. These results are demonstrated at various scale lengths: self-assembled monolayers, tiny nanodot-molecule junctions and single molecules. From ab initio theoretical calculations, we conclude that for the H-substituted molecule, the result Gpro > Gneu is correctly explained by a reduction of the LUMO-HOMO gap, while for the amino-phenyl functionnalized molecule, the result Gneu > Gpro is consistent with a shift of the HOMO, which reduces the density of states at the Fermi energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Audi
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
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27
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Haldar R, Heinke L, Wöll C. Advanced Photoresponsive Materials Using the Metal-Organic Framework Approach. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905227. [PMID: 31763731 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
When fabricating macroscopic devices exploiting the properties of organic chromophores, the corresponding molecules need to be condensed into a solid material. Since optical absorption properties are often strongly affected by interchromophore interactions, solids with a well-defined structure carry substantial advantages over amorphous materials. Here, the metal-organic framework (MOF)-based approach is presented. By appropriate functionalization, most organic chromophores can be converted to function as linkers, which can coordinate to metal or metal-oxo centers so as to yield stable, crystalline frameworks. Photoexcitations in such chromophore-based MOFs are surveyed, with a special emphasis on light-switchable MOFs from photochromic molecules. The conventional powder form of MOFs obtained using solvothermal approaches carries certain disadvantages for optical applications, such as limited efficiency resulting from absorption and light scattering caused by the (micrometer-sized) powder particles. How these problems can be avoided by using MOF thin films is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Haldar
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lars Heinke
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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28
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Qiu X, Ivasyshyn V, Qiu L, Enache M, Dong J, Rousseva S, Portale G, Stöhr M, Hummelen JC, Chiechi RC. Thiol-free self-assembled oligoethylene glycols enable robust air-stable molecular electronics. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:330-337. [PMID: 31959952 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are widely used to engineer the surface properties of metals. The relatively simple and versatile chemistry of metal-thiolate bonds makes thiolate SAMs the preferred option in a range of applications, yet fragility and a tendency to oxidize in air limit their long-term use. Here, we report the formation of thiol-free self-assembled mono- and bilayers of glycol ethers, which bind to the surface of coinage metals through the spontaneous chemisorption of glycol ether-functionalized fullerenes. As-prepared assemblies are bilayers presenting fullerene cages at both the substrate and ambient interface. Subsequent exposure to functionalized glycol ethers displaces the topmost layer of glycol ether-functionalized fullerenes, and the resulting assemblies expose functional groups to the ambient interface. These layers exhibit the key properties of thiolate SAMs, yet they are stable to ambient conditions for several weeks, as shown by the performance of tunnelling junctions formed from SAMs of alkyl-functionalized glycol ethers. Glycol ether-functionalized spiropyrans incorporated into mixed monolayers lead to reversible, light-driven conductance switching. Self-assemblies of glycol ethers are drop-in replacements for thiolate SAMs that retain all of their useful properties while avoiding the drawbacks of metal-thiolate bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Viktor Ivasyshyn
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Li Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Mihaela Enache
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jingjin Dong
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Rousseva
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan C Hummelen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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29
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Huang X, Ji D, Fuchs H, Hu W, Li T. Recent Progress in Organic Phototransistors: Semiconductor Materials, Device Structures and Optoelectronic Applications. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering andKey Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Deyang Ji
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation ScienceTianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Wenping Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering andKey Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
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30
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Kumar S, Soni S, Danowski W, Leach IF, Faraji S, Feringa BL, Rudolf P, Chiechi RC. Eliminating Fatigue in Surface-Bound Spiropyrans. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:25908-25914. [PMID: 31673304 PMCID: PMC6816012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b05889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an experimental approach to eliminating the loss of reversibility that surface-bound spiropyrans exhibit when switched with light. Although such fatigue can be controlled in other contexts, on surfaces, the photochromic compounds are held in close proximity to each other and relatively few molecules modulate the properties of a device, leading to a loss of functionality after only a few switching cycles. The switching process was characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy and differences in tunneling currents in the spiropyran and merocyanine forms using eutectic Ga-In. Self-assembled monolayers comprising only the photochromic compounds degraded rapidly, while mixed monolayers with hexanethiol showed different behaviors depending on the relative humidity. Under dry conditions, no chemical degradation was observed and the switching process was reversible over at least 100 cycles. Under humid conditions, no degradation occurred, but the switching process became irreversible. The absence of degradation observed in mixed monolayers is ascribed to the lack of solvation, which increases the barrier to a key bond rotation past the available thermal energy. These results highlight important differences in the contexts in which photochromic compounds are utilized and demonstrate that they can be leveraged to extract device-relevant functionality from surface-bound switches by suppressing fatigue and irreversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isaac F. Leach
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Chen X, Hu H, Trasobares J, Nijhuis CA. Rectification Ratio and Tunneling Decay Coefficient Depend on the Contact Geometry Revealed by in Situ Imaging of the Formation of EGaIn Junctions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21018-21029. [PMID: 31117425 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes how the intensive (tunneling decay coefficient β and rectification ratio R) and extensive (current density J) properties of Ag-S(CH2) n-1CH3//GaO x/EGaIn junctions ( n = 10, 14, 18) and molecular diodes of the form of Ag-S(CH2)11Fc//GaO x/EGaIn depend on Ageo, the contact area between the self-assembled monolayer and the cone-shaped EGaIn tip. Large junctions with Ageo ≥ 1000 μm2 are unreliable and defects, such as pinholes, dominate the charge transport characteristics. For S(CH2)11Fc SAMs, R decreases from 130 to unity with increasing Ageo due to an increase in the leakage current (the current flowing across the junction at reverse bias when the diodes block current flow). The value of β decreases from 1.00 ± 0.06 n-1 to 0.70 ± 0.03 n-1 with increasing Ageo which also indicates that large junctions suffer from defects. Small junctions with Ageo ≤ 300 μm2 are not stable due to the high surface tension of the bulk EGaIn resulting in unstable EGaIn tips. In addition, the contact area for such small junctions is dominated by the rough tip apex reducing the effective contact area and reproducibility significantly. The contact area of very large junctions is dominated by the relatively smooth side walls of the tips. Our findings show that there is an optimum range for the value of Ageo between 300-500 μm2 where the electrical properties of the junctions are dominated by molecular effects. In this range of Ageo, the value of J (defined by I/ Ageo where I is the measured current) increases with Ageo until it plateaus for junctions with Ageo > 1000 μm2 in agreement with recently reported findings by the Whitesides group. In this regime reproducible measurements of J can be obtained provided Ageo is kept constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Hongting Hu
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Jorge Trasobares
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre , National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2 , Singapore 117546 , Singapore
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32
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Kumar S, Merelli M, Danowski W, Rudolf P, Feringa BL, Chiechi RC. Chemical Locking in Molecular Tunneling Junctions Enables Nonvolatile Memory with Large On-Off Ratios. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807831. [PMID: 30721551 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the reversible chemical locking of sypiropyran switches bound to metallic surfaces to enable the encoding of nonvolatile information. Data are encoded spatially by selectively locking the spiropyran moieties in their merocyanine form using a combination of exposure to acid and UV light. Without exposure to acid, the merocyanine form spontaneously converts back to the spiropyran form. Bits are resolved by defining the regions of the monolayer that are exposed to acid, using a "soft punchcard" fabricated from a silicone elastomer. Information is read by measuring the tunneling charge-transport through the monolayer using eutectic Ga-In top-contacts. The merocyanine form is more than three orders of magnitude more conductive than the spiropyran form, allowing the differentiation of bits. Photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the monolayers are undamaged by exposure to light, acid, base, and applied bias, enabling proof-of-concept devices in which an 8-bit ASCII encoded six-character string is written, erased, and rewritten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Merelli
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Cai S, Deng W, Huang F, Chen L, Tang C, He W, Long S, Li R, Tan Z, Liu J, Shi J, Liu Z, Xiao Z, Zhang D, Hong W. Light‐Driven Reversible Intermolecular Proton Transfer at Single‐Molecule Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3829-3833. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wenting Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Feifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Lijue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wenxiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shichuan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ruihao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhibing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zongyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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34
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Cai S, Deng W, Huang F, Chen L, Tang C, He W, Long S, Li R, Tan Z, Liu J, Shi J, Liu Z, Xiao Z, Zhang D, Hong W. Light‐Driven Reversible Intermolecular Proton Transfer at Single‐Molecule Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wenting Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Feifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Lijue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wenxiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shichuan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ruihao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhibing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zongyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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35
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Garg S, Schwartz H, Kozlowska M, Kanj AB, Müller K, Wenzel W, Ruschewitz U, Heinke L. Lichtinduziertes Schalten der Leitfähigkeit von MOFs mit eingelagertem Spiropyran. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Garg
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Heidi Schwartz
- Department für ChemieUniversität zu Köln Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Deutschland
| | - Mariana Kozlowska
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Anemar Bruno Kanj
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Kai Müller
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Uwe Ruschewitz
- Department für ChemieUniversität zu Köln Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Deutschland
| | - Lars Heinke
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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36
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Garg S, Schwartz H, Kozlowska M, Kanj AB, Müller K, Wenzel W, Ruschewitz U, Heinke L. Conductance Photoswitching of Metal-Organic Frameworks with Embedded Spiropyran. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:1193-1197. [PMID: 30421842 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as well as smart, stimuli-responsive MOF materials have attracted considerable attention with respect to advanced applications in energy harvesting and storage as well as in signal processing. Here, the conductance of MOF films of type UiO-67 with embedded photoswitchable nitro-substituted spiropyrans was investigated. Under UV irradiation, the spiropyran (SP) reversibly isomerizes to the open merocyanine (MC) form, a zwitterionic molecule with an extended conjugated π-system. The light-induced SP-MC isomerization allows for remote control over the conductance of the SP@UiO-67 MOF film, and the conductance can be increased by one order of magnitude. This research has the potential to contribute to the development of a new generation of photoelectronic devices based on smart hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Garg
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Heidi Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mariana Kozlowska
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anemar Bruno Kanj
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kai Müller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Uwe Ruschewitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Heinke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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37
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Ai Y, Kovalchuk A, Qiu X, Zhang Y, Kumar S, Wang X, Kühnel M, Nørgaard K, Chiechi RC. In-Place Modulation of Rectification in Tunneling Junctions Comprising Self-Assembled Monolayers. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7552-7559. [PMID: 30398891 PMCID: PMC6295922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes tunneling junctions comprising self-assembled monolayers that can be converted between resistor and diode functionality in-place. The rectification ratio is affected by the hydration of densely packed carboxylic acid groups at the interface between the top-contact and the monolayer. We studied this process by treatment with water and a water scavenger using three different top-contacts, eutectic Ga-In (EGaIn), conducting-probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), demonstrating that the phenomena is molecular in nature and is not platform-speciffc. We propose a mechanism in which the tunneling junctions convert to diode behavior through the lowering of the LUMO, which is suffcient to bring it close to resonance at positive bias, potentially assisted by a Stark shift. This shift in energy is supported by calculations and a change in polarization observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Kelvin probe measurements. We demonstrate light-driven modulation using spiropyran as a photoacid, suggesting that any chemical process that is coupled to the release of small molecules that can tightly bind carboxylic acid groups can be used as an external stimulus to modulate rectification. The ability to convert a tunneling junction reversibly between a diode and a resistor via an effect that is intrinsic to the molecules in the junction extends the possible applications of Molecular Electronics to reconfigurable circuits and other new functionalities that do not have direct analogs in conventional semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ai
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrii Kovalchuk
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xintai Wang
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Kühnel
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Nørgaard
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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38
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Carlotti M, Soni S, Kumar S, Ai Y, Sauter E, Zharnikov M, Chiechi RC. Two-Terminal Molecular Memory through Reversible Switching of Quantum Interference Features in Tunneling Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15681-15685. [PMID: 30260083 PMCID: PMC6283355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Large-area molecular tunneling junctions comprising self-assembled monolayers of redox-active molecules are described that exhibit two-terminal bias switching. The as-prepared monolayers undergo partial charge transfer to the underlying metal substrate (Au, Pt, or Ag), which converts their cores from a quinoid to a hydroquinoid form. The resulting rearomatization converts the bond topology from a cross-conjugated to a linearly conjugated π system. The cross-conjugated form correlates to the appearance of an interference feature in the transmission spectrum that vanishes for the linearly conjugated form. Owing to the presence of electron-withdrawing nitrile groups, the reduction potential and the interference feature lie close to the work function and Fermi level of the metallic substrate. We exploited the relationship between conjugation patterns and quantum interference to create nonvolatile memory in proto-devices using eutectic Ga-In as the top contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlotti
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Yong Ai
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Eric Sauter
- Applied Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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39
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Carlotti M, Soni S, Kumar S, Ai Y, Sauter E, Zharnikov M, Chiechi RC. Two-Terminal Molecular Memory through Reversible Switching of Quantum Interference Features in Tunneling Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlotti
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Yong Ai
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Eric Sauter
- Applied Physical Chemistry; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical Chemistry; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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40
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Baghbanzadeh M, Pieters PF, Yuan L, Collison D, Whitesides GM. The Rate of Charge Tunneling in EGaIn Junctions Is Not Sensitive to Halogen Substituents at the Self-Assembled Monolayer//Ga 2O 3 Interface. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10221-10230. [PMID: 30226988 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes experiments that are designed to test the influence of terminal groups incorporating carbon-halogen bonds on the current density (by hole tunneling) across self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based junctions of the form MTS/S(CH2)9NHCOCH nX3- n//Ga2O3/EGaIn (where M = Ag and Au and X = CH3, F, Cl, Br, I). Within the limits of statistical significance, these rates of tunneling are insensitive to the nature of the terminal group at the interface between the SAM and the Ga2O3. The results are relevant to the origin of an apparent inconsistency in the literature concerning the influence of halogen atoms at the SAM//electrode interface on the tunneling current density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Baghbanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Priscilla F Pieters
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Darrell Collison
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology , Harvard University 29 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering , 60 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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41
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Douvogianni E, Qiu X, Qiu L, Jahani F, Kooistra FB, Hummelen JC, Chiechi RC. Soft Nondamaging Contacts Formed from Eutectic Ga-In for the Accurate Determination of Dielectric Constants of Organic Materials. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018; 30:5527-5533. [PMID: 30197469 PMCID: PMC6122948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A method for accurately measuring the relative dielectric constant (εr) of thin films of soft, organic materials is described. The effects of the bombardment of these materials with hot Al atoms, the most commonly used top electrode, are mitigated by using electrodes fabricated from eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn). The geometry of the electrode is defined by injection into microchannels to form stable structures that are nondamaging and that conform to the topology of the organic thin film. The εr of a series of references and new organic materials, polymers, and fullerene derivatives was derived from impedance spectroscopy measurements for both Al and EGaIn electrodes showing the specific limitations of Al with soft, organic materials and overcoming them with EGaIn to determine their dielectric properties and provide realistic values of εr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Douvogianni
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute
for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute
for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Li Qiu
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute
for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fatemeh Jahani
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute
for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris B. Kooistra
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute
for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. Hummelen
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute
for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute
for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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42
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Williams DE, Martin CR, Dolgopolova EA, Swifton A, Godfrey DC, Ejegbavwo OA, Pellechia PJ, Smith MD, Shustova NB. Flipping the Switch: Fast Photoisomerization in a Confined Environment. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7611-7622. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek E. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Corey R. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ekaterina A. Dolgopolova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Anton Swifton
- Department of Mathematics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Danielle C. Godfrey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Otega A. Ejegbavwo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Perry J. Pellechia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Mark D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Natalia B. Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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43
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Yu L, Schlaich C, Hou Y, Zhang J, Noeske PLM, Haag R. Photoregulating Antifouling and Bioadhesion Functional Coating Surface Based on Spiropyran. Chemistry 2018; 24:7742-7748. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leixiao Yu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustrasse 3 Berlin 14195 Germany
| | - Christoph Schlaich
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustrasse 3 Berlin 14195 Germany
| | - Yong Hou
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustrasse 3 Berlin 14195 Germany
| | - Jianguang Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustrasse 3 Berlin 14195 Germany
| | - Paul-Ludwig Michael Noeske
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM; Wiener Strasse 12 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustrasse 3 Berlin 14195 Germany
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44
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Feringa BL. The Art of Building Small: From Molecular Switches to Motors (Nobel Lecture). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11060-11078. [PMID: 28851050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A journey into the nano-world: The ability to design, use and control motor-like functions at the molecular level sets the stage for numerous dynamic molecular systems. In his Nobel Lecture, B. L. Feringa describes the evolution of the field of molecular motors and explains how to program and control molecules by incorporating responsive and adaptive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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45
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Feringa BL. Die Kunst, klein zu bauen: von molekularen Schaltern bis zu Motoren (Nobel-Aufsatz). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Groningen Niederlande
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46
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Mondal B, Ghosh AK, Mukherjee PS. Reversible Multistimuli Switching of a Spiropyran-Functionalized Organic Cage in Solid and Solution. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7783-7790. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijnaneswar Mondal
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Aloke Kumar Ghosh
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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47
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Baghbanzadeh M, Bowers CM, Rappoport D, Żaba T, Yuan L, Kang K, Liao KC, Gonidec M, Rothemund P, Cyganik P, Aspuru-Guzik A, Whitesides GM. Anomalously Rapid Tunneling: Charge Transport across Self-Assembled Monolayers of Oligo(ethylene glycol). J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7624-7631. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Baghbanzadeh
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Carleen M. Bowers
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Dmitrij Rappoport
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Tomasz Żaba
- Smoluchowski
Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Li Yuan
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kyungtae Kang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kung-Ching Liao
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Mathieu Gonidec
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB,
UPR 9048, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Philipp Rothemund
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Piotr Cyganik
- Smoluchowski
Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Alan Aspuru-Guzik
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss
Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University 60
Oxford Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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48
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Hajisalem G, Nezami MS, Gordon R. Switchable Metal-Insulator Phase Transition Metamaterials. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2940-2944. [PMID: 28379016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the switching of a gap plasmon tunnel junction between conducting and insulating states. Hysteresis is observed in the second and the third harmonic generation power dependence, which arises by thermally induced disorder ("melting") of a two-carbon self-assembled monolayer between an ultraflat gold surface and metal nanoparticles. The hysteresis is observed for a variety of nanoparticle sizes, but not for larger tunnel junctions where there is no appreciable tunneling. By combining quantum corrected finite-difference time-domain simulations with nonlinear scattering theory, we calculate the changes in the harmonic generation between the tunneling and the insulating states, and good agreement is found with the experiments. This paves the way to a new class of metal-insulator phase transition switchable metamaterials, which may provide next-generation information processing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Hajisalem
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia, Canada , V8P 5C2
| | - Mohammadreza S Nezami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia, Canada , V8P 5C2
| | - Reuven Gordon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia, Canada , V8P 5C2
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49
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Qiu L, Zhang Y, Krijger TL, Qiu X, Hof PV, Hummelen JC, Chiechi RC. Rectification of current responds to incorporation of fullerenes into mixed-monolayers of alkanethiolates in tunneling junctions. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2365-2372. [PMID: 28451341 PMCID: PMC5365006 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04799h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the rectification of current through molecular junctions comprising self-assembled monolayers of decanethiolate through the incorporation of C60 fullerene moieties bearing undecanethiol groups in junctions using eutectic Ga-In (EGaIn) and Au conducting probe AFM (CP-AFM) top-contacts. The degree of rectification increases with increasing exposure of the decanethiolate monolayers to the fullerene moieties, going through a maximum after 24 h. We ascribe this observation to the resulting mixed-monolayer achieving an optimal packing density of fullerene cages sitting above the alkane monolayer. Thus, the degree of rectification is controlled by the amount of fullerene present in the mixed-monolayer. The voltage dependence of R varies with the composition of the top-contact and the force applied to the junction and the energy of the lowest unoccupied π-state determined from photoelectron spectroscopy is consistent with the direction of rectification. The maximum value of rectification R = |J(+)/J(-)| = 940 at ±1 V or 617 at ±0.95 V is in agreement with previous studies on pure monolayers relating the degree of rectification to the volume of the head-group on which the frontier orbitals are localized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Theodorus L Krijger
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Patrick Van't Hof
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Jan C Hummelen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
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