1
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Bam R, Yang W, Longhi G, Abbate S, Lucotti A, Tommasini M, Franzini R, Villani C, Catalano VJ, Olmstead MM, Chalifoux WA. Chiral Teropyrenes: Synthesis, Structure, and Spectroscopic Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404849. [PMID: 38818567 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
We present the inaugural synthesis of a chiral teropyrene achieved through a four-fold alkyne benzannulation catalyzed by InCl3, resulting in good yields. The product underwent thorough characterization using FT-Raman and FT-IR spectroscopies, demonstrating a close agreement with calculated spectra. X-ray crystallographic analysis unveiled a notable twist in the molecule's backbone, with an end-to-end twist angle of 51°, consistent with computational predictions. Experimentally determined enantiomeric inversion barriers revealed a significant energy barrier of 23 kcal/mol, facilitating the isolation of enantiomers for analysis by circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectroscopies. These findings mark significant strides in the synthesis and characterization of chiral teropyrenes, offering insights into their structural and spectroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Bam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - Wenlong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Franzini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Vincent J Catalano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - Marilyn M Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Wesley A Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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2
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Tang C, Han H, Zhang R, de Moraes LS, Qi Y, Wu G, Jones CG, Rodriguez IH, Jiao Y, Liu W, Li X, Chen H, Bancroft L, Zhao X, Stern CL, Guo QH, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR, Nelson HM, Li P, Stoddart JF. A Geometrically Flexible Three-Dimensional Nanocarbon. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:20158-20167. [PMID: 38978232 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of architecturally unique molecular nanocarbons by bottom-up organic synthesis is essential for accessing functional organic materials awaiting technological developments in fields such as energy, electronics, and biomedicine. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of a triptycene-based three-dimensional (3D) nanocarbon, GFN-1, with geometrical flexibility on account of its three peripheral π-panels being capable of interconverting between two curved conformations. An effective through-space electronic communication among the three π-panels of GFN-1 has been observed in its monocationic radical form, which exhibits an extensively delocalized spin density over the entire 3D π-system as revealed by electron paramagnetic resonance and UV-vis-NIR spectroscopies. The flexible 3D molecular architecture of GFN-1, along with its densely packed superstructures in the presence of fullerenes, is revealed by microcrystal electron diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which establish the coexistence of both propeller and tweezer conformations in the solid state. GFN-1 exhibits strong binding affinities for fullerenes, leading to host-guest complexes that display rapid photoinduced electron transfer within a picosecond. The outcomes of this research could pave the way for the utilization of shape and electronically complementary nanocarbons in the construction of functional coassemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Han Han
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lygia S de Moraes
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher G Jones
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Isabel Hernandez Rodriguez
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Laura Bancroft
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Qing-Hui Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Penghao Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Hirano J, Miyoshi S, Yashima E, Ikai T, Shinokubo H, Fukui N. Synthesis of sterically congested double helicene by alkyne cycloisomerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6035-6038. [PMID: 38775051 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01573h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Alkyne cycloisomerization of 2,7,10,15-tetra(ortho-alkynylphenyl)benzo[g,p]chrysene containing bulky 4-alkoxy-2,6-dimethylphenyl groups at the alkyne terminals selectively proceeded at the sterically crowded bay-region. The obtained double helicene adopts a distorted structure with a high racemization barrier due to the intramolecular steric repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Hirano
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Ikai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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4
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George SP, Spengler J, Malone RJ, Krzoska J, Würthner F, Chalifoux WA. Dissymmetrical Chiral Peropyrenes: Synthesis via Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Activation/Alkyne Benzannulation and Study of Their Properties. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5159-5163. [PMID: 38532683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Dissymmetrical chiral peropyrenes with electron-rich and electron-deficient aryl substituents in the bay regions were synthesized via iridium-catalyzed C-H activation and alkyne benzannulation. The electronic properties were studied using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. The enantiomers were separated and exhibited high glum and gabs values in circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and circular dichroism (CD), respectively. Variable-temperature NMR experiments were conducted on symmetrical and dissymmetrical chiral peropyrenes to compare the barrier to rotation of the aryl groups in the bay region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P George
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Jonas Spengler
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ryan J Malone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - James Krzoska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wesley A Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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5
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Bernhardt A, Čavlović D, Mayländer M, Blacque O, Cruz CM, Richert S, Juríček M. π-Radical Cascade to a Chiral Saddle-Shaped Peropyrene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318254. [PMID: 38278766 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Reactions of open-shell molecular graphene fragments are typically thought of as undesired decomposition processes because they lead to the loss of desired features like π-magnetism. Oxidative dimerization of phenalenyl to peropyrene shows, however, that these transformations hold promise as a synthetic tool for making complex structures via formation of multiple bonds and rings in a single step. Here, we explore the feasibility of using this "undesired" reaction of phenalenyl to build up strain and provide access to non-planar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. To this end, we designed and synthesized a biradical system with two phenalenyl units linked via a biphenylene backbone. The design facilitates an intramolecular cascade reaction to a helically twisted saddle-shaped product, where the key transformations-ring-closure and ring-fusion-occur within one reaction. The negative curvature of the final peropyrene product, induced by the formed eight-membered ring, was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and the helical twist was validated via resolution of the product's enantiomers that display circularly polarized luminescence and high configurational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Bernhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Čavlović
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Mayländer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos M Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Lee J, Ryu H, Park S, Cho M, Choi TL. Living Suzuki-Miyaura Catalyst-Transfer Polymerization for Precision Synthesis of Length-Controlled Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons and Their Block Copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37376993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) offers a promising approach for designing atomically precise GNRs with tuneable photophysical properties, but controlling their length remains a challenge. Herein, we report an efficient synthetic protocol for producing length-controlled armchair GNRs (AGNRs) through living Suzuki-Miyaura catalyst-transfer polymerization (SCTP) using RuPhos-Pd catalyst and mild graphitization methods. Initially, SCTP of a dialkynylphenylene monomer was optimized by modifying boronates and halide moieties on the monomers, affording poly(2,5-dialkynyl-p-phenylene) (PDAPP) with controlled molecular weight (Mn up to 29.8k) and narrow dispersity (Đ = 1.14-1.39) in excellent yield (>85%). Subsequently, we successfully obtained N = 5 AGNRs by employing a mild alkyne benzannulation reaction on the PDAPP precursor and confirmed their length retention by size-exclusion chromatography. In addition, photophysical characterization revealed that a molar absorptivity was directly proportional to the length of the AGNR, while its highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level remained constant within the given AGNR length. Furthermore, we prepared, for the very first time, N = 5 AGNR block copolymers with widely used donor or acceptor-conjugated polymers by taking advantage of the living SCTP. Finally, we achieved the lateral extension of AGNRs from N = 5 to 11 by oxidative cyclodehydrogenation in solution and confirmed their chemical structure and low band gap by various spectroscopic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Ryu
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Songyee Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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7
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Mahlmeister B, Schembri T, Stepanenko V, Shoyama K, Stolte M, Würthner F. Enantiopure J-Aggregate of Quaterrylene Bisimides for Strong Chiroptical NIR-Response. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37285519 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chiral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be tailored for next-generation photonic materials by carefully designing their molecular as well as supramolecular architectures. Hence, excitonic coupling can boost the chiroptical response in extended aggregates but is still challenging to achieve by pure self-assembly. Whereas most reports on these potential materials cover the UV and visible spectral range, systems in the near infrared (NIR) are underdeveloped. We report a new quaterrylene bisimide derivative with a conformationally stable twisted π-backbone enabled by the sterical congestion of a fourfold bay-arylation. Rendering the π-subplanes accessible by small imide substituents allows for a slip-stacked chiral arrangement by kinetic self-assembly in low polarity solvents. The well dispersed solid-state aggregate reveals a sharp optical signature of strong J-type excitonic coupling in both absorption (897 nm) and emission (912 nm) far in the NIR region and reaches absorption dissymmetry factors up to 1.1 × 10-2. The structural elucidation was achieved by atomic force microscopy and single-crystal X-ray analysis which we combined to derive a structural model of a fourfold stranded enantiopure superhelix. We could deduce that the role of phenyl substituents is not only granting stable axial chirality but also guiding the chromophore into a chiral supramolecular arrangement needed for strong excitonic chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Mahlmeister
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Schembri
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Wang L, Duan L, Hong B, Gu Z. Divergent Synthesis of Helical Ketone Enabled by Rearrangement of Spiro Carbocation. Org Lett 2023; 25:1912-1917. [PMID: 36892669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
An acid-mediated electrophilic cyclization of 2-alkynyl-1,1'-biphenyls for the divergent synthesis of angular, bent, and zigzag fused nonplanar conjugated organic molecules was realized. The key feature of this reaction is a Wagner-Meerwein-type rearrangement via a spiro carbocation intermediate, which was formed by electrophilic cyclization of the 9H-fluoren-9-one derivative at the meta position. The products can be advanced to helical fluorenes, which exhibit high fluorescence quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Longhui Duan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Biqiong Hong
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
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9
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Maier S, Hippchen N, Jester F, Dodds M, Weber M, Skarjan L, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. Azaarenes: 13 Rings in a Row by Cyclopentannulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214031. [PMID: 36383088 PMCID: PMC10107455 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopentannulation was explored as a strategy to access large, stable azaarenes. Buchwald-Hartwig coupling of previously reported di- and tetrabrominated cyclopentannulated N,N'-dihydrotetraazapentacenes furnished stable azaarenes with up to 13 six-membered rings in a row and a length of 3.1 nm. Their optoelectronic and semi-conducting properties as well as their aromaticity were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Maier
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Hippchen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Jester
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Dodds
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel Weber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leon Skarjan
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Preferential molecular recognition of heterochiral guests within a cyclophane receptor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:243. [PMID: 36646685 PMCID: PMC9842753 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The discrimination of enantiomers by natural receptors is a well-established phenomenon. In contrast the number of synthetic receptors with the capability for enantioselective molecular recognition of chiral substrates is scarce and for chiral cyclophanes indicative for a preferential binding of homochiral guests. Here we introduce a cyclophane composed of two homochiral core-twisted perylene bisimide (PBI) units connected by p-xylylene spacers and demonstrate its preference for the complexation of [5]helicene of opposite helicity compared to the PBI units of the host. The pronounced enantio-differentiation of this molecular receptor for heterochiral guests can be utilized for the enrichment of the P-PBI-M-helicene-P-PBI epimeric bimolecular complex. Our experimental results are supported by DFT calculations, which reveal that the sterically demanding bay substituents attached to the PBI chromophores disturb the helical shape match of the perylene core and homochiral substrates and thereby enforce the formation of syndiotactic host-guest complex structures. Hence, the most efficient substrate binding is observed for those aromatic guests, e. g. perylene, [4]helicene, phenanthrene and biphenyl, that can easily adapt in non-planar axially chiral conformations due to their inherent conformational flexibility. In all cases the induced chirality for the guest is opposed to those of the embedding PBI units, leading to heterochiral host-guest structures.
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11
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Malone RJ, Spengler J, Carmichael RA, Ngo K, Würthner F, Chalifoux WA. Synthesis and Properties of Achiral and Chiral Dipyrenoheteroles and Related Compounds. Org Lett 2023; 25:226-230. [PMID: 36594761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Achiral and chiral isomers of dipyrenoheteroles were synthesized via alkyne benzannulation. The electronic properties of these compounds were examined using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The enantiomers of the chiral isomers were separated, and their optical properties were examined in circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence studies. The chiral isomers exhibited a large bathochromic shift, relative to the achiral isomer, in both absorbance and fluorescence, resulting from decreased symmetry, rather than a change in the size of the backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Malone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Jonas Spengler
- Insitut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rachael A Carmichael
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Khoa Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Frank Würthner
- Insitut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wesley A Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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12
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A superhelicene-like structure bearing an eight-membered ring at the joint. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Čavlović D, Häussinger D, Blacque O, Ravat P, Juríček M. Nonacethrene Unchained: A Cascade to Chiral Contorted Conjugated Hydrocarbon with Two sp 3-Defects. JACS AU 2022; 2:1616-1626. [PMID: 35911448 PMCID: PMC9326821 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that structurally complex carbon nanostructures can be achieved via a synthetic approach that capitalizes on a π-radical reaction cascade. The cascade is triggered by oxidation of a dihydro precursor of helical diradicaloid nonacethrene to give a chiral contorted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon named hypercethrene. In this ten-electron oxidation process, four σ-bonds, one π-bond, and three six-membered rings are formed in a sequence of up to nine steps to yield a 72-carbon-atom warped framework, comprising two configurationally locked [7]helicene units, a fluorescent peropyrene unit, and two precisely installed sp3-defects. The key intermediate in this cascade is a closed nonacethrene derivative with one quaternary sp3-center, presumably formed via an electrocyclic ring closure of nonacethrene, which, when activated by oxidation, undergoes a reaction cascade analogous to the oxidative dimerization of phenalenyl to peropyrene. By controlling the amount of oxidant used, two intermediates and one side product could be isolated and fully characterized, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and two intermediates were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. In concert with density functional theory calculations, these intermediates support the proposed reaction mechanism. Compared to peropyrene, the absorption and emission of hypercethrene are slightly red-shifted on account of extended π-conjugation and the fluorescence quantum yield of 0.45 is decreased by a factor of ∼2. Enantiomerically enriched hypercethrene displays circularly polarized luminescence with a brightness value of 8.3 M-1 cm-1. Our results show that reactions of graphene-based π-radicals-typically considered an "undefined decomposition" of non-zero-spin materials-can be well-defined and selective, and have potential to be transformed into a step-economic synthetic method toward complex carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Čavlović
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Prince Ravat
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Mahlmeister B, Mahl M, Reichelt H, Shoyama K, Stolte M, Würthner F. Helically Twisted Nanoribbons Based on Emissive Near-Infrared Responsive Quaterrylene Bisimides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10507-10514. [PMID: 35649272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have the potential for next-generation functional devices. So far, GNRs with defined stereochemistry are rarely reported in literature and their optical response is usually bound to the ultraviolet or visible spectral region, while covering the near-infrared (NIR) regime is still challenging. Herein, we report two novel quaterrylene bisimides with either one- or twofold-twisted π-backbones enabled by the steric congestion of a fourfold bay arylation leading to an end-to-end twist of up to 76°. The strong interlocking effect of the π-stacked aryl substituents introduces a rigidification of the chromophore unambiguously proven by single-crystal X-ray analysis. This leads to unexpectedly strong NIR emissions at 862 and 903 nm with quantum yields of 1.5 and 0.9%, respectively, further ensuring high solubility as well as resolvable and highly stable atropo-enantiomers. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of these enantiopure chiral compounds reveals a strong Cotton effect Δε of up to 67 M-1 cm-1 centered far in the NIR region at 849 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Mahlmeister
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Magnus Mahl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | | | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany.,Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany.,Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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15
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Bai L, Wang N, Li Y. Controlled Growth and Self-Assembly of Multiscale Organic Semiconductor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2102811. [PMID: 34486181 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, organic semiconductors (OSs) are widely used as active components in practical devices related to energy storage and conversion, optoelectronics, catalysis, and biological sensors, etc. To satisfy the actual requirements of different types of devices, chemical structure design and self-assembly process control have been synergistically performed. The morphology and other basic properties of multiscale OS components are governed on a broad scale from nanometers to macroscopic micrometers. Herein, the up-to-date design strategies for fabricating multiscale OSs are comprehensively reviewed. Related representative works are introduced, applications in practical devices are discussed, and future research directions are presented. Design strategies combining the advances in organic synthetic chemistry and supramolecular assembly technology perform an integral role in the development of a new generation of multiscale OSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Bai
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, No. 27 # Shanda South Street, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, No. 27 # Shanda South Street, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Li
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, No. 27 # Shanda South Street, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 # Zhongguancun North First Street, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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16
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MCD and Induced CD of a Tetraphenoxyperylene-Based Dye in Chiral Solvents: An Experimental and Computational Study. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14061108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectrum of N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,6,7,12-tetraphenoxyperylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxydiimide, also known as Lumogen Red 300 or ROT-300, has been recorded both in achiral and chiral solvents. The induced CD spectra in chiral solvents have, similarly, been recorded. A discussion of the spectroscopic response, both in CD and in MCD experiments, is presented in this paper. Both types of spectra have been predicted most satisfactorily by DFT calculations; the CD spectra were obtained by assuming the prevalence of one “enantiomeric” conformer and the same set of conformers could also be used for MCD, since “enantiomeric” structures present identically in MCD spectra.
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17
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Saha NK, Barnes TH, Wilson LJ, Merner BL. Synthesis of a Bent, Twisted, and Chiral Phenanthrene via an Iodine Monochloride-Mediated, Strain-Inducing π-Extension Reaction. Org Lett 2022; 24:1038-1042. [PMID: 35080895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for the synthesis of substituted and strained p-phenylene units is reported. An oxidative allylic alcohol rearrangement, followed by organometallic addition to the resulting α-ketol and subsequent dehydrative aromatization, affords p-terphenyl-containing macrocycles in which the central p-phenylene has been selectively substituted. Ten 18-membered macrocycles have been synthesized, eight of which contain substituents that could enable π-extension. Only alkynylated derivatives were amenable to π-extension via an ICl-mediated reaction, affording a highly bent, twisted, and chiral phenanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirob K Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36830, United States
| | - Timothy H Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36830, United States
| | - Laura J Wilson
- Lotus Separations, Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Bradley L Merner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36830, United States
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18
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Swain AK, Radacki K, Braunschweig H, Ravat P. Pyrene-Fused [7]Helicenes Connected Via Hexagonal and Heptagonal Rings: Stereospecific Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties. J Org Chem 2022; 87:993-1000. [PMID: 34990132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we portrayed a stereospecific synthesis of C2- and C1-symmetric pyrene-fused [7]helicene compounds 1 and 2, respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 were synthesized via a one-pot Suzuki coupling-C-H activation and two-step Suzuki coupling-Scholl reaction, respectively, with complete retention of configuration. The synthesized molecules differ in the fusing mode of [7]helicene units with pyrene via six- and seven-membered rings for 1 and 2, respectively. There was a significant difference in the functional properties and enantiomerization barrier of both compounds because of their distinct molecular symmetry as well as fusing mode to pyrene moiety. The heptagon-containing molecule 2 showed remarkable photophysical and chiroptical properties with commendable configurational stability compared to 1 and pristine [7]helicene as well as its [5]helicene congener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Kumar Swain
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Prince Ravat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Chalifoux WA, Sitaula P, Malone RJ, Longhi G, Abbate S, Gualtieri E, Lucotti A, Tommasini M, Franzini R, Villani C, Catalano VJ. π‐Extended Helical Nanographenes: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Naphtho[1,2‐a]pyrenes. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A. Chalifoux
- University of Nevada, Reno Chemistry 1664 N. Virginia StreetDepartment of Chemistry, MS216 89557 Reno UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Giovanna Longhi
- Università degli Studi di Brescia Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale: Universita degli Studi di Brescia Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale ITALY
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Università degli Studi di Brescia Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale: Universita degli Studi di Brescia Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale ITALY
| | - Eva Gualtieri
- Politecnico di Milano Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta" ITALY
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Politecnico di Milano Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta" ITALY
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Politecnico di Milano Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta" ITALY
| | - Roberta Franzini
- University of Rome La Sapienza Department of Chemistry: Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza Dipartimento di Chimica Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco ITALY
| | - Claudio Villani
- University of Rome: Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco ITALY
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20
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Effects of Temperature on Enantiomerization Energy and Distribution of Isomers in the Chiral Cu 13 Cluster. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185710. [PMID: 34577181 PMCID: PMC8471510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the lowest energy structure of bare Cu13 nanoclusters as a pair of enantiomers at room temperature. Moreover, we compute the enantiomerization energy for the interconversion from minus to plus structures in the chiral putative global minimum for temperatures ranging from 20 to 1300 K. Additionally, employing nanothermodynamics, we compute the probabilities of occurrence for each particular isomer as a function of temperature. To achieve that, we explore the free energy surface of the Cu13 cluster, employing a genetic algorithm coupled with density functional theory. Moreover, we discuss the energetic ordering of isomers computed with various density functionals. Based on the computed thermal population, our results show that the chiral putative global minimum strongly dominates at room temperature.
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21
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Hussain WA, Plunkett KN. Benzodithiophene-Fused Cyclopentannulated Aromatics via a Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclopentannulation and Scholl Cyclodehydrogenation Strategy. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12569-12576. [PMID: 34464132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a new class of cyclopenta-fused polyaromatic hydrocarbon (CP-PAH) incorporating fused benzodithiophene subunits. These CP-PAHs were prepared utilizing a two-step process involving a palladium catalyzed cyclopentannulation followed by a Scholl cyclodehydrogenation. This work broadens the scope of annulation chemistry by employing 1,2-bis(5-hexylthiophen-3-yl)ethyne and dibromoaryl derivatives based on anthracene, pyrene, and perylene to give 4,4',4'',4'''-(cyclopenta[hi]aceanthrylene-1,2,6,7-tetrayl)tetrakis(2-hexylthiophene), 4,4',4'',4'''-(dicyclopenta[cd,jk]pyrene-1,2,6,7-tetrayl)tetrakis(2-hexylthiophene), and 1,2,7,8-tetrakis(5-hexylthiophen-3-yl)-1,2,7,8-tetrahydrodicyclopenta[cd,lm]perylene. Scholl cyclodehydrogenation of the pendant thiophene units provided access to the π-extended polyaromatic systems 2,5,11,14-tetrahexylrubiceno[5,4-b:6,7-b':12,11-b'':13,14-b''']tetrathiophene, 2,5,11,14-tetrahexyldithieno-[4,5:6,7]indeno[1,2,3-cd]dithieno[4,5:6,7]indeno-[1,2,3-jk]pyrenes, and 2,9,12,19-tetrahexyldithieno[4,5:6,7]indaceno[1,2,3-cd]dithieno[4,5:6,7]indaceno[1,2,3-lm]perylene that possess helicene-like fragments. The anthracene-based CP-PAH was contorted owing to [5]helicene-like arrangements, while the pyrene- and perylene-based systems were essentially planar. The fully conjugated small molecules give low optical gaps (1.7-2.1 eV) with broad light absorption. The HOMO and LUMO energies of the CP-PAHs were found to be in the range of -5.48 to -5.05 eV and -3.48 to -3.14 eV, respectively. Finally, the anthracene-based CP-PAH was found to be a p-type semiconductor when tested in an organic field effect transistor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem A Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 United States
| | - Kyle N Plunkett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 United States
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22
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Baal E, Klein M, Harms K, Sundermeyer J. 2,9-Diazadibenzoperylene and 2,9-Dimethyldibenzoperylene-1,3,8,10-tetratriflates: Key to Functionalized 2,9-Diazaperopyrenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:12610-12618. [PMID: 34180559 PMCID: PMC8456801 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 2,9-diaza-1,3,8,10-tetratriflato-dibenzoperylene (DDP 3 a) and corresponding 2,9-dimethyl-1,3,8,10-tetratriflato-dibenzoperylene (DBP 3 b) has been developed at multigram scale via reduction of one of the industrially most important high-performance dyes, perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI), and of the corresponding dihydroxy peropyrenequinone precursor. The focus of this paper is on the reactivity pattern of 3 a as key intermediate towards highly functionalized 2,9-diazadibenzopyrelenes (DDPs) obtained via catalytic substitution of four triflate by aryl, heteroaryl, alkynyl, aminyl, and O-phosphanyl substituents. The influence of electron-donating substituents (OSiMe3 , OPt-Bu2 , N-piperidinyl), electron-withdrawing (OTf, 3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl), and of electron-rich π-conjugated (2-thienyl, 4-tert-butylphenyl, trimethylsilyl-ethynyl) substituents on optoelectronic and structural properties of these functionalized DDPs has been investigated via XRD analyses, UV/Vis, PL spectroscopy, and by electroanalytical CV. These results were correlated to results of DFT and TD-DFT calculations. Thus, functionalized DPPs with easily tunable HOMO and LUMO energies and gap became available via a new and reliable synthetic strategy starting from readily available PTCDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Baal
- Chemistry Department and Materials Sciences CenterPhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Marius Klein
- Chemistry Department and Materials Sciences CenterPhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Chemistry Department and Materials Sciences CenterPhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Chemistry Department and Materials Sciences CenterPhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
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23
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Hu S, Hu L, Zhu X, Wang Y, Liu M. Chiral V-shaped Pyrenes: Hexagonal Packing, Superhelix, and Amplified Chiroptical Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19451-19457. [PMID: 34196488 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here, we designed symmetric and dissymmetric chiral V-shaped pyrenes by linking achiral pyrenes to trans-1,2-cyclohexane diamine scaffolds with varied spacers to investigate their circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized excimer emission (CPEE). In molecular solution, the symmetric V-shaped molecules (P1, P2, P3) displayed spacer-dependent CD and CPEE originating from the intramolecular excimers while the dissymmetric V-shaped B was silent in CD and CPEE. Upon self-assembly, the chiral V-shaped conformation guided a helical hexagonal packing. Notably, P1 self-assembled into delicate superhelices with optimum chiroptical activities and the largest gCD for pyrene derivatives to date. The dissymmetric B formed two distinct hexagonal aggregates as twists and rectangular nanotubes with greatly amplified CPEE. This work demonstrates unprecedented hexagonal superhelices from chiral V-shaped scaffolds and provides a deep insight into the relationship between molecular conformation, supramolecular architectures, and their chiroptical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liangyu Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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24
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Hu S, Hu L, Zhu X, Wang Y, Liu M. Chiral V‐shaped Pyrenes: Hexagonal Packing, Superhelix, and Amplified Chiroptical Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Liangyu Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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25
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Renner R, Mahlmeister B, Anhalt O, Stolte M, Würthner F. Chiral Perylene Bisimide Dyes by Interlocked Arene Substituents in the Bay Area. Chemistry 2021; 27:11997-12006. [PMID: 34133048 PMCID: PMC8456824 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of perylene bisimide (PBI) dyes bearing various aryl substituents in 1,6,7,12 bay positions has been synthesized by Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. These molecules exhibit an exceptionally large and conformationally fixed twist angle of the PBI π-core due to the high steric congestion imparted by the aryl substituents in bay positions. Single crystal X-ray analyses of phenyl-, naphthyl- and pyrenyl-functionalized PBIs reveal interlocked π-π-stacking motifs, leading to conformational chirality and the possibility for the isolation of enantiopure atropoisomers by semipreparative HPLC. The interlocked arrangement endows these molecules with substantial racemization barriers of about 120 kJ mol-1 for the tetraphenyl- and tetra-2-naphthyl-substituted derivatives, which is among the highest racemization barriers for axially chiral PBIs. Variable temperature NMR studies reveal the presence of a multitude of up to fourteen conformational isomers in solution that are interconverted via smaller activation barriers of about 65 kJ mol-1 . The redox and optical properties of these core-twisted PBIs have been characterized by cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis/NIR and fluorescence spectroscopy and their respective atropo-enantiomers were further characterized by circular dichroism (CD) and circular polarized luminescence (CPL) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Renner
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Bernhard Mahlmeister
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Olga Anhalt
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
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26
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Werner S, Vollgraff T, Sundermeyer J. Tetrasubstituted Peropyrenes Formed by Reductive Aromatization: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization. Chemistry 2021; 27:11065-11075. [PMID: 34033166 PMCID: PMC8453513 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chromophore class of 1,3,8,10-tetrasubstituted peropyrenes was effectively synthesized from peropyrenequinone via a Zn-mediated reductive aromatization approach. In one step, a symmetric functionalization of the peropyrene backbone introducing silylethers (2,3), pivaloyl (4), triflyl (5) and also phosphinite (6) groups was established. Furthermore, the potential of using 4 and 5 in transition metal catalysed cross couplings was explored leading to 1,3,8,10-tetraaryl (8-11) and tetraalkynyl (7) peropyrenes. The influence of various substituents on the optoelectronic properties of these π-system extended peropyrenes was investigated in solid state by means of X-ray crystallography, in solution by means of UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and by their redox properties studied via cyclic voltammetry. By comparison with DFT and TD-DFT calculations, it could be elucidated that introduction of a broad variety of substituents in such versatile one or two step procedures leads to peropyrenes with easily tunable HOMO and LUMO energies ranging in a gap window of 0.8 eV. The frontier molecular orbital energies identify the target molecules as promising candidates for hole transporting semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Werner
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Science CenterPhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Tobias Vollgraff
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Science CenterPhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Science CenterPhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
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27
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Werner S, Vollgraff T, Sundermeyer J. Access to Functionalized Pyrenes, Peropyrenes, Terropyrenes, and Quarterropyrenes via Reductive Aromatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13631-13635. [PMID: 33724640 PMCID: PMC8252597 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a versatile concept for the synthesis of fourfold functionalized, soluble pyrenes, peropyrenes, terropyrenes, and quarterropyrenes. They were obtained by a modular stepwise approach towards the rylene scaffold via Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling, oxidative cyclodehydrogenation in the presence of caesium hydroxide under air, and finally zinc‐mediated reductive silylation. The silylated reaction products were characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The first example of a synthesized and crystallized quarterropyrene is presented and its oxidation reaction investigated. The functionalized ropyrenes were systematically characterized by means of UV/Vis–NIR and photoluminescence spectroscopy showing a bathochromic shift of 80 nm per naphthalene unit and a nearly linear increase of the extinction coefficients. Cyclic voltammograms and DFT calculations identify them as electron‐rich dyes and show a narrowing of the electrochemically determined HOMO–LUMO gap and lower oxidation potentials for the higher homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Werner
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Science Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans Meerwein Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Vollgraff
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Science Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans Meerwein Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Science Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans Meerwein Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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28
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Werner S, Vollgraff T, Sundermeyer J. Zugang zu funktionalisierten Pyrenen, Peropyrenen, Terropyrenen und Quarterropyrenen über reduktive Aromatisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Werner
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans Meerwein Straße 4 35032 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Tobias Vollgraff
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans Meerwein Straße 4 35032 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans Meerwein Straße 4 35032 Marburg Deutschland
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29
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Yamazaki K, Rej S, Ano Y, Chatani N. Mechanism and Origins of Regiochemical Control in Rh(III)-Catalyzed Oxidative C–H Alkenylation and Coupling Sequence of Unprotected 1-Naphthylamines with α,β-Unsaturated Esters. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Supriya Rej
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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30
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Swain AK, Kolanji K, Stapper C, Ravat P. C2- and C1-Symmetric Configurationally Stable Pyrene-Fused [5]Helicenes Connected via Hexagonal and Heptagonal Rings. Org Lett 2021; 23:1339-1343. [PMID: 33529041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the stereospecific synthesis and functional properties of C2- and C1-symmetric pyrene-fused [5]helicene molecules 1 and 2 connected via hexagonal and heptagonal rings, respectively. Both molecules showed high configurational stability and distinct functional properties, which were attributed to the fusing mode of [5]helicene with the pyrene and molecular symmetry. The estimated Gibbs activation energy for enantiomerization of 2 is one of the highest reported values for any π-conjugated molecules incorporating [5]helicene moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Kumar Swain
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kubandiran Kolanji
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Stapper
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Prince Ravat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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31
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Mravec B, Marini A, Tommasini M, Filo J, Cigáň M, Mantero M, Tosi S, Canepa M, Bianco A. Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Benzoylpyridine‐Based Hydrazones. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:533-541. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Mravec
- Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Anna Marini
- Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova 16146 Italy
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Politecnico di Milano P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Juraj Filo
- Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Marek Cigáň
- Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | | | - Silvano Tosi
- Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova 16146 Italy
- INFN Sezione di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova 16146 Italy
| | - Maurizio Canepa
- OPTMATLAB Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova 16146 Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera via Bianchi 46 23807 Merate Italy
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32
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Kawade RK, Hu C, Dos Santos NR, Watson N, Lin X, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Phenalenannulations: Three-Point Double Annulation Reactions that Convert Benzenes into Pyrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14352-14357. [PMID: 32495480 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
3-Point annulations, or phenalenannulations, transform a benzene ring directly into a substituted pyrene by "wrapping" two new cycles around the perimeter of the central ring at three consecutive carbon atoms. This efficient, modular, and general method for π-extension opens access to non-symmetric pyrenes and their expanded analogues. Potentially, this approach can convert any aromatic ring bearing a -CH2 Br or a -CHO group into a pyrene moiety. Depending upon the workup choices, the process can be directed towards either tin- or iodo-substituted product formation, giving complementary choices for further various cross-coupling reactions. The two-directional bis-double annulation adds two new polyaromatic extensions with a total of six new aromatic rings at a central core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kisan Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Nikolas R Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Noelle Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
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33
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Kawade RK, Hu C, Dos Santos NR, Watson N, Lin X, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Phenalenannulations: Three‐Point Double Annulation Reactions that Convert Benzenes into Pyrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kisan Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Nikolas R. Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Noelle Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
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34
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Li Y, Concellón A, Lin CJ, Romero NA, Lin S, Swager TM. Thiophene-fused polyaromatics: synthesis, columnar liquid crystal, fluorescence and electrochemical properties. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4695-4701. [PMID: 34122924 PMCID: PMC8159230 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient syntheses that incorporate thiophene units into different extended conjugation systems are of interest as a result of the prevalence of sulfur-rich aromatics in organic electronics. Self-organization by using liquid crystal properties is also desirable for optimal processing of organic electronics and optical devices. In this article, we describe a two-step process to access extended regioisomers of polyaromatics with different shapes. This method involves an efficient single or double benzannulation from an alkyne precursor followed by Scholl cyclization. In spite of their unconventional nondiscoid shape, these materials display stable columnar liquid crystal phases. We examine the photophysical and electrochemical properties and find that structurally very similar thiophene-fused polyaromatics display significant differences in their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02143 USA
| | - Alberto Concellón
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02143 USA
| | - Che-Jen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02143 USA
| | - Nathan A Romero
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02143 USA
| | - Sibo Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02143 USA
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02143 USA
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35
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Ma J, Fu Y, Liu J, Feng X. One-pot synthesis of dicyclopenta-fused peropyrene via a fourfold alkyne annulation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:791-797. [PMID: 32395182 PMCID: PMC7188986 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel dicyclopenta-fused peropyrene derivative 1 was synthesized via a palladium-catalyzed four-fold alkyne annulation of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromo-2,7-diphenylpyrene (5) with diphenylacetylene. The annulative π-extension reaction toward 1 involved a twofold [3 + 2] cyclopentannulation and subsequent twofold [4 + 2] benzannulation. The structure of 1 is unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallography; 1 adopted a twisted geometry due to the steric hindrance of the phenyl rings and the hydrogen substituents at the bay regions. Notably, compound 1 exhibits a narrow energy gap (1.78 eV) and a lower LUMO energy level than the parent peropyrene without the fusion of the five-membered rings. In addition, the effects of the peri-fused pentagons on the aromaticity and molecular orbitals of 1 were evaluated by theoretical calculations. This work presents an efficient method to develop π-extended aromatic hydrocarbons with cyclopenta moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yubin Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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36
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Diao Y, Hu J, Cheng S, Ma F, Li MQ, Hu X, Li YY, He J, Xu Z. Dense Alkyne Arrays of a Zr(IV) Metal–Organic Framework Absorb Co2(CO)8 for Functionalization. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5626-5631. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jieying Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China
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37
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Magiera KM, Aryal V, Chalifoux WA. Alkyne benzannulations in the preparation of contorted nanographenes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2372-2386. [PMID: 32196052 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanographenes are a popular area of research due to their promising properties for electronics. Over the last twenty years there has been a significant increase in interest in the development of contorted nanographenes. While many top-down techniques are employed in the synthesis of these planar nanographenes, the use of alkynes in bottom-up syntheses allows for easy functionalization and the development of contorted nanographenes. The syntheses of contorted nanographenes with a focus on utilizing alkynes is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie M Magiera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Vivek Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Wesley A Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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38
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Peggiani S, Senis A, Facibeni A, Milani A, Serafini P, Cerrato G, Lucotti A, Tommasini M, Fazzi D, Castiglioni C, Russo V, Li Bassi A, Casari CS. Size-selected polyynes synthesised by submerged arc discharge in water. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.137054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Li Y, Yagi A, Itami K. Synthesis of Highly Twisted, Nonplanar Aromatic Macrocycles Enabled by an Axially Chiral 4,5-Diphenylphenanthrene Building Block. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3246-3253. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Li
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Akiko Yagi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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40
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Peggiani S, Marabotti P, Lotti RA, Facibeni A, Serafini P, Milani A, Russo V, Li Bassi A, Casari CS. Solvent-dependent termination, size and stability in polyynes synthesized via laser ablation in liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26312-26321. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04132g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UV-vis and SERS spectroscopy reveal the solvent effect on termination, size and stability in polyynes synthesized via laser ablation in liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Facibeni
- Department of Energy
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
| | | | | | - Valeria Russo
- Department of Energy
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
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41
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Zhang F, Michail E, Saal F, Krause A, Ravat P. Stereospecific Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Propeller-Shaped C 90 H 48 PAH. Chemistry 2019; 25:16241-16245. [PMID: 31742798 PMCID: PMC6972628 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have synthesized an enantiomerically pure propeller-shaped PAH, C90 H48 , possessing three [7]helicene and three [5]helicene subunits. This compound can be obtained in gram quantities in a straightforward manner. The photophysical and chiroptical properties were investigated using UV/Vis absorption and emission, optical rotation and circular dichroism spectroscopy, supported by DFT calculations. The nonlinear optical properties were investigated by two-photon absorption measurements using linearly and circularly polarized light. The extremely twisted structure and packing of the homochiral compound were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zhang
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Evripidis Michail
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Fridolin Saal
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ana‐Maria Krause
- Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Prince Ravat
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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42
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Wang L, Han Y, Zhang J, Li X, Liu X, Xiao J. Stable Double and Quadruple [5]Helicene Derivatives: Synthesis, Structural Analysis, and Physical Properties. Org Lett 2019; 22:261-264. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Han
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinqun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinchong Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People’s Republic of China
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43
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Jolly A, Miao D, Daigle M, Morin J. Emerging Bottom‐Up Strategies for the Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons and Related Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Jolly
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux AvancésUniversité Laval 1045 Ave de la Médecine Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Dandan Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux AvancésUniversité Laval 1045 Ave de la Médecine Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Maxime Daigle
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux AvancésUniversité Laval 1045 Ave de la Médecine Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Jean‐François Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux AvancésUniversité Laval 1045 Ave de la Médecine Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
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44
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Jolly A, Miao D, Daigle M, Morin JF. Emerging Bottom-Up Strategies for the Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons and Related Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:4624-4633. [PMID: 31265750 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The solution-phase synthesis is one of the most promising strategies for the preparation of well-defined graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) in large scale. To prepare high quality, defect-free GNRs, cycloaromatization reactions need to be very efficient, proceed without side reaction and mild enough to accommodate the presence of various functional groups. In this Minireview, we present the latest synthetic approaches for the synthesis of GNRs and related structures, including alkyne benzannulation, photochemical cyclodehydrohalogenation, Mallory and Pd- and Ni-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Jolly
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Université Laval, 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dandan Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Université Laval, 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Maxime Daigle
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Université Laval, 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-François Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Université Laval, 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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45
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Navakouski M, Zhylitskaya H, Chmielewski PJ, Żyła-Karwowska M, Stępień M. Electrophilic Aromatic Coupling of Hexapyrrolylbenzenes. A Mechanistic Analysis. J Org Chem 2019; 85:187-194. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Navakouski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Halina Zhylitskaya
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marika Żyła-Karwowska
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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46
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Bam R, Yang W, Longhi G, Abbate S, Lucotti A, Tommasini M, Franzini R, Villani C, Catalano VJ, Olmstead MM, Chalifoux WA. Four-Fold Alkyne Benzannulation: Synthesis, Properties, and Structure of Pyreno[a]pyrene-Based Helicene Hybrids. Org Lett 2019; 21:8652-8656. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Radha Bam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada—Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Wenlong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada—Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Franzini
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Universitá di Roma “La Sapienza”, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Universitá di Roma “La Sapienza”, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Vincent J. Catalano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada—Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Marilyn M. Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Wesley A. Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada—Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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Chen Q, Thoms S, Stöttinger S, Schollmeyer D, Müllen K, Narita A, Basché T. Dibenzo[ hi, st]ovalene as Highly Luminescent Nanographene: Efficient Synthesis via Photochemical Cyclodehydroiodination, Optoelectronic Properties, and Single-Molecule Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16439-16449. [PMID: 31589425 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dibenzo[hi,st]ovalene (DBOV), as a new nanographene, has demonstrated promising optical properties, such as red emission with a high fluorescence quantum yield of 79% and stimulated emission, as well as high thermal stability and photostability, which indicated its promise as a light-emitting and optical gain material. However, the previous synthetic routes required at least 12 steps. This obstructed access to different derivatives, e.g., to obtain crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis and to tune the optoelectronic properties. Here, we report an efficient synthetic pathway to DBOV based on a sequential iodination-benzannulation of bi(naphthylphenyl)diyne, followed by photochemical cyclodehydroiodination (PCDHI). This protocol included a fused bischrysene as a key intermediate and furnished scalable amounts of meso-substituted DBOV derivatives with different substituents. DBOV with 2,6-dimethylphenyl groups could be used for single-crystal X-ray analysis, revealing the precise structure of the DBOV core. The optoelectronic properties of the DBOV derivatives were investigated by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory calculations. Single-molecule spectroscopy at room and low temperatures provided novel insights into the photophysics of DBOV embedded in a polymer film. As a result of weak coupling of the optical transitions to the matrix, single-molecule emission spectra at 4.5 K showed narrow vibronic lines. The fluorescence autocorrelation function covering 9 orders of magnitude in time displayed high contrast photon antibunching and bunching, from which the fluorescence decay rate and the triplet population and depopulation rates could be retrieved. Remarkably, the intersystem crossing rate into the triplet state decreased by more than an order of magnitude at low temperature, demonstrating that temperature can be a crucial parameter to boost single photon emission of an aromatic hydrocarbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Stefan Thoms
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg-University , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Sven Stöttinger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg-University , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg-University , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg-University , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit , Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , Okinawa 904-0495 , Japan
| | - Thomas Basché
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg-University , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
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48
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Hu Y, Paternò GM, Wang XY, Wang XC, Guizzardi M, Chen Q, Schollmeyer D, Cao XY, Cerullo G, Scotognella F, Müllen K, Narita A. π-Extended Pyrene-Fused Double [7]Carbohelicene as a Chiral Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12797-12803. [PMID: 31330100 PMCID: PMC6696512 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A π-extended double [7]carbohelicene 2 with fused pyrene units was synthesized, revealing considerable intra- and intermolecular π-π interactions as confirmed with X-ray crystallography. As compared to the previous double [7]carbohelicene 1, the π-extended homologue 2 demonstrated considerably red-shifted absorption with an onset at 645 nm (1: 550 nm) corresponding to a smaller optical gap of 1.90 eV (1: 2.25 eV). A broad near-infrared emission from 600 to 900 nm with a large Stokes shift of ∼100 nm (2.3 × 103 cm-1) was recorded for 2, implying formation of an intramolecular excimer upon excitation, which was corroborated with femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Moreover, 2 revealed remarkable chiral stability with a fairly high isomerization barrier of 46 kcal mol-1, according to density functional theory calculations, which allowed optical resolution by chiral HPLC and suggests potential applications in chiroptical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin Hu
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Department
of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Giuseppe M. Paternò
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xin-Chang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Michele Guizzardi
- IFN-CNR,
Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Qiang Chen
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55099, Germany
| | - Xiao-Yu Cao
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR,
Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Francesco Scotognella
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano 20133, Italy
- IFN-CNR,
Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Organic
and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute
of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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49
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Gong L, Liu C, Du X, Wang C, Yang G. Electronic structure and second-order nonlinear optical property of chiral peropyrenes. J Mol Model 2019; 25:220. [PMID: 31300896 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of novel materials with excellent second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties is a very attractive topic in chemistry and materials science. Recently, much more attention has been paid to chiral compounds due to their inherent asymmetric structure and intramolecular charge transfer. Currently, the density functional theory (DFT) has become a powerful methodology to rationalize experimental observations and to design new materials with desirable properties. In this work, on the basis of the reported chiral peropyrene, we designed another five compounds consisting of donor or acceptor moieties and the donor/acceptor combinations. We systematically studied their geometrical/electronic structures and electronic transition/second-order NLO properties. The measured UV-Vis/CD spectra of compound 1 are almost reproduced by our calculations, enabling us to assign its electronic transition property and absolute configuration. For these compounds, the different substituents have great effect on their photophysical properties (i.e., band gap, absorption wavelength, and NLO response). The charge transfer synergy provides some useful information for further performance improvement. Interestingly, compound 6 shows a remarkably large first hyperpolarizability value of 18.14 × 10-30 esu. Our research enables an opportunity for understanding the structure-property relationship of chiral peropyrenes. Graphical abstract The nonlinear optical properties of the studied compounds were studied with the aid of the DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Gong
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.,Aviation University of Air Force, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xin Du
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Guochun Yang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
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50
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Hu JY, Sun YQ, Xiao R, Cheng S, He J, Zeller M, Wong WY, Xu Z. Symmetrically backfolded molecules emulating the self-similar features of a Sierpinski triangle. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6032-6037. [PMID: 31165853 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00958b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized self-similar molecules (G3 and G2; based on phenylalkynyl backbones) with symmetrically backfolded shapes inspired by the famous fractal of a Sierpinski triangle. Unlike the more traditional, starburst dendrimers, the centripetal-shaped Sierpinski molecules feature side branches symmetrically bent away from the growth direction of the main branch, thus contrasting the natural-tree shape. Molecule G3 exhibits three distinct levels of the structural hierarchy comprising the primary, secondary and tertiary branches, while the smaller G2 contains only features of the 1st and 2nd orders. In spite of the much larger conjugated backbone of G3, its solution UV-vis absorption and fluorescence exhibit no red shift relative to G2. In a test of nitrobenzene sensing, a thin film of G3 deposited from THF was more sensitively quenched in fluorescence than the smaller G2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ying Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yan-Qiong Sun
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shengxian Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drives, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Hong Kong, China and HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Zhengtao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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