1
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Knepp ZJ, Hamburger RC, Thongchai IA, Englehart K, Sorto K, Jaffer A, Young ER, Fredin LA. Pinning Down Small Populations of Photoinduced Intermediates Using Transient Absorption Spectroscopy and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Difference Spectra to Provide Mechanistic Insight into Controlling Pyridine Azo Dynamics with Protons. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:9593-9600. [PMID: 39270049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the impact of protonation on the photoisomerization (trans → cis) and reversion (cis → trans) of three pyridine-based azo dyes (PyrN) is investigated by using a combination of transient absorption spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory computed difference spectra. The photophysical behaviors of the PyrN dyes are altered by the addition of one or two protons. Protonation of basic pyridine nitrogens results in an ultrafast accelerated reversion mechanism after photoisomerization, while protonation of azo bond nitrogens restricts cis isomer formation entirely. Computed difference spectra provide spectral signatures that are critical for the assignment of low-population long-lived states, providing direct evidence of the accelerated reversion mechanism. Thus, the addition of organic acids can selectively control the photophysics of azo dyes for a wide range of applications, including materials design and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Knepp
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Robert C Hamburger
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Ing-Angsara Thongchai
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Kiera Englehart
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Keyri Sorto
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Athina Jaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Young
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Lisa A Fredin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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2
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Singh S, Velloth A, Rajani, Goyal M, Kaur N, Singh S, Venkataramani S. Neutral and ionic N-methyl phenylazo-3,5-(di-2-pyridyl)pyrazole photoswitches: probes for reversible pH modulation by light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:10776-10779. [PMID: 39252561 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03455d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, photoswitching and computational studies of N-methyl arylazo-3,5-(di-2-pyridyl)pyrazole and its N-alkyl pyridinium derivatives with an ionic center proximally located to the azo group. Besides achieving excellent photoswitching characteristics, particularly at longer wavelengths, and tuning Z isomer stability due to the effects of counter ions and pH, the utility of neutral and ionic photoswitches for pH modulation by light was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, Punjab, India.
| | - Archana Velloth
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, Punjab, India.
| | - Rajani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, Punjab, India.
| | - Manu Goyal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, Punjab, India.
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, Punjab, India.
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, Punjab, India.
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, Punjab, India.
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3
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Vautrin L, Lambert A, Mahdhaoui F, El Abed R, Boubaker T, Ingrosso F. Structural and Electronic Properties of Novel Azothiophene Dyes: A Multilevel Study Incorporating Explicit Solvation Effects. Molecules 2024; 29:4053. [PMID: 39274901 PMCID: PMC11397383 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Among azobenzene derivatives, azothiophenes represent a relatively recent family of compounds that exhibit similar characteristics as dyes and photoreactive systems. Their technological applications are extensive thanks to the additional design flexibility conferred by the heteroaromatic ring. In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation of the structural and electronic properties of novel dyes derived from 3-thiophenamine, utilizing a multilevel approach. We thoroughly examined the potential energy surfaces of the E and Z isomers for three molecules, each bearing different substituents on the phenyl ring at the para position relative to the diazo group. This exploration was conducted through quantum chemistry calculations at various levels of theory, employing a continuum solvent model. Subsequently, we incorporated an explicit solvent (a dimethyl sulfoxide-water mixture) to simulate the most stable isomers using classical molecular dynamics, delivering a clear picture of the local solvation structure and intermolecular interactions. Finally, a hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach was employed to accurately describe the evolution of the solutes' properties within their environment, accounting for finite temperature effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vautrin
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Alexandrine Lambert
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Faouzi Mahdhaoui
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Riad El Abed
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (LR11SE39), Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, Monastir 5019, Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Boubaker
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (LR11SE39), Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, Monastir 5019, Tunisia
| | - Francesca Ingrosso
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
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4
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Sunny AS, Cleven EC, Kumar P, Venkataramani S, Walls JD, Ramamurthy V. Structure, Dynamics, and Reactivity of Encapsulated Molecules in Restricted Spaces: Arylazoisoxazoles within an Octa Acid Capsule. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:17638-17655. [PMID: 39110852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a well-defined organic capsule assembled from two octa acid (OA) molecules acting as host and select arylazoisoxazoles (AAIO) acting as guests were employed to demonstrate that confined molecules have restricted freedom that translates into reaction selectivity in both ground and excited states. The behavior of these AAIO guests in confined capsules was found to be different from that found in both crystals, where there is very little freedom, and in isotropic solvents, where there is complete freedom. Through one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) 1H NMR spectroscopic experiments, we have established a relationship between structure, dynamics and reactivity of molecules confined in an OA capsule. Introduction of CF3 and CH3 substitution at the 4-position of the aryl group of AAIO reveals that in addition to space confinement, weak interactions between the guest and the OA capsule control the dynamics and reactivity of guest molecules. 1H NMR studies revealed that there is a temperature-dependence to guest molecules tumbling (180° rotation along the capsular short axis) within an OA capsule. While 1H NMR points to the occurrence of tumbling motion, MD simulations and simulation of the temperature-dependent NMR signals provide an insight into the mechanism of tumbling within OA capsules. Thermal and photochemical isomerization of AAIO were found to occur within an OA capsule just as in organic solvents. The observed selectivity noted during thermal and photo induced isomerization of OA encapsulated AAIOs can be qualitatively understood in terms of the well-known concepts due to Bell-Evans-Polanyi (BEP principle), Hammond and Zimmerman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Sam Sunny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Elliott C Cleven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Pravesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, Manauli 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, Manauli 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Jamie D Walls
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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5
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Dong D, Zhang ZY, Dang T, Li T. Bis-azopyrazole Photoswitches for Efficient Solar Light Harvesting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407186. [PMID: 38837631 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Although natural sunlight is one of the most abundant and sustainable energy resources, only a fraction of its energy is currently harnessed and utilized in photoactive systems. The development of molecular photoswitches that can be directly activated by sunlight is imperative for unlocking the full potential of solar energy and addressing the growing energy demands. Herein, we designed a series of 2-amino-1,3-bis-azopyrazoles featuring a coupled πn system, resulting in a pronounced redshift in their spectral absorption, reaching up to 661 nm in the red region. By varying the amino substituents of these molecules, highly efficient E→Z photoisomerization under unfiltered sunlight can be achieved, with yields of up to 88.4 %. Moreover, the Z,Z-isomers have high thermal stability with half-lives from days to years at room temperature. The introduction of ortho-amino substitutions and meta-bisazo units leads to a reversal of the n-π* and πn-π* transitions on the energy scale. This change provides a new perspective for further tuning the visible absorption of azo-switches by utilizing the πn-π* band instead of the conventional n-π* band. These results suggest that photoresponsive systems can be powered by sunlight instead of traditional artificial lights, thereby paving the way for sustainable smart materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tongtong Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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6
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Jones BE, Blayo C, Greenfield JL, Fuchter MJ, Cowieson N, Evans RC. Understanding X-ray-induced isomerisation in photoswitchable surfactant assemblies. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:2005-2015. [PMID: 39161710 PMCID: PMC11331535 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic, responsive materials can be built using photosurfactants (PS) that self-assemble into ordered nanostructures, such as micelles or liquid crystals. These PS contain photoswitchable groups, such as azobenzene (Azo) or, more recently, arylazopyrazoles (AAPs), which change shape and polarity on photoisomerisation between the E and Z states, thus changing the self-assembled structure. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful technique to probe the morphology of PS and can be used to measure the mechanisms of structural changes using in-situ light irradiation with rapid, time-resolved data collection. However, X-ray irradiation has been shown previously to induce Z-to-E isomerisation of Azo-PS, which can lead to inaccuracies in the measured photostationary state. Here, we investigate the effect of light and X-ray irradiation on micelles formed from two different PS, containing either an Azo or AAP photoswitch using SAXS with in-situ light irradiation. The effect of X-ray irradiation on the Z isomer is shown to depend on the photoswitch, solvent, concentration and morphology. We use this to create guidelines for future X-ray experiments using photoswitchable molecules, which can aid more accurate understanding of these materials for application in solar energy storage, catalysis or controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice E Jones
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Blayo
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jake L Greenfield
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 7SL, United Kingdom
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 7SL, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Cowieson
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel C Evans
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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7
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Wang Y, Sheng L, Xu B, Shi J, Chen Z. Study on Thermophysical Properties and Phase Change Regulation Mechanism of Optically-Controlled Phase Change Materials: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Molecular Dynamics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404184. [PMID: 39128134 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Optically-controlled phase change materials, which are prepared by introducing molecular photoswitches into traditional phase change materials (PCMs), can convert and store solar energy into photochemical enthalpy and phase change enthalpy. However, the thermophysical properties of optically controlled PCMs, which are crucial in the practical, are rarely paid attention to. 4-(phenyldiazenyl)phenyl decanoate (Azo-A-10) is experimentally prepared as an optically-controlled PCMs, whose energy storage density is 210.0 kJ·kg-1, and the trans single crystal structure is obtained. The density, phase transition temperature, thermal conductivity, and other parameters in trans state are measured experimentally. Furthermore, a microscopic model of Azo-A-10 is established, and the thermophysical properties are analyzed based on molecular dynamics. The results show that the microstructure parameter (order parameters) and thermophysical properties (density, radial distribution function, self-diffusion coefficient, phase change temperature, and thermal conductivity) of partially or completely isomerized Azo-A-10, which are challenging to observe in experiments, can be predicted by molecular dynamics simulation. The optically-controlled phase change mechanism can be clarified according to the differences in microstructure. The optically-controlled switchability of thermophysical properties of an optically-controlled PCM is analyzed. This study provides ideas for the improvement, development, and application of optically-controlled PCMs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
| | - Lisha Sheng
- College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
| | - Juan Shi
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
| | - Zhenqian Chen
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
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8
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Zhang ZY, Dong D, Bösking T, Dang T, Liu C, Sun W, Xie M, Hecht S, Li T. Solar Azo-Switches for Effective E→Z Photoisomerization by Sunlight. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404528. [PMID: 38722260 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Natural photoactive systems have evolved to harness broad-spectrum light from solar radiation for critical functions such as light perception and photosynthetic energy conversion. Molecular photoswitches, which undergo structural changes upon light absorption, are artificial photoactive tools widely used for developing photoresponsive systems and converting light energy. However, photoswitches generally need to be activated by light of specific narrow wavelength ranges for effective photoconversion, which limits their ability to directly work under sunlight and to efficiently harvest solar energy. Here, focusing on azo-switches-the most extensively studied photoswitches, we demonstrate effective solar E→Z photoisomerization with photoconversions exceeding 80 % under unfiltered sunlight. These sunlight-driven azo-switches are developed by rendering the absorption of E isomers overwhelmingly stronger than that of Z isomers across a broad ultraviolet to visible spectrum. This unusual type of spectral profile is realized by a simple yet highly adjustable molecular design strategy, enabling the fine-tuning of spectral window that extends light absorption beyond 600 nm. Notably, back-photoconversion can be achieved without impairing the forward solar isomerization, resulting in unique light-reversible solar switches. Such exceptional solar chemistry of photoswitches provides unprecedented opportunities for developing sustainable light-driven systems and efficient solar energy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dongfang Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tom Bösking
- Department of Chemistry & Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tongtong Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chunhao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenjin Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Mingchen Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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9
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Dang T, Zhang ZY, Li T. Visible-Light-Activated Heteroaryl Azoswitches: Toward a More Colorful Future. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19609-19620. [PMID: 38991225 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Azobenzenes (Ph-N═N-Ph) are known as the most widely studied molecular photoswitches, and the recent rise of azoheteroarenes (Het-N═N-Ph or Het-N═N-Het) offers great opportunities to advance this already mature field. A common limitation is that azo-switches generally require harmful UV light for activation, which hinders their application across various fields. Despite great efforts in developing visible-light azobenzenes over the past few decades, the potential of visible-light heteroaryl azoswitches remains largely unexplored. This Perspective summarizes the state-of-the-art advancements in visible-light heteroaryl azoswitches, covering molecular design strategies, the structure-property relationship, and potential applications. We highlight the distinctive advantages of azoheteroarenes over azobenzenes in the research and development of visible-light switches. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in this emerging field and propose potential solutions to address crucial issues such as spectral red-shift and thermal half-life. Through this Perspective paper, we aim to provide inspiration for further exploration in this field, in anticipation of the growing prosperity and bright future of visible-light azoheteroarene photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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10
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Volker A, Steen JD, Crespi S. A fiber-optic spectroscopic setup for isomerization quantum yield determination. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1684-1692. [PMID: 39076298 PMCID: PMC11285046 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
A spectroscopic setup for isomerization quantum yield determination is reported. The setup combines fiber-coupled LEDs, a commercially calibrated thermopile detector for measurement of the photon flux, and a fiber-coupled UV-vis spectrometer. By solving the rate equations numerically, isomerization quantum yields can be obtained from the UV-vis absorption spectra. We show that our results for the prototypical photoswitch azobenzene are in excellent agreement with the literature. The analysis of the errors showed that the quantum yields determined using this method are in the same order of magnitude as when using actinometry, thus demonstrating the reliability of our setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Volker
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorn D Steen
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Schlichter L, Jersch J, Demokritov SO, Ravoo BJ. Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Water-Dispersible Magnetite Nanoparticles Using Arylazopyrazole-Modified Polymer Ligands. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:13669-13675. [PMID: 38875303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
In order to design new nanomaterials with improved functionalities, magnetite nanoparticles (MNP) modified with arylazopyrazole (AAP) molecular photoswitches are presented. Water dispersibility is achieved by using poly(acrylic acid) (pAA) as a multidentate ligand, which is modified with AAP by amide coupling. The polymer ligand stabilizes the MNP, allows for E-Z isomerization of the photoswitch, and provides pH responsiveness. Three different AAP are synthesized and attached to pAA via amide coupling giving pAA-AAP with photoswitches substituted statistically along the hydrophilic polymer backbone. MNP are synthesized by coprecipitation and pAA-AAP is introduced as a stabilizing agent in situ. Photoisomerization of pAA-AAP and pAA-AAP@MNP is investigated showing good photostationary states and cyclability. The MNP can be assembled and dispersed reversibly in water either by applying a magnetic field or by a change in pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schlichter
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johann Jersch
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sergej O Demokritov
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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12
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Kumar H, Parthiban G, Velloth A, Saini J, De R, Pal SK, Hazra KS, Venkataramani S. Arylazo-3,5-diphenylpyrazole Derivatives: Molecular Probes Exhibiting Reversible Light-induced Phase Transitions for Energy Storage and Direct Photolithographic Patterning. Chemistry 2024:e202401836. [PMID: 38818932 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
We report azopyrazole photoswitches decorated with variable N-alkyl and alkoxy chains (for hydrophobic interactions) and phenyl substituents on the pyrazoles (enabling π-π stacking), showing efficient bidirectional photoswitching and reversible light-induced phase transition (LIPT). Extensive spectroscopic, microscopic, and diffraction studies and computations confirmed the manifestation of molecular-level interactions and photoisomerization into macroscopic changes leading to the LIPT phenomena. Using differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies, the energetics associated with those accompanying processes were estimated. The long half-lives of Z isomers, high energy contents for isomerization and phase transitions, and the stability of phases over an extended temperature range (-60 to 80 °C) make them excellent candidates for energy storage and release applications. Remarkably, the difference in the solubility of the distinct phases in one of the derivatives allowed us to utilize it as a photoresist in photolithography applications on diverse substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Gayathri Parthiban
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Archana Velloth
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Saini
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Ritobrata De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Kiran Shankar Hazra
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, 140 306, Manauli, Punjab, India
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13
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Kumar Gaur A, Gupta D, Narayanan Nampoothiry D, Velloth A, Kaur R, Kaur N, Venkataramani S. Azopyridinium Ionic Photoswitches: Tuning Half-Lives of Z Isomers from Seconds to Days in Water. Chemistry 2024:e202401239. [PMID: 38818941 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe water-soluble heteroaryl azopyridinium ionic photoswitches (HAPIPs). We aim to combine variations in five-membered heterocycles, their substitutions, N-alkyl groups at pyridinium nitrogen, the position of pyridinium center relative to azo group, counterions, and solvents, in achieving better photoswitching. Through these studies, we successfully tuned the half-life of Z isomers of the resultant HAPIPs between seconds to days in water. Extensive spectroscopic studies and density functional theory (DFT) computations unravelled the factors responsible for thermal relaxation behavior. Considering the versatility of these photoswitches, the tunability of half-lives and photoswitching in aqueous medium allows the scope of applications in several fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Gaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Debapriya Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Dhanyaj Narayanan Nampoothiry
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Archana Velloth
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
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14
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Gallardo-Rosas D, Guevara-Vela JM, Rocha-Rinza T, Toscano RA, López-Cortés JG, Ortega-Alfaro MC. Structure and isomerization behavior relationships of new push-pull azo-pyrrole photoswitches. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4123-4134. [PMID: 38700442 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00417e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A family of stilbenyl-azopyrroles compounds 2a-d and 3a-d was efficiently obtained via a Mizoroki-Heck C-C-type coupling reaction between 2-(4'-iodophenyl-azo)-N-methyl pyrrole (1a) and different vinyl precursors. The influence of the π-conjugated backbone and the effect of the pyrrole moiety were correlated with their optical properties. Studies via UV-Visible spectrophotometry revealed that the inclusion of EWG or EDG favors a red-shift of the main absorption band in these azo compounds compared with their non-substituted analogues. Furthermore, there is a clear influence between the half-life of the Z isomer formed by irradiation with white light and the push-pull behavior of the molecules. In several cases, the stilbenyl-azopyrroles led to the formation of J-type aggregates in binary MeOH : H2O solvents, which are of interest for water compatible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gallardo-Rosas
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - J M Guevara-Vela
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - T Rocha-Rinza
- Instituto de Química UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Cuidad de México, Mexico
| | - R A Toscano
- Instituto de Química UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Cuidad de México, Mexico
| | - J G López-Cortés
- Instituto de Química UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Cuidad de México, Mexico
| | - M C Ortega-Alfaro
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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15
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Jones B, Greenfield JL, Cowieson N, Fuchter MJ, Evans RC. Light-Driven Hexagonal-to-Cubic Phase Switching in Arylazopyrazole Lyotropic Liquid Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12315-12319. [PMID: 38683357 PMCID: PMC11082889 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced manipulation of the nanoscale molecular structure and organization of soft materials can drive changes in the macroscale properties. Here we demonstrate the first example of a light-induced one- to three-dimensional mesophase transition at room temperature in lyotropic liquid crystals constructed from arylazopyrazole photosurfactants in water. We exploit this characteristic to use light to selectively control the rate of gas (CO2) diffusion across a prototype lyotropic liquid crystal membrane. Such control of phase organization, dimensionality, and permeability unlocks the potential for stimuli-responsive analogues in technologies for controlled delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice
E. Jones
- Department
of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Jake L. Greenfield
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 7SL, U.K.
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nathan Cowieson
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Fuchter
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 7SL, U.K.
| | - Rachel C. Evans
- Department
of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, U.K.
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16
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Wei D, Qin Y, Xu Z, Liu H, Chen R, Yu Y, Wang D. Study of Molecular Dimer Morphology Based on Organic Spin Centers: Nitronyl Nitroxide Radicals. Molecules 2024; 29:2042. [PMID: 38731533 PMCID: PMC11085200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, in order to investigate the short-range interactions between molecules, the spin-magnetic unit nitronyl nitroxide (NN) was introduced to synthesize self-assembly single radical molecules with hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. The structures and magnetic properties were extensively investigated and characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). Interestingly, it was observed that the single molecules can form two different dimers (ring-closed dimer and "L"-type dimer) in different solvents, due to hydrogen bonding, when using EPR to track the molecular spin interactions. Both dimers exhibit ferromagnetic properties (for ring-closed dimer, J/kB = 0.18 K and ΔES-T = 0.0071 kcal/mol; for "L"-type dimer, the values were J/kB = 9.26 K and ΔES-T = 0.037 kcal/mol). In addition, the morphologies of the fibers formed by the two dimers were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wei
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yongliang Qin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ranran Chen
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
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17
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Nogal N, Guisán S, Dellemme D, Surin M, de la Escosura A. Selectivity in the chiral self-assembly of nucleobase-arylazopyrazole photoswitches along DNA templates. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:3703-3709. [PMID: 38505984 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00041b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The control of supramolecular DNA assembly through external stimuli such as light represents a promising approach to control bioreactions, and modulate hybridization or delivery processes. Here, we report on the design of nucleobase-containing arylazopyrazole photoswitches that undergo chiral organization upon self-assembly along short DNA templates. Chiroptical spectroscopy shows that the specific nucleobases allow selectivity in the resulting supramolecular DNA complexes, and UV light irradiation triggers partial desorption of the arylazopyrazole photoswitches. Molecular modeling studies reveal the differences of binding modes between the two configurations in the templated assembly. Remarkably, our results show that the photoswitching behaviour controls the self-assembly process along DNA, opening the way to potential applications as nano- and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Nogal
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Santiago Guisán
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - David Dellemme
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Innovation in Materials and Polymers, University of Mons - UMONS, 20 Place du Parc, Mons B-7000, Belgium.
| | - Mathieu Surin
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Innovation in Materials and Polymers, University of Mons - UMONS, 20 Place du Parc, Mons B-7000, Belgium.
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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18
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Fink M, Stäuble J, Weisgerber M, Carreira EM. Aryl Azocyclopropeniums: Minimalist, Visible-Light Photoswitches. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9519-9525. [PMID: 38547006 PMCID: PMC11010232 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
We report convenient syntheses of aryl azocyclopropeniums and a study of their photochemical properties. Incorporation of the smallest arene leads to pronounced redshift of the π-π* absorbance band, compared to azobenzenes. Photoisomerization under purple or green light irradiation affords Z- or E-isomers in ratios up to 94% Z or 90% E, and the switches proved stable over multiple irradiation cycles. Thermal half-lives of metastable Z-isomers range from minutes to hours in acetonitrile and water. These properties together with the concise, versatile syntheses render aryl azocyclopropeniums exciting additions to the tool kit of readily available molecular photoswitches for wide ranging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Fink
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jannik Stäuble
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maïté Weisgerber
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Goual N, Maisonneuve S, Retailleau P, Xie J, Marinetti A, Voituriez A. Synthesis and Characterization of a [1,2,6]Diazaphosphonine Oxide: An Example of a Photoswitchable Phosphorus-Containing Cyclic Azobenzene. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5098-5103. [PMID: 38452258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis and characterization of a phosphorus-containing cyclic azobenzene as a new photoswitchable scaffold. This backbone reveals high bidirectional photoswitching yields and high thermal stability for both isomers, with t1/2 > 90 days at 60 °C. Both E- and Z-isomers have been characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawel Goual
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphane Maisonneuve
- ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Juan Xie
- ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Angela Marinetti
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Arnaud Voituriez
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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20
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Steinmüller SAM, Odaybat M, Galli G, Prischich D, Fuchter MJ, Decker M. Arylazobenzimidazoles: versatile visible-light photoswitches with tuneable Z-isomer stability. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5360-5367. [PMID: 38577348 PMCID: PMC10988581 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05246j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazole heterocycles are of great importance in medicinal chemistry due to their applicability to a wide range of pharmacological targets, therefore representing a prototypical "privileged structure". In photopharmacology, azoheteroarene photoswitches have emerged as valuable tools for a variety of applications due to the high tuneability of their photophysical properties. Benzimidazole-based photoswitches could therefore enable the optically-controlled investigation of many pharmacological targets and find application in materials science. Here we report a combined experimental and computational investigation of such arylazobenzimidazoles, which allowed us to identify derivatives with near-quantitative bidirectional photoswitching using visible light and highly tuneable Z-isomer stability. We further demonstrate that arylazobenzimidazoles bearing a free benzimidazole N-H group not only exhibit efficient bidirectional photoswitching, but also excellent thermal Z-isomer stability, contrary to previously reported fast-relaxing Z-isomers of N-H azoheteroarenes. Finally, we describe derivatives which can be reversibly isomerized with cyan and red light, thereby enabling significantly "red-shifted" photocontrol over prior azoheteroarenes. The understanding gained in this study should enable future photopharmacological efforts by employing photoswitches based on the privileged benzimidazole structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A M Steinmüller
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Magdalena Odaybat
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Davia Prischich
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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21
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Hashim PK, Sahu S, Takahashi K, Thazhathethil S, Nakamura T, Tamaoki N. Geometry-Induced Oligomerization of Fluorine-Substituted Phenylazothiazole Photoswitches. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400047. [PMID: 38278760 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Photoswitches are molecules that can absorb light of specific wavelengths and undergo a reversible transformation between their trans and cis isomeric forms. In phenylazo photoswitches, it is common for the less stable cis (Z) isomer to convert back to the more stable trans (E) isomer either through photochemical or thermal means. In this research, we designed new derivatives of phenylazothiazole (PAT) photoswitches, PAT-Fn, which feature fluorine substituents on their phenyl component. These derivatives can reversibly isomerize under visible light exposure with the enrichment of E and Z isomers at photostationary state (PSS). Surprisingly, we observed an unconventional phenomenon when these PAT-Fn (n≧2) photoswitches were in their cis isomeric state in the absence of light. Instead of the anticipated transformation from cis to trans isomer, these compounds converted to an oligomeric compound. Our detailed experimental investigation and theoretical calculations, indicated the crucial role of fluorine substituents and the distinctive geometric arrangement of the cis isomer in driving the unexpected oligomerization process originating from the cis isomeric state.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Hashim
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Saugata Sahu
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Takahashi
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shakkeeb Thazhathethil
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nakamura
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
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22
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Brand MC, Trowell HG, Fuchter MJ, Greenaway RL. Incorporating Photoresponses into Porous Liquids. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303593. [PMID: 38095875 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Porous liquids combine the properties of a porous solid with those of a liquid, creating a porous flowable media. Since their discovery, these materials have gathered widespread interest within the scientific community, with substantial numbers of new systems being discovered, often with a focus on increasing the pore volume and gas capacity. Which begs the question, what does the future hold for porous liquids? Recently, the first examples of photoresponsive porous liquids have emerged, allowing changes in porosity to be observed under UV irradiation. Here, we expand on our previous report of photoresponsive porous liquids and explore the conceptualisation of responsive porous liquids and how these materials could be developed with the ability to respond to light, thereby offering a potential mechanism of controllable uptake and release in these systems. This concept article summarises different approaches that could be used to incorporate a photoresponse in a porous liquid before discussing recently reported systems, alongside important factors to consider in their design. Finally, by taking inspiration from the methods used to translate porous solids into the liquid state, combined with the field of photoresponsive materials, we discuss potential strategies that could be employed to realise further examples of photoresponsive porous liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Brand
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Innovation Factory and Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Hamish G Trowell
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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23
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Wu J, Kreimendahl L, Tao S, Anhalt O, Greenfield JL. Photoswitchable imines: aryliminopyrazoles quantitatively convert to long-lived Z-isomers with visible light. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3872-3878. [PMID: 38487238 PMCID: PMC10935669 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05841g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Arylimines offer promise in dynamic-covalent materials due to their recyclability and ease of synthesis. However, their light-triggered E/Z isomerism has received little attention. This is attributed to challenges that include low thermal stability of their metastable state (<60 s at 20 °C), incomplete photoswitching (<50% to the metastable state), and the need for UV light (≤365 nm). We overcome these limitations with a novel class of imine photoswitch, the aryliminopyrazoles (AIPs). These AIPs can be switched using visible light (470 nm), attain photostationary states with over 95% of the Z-isomer, exhibit great resistance to fatigue, and have thermal half-lives up to 19.2 hours at room temperature. Additionally, they display T-type and negative photochromism under visible light irradiation-a useful property. The photochromic properties, quantitative assembly and accessibility of precursors set these photoswitches apart from their azo-based analogues. These findings open avenues for next-generation photoresponsive dynamic-covalent materials driven solely by these new photochromic linkages and further exploration of photocontrolled dynamic combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Wu
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Lasse Kreimendahl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Suyuan Tao
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Olga Anhalt
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jake L Greenfield
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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24
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Lv Y, Ye H, You L. Multiple control of azoquinoline based molecular photoswitches. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3290-3299. [PMID: 38425524 PMCID: PMC10901508 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05879d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-addressable molecular switches with high sophistication are creating intensive interest, but are challenging to control. Herein, we incorporated ring-chain dynamic covalent sites into azoquinoline scaffolds for the construction of multi-responsive and multi-state switching systems. The manipulation of ring-chain equilibrium by acid/base and dynamic covalent reactions with primary/secondary amines allowed the regulation of E/Z photoisomerization. Moreover, the carboxyl and quinoline motifs provided recognition handles for the chelation of metal ions and turning off photoswitching, with otherwise inaccessible Z-isomer complexes obtained via the change of stimulation sequence. Particularly, the distinct metal binding behaviors of primary amine and secondary amine products offered a facile way for modulating E/Z switching and dynamic covalent reactivity. As a result, multiple control of azoarene photoswitches was accomplished, including light, pH, metal ions, and amine nucleophiles, with interplay between diverse stimuli further enabling addressable multi-state switching within reaction networks. The underlying structural and mechanistic insights were elucidated, paving the way for the creation of complex switching systems, molecular assemblies, and intelligent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youming Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hebo Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Lei You
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou 350108 China
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25
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Hight MO, Wong JY, Pimentel AE, Su TA. Intramolecular London Dispersion Interactions in Single-Molecule Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4716-4726. [PMID: 38325000 PMCID: PMC10885141 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This work shows the first example of using intramolecular London dispersion interactions to control molecular geometry and quantum transport in single-molecule junctions. Flexible σ-bonded molecular junctions typically occupy straight-chain geometries due to steric effects. Here, we synthesize a series of thiomethyl-terminated oligo(dimethylsilmethylene)s that bear [CH2-Si(CH3)2]n repeat units, where all backbone dihedral states are sterically equivalent. Scanning tunneling microscopy break-junction (STM-BJ) measurements and theoretical calculations indicate that in the absence of a strong steric bias concerted intramolecular London dispersion interactions staple the carbosilane backbone into coiled conformations that remain intact even as the junction is stretched to its breakpoint. As these kinked conformations are highly resistive to electronic transport, we observe record-high conductance decay values on an experimental junction length basis (β = 1.86 ± 0.12 Å-1). These studies reveal the potential of using intramolecular London dispersion interactions to design single-molecule electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Hight
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Joshua Y Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ashley E Pimentel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Timothy A Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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26
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Sink A, Gerwe H, Hübner H, Boivin-Jahns V, Fender J, Lorenz K, Gmeiner P, Decker M. "Photo-Adrenalines": Photoswitchable β 2 -Adrenergic Receptor Agonists as Molecular Probes for the Study of Spatiotemporal Adrenergic Signaling. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303506. [PMID: 38212242 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
β2 -adrenergic receptor (β2 -AR) agonists are used for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but also play a role in other complex disorders including cancer, diabetes and heart diseases. As the cellular and molecular mechanisms in various cells and tissues of the β2 -AR remain vastly elusive, we developed tools for this investigation with high temporal and spatial resolution. Several photoswitchable β2 -AR agonists with nanomolar activity were synthesized. The most potent agonist for β2 -AR with reasonable switching is a one-digit nanomolar active, trans-on arylazopyrazole-based adrenaline derivative and comprises valuable photopharmacological properties for further biological studies with high structural accordance to the native ligand adrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sink
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Gerwe
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Medicinal Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valerie Boivin-Jahns
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Fender
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Medicinal Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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27
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Thongchai IA, Knepp ZJ, Fertal DR, Flynn H, Young ER, Fredin LA. Acid Violet 3: A Base-Activated Water-Soluble Photoswitch. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:785-791. [PMID: 38236752 PMCID: PMC10839829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Acidic azo dyes are widely used for their vibrant colors. However, if their photophysics were better understood and controllable, they could be integrated into many more applications such as photosensing, photomedicine, and nonlinear optics. Here, the proton-controlled photophysics of a widely used acid, hydrazo dye, acid violet 3 (AV3) is explored. Density functional theory is used to predict the ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces, and the proposed photoisomerization mechanism is confirmed with spectroscopic experiments. The ground-state and first two excited-state surfaces of the three readily accessible protonation states, AV3-H, AV3, and AV3+H, are investigated along both the dihedral rotation and inversion coordinates. The deprotonated AV3-H undergoes photoisomerization with blue light (λex = 453 nm) through a dihedral rotation mechanism. Upon the formation of the cis-isomer, the reversion of AV3-H is predicted to occur through a mixed rotational and inversion mechanism. In contrast, AV3 and its protonated form, AV3+H, do not undergo photoisomerization because there is no driving force for either the rotation or inversion of the azo bond in the excited state. In addition, when the azo bond is acidic, the ground-state dihedral rotation reversion mechanism barrier is lower. The mechanistic insights gained here through the combination of theory and experiment provide a roadmap to control the reactivity of AV3 across 11 orders of magnitude of proton concentration, making them interesting candidates for a range of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Angsara Thongchai
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh
University, 6 E. Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Zachary J. Knepp
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh
University, 6 E. Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Domenica R. Fertal
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh
University, 6 E. Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Helen Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh
University, 6 E. Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Young
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh
University, 6 E. Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Lisa A. Fredin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh
University, 6 E. Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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28
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Hao Y, Han R, Li S, Liu L, Fang WH. A Complete Unveiling of the Mechanism and Chirality in Photoisomerization of Arylazopyrazole 3pzH: Combined Electronic Structure Calculations and AIMS Dynamic Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:528-538. [PMID: 38215031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The arylazopyrazole 3pzH as a novel photoswitch exhibits quantitative switching and high thermal stability. In this work, combined electronic structure calculations and ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) dynamic simulations were performed to systemically investigate the cis ↔ trans photoisomerization mechanism and the chiral preference after photoexcitation of 3pzH to the first excited singlet state (S1). Unlike most of the azoheteroarene photoswitches reported previously, many twisted and T-shaped cis isomers were found to be stable for 3pzH in the S0 state, owing to the moderate interaction between the hydrogen atom and π electrons of the aromatic ring. Two twisted cis isomers with different chirality ((M)-Z1 and (P)-Z1), the most stable T-shaped cis isomer ((T)-Z2), and the most stable planar trans isomer (E2) were selected as the initial structures to carry out the AIMS nonadiabatic dynamic simulations. Following excitation to the S1 state, all of the cis isomers decayed to conical intersection (CI) regions via the same bicycle pedal mechanism, while the evolution of the trans isomers to their CI regions was achieved via rotation around the N═N bond. More importantly, chiral preferences were found for the twisted cis isomers in the S1 state through the AIMS dynamic simulations due to the steric effect and static electronic repulsion. Notably, chirality was also observed in S1 isomerization starting from the planar E2 isomer because of the dynamic effect. After the nonadiabatic transition to the S0 state, the bicycle pedal mechanism was found to play a crucial role in cis ↔ trans photoisomerization. The simulated photoisomerization productivities were generally consistent with past experimental observations. Our calculations not only uncover the underlying reason for the excellent photoswitching properties of 3pzH but also enrich the knowledge of photoisomerization for azoheteroarene photoswitches, which will surely benefit their rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Hao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruinong Han
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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29
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Zhou Y, Mikkelsen KV. Investigation of Solvent Effects on the Molecular Energy Storage and Optical Properties of Bicyclooctadiene/Tetracyclooctane Photoswitches. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:41-50. [PMID: 38152898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the effects of solvation on the solar energy storage properties of bicyclooctadiene/tetracyclooctane (BOD/TCO) photoswitches. The solvent effects on the thermochemical and optical properties are studied in cyclohexane, toluene, dichloromethane, ethanol, acetonitrile, and a vacuum using density functional theory and coupled cluster theory. Our results show that the energy storage capacity of the BOD/TCO system increases as the solvent polarity increases, and the change is more significant with an unsubstituted system. The energy storage capacity of the substituted system is not dependent on the polarity of the solvent. As the solvent polarity increases, the absorption peaks shift away from each other and the absorption intensities increase. Overall, the solvents improve the performance of the optical properties and the energy storage capacities of the BOD/TCO molecular solar thermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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30
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Gonzalez A, Qiu Q, Usuba J, Wan J, Han GGD. Photoinduced Solid-Liquid Phase Transition and Energy Storage Enabled by the Design of Linked Double Photoswitches. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:30-34. [PMID: 38221920 PMCID: PMC10786127 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate an effective design strategy of photoswitchable phase change materials based on the bis-azobenzene scaffold. These compounds display a solid phase in the E,E state and a liquid phase in the Z,Z state, in contrast to their monoazobenzene counterparts that exhibit less controlled phase transition behaviors that are largely influenced by their functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis
University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Qianfeng Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis
University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Junichi Usuba
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis
University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Joshua Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis
University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Grace G. D. Han
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis
University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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31
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Trân HQ, Kawano S, Thielemann RE, Tanaka K, Ravoo BJ. Calamitic Liquid Crystals for Reversible Light-Modulated Phase Regulation Based on Arylazopyrazole Photoswitches. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302958. [PMID: 37944022 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The design of responsive liquid crystals enables a diversity of technological applications. Especially photochromic liquid crystals gained a lot of interest in recent years due to the excellent spatiotemporal control of their phase transitions. In this work we present calamitic light responsive mesogens based on a library of arylazopyrazole photoswitches. These compounds show liquid-crystalline behavior as shown by differential scanning calorimetry, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and polarized optical microscopy. UV-vis spectroscopy and NMR analysis confirmed the excellent photophysical properties in solution and thin film. Additionally, polarized optical microscopy studies of the pristine compounds show reversible phase transition upon irradiation with light. Moreover, as a dopant in the commercially available liquid crystal 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB), the temperature range was reduced to ambient temperatures while preserving the photophysical properties. Remarkably, this co-assembled system shows reversible liquid-crystalline to isotropic phase transition upon irradiation with light of different wavelengths. The spatiotemporal control of the phase transition of the liquid crystals offers opportunities in the development of optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoàn Quân Trân
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Shinichiro Kawano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Rebecca E Thielemann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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32
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Golovina GV, Egorov AE, Khodot EN, Kostyukov AA, Timokhina EN, Astakhova TY, Nekipelova TD. The effect of substituent position and solvent on thermal Z‒E isomerization of dihydroquinolylazotetrazole dyes: kinetic, thermodynamic, and spectral approaches. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:177-187. [PMID: 38071235 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters have been investigated for the thermal Z‒E isomerization of dihydroquinolylazotetrazole dyes with alkyl substituents (Me, t-Bu, and Adm) at positions 1 (dyes 2) and 2 (dyes 3) of the tetrazole moiety in two solvents of different polarity, acetonitrile (MeCN) and toluene. The experimental results show crucial dependence of these parameters on a substituent position in the tetrazole moiety and on a solvent. For dyes 2, Eact and ΔH‡ are lower in MeCN than in toluene that results in a high increase in the lifetimes of the Z isomers: from milliseconds in MeCN to minutes in toluene. For dyes 3, the difference in Eact and ΔH‡ in the two solvents is opposite: Eact and ΔH‡ are by more than 20 kJ mol-1 higher in MeCN, nevertheless, the rate constants for 3 in toluene are comparable with those in MeCN at the ambient temperature and the difference in the behavior is determined by the value of negative entropy of activation. Quantum-chemical calculations of the thermal Z‒E isomerization show the possibility of the process to occur via crossing from the S0 to the thermally induced T1 state. The contribution of this path is highest for 3 in toluene. The analysis of the absorption spectra demonstrates that for the E isomers, the n‒π* and π‒π* transitions are within the long-wavelength absorption band and their positions relative each other are opposite in the solvents: the n‒π* transition is blue-shifted relative to the π‒π* transition in MeCN and is red-shifted in toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Golovina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosygin Str. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Anton E Egorov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosygin Str. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Evgenii N Khodot
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey A Kostyukov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosygin Str. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Elena N Timokhina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosygin Str. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Tatiana Yu Astakhova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosygin Str. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Tatiana D Nekipelova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosygin Str. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
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33
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Kosar N, Kanwal S, Sajid H, Ayub K, Gilani MA, Elfaki Ibrahim K, Gatasheh MK, Mary YS, Mahmood T. Frequency-dependent nonlinear optical response and refractive index investigation of lactone-derived thermochromic compounds. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 126:108646. [PMID: 37816302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical (NLO) switchable materials play a crucial role in the fields of electronics and optoelectronics. The selection of an appropriate switching approach is vital in designing such materials to enhance their NLO response. Among various approaches, thermos-switching materials have shown a 4-fold increase in NLO response compared to other photo-switching materials. In this study, we computationally investigated the geometric, electronic, and nonlinear optical properties of reversible lactone-based thermochromic compounds using the ωB97XD/6-311+G (d,p) level of theory. Molecular orbital studies are employed to analyze the electronic properties of the close and open isomers of these compounds, while time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) analysis is utilized to evaluate their molecular absorption. Our findings reveal that the π-electronic conjugation-induced delocalization significantly influences the ON-OFF switchable nonlinear optical response of the lactone-based thermochromic compounds. Notably, among all compounds, the open isomer of lactone 2 exhibits the highest hyperpolarizability value (6596.69 au). Furthermore, we extended our analysis to investigate the frequency-dependent second and third-order hyperpolarizabilities. The most pronounced frequency-dependent NLO response is observed at 532 nm. Additionally, we calculated the refractive index of these thermochromic compounds to further assess their nonlinear optical response. The open isomer of lactone 1 demonstrates the highest refractive index value (3.99 × 10-14 cm2/W). Overall, our study highlights the excellent potential of reversible thermochromic compounds as NLO molecular thermos-switches for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kosar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology (UMT), C-11, Johar Town, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saba Kanwal
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hasnain Sajid
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Elfaki Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour K Gatasheh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Y Sheena Mary
- Department of Physics, FMNC, Kollam, Kerala, University of Kerala, India
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, 32038, Bahrain.
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34
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Hassan AU, Sumrra SH, Zubair M, Mohyuddin A, Mustafa G. Design and Exploration of Benzene Like Azobis Triazoles for Long-range Push-Pull Photo-Switching Attributes. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03532-5. [PMID: 38157087 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This research paper presents a comprehensive study on the design and photovoltaic parameters of azobenzene type 24 photo switches (PSs) of triazole by density functional theory (DFT). The focus was on investigating how to create a long-range push-pull effect of different substituents on the PS properties for their application in photovoltaics by further substituent decoration. Their range of values for the maximum wavelength (λmax) ranged 315-556 nm while their HOMO-LUMO energies (Egaps) were 0.57-6.35eV. The stability of the PS was evaluated by measuring hardness (η) and softness (σ) values. Additionally, photovoltaic parameters such as open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), fill factor (FF), and maximum power (Pmax) were calculated to assess the performance of the PS as photovoltaic materials. The results revealed that PSs 6 exhibited promising photovoltaic parameters to include Voc values ranging from 0.4-1.63eV, FF values ranging from 0.5438-0.929, Jsc values ranging from 19.27-50.75 mA/cm2, and Pmax values ranging from 14.72-75.91W. This indicates its potential as an efficient light-harvesting material for photovoltaic applications. Moreover, this study presents a pioneering investigation on the correlation between rotational velocity (R) and Mayer bond index (MBI) for the first time. The findings revealed a significant correlation between R and MBI, providing valuable insights into the structural dynamics of the PS. This novel finding opens up new avenues for understanding the structural dynamics of PS and their potential applications in various fields, including photovoltaics. The study provides valuable insights into the structure-property relationships of azobenzene-based PS and their suitability for photovoltaic devices. Further investigations are warranted to optimize the design of the PS, enhance their photovoltaic performance, and explore the underlying mechanisms of the correlation between R and MBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar U Hassan
- Lunan Research Institute of Beijing Institute of Technology, 888 Zhengtai Road, Tengzhou, 277599, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Sajjad H Sumrra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Mohyuddin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
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35
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Steinmüller SAM, Fender J, Deventer MH, Tutov A, Lorenz K, Stove CP, Hislop JN, Decker M. Visible-Light Photoswitchable Benzimidazole Azo-Arenes as β-Arrestin2-Biased Selective Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Agonists. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306176. [PMID: 37269130 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2 R) has high therapeutic potential for multiple pathogenic processes, such as neuroinflammation. Pathway-selective ligands are needed to overcome the lack of clinical success and to elucidate correlations between pathways and their respective therapeutic effects. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a photoswitchable scaffold based on the privileged structure of benzimidazole and its application as a functionally selective CB2 R "efficacy-switch". Benzimidazole azo-arenes offer huge potential for the broad extension of photopharmacology to a wide range of optically addressable biological targets. We used this scaffold to develop compound 10 d, a "trans-on" agonist, which serves as a molecular probe to study the β-arrestin2 (βarr2) pathway at CB2 R. βΑrr2 bias was observed in CB2 R internalization and βarr2 recruitment, while no activation occurred when looking at Gα16 or mini-Gαi . Overall, compound 10 d is the first light-dependent functionally selective agonist to investigate the complex mechanisms of CB2 R-βarr2 dependent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A M Steinmüller
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Fender
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marie H Deventer
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna Tutov
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - James N Hislop
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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36
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Adrion DM, Karunaratne WV, Lopez SA. Multiconfigurational photodynamics simulations reveal the mechanism of photodecarbonylations of cyclopropenones in explicit aqueous environments. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13205-13218. [PMID: 38023495 PMCID: PMC10664470 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03805j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas-evolving photochemical reactions use light and mild conditions to access strained organic compounds irreversibly. Cyclopropenones are a class of light-responsive molecules used in bioorthogonal photoclick reactions; their excited-state decarbonylation reaction mechanisms are misunderstood due to their ultrafast (<100 femtosecond) lifetimes. We have combined multiconfigurational quantum mechanical (QM) calculations and non-adiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) simulations to uncover the excited-state mechanism of cyclopropenone and a photoprotected cyclooctyne-(COT)-precursor in gaseous and explicit aqueous environments. We explore the role of H-bonding with fully quantum mechanical explicitly solvated NAMD simulations for the decarbonylation reaction. The cyclopropenones pass through asynchronous conical intersections and have dynamically concerted photodecarbonylation mechanisms. The COT-precursor has a higher quantum yield of 55% than cyclopropenone (28%) because these trajectories prefer to break a σCC bond to avoid the strained trans-cyclooctene geometries. Our solvated simulations show an increased quantum yield (58%) for the systems studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Adrion
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Waruni V Karunaratne
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Steven A Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
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37
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Höglsperger F, Larik FA, Bai C, Seyfried MD, Daniliuc C, Klaasen H, Thordarson P, Beves JE, Ravoo BJ. Water-Soluble Arylazoisoxazole Photoswitches. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302069. [PMID: 37578089 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Azoheteroarenes are emerging as powerful alternatives to azobenzene molecular photoswitches. In this study, water-soluble arylazoisoxazole photoswitches are introduced. UV/vis and NMR spectroscopy revealed moderate to very good photostationary states and reversible photoisomerization between the E- and Z-isomers over multiple cycles with minimal photobleaching. Several arylazoisoxazoles form host-guest complexes with β- and γ-cyclodextrin with significant differences in binding constants for each photoisomer as shown by isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR experiments, indicating their potential for photoresponsive host-guest chemistry in water. One carboxylic acid functionalized arylazoisoxazole can act as a hydrogelator, allowing gel properties to be manipulated reversibly with light. The hydrogel was characterized by rheological experiments, atom force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. These results demonstrate that arylazoisoxazoles can find applications as molecular photoswitches in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Höglsperger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Fayaz Ali Larik
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW-2052, Australia
| | - Changzhuang Bai
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW-2052, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW-2052, Australia
| | - Maximilian D Seyfried
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Henning Klaasen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW-2052, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW-2052, Australia
| | - Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW-2052, Australia
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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38
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Qiu Q, Qi Q, Usuba J, Lee K, Aprahamian I, Han GGD. Visible light activated energy storage in solid-state Azo-BF 2 switches. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11359-11364. [PMID: 37886079 PMCID: PMC10599475 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We present here a group of Azo-BF2 photoswitches that store and release energy in response to visible light irradiation. Unmodified Azo-BF2 switches have a planar structure with a large π-conjugation system, which hinders E-Z isomerization when in a compacted state. To address this challenge, we modified the switches with one or two aliphatic groups, which altered the intermolecular interactions and arrangement of the photochromes in the solid state. The derivative with two substituents exhibited a non-planar configuration that provided particularly large conformational freedom, allowing for efficient isomerization in the solid phase. Our discovery highlights the potential of using double aliphatic functionalization as a promising approach to facilitate solid-state switching of large aromatic photoswitches. This finding opens up new possibilities for exploring various photoswitch candidates for molecular solar thermal energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfeng Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham MA 02453 USA
| | - Qingkai Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Junichi Usuba
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham MA 02453 USA
| | - Karina Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham MA 02453 USA
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Grace G D Han
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham MA 02453 USA
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39
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Mukherjee A, Seyfried MD, Ravoo BJ. Azoheteroarene and Diazocine Molecular Photoswitches: Self-Assembly, Responsive Materials and Photopharmacology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304437. [PMID: 37212536 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic units tethered with an azo (-N=N-) functionality comprise a unique class of compounds, known as molecular photoswitches, exhibiting a reversible transformation between their E- and Z-isomers in response to photo-irradiation. Photoswitches have been explored extensively in the recent past to prepare dynamic self-assembled materials, optoelectronic devices, responsive biomaterials, and more. Most of such materials involve azobenzenes as the molecular photoswitch and to date, SciFinder lists more than 7000 articles and 1000 patents. Subsequently, a great deal of effort has been invested to improve the photo-isomerization efficiency and related mesoscopic properties of azobenzenes. Recently, azoheteroarenes and cyclic azobenzenes, such as arylazopyrazoles, arylazoisoxazoles, arylazopyridines, and diazocines, have emerged as second generation molecular photoswitches beyond conventional azobenzenes. These photoswitches offer distinct photoswitching behavior and responsive properties which make them highly promising candidates for multifaceted applications ranging from photoresponsive materials to photopharmacophores. In this minireview, we introduce the structural refinement and photoresponsive properties of azoheteroarenes and diazocines and summarize the state-of-the-art on utilizing these photoswitches as responsive building blocks in supramolecular assembly, material science and photopharmacology, highlighting their versatile photochemical behavior, enhanced functionality, and latest applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Mukherjee
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian D Seyfried
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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40
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Singer N, Schlögl K, Zobel JP, Mihovilovic MD, González L. Singlet and Triplet Pathways Determine the Thermal Z/ E Isomerization of an Arylazopyrazole-Based Photoswitch. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8956-8961. [PMID: 37772734 PMCID: PMC10577781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the thermal isomerization mechanism of azobenzene derivatives is essential to designing photoswitches with tunable half-lives. Herein, we employ quantum chemical calculations, nonadiabatic transition state theory, and photosensitized experiments to unravel the thermal Z/E isomerization of a heteroaromatic azoswitch, the phenylazo-1,3,5-trimethylpyrazole. In contrast to the parent azobenzene, we predict two pathways to be operative at room temperature. One is a conventional ground-state reaction occurring via inversion of the aryl group, and the other is a nonadiabatic process involving intersystem crossing to the lowest-lying triplet state and back to the ground state, accompanied by a torsional motion around the azo bond. Our results illustrate that the fastest reaction rate is not controlled by the mechanism involving the lowest activation energy, but the size of the spin-orbit couplings at the crossing between the singlet and the triplet potential energy surfaces is also determinant. It is therefore mandatory to consider all of the multiple reaction pathways in azoswitches in order to predict experimental half-lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja
K. Singer
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Schlögl
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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41
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Griffiths K, Greenfield JL, Halcovitch NR, Fuchter MJ, Griffin JM. Systematic Investigation into the Photoswitching and Thermal Properties of Arylazopyrazole-based MOF Host-Guest Complexes. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:7044-7052. [PMID: 37808902 PMCID: PMC10557064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of arylazopyrazole-loaded metal-organic frameworks were synthesized with the general formula Zn2(BDC)2(DABCO)(AAP)x (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate; DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane; AAP = arylazopyrazole guest). The empty framework adopts a large pore tetragonal structure. Upon occlusion of the E-AAP guests, the frameworks contract to form narrow pore tetragonal structures. The extent of framework contraction is dependent on guest shapes and pendant groups and ranges between 1.5 and 5.8%. When irradiated with 365 nm light, the framework expands due to the photoisomerization of E-AAP to Z-AAP. The proportion of Z-isomer at the photostationary state varies between 19 and 57% for the AAP guests studied and appears to be limited by the framework which inhibits further isomerization once fully expanded. Interestingly, confinement within the framework significantly extends the thermal half-life of the Z-AAP isomers to a maximum of approximately 56 years. This finding provides scope for the design of photoresponsive host-guest complexes with high stability of the metastable isomer for long-duration information or energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Griffiths
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
| | - Jake L. Greenfield
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität, Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | | | - Matthew J. Fuchter
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - John M. Griffin
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
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42
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Imato K, Ishii A, Kaneda N, Hidaka T, Sasaki A, Imae I, Ooyama Y. Thermally Stable Photomechanical Molecular Hinge: Sterically Hindered Stiff-Stilbene Photoswitch Mechanically Isomerizes. JACS AU 2023; 3:2458-2466. [PMID: 37772185 PMCID: PMC10523368 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches are extensively used as molecular machines because of the small structures, simple motions, and advantages of light including high spatiotemporal resolution. Applications of photoswitches depend on the mechanical responses, in other words, whether they can generate motions against mechanical forces as actuators or can be activated and controlled by mechanical forces as mechanophores. Sterically hindered stiff stilbene (HSS) is a promising photoswitch offering large hinge-like motions in the E/Z isomerization, high thermal stability of the Z isomer, which is relatively unstable compared to the E isomer, with a half-life of ca. 1000 years at room temperature, and near-quantitative two-way photoisomerization. However, its mechanical response is entirely unexplored. Here, we elucidate the mechanochemical reactivity of HSS by incorporating one Z or E isomer into the center of polymer chains, ultrasonicating the polymer solutions, and stretching the polymer films to apply elongational forces to the embedded HSS. The present study demonstrated that HSS mechanically isomerizes only in the Z to E direction and reversibly isomerizes in combination with UV light, i.e., works as a photomechanical hinge. The photomechanically inducible but thermally irreversible hinge-like motions render HSS unique and promise unconventional applications differently from existing photoswitches, mechanophores, and hinges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Imato
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Naoki Kaneda
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Taichi Hidaka
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ayane Sasaki
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ichiro Imae
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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43
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Sun W, Shangguan Z, Zhang X, Dang T, Zhang ZY, Li T. Solar Efficiency of Azo-Photoswitches for Energy Conversion: A Comprehensive Assessment. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300582. [PMID: 37278140 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitches can absorb solar photons and store them as chemical energy by photoisomerization, which is regarded as a promising strategy for photochemical solar energy storage. Although many efforts have been devoted to photoswitch discovery, the solar efficiency, a critical fundamental parameter assessing the solar energy conversion ability, has attracted little attention and remains to be studied comprehensively. Here we provide a systematic evaluation of the solar efficiency of typical azo-switches including azobenzenes and azopyrazoles, and gain a comprehensive understanding on its decisive factors. All the efficiencies are found below 1.0 %, far from the proposed limits for molecular solar thermal energy storage systems. Azopyrazoles exhibit remarkably higher solar efficiencies (0.59-0.94 %) than azobenzenes (0.11-0.43 %), benefiting from largely improved quantum yield and photoisomerization yield. Light filters can be used to improve the isomerization yield but inevitably narrow the usable range of solar spectrum, and these two contradictory effects ultimately reduce solar efficiencies. We envision this conflict could be resolved through developing azo-switches that afford high isomerization yields by absorbing wide-spectrum solar energy. We hope this work could promote more efforts to improve the solar efficiency of photoswitches, which is highly relevant to the prospect for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhichun Shangguan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Tongtong Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
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44
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Bikbaeva G, Pilip A, Egorova A, Kolesnikov I, Pankin D, Laptinskiy K, Vervald A, Dolenko T, Leuchs G, Manshina A. All-in-One Photoactivated Inhibition of Butyrylcholinesterase Combined with Luminescence as an Activation and Localization Indicator: Carbon Quantum Dots@Phosphonate Hybrids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2409. [PMID: 37686919 PMCID: PMC10489800 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Photopharmacology is a booming research area requiring a new generation of agents possessing simultaneous functions of photoswitching and pharmacophore. It is important that any practical implementation of photopharmacology ideally requires spatial control of the medicinal treatment zone. Thus, advances in the study of substances meeting all the listed requirements will lead to breakthrough research in the coming years. In this study, CQDs@phosphonate nanohybrids are presented for the first time and combine biocompatible and nontoxic luminescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with photoactive phosphonate enabling inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), which is a prognostic marker of numerous diseases. The conjunction of these components in hybrids maintains photoswitching and provides enhancement of BChE inhibition. After laser irradiation with a wavelength of 266 nm, CQDs@phosphonate hybrids demonstrate a drastic increase of butyrylcholinesterase inhibition from 38% up to almost 100% and a simultaneous luminescence decrease. All the listed hybrid properties are demonstrated not only for in vitro experiments but also for complex biological samples, i.e., chicken breast. Thus, the most important achievement is the demonstration of hybrids characterized by a remarkable combination of all-in-one properties important for photopharmacology: (i) bioactivity toward butyrylcholinesterase inhibition, (ii) strong change of inhibition degree as a result of laser irradiation, luminescence as an indicator of (iii) bioactivity state, and of (iv) spatial localization on the surface of a sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulia Bikbaeva
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;
- Center for Optical and Laser Materials Research, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (I.K.)
| | - Anna Pilip
- St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Anastasia Egorova
- St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia
- World-Class Laboratory, St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University), St. Petersburg 190013, Russia
| | - Ilya Kolesnikov
- Center for Optical and Laser Materials Research, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (I.K.)
| | - Dmitrii Pankin
- Center for Optical and Laser Materials Research, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (I.K.)
| | - Kirill Laptinskiy
- D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (K.L.)
| | - Alexey Vervald
- D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (K.L.)
| | - Tatiana Dolenko
- D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (K.L.)
| | - Gerd Leuchs
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alina Manshina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;
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45
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Elholm JL, Liasi Z, Mikkelsen MK, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Mikkelsen KV. Computational investigation of photoswitch conjugates for molecular solar energy storage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21964-21969. [PMID: 37554092 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy conversion and storage are vital for combating climate change. Molecular solar thermal systems offer a promising solution, where energy is stored in molecular compounds. This study investigates dyad molecular photoswitches by combining bicyclooctadiene/tetracyclooctane and dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene systems with phenyl and cyano groups. Density functional theory calculations were employed to determine molecular properties and consider solvation effects in toluene and dichloromethane. The results show that the combined systems have a predicted storage energy of up to 206.14 kJ mol-1 and an absorption peak at 390.26 nm with appreciable intensity. These dyad photoswitches exhibit favorable properties for molecular solar thermal storage and other applications. A comparison with individual photoswitches reveals advantages and disadvantages. The most effective conjugate has a slightly lower storage density than an equal mixture of individual systems, but it demonstrates better absorption characteristics, with improved overlap with the solar spectrum and higher absorption intensity. These findings contribute to the understanding of dyad molecular photoswitches, showcasing their potential for advanced energy storage and conversion technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lynge Elholm
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zacharias Liasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Marie Kathrine Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | | | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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46
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Janosko C, Shade O, Courtney TM, Horst TJ, Liu M, Khare SD, Deiters A. Genetic Encoding of Arylazopyrazole Phenylalanine for Optical Control of Translation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26590-26596. [PMID: 37521667 PMCID: PMC10373180 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
An arylazopyrazole was explored for its use as an enhanced photoswitchable amino acid in genetic code expansion. This new unnatural amino acid was successfully incorporated into proteins in both bacterial and mammalian cells. While photocontrol of translation required pulsed irradiations, complete selectivity for the trans-configuration by the pyrrolysyl tRNA synthetase was observed, demonstrating expression of a gene of interest selectively controlled via light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chasity
P. Janosko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Olivia Shade
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Taylor M. Courtney
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Trevor J. Horst
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Melinda Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Sagar D. Khare
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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47
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Sacherer M, Hampel F, Dube H. Diaryl-hemiindigos as visible light, pH, and heat responsive four-state switches and application in photochromic transparent polymers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4382. [PMID: 37474507 PMCID: PMC10359318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoswitches are indispensable tools for responsive chemical nanosystems and are used today in almost all areas of the natural sciences. Hemiindigo (HI) derivatives have recently been introduced as potent photoswitches, but their full applicability has been hampered by the limited possibilities of their functionalization and structural modification. Here we report on a short and easy to diversify synthesis yielding diaryl-HIs bearing one additional aromatic residue at the central double bond. The resulting chromophores offer an advantageous property profile combining red-light responsiveness, high thermal bistability, strong isomer accumulations in both switching directions, strong photochromism, tunable acid responsiveness, and acid gating. With this progress, a broader structural realm becomes accessible for HI photoswitches, which can now be synthetically tailored for advanced future applications, e.g., in research on molecular machines and switches, in studies of photoisomerization mechanisms, or in the generation of smart and addressable materials. To showcase the potential of these distinct light-responsive molecular tools, we demonstrate four-state switching, chemical fueling, and reversible inscription into transparent polymers using green and red light as well as acid/base stimuli, in addition to a comprehensive photochemical study of all compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sacherer
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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48
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Dolai A, Box SM, Bhunia S, Bera S, Das A, Samanta S. Photoisomerization of 2-Arylazoimidazoles under Visible Light: Identifying a Predictive Tool to Anticipate and Tune Likely Photoswitching Performance and Cis Half-Life. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37368413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Azopyrazoles are an emerging class of photoswitches, whereas analogous azoimidazole-based switches are unable to draw much attention because of their short cis half-lives, poor cis-trans photoreversion yields, and toxic ultraviolet (UV) light-assisted isomerization. A series of 24 various aryl-substituted N-methyl-2-arylazoimidazoles were synthesized, and their photoswitching performances and cis-trans isomerization kinetics were thoroughly investigated experimentally and theoretically. Para-π-donor-substituted azoimidazoles with highly twisted T-shaped cis conformations showed nearly complete bidirectional photoswitching, whereas di-o-substituted switches exhibited very long cis half-lives (days-years) with nearly ideal T-shaped conformations. This study demonstrates how the electron density in the aryl ring affects cis half-life and cis-trans photoreversion via twisting of the NNAr dihedral angle that can be used as a predictive metric for envisaging and tuning the likely switching performance and half-life of any given 2-arylazoimidazole. By applying this tool, two better-performing azoimidazole photoswitches were engineered. All switches permitted irradiation by violet (400-405 nm) and orange (>585 nm) light for forward and reverse isomerization, respectively, and displayed comparatively high quantum yields and impressive resistance to photobleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Dolai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Sk Majid Box
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Supriya Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Satyajit Bera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Arpan Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhas Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
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49
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Aguirre T, Teichmann E, Römpp FQ, Vivier R, Bryant C, Hulverson MA, Van Voorhis WC, Ojo KK, Doggett JS, Fiedler D, Hecht S. Photoswitchable Inhibitors to Optically Control Specific Kinase Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1378-1387. [PMID: 37167414 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Potent and selective small-molecule inhibitors are valuable tools to elucidate the functions of protein kinases within complex signaling networks. Incorporation of a photoswitchable moiety into the inhibitor scaffold offers the opportunity to steer inhibitor potency with temporal precision, while the challenge of selective inhibition can often be addressed by employing a chemical genetic approach, termed the analog-sensitive method. Here, we combine the perks of these two approaches and report photoswitchable azopyrazoles to target calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) from Toxoplasma gondii, a kinase naturally susceptible to analog-sensitive kinase inhibitors due to its glycine gatekeeper residue. The most promising azopyrazoles display favorable photochemical properties, thermal stability, and a substantial difference in IC50 values between both photostationary states. Consequently, the CDPK1 kinase reaction can be controlled dynamically and reversibly by applying light of different wavelengths. Inhibition of CDPK1 by the azopyrazoles drastically relies on the nature of the gatekeeper residue as a successive increase in gatekeeper size causes a concurrent loss of inhibitory activity. Furthermore, two photoswitchable inhibitors exhibit activity against T. gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a cell culture model, making them a promising addition to the toolbox for dissecting the role of CDPK1 in the infectious cycle with high temporal control. Overall, this work merges the benefits of the analog-sensitive approach and photopharmacology without compromising inhibitory potency and thus holds great promise for application to other protein kinases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Street 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Teichmann
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Street 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Q Römpp
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Street 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruthey Vivier
- VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, 97239 Oregon, United States
- School of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, 97239 Oregon, United States
| | - Cole Bryant
- VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, 97239 Oregon, United States
- School of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, 97239 Oregon, United States
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, P.O. Box 358061, Seattle, 98109 Washington, United States
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, P.O. Box 358061, Seattle, 98109 Washington, United States
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, P.O. Box 358061, Seattle, 98109 Washington, United States
| | - J Stone Doggett
- VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, 97239 Oregon, United States
- School of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, 97239 Oregon, United States
| | - Dorothea Fiedler
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Street 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Street 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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50
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Hernández F, Cox JM, Li J, Crespo-Otero R, Lopez SA. Multiconfigurational Calculations and Photodynamics Describe Norbornadiene Photochemistry. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5311-5320. [PMID: 37022327 PMCID: PMC10629221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Storing solar energy is a vital component of using renewable energy sources to meet the growing demands of the global energy economy. Molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage is a promising means to store solar energy with on-demand energy release. The light-induced isomerization reaction of norbornadiene (NBD) to quadricyclane (QC) is of great interest because of the generally high energy storage density (0.97 MJ kg-1) and long thermal reversion lifetime (t1/2,300K = 8346 years). However, the mechanistic details of the ultrafast excited-state [2 + 2]-cycloaddition are largely unknown due to the limitations of experimental techniques in resolving accurate excited-state molecular structures. We now present a full computational study on the excited-state deactivation mechanism of NBD and its dimethyl dicyano derivative (DMDCNBD) in the gas phase. Our multiconfigurational calculations and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations have enumerated the possible pathways with 557 S2 trajectories of NBD for 500 fs and 492 S1 trajectories of DMDCNBD for 800 fs. The simulations predicted the S2 and S1 lifetimes of NBD (62 and 221 fs, respectively) and the S1 lifetime of DMDCNBD (190 fs). The predicted quantum yields of QC and DCQC are 10 and 43%, respectively. Our simulations also show the mechanisms of forming other possible reaction products and their quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico
J. Hernández
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Jordan M. Cox
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jingbai Li
- Hoffmann
Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen
Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Steven A. Lopez
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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