1
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Wu Y, Liu X, Liu J, Yang G, Deng Y, Bin Z, You J. Nitrogen Effects Endowed by Doping Electron-Withdrawing Nitrogen Atoms into Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Fluorescence Emitters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15977-15985. [PMID: 38713009 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Unveiling innovative mechanisms to design new highly efficient fluorescent materials and, thereby, fabricate high-performance organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is a concerted endeavor in both academic and industrial circles. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been widely used as fluorescent emitters in blue OLEDs, but device performances are far from satisfactory. In response, we propose the concept of "nitrogen effects" endowed by doping electron-withdrawing nitrogen atoms into PAH fluorescence emitters. The presence of the n orbital on the imine nitrogen is conducive to promoting electron coupling, which leads to increased molar absorptivity and an accelerated radiative decay rate of emitters, thereby facilitating the Förster energy transfer (FET) process in the OLEDs. Additionally, electronically withdrawing nitrogen atoms enhances host-guest interactions, thereby positively affecting the FET process and the horizontal orientation factor of the emitting layer. To validate the "nitrogen effects" concept, cobalt-catalyzed multiple C-H annulation has been utilized to incorporate alkynes into the imine-based frameworks, which enables various imine-embedded PAH (IE-PAH) fluorescence emitters. The cyclization demonstrates notable regioselectivity, thereby offering a practical tool to precisely introduce peripheral groups at desired positions with bulky alkyl units positioned adjacent to the nitrogen atoms, which were previously beyond reach through the Friedel-Crafts reaction. Blue OLEDs fabricated with IE-PAHs exhibit outstanding performance with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 32.7%. This achievement sets a groundbreaking record for conventional blue PAH-based fluorescent emitters, which have an EQEmax of 24.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyang Bin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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2
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Chabuka BK, Alabugin IV. Hole Catalysis of Cycloaddition Reactions: How to Activate and Control Oxidant Upconversion in Radical-Cationic Diels-Alder Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19354-19367. [PMID: 37625247 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to use holes as catalysts, the oxidized product should be able to transfer the hole to a fresh reactant. For that, the hole-catalyzed reaction must increase the oxidation potential along the reaction path, i.e., lead to "hole upconversion." If this thermodynamic requirement is satisfied, a hole injected via one-electron oxidation can persist through multiple propagation cycles and serve as a true catalyst. This work provides guidelines for the rational design of hole-catalyzed Diels-Alder (DA) reactions, the prototypical cycloaddition. After revealing the crucial role of hyperconjugation in the absence of hole upconversion in the parent DA reaction, we show how upconversion can be reactivated by proper substitution. For this purpose, we computationally evaluate the contrasting effects of substituents at the three possible positions in the two reactants. The occurrence and magnitude of hole upconversion depend strongly on the placement and nature of substituents. For example, donors at C1 in 1,3-butadiene shift the reaction to the hole-upconverted regime with an increased oxidation potential of up to 1.0 V. In contrast, hole upconversion in C2-substituted 1,3-butadienes is activated by acceptors with the oxidation potential increase up to 0.54 V. Dienophile substitution results in complex trends because the radical cation can be formed at either the dienophile or the diene. Hole upconversion is always present in the former scenario (up to 0.65 V). Finally, we report interesting stereoelectronic effects that can activate or deactivate upconversion via a conformational change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beauty K Chabuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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3
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Xu Y, Li Q, Ye R, Xu B, Zhou X. Electrochemical Oxidative C-H Amination through a Ritter-Type Reaction. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37262003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward strategy for direct benzylic C-H bond amination via an electrochemical Ritter-type reaction is developed. The reaction demonstrates simpler and milder reaction conditions over the existing methods without extra mediator. Moderate to excellent yields up to 94% of the desired amide products were obtained with a broad substrate scope. The removal of the Ac group by a simple step can afford NH-free benzylic amines, providing a suitable approach for the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Runyou Ye
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Buyi Xu
- National Anti-Drug Laboratory Sichuan Regional Center, 36 Yunling Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610200, P.R. China
| | - Xiangge Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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4
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Duff L, Meakin H, Richardson A, Greener AJ, Smith GWA, Ocaña I, Chechik V, James MJ. Denitrative Hydroxylation of Unactivated Nitroarenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203807. [PMID: 36594445 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A one-step method for the conversion of nitroarenes into phenols under operationally simple, transition-metal-free conditions is described. This denitrative functionalization protocol provides a concise and economical alternative to conventional three-step synthetic sequences. Experimental and computational studies suggest that nitroarenes may be substituted by an electron-catalysed radical-nucleophilic substitution (SRN 1) chain mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Duff
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Harry Meakin
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Adam Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andrew J Greener
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - George W A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ivan Ocaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Victor Chechik
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Michael J James
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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5
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Li A, Li C, Yang T, Yang Z, Liu Y, Li L, Tang K, Zhou C. Electrochemical Synthesis of Benzo[ d]imidazole via Intramolecular C(sp 3)-H Amination. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1928-1935. [PMID: 34918925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical dehydrogenative amination for the synthesis of benzimidazoles was developed. This electrosynthesis method could address the limitations of the C(sp3)-H intramolecular amination synthesis reaction and provide novel access to obtain 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles without transition metals and oxidants. Under undivided electrolytic conditions, various benzimidazole derivatives could be synthesized, exhibiting functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Li
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - Caohui Li
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - Zan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - LiJun Li
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - KeWen Tang
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - Congshan Zhou
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
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6
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Zhu SS, Liu JK, Qin LZ, Wang J, Duan X, Yuan X, Qiu JK, Guo K. Visible-Light-Promoted Cyanoalkylation/Cyclization Cascade Reaction to Assemble Polyheterocycles in Continuous Flow. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2057-2068. [PMID: 36710438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a visible-light-induced cascade reaction for preparing cyanoalkyl-containing polyheterocycles initiated by the photoinduced radical cascade addition of N-arylacrylamide derivatives using cyclic oxime esters as radical sources followed by cyanoalkyl-mediated cyclization. This protocol features outstanding functional group compatibility, providing a variety of desired phenanthridine derivatives in moderate to good yields. Moreover, the application of a microflow technique enhanced these reactions compared with the equivalent batch reaction, significantly reducing reaction times to 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Kang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Long-Zhou Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Kai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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7
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Abstract
AIBN is a convenient electrophilic cyanation reagent for transforming ArLi into ArCN under mild conditions. The addition/fragmentation cascade is controlled by Li···N chelation in which AIBN nitrogens assist in the nearly barrierless fragmentation into the desired ArCN product. Acidic C-H bonds in the fragmented byproduct partially consume ArLi by protonation. Density functional theory calculations and isotopic labeling probe the mechanism and explain the switch to substituted hydrazones in reactions with BuLi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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8
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Bao M, Xie X, Huang J, Doyle MP, Ren Z, Yue H, Xu X. Divergent Construction of N-Doped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Indole as the Nitrogen Source Building Block. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300140. [PMID: 36705339 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An Ag/Au-catalyzed divergent cascade reaction of alkyne embedded diazoketones with indoles has been described. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction goes through a [4+2]-cycloaddition of an in situ formed isobenzopyrylium intermediate with indole, followed by a sequential retro-Michael addition/carbene N-H insertion process to give the benzo[i]phenanthridines products with gold catalysis; whereas a dearomatization/rearomatization sequence occurs favourably when the reaction is catalyzed by a silver catalyst, delivering benzo[b]carbazoles in generally high to excellent yields. Notably, this is a rare example of using indole as the dienophile for cycloaddition with the isobenzopyrylium species, providing a concise and practical approach for the selective construction of N-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with structural diversity and broad functional-group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Bao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiongda Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78249, USA
| | - Zhi Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Yue
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, P. R. China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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9
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Wang M, Ye W, Sun N, Yu W, Chang J. Synthesis of Quinazolinone-Fused Tetrahydroisoquinolines and Related Polycyclic Scaffolds by Iodine-Mediated sp 3 C-H Amination. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1061-1074. [PMID: 36630199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An iodine-mediated intramolecular sp3 C-H amination reaction producing quinazolinone-fused polycyclic skeletons from 2-aminobenzamide precursors is reported. This reaction does not use transition metals, has a broad substrate scope, and can be used on a gram scale. Under the optimal reaction conditions, a variety of quinazolinone-fused tetrahydroisoquinolines and derivatives of Rutaecarpine were synthesized from readily accessible compounds. The reaction proceeds well with crude 2-aminobenzamide derivatives, allowing for the synthesis of the products from simple 2-aminobenzoic acids and tetrahydroisoquinolines without purification of the 2-aminobenzamide intermediates. Preliminary biological experiments have identified Cereblon (CRBN) inhibitory activity and relevant anti-myeloma medicinal properties in some of these polycyclic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Wang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenjun Ye
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Nannan Sun
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenquan Yu
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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10
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Eckhardt P, Elliot Q, Alabugin IV, Opatz T. Two Paths to Oxidative C-H Amination Under Basic Conditions: A Theoretical Case Study Reveals Hidden Opportunities Provided by Electron Upconversion. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201637. [PMID: 35880945 PMCID: PMC9804812 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) leads to C-N bond formation under basic and oxidative conditions and is proposed to proceed via a two-electron bond formation mediated by carbenium ions. However, the formation of such high-energy intermediates is only possible in the presence of strong oxidants, which may lead to undesired side reactions and poor functional group tolerance. In this work we explore if oxidation under basic conditions allows the formation of three-electron bonds (resulting in "upconverted" highly-reducing radical-anions). The benefit of this "upconversion" process is in the ability to use milder oxidants (e. g., O2 ) and to avoid high-energy intermediates. Comparison of the two- and three-electron pathways using quantum mechanical calculations reveals that not only does the absence of a strong oxidant shut down two-electron pathways in favor of a three-electron path but, paradoxically, weaker oxidants react faster with the upconverted reductants by avoiding the inverted Marcus region for electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Eckhardt
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Quintin Elliot
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida 32306USA
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida 32306USA
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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11
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Liu X, Qin J, Dai W, Zhu Z, Zhou P, Wang Y, Nie J, Yang Y, Zhang Z. Metal-Free and Additive-Free Synthesis of Imides and Nitriles from Ketones via Oxidative Cleavage of C(O)–C Bonds. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jingzhong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wen Dai
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhihua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiabao Nie
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yingkui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zehui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
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12
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Liu T, Gan KB, Zhong RL, He X, Kwong FY. A Metal-Free and Redox-Neutral Benzylic C-O Cyclization for Succinct Access of Helical Chromenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:6805-6809. [PMID: 36098713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A redox-neutral benzylic C-O cyclization under beneficial transition-metal-free conditions is reported. Key to the success of this process is the utilization of the Tf anion as the leaving group for achieving the redox-neutral transformation. This protocol delivers a series of captivating helical compounds having various functionality in good-to-excellent yields. It is particularly noteworthy that sterically hindered helical compounds are conformationally stable. In addition to simple helical chromenes, the bihelical multiple-ring systems which are potentially useful in material chemistry are also easily attained by employing this method. DFT calculation revealed that quinone intermediate is the key species, among four possible mechanisms, for accomplishing the desired cyclization via an oxa-6π-electrocyclization pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis of Medicinal Organic Molecules, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, No. 10, Second Yuexing Road, Shenzhen 518507, P. R. China
| | - Kin Boon Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis of Medicinal Organic Molecules, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, No. 10, Second Yuexing Road, Shenzhen 518507, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Lin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.,Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Xinwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Fuk Yee Kwong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis of Medicinal Organic Molecules, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, No. 10, Second Yuexing Road, Shenzhen 518507, P. R. China
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13
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Zhou Z, Egger DT, Hu C, Pennachio M, Wei Z, Kawade RK, Üngör Ö, Gershoni-Poranne R, Petrukhina MA, Alabugin IV. Localized Antiaromaticity Hotspot Drives Reductive Dehydrogenative Cyclizations in Bis- and Mono-Helicenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12321-12338. [PMID: 35652918 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe reductive dehydrogenative cyclizations that form hepta-, nona-, and decacyclic anionic graphene subunits from mono- and bis-helicenes with an embedded five-membered ring. The reaction of bis-helicenes can either proceed to the full double annulation or be interrupted by addition of molecular oxygen at an intermediate stage. The regioselectivity of the interrupted cyclization cascade for bis-helicenes confirms that relief of antiaromaticity is a dominant force for these facile ring closures. Computational analysis reveals the unique role of the preexisting negatively charged cyclopentadienyl moiety in directing the second negative charge at a specific remote location and, thus, creating a localized antiaromatic region. This region is the hotspot that promotes the initial cyclization. Computational studies, including MO analysis, molecular electrostatic potential maps, and NICS(1.7)ZZ calculations, evaluate the interplay of the various effects including charge delocalization, helicene strain release, and antiaromaticity. The role of antiaromaticity relief is further supported by efficient reductive closure of the less strained monohelicenes where the relief of antiaromaticity promotes the cyclization even when the strain is substantially reduced. The latter finding significantly expands the scope of this reductive alternative to the Scholl ring closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Dominic T Egger
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8903, Switzerland
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Matthew Pennachio
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Rahul K Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8903, Switzerland.,Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion ─ Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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14
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Li K, Li Q, Shi Q, He Y, Yu W, Chang J. Iodine‐Mediated sp3 C–H Amination Reactions Forming α‐Amino Ketones/Esters and Fused Imidazoles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kailu Li
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Qianmin Li
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Qinhao Shi
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yanmin He
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wenquan Yu
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry 100 Science Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou CHINA
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15
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Akyeva AY, Kansuzyan AV, Vukich KS, Kuhn L, Saverina EA, Minyaev ME, Pechennikov VM, Egorov MP, Alabugin IV, Vorobyev SV, Syroeshkin MA. Remote Stereoelectronic Effects in Pyrrolidone- and Caprolactam-Substituted Phenols: Discrepancies in Antioxidant Properties Evaluated by Electrochemical Oxidation and H-Atom Transfer Reactivity. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5371-5384. [PMID: 35363496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New antioxidants are commonly evaluated via two main approaches, i.e., the ability to donate an electron and the ability to intercept free radicals. We compared these approaches by evaluating the properties of 11 compounds containing both antioxidant moieties (mono- and polyphenols) and auxiliary pharmacophores (pyrrolidone and caprolactam). Several common antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 2,3,5-trimethylphenol (TMP), quercetin, and dihydroquercetin, were added for comparison. The antioxidant properties of these compounds were determined by their rates of reaction with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and their oxidation potentials from cyclic voltammetry. Although these methods test different chemical properties, their results correlate reasonably well. However, several exceptions exist where the two methods give opposite predictions! One of them is the different behavior of mono- and polyphenols: polyphenols can react with DPPH more than an order of magnitude faster than monophenols of a similar oxidation potential. The second exception stems from the size of a "bystander" lactam ring at the benzylic position. Although the phenols with a seven-membered lactam ring are harder to oxidize, the sterically nonhindered compounds react with DPPH about 2× faster than the analogous five-membered lactams. The limitations of computational methods, especially those based on a single parameter, are also evaluated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ya Akyeva
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow Russia
| | | | - Katarina S Vukich
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | | | | | | | - Mikhail P Egorov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Stepan V Vorobyev
- Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, 65 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Xu LP, Qian S, Zhuang Z, Yu JQ, Musaev DG. Unconventional mechanism and selectivity of the Pd-catalyzed C-H bond lactonization in aromatic carboxylic acid. Nat Commun 2022; 13:315. [PMID: 35031612 PMCID: PMC8760335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for more effective and highly selective C-H bond oxidation of accessible hydrocarbons and biomolecules is a greatly attractive research mission. The elucidating of mechanism and controlling factors will, undoubtedly, help to broaden scope of these synthetic protocols, and enable discovery of more efficient, environmentally benign, and highly practical new C-H oxidation reactions. Here, we reveal the stepwise intramolecular SN2 nucleophilic substitution mechanism with the rate-limiting C-O bond formation step for the Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp3)-H lactonization in aromatic 2,6-dimethylbenzoic acid. We show that for this reaction, the direct C-O reductive elimination from both Pd(II) and Pd(IV) (oxidized by O2 oxidant) intermediates is unfavorable. Critical factors controlling the outcome of this reaction are the presence of the η3-(π-benzylic)-Pd and K+-O(carboxylic) interactions. The controlling factors of the benzylic vs ortho site-selectivity of this reaction are the: (a) difference in the strains of the generated lactone rings; (b) difference in the strengths of the η3-(π-benzylic)-Pd and η2-(π-phenyl)-Pd interactions, and (c) more pronounced electrostatic interaction between the nucleophilic oxygen and K+ cation in the ortho-C-H activation transition state. The presented data indicate the utmost importance of base, substrate, and ligand in the selective C(sp3)-H bond lactonization in the presence of C(sp2)-H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Xu
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Shaoqun Qian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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17
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Borissov A, Maurya YK, Moshniaha L, Wong WS, Żyła-Karwowska M, Stępień M. Recent Advances in Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:565-788. [PMID: 34850633 PMCID: PMC8759089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys recent progress in the chemistry of polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules with a focus on structural diversity and synthetic methodology. The article covers literature published during the period of 2016-2020, providing an update to our first review of this topic (Chem. Rev. 2017, 117 (4), 3479-3716).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet
Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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18
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Greener AJ, Ubysz P, Owens-Ward W, Smith G, Ocaña I, Whitwood AC, Chechik V, James MJ. Radical-anion coupling through reagent design: hydroxylation of aryl halides. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14641-14646. [PMID: 34881017 PMCID: PMC8580057 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04748e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and development of an oxime-based hydroxylation reagent, which can chemoselectively convert aryl halides (X = F, Cl, Br, I) into phenols under operationally simple, transition-metal-free conditions is described. Key to the success of this approach was the identification of a reducing oxime anion which can interact and couple with open-shell aryl radicals. Experimental and computational studies support the proposed radical-nucleophilic substitution chain mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Greener
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Patrycja Ubysz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Will Owens-Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - George Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Ivan Ocaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Victor Chechik
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Michael J James
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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19
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Prasad S, Rodene DD, Burkholder MB, Donald KJ, Gupton BF. Substituent Effects and the Energetics of Noncatalyzed Aryl Halide Aminations: A Theoretical Investigation. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27216-27224. [PMID: 34693141 PMCID: PMC8529657 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the influence of substituents and physical conditions on activation energies for the noncatalyzed amination (C-N cross-coupling reactions) of aryl halides. We uncover a significant correlation between the barrier heights of the C-N bond formation and Hammett σ parameters-a formal measure of the electron-withdrawing or -donating ability of substituents on the aryl halides. Our results indicate that such correlations are useful predictive tools for the amination of aryl halides over a wide range of substituent types. From 54 cases studied (six substituents occupying specific positions relative to halogen atoms), the 2-COOHPhI + NH2 n Pr amination reaction is predicted to possess the lowest noncatalyzed activation free energy (135.6 kJ mol-1) using the B3LYP method. The lower barriers for the 2-COOHPhX (for X = Cl, Br, and I) compounds are shown to originate from collusion between steric and electronic effects-specifically, the momentary formation of a hydrogen bond between an oxygen site on the ortho-COOH and the lone pair of the entering amine. Internal reaction coordinate (IRC) path calculations afforded us these and other key insights into the nature of the reactions. The control exerted by substituents on the arrangement of the transition state structure, as well as the sensitivity of the reaction barriers to temperature and solvent polarity, are discussed. These results offer new perspectives from which to assess the nature of the C-N bond formation and suggest new avenues for future exploration, especially in progress toward the metal-free amination of aryl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreeth Prasad
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dylan D. Rodene
- Department
of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Michael B. Burkholder
- Department
of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Kelling J. Donald
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - B. Frank Gupton
- Department
of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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20
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Alabugin IV, Kuhn L, Medvedev MG, Krivoshchapov NV, Vil' VA, Yaremenko IA, Mehaffy P, Yarie M, Terent'ev AO, Zolfigol MA. Stereoelectronic power of oxygen in control of chemical reactivity: the anomeric effect is not alone. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10253-10345. [PMID: 34263287 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00386k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although carbon is the central element of organic chemistry, oxygen is the central element of stereoelectronic control in organic chemistry. Generally, a molecule with a C-O bond has both a strong donor (a lone pair) and a strong acceptor (e.g., a σ*C-O orbital), a combination that provides opportunities to influence chemical transformations at both ends of the electron demand spectrum. Oxygen is a stereoelectronic chameleon that adapts to the varying situations in radical, cationic, anionic, and metal-mediated transformations. Arguably, the most historically important stereoelectronic effect is the anomeric effect (AE), i.e., the axial preference of acceptor groups at the anomeric position of sugars. Although AE is generally attributed to hyperconjugative interactions of σ-acceptors with a lone pair at oxygen (negative hyperconjugation), recent literature reports suggested alternative explanations. In this context, it is timely to evaluate the fundamental connections between the AE and a broad variety of O-functional groups. Such connections illustrate the general role of hyperconjugation with oxygen lone pairs in reactivity. Lessons from the AE can be used as the conceptual framework for organizing disjointed observations into a logical body of knowledge. In contrast, neglect of hyperconjugation can be deeply misleading as it removes the stereoelectronic cornerstone on which, as we show in this review, the chemistry of organic oxygen functionalities is largely based. As negative hyperconjugation releases the "underutilized" stereoelectronic power of unshared electrons (the lone pairs) for the stabilization of a developing positive charge, the role of orbital interactions increases when the electronic demand is high and molecules distort from their equilibrium geometries. From this perspective, hyperconjugative anomeric interactions play a unique role in guiding reaction design. In this manuscript, we discuss the reactivity of organic O-functionalities, outline variations in the possible hyperconjugative patterns, and showcase the vast implications of AE for the structure and reactivity. On our journey through a variety of O-containing organic functional groups, from textbook to exotic, we will illustrate how this knowledge can predict chemical reactivity and unlock new useful synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Michael G Medvedev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.,A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolai V Krivoshchapov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1 (3), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vera A Vil'
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan A Yaremenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Patricia Mehaffy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Meysam Yarie
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65167, Iran
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mohammad Ali Zolfigol
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65167, Iran
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21
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Sun SY, Raju S, Vedarethinam G, Chen PL, Chuang SC. TfOH-promoted Classical Nazarov-type Cyclization of Benzofulvenes: Synthesis of Polycyclic 5 H,10' H-spiro[benzo[ k]phenanthridine-5,6'-dibenzopentalenes]. Org Lett 2021; 23:6212-6216. [PMID: 34355911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of o-benzofulvene with TfOH leads to intramolecular cyclization through novel C-C and C-N bond formation, resulting in the formation of 5H,10'H-spiro[benzo[k]phenanthridine-5,6'-dibenzopentalene]. This protocol provides a new molecular framework with reasonable to excellent yields and tolerates various electron-withdrawing/donating substituents. This method yields diastereoselectivity of up to >20:1. Furthermore, it is free of bases, oxidants, and metals and proceeds under mild reaction conditions, which are favorable for synthetic organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-You Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30010, ROC
| | - Selvam Raju
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30010, ROC
| | - Guganchandar Vedarethinam
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30010, ROC
| | - Pei-Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, ROC
| | - Shih-Ching Chuang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30010, ROC
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22
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Thum MD, Hong D, Zeppuhar AN, Falvey DE. Visible-Light Photocatalytic Oxidation of DMSO for RAFT Polymerization †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1335-1342. [PMID: 34129686 DOI: 10.1111/php.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solvent is an important, yet often forgotten part of a reaction mechanism. Many photochemical polymerizations are carried out using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a way to promote the solubility of both the reactants and products, but its reactivity is rarely considered when initiation mechanisms are proposed. Herein, the oxidation of DMSO by an excited-state quinone is used to form initiating radicals resulting in the polymerization of methacrylate monomers, and the polymerization can be controlled with the addition of a chain transfer agent. This process leads to the formation of polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution, and the polymerization is able to be carried out in the presence of oxygen. A visible light absorbing substituted anthraquinone is synthesized, and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy is used to monitor the intermediates involved in the initiation mechanism. Photoproduct analysis indicates formation of methyl radicals as a result of DMSO oxidation. Furthermore, we show that the solvent outcompetes the chain transfer agent for interacting with the excited-state anthraquinone. These observations have a broad impact on photoinduced polymerizations performed in DMSO as many photocatalysts are strong oxidants in the excited state and are capable of reacting with the solvent. Therefore, the role of the solvent needs to be more carefully considered when proposing mechanisms for photoinduced polymerizations in DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Thum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Donald Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Andrea N Zeppuhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Daniel E Falvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
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23
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Claus AR, Goulart TAC, Back DF, Zeni G. Potassium
tert
‐Butoxide‐Catalyzed Synthesis of
α
‐Methylene‐
β
‐Lactams from Propiolamides. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica R. Claus
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Tales A. C. Goulart
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Davi F. Back
- Laboratório de Materiais Inorgânicos CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
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24
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Gentner TX, Mulvey RE. Alkali-Metal Mediation: Diversity of Applications in Main-Group Organometallic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9247-9262. [PMID: 33017511 PMCID: PMC8247348 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organolithium compounds have been at the forefront of synthetic chemistry for over a century, as they mediate the synthesis of myriads of compounds that are utilised worldwide in academic and industrial settings. For that reason, lithium has always been the most important alkali metal in organometallic chemistry. Today, that importance is being seriously challenged by sodium and potassium, as the alkali-metal mediation of organic reactions in general has started branching off in several new directions. Recent examples covering main-group homogeneous catalysis, stoichiometric organic synthesis, low-valent main-group metal chemistry, polymerization, and green chemistry are showcased in this Review. Since alkali-metal compounds are often not the end products of these applications, their roles are rarely given top billing. Thus, this Review has been written to alert the community to this rising unifying phenomenon of "alkali-metal mediation".
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas X. Gentner
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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25
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He Y, Yan Y, Ren Z, Wang Y, Yu Q, Xiong J, Wang M. Regioselective Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydrobenzo[
f
]isoindolones via Ag‐Catalyzed Sequential Ugi 4CR/Cascade Radical Cyclization Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Chun He
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan‐Mei Yan
- Department of Chemistry Taiyuan Normal University Jinzhong 030619 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen‐Xing Ren
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong‐Zhao Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Fine Chemicals Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of medical imaging Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030006 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xiong
- School of Pharmacy Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning 437100 People's Republic of China
| | - Meng‐Liang Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 People's Republic of China
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26
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Zhang H, Sun MC, Yin LM, Wei D, Song MP, Yang D, Niu JL. Direct intramolecular C(sp 3)–H bond sulfonamidation to synthesize benzosultam derivatives under metal-free conditions. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01235e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient intramolecular C(sp3)–H bond amination under metal-free conditions has been developed to provide a straightforward method for the synthesis of 5-membered cyclic sulfonamides (benzosultams).
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Chan Sun
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming Yin
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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27
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Wang X, Kohl B, Rominger F, Elbert SM, Mastalerz M. A Triptycene-Based Enantiopure Bis(Diazadibenzoanthracene) by a Chirality-Assisted Synthesis Approach. Chemistry 2020; 26:16036-16042. [PMID: 32648593 PMCID: PMC7756852 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
By applying a chirality-assisted synthesis (CAS) approach enantiopure diaminodibromotriptycenes were converted to rigid chiral helical diazadibenzoanthracenes, which show besides pronounced Cotton effects in circular dichroism spectra higher photoluminescence quantum yields as comparable carbacyclic analogues. For the enantiopure building blocks, a protocol was developed allowing the large scale synthesis without the necessity of separation via HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubin Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Bernd Kohl
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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28
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Gentner TX, Mulvey RE. Alkalimetall‐Mediatoren: Vielfältige Anwendungen in der metallorganischen Chemie der Hauptgruppenelemente. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas X. Gentner
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Großbritannien
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29
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Lang K, Li C, Kim I, Zhang XP. Enantioconvergent Amination of Racemic Tertiary C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20902-20911. [PMID: 33249845 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Racemization is considered to be an intrinsic stereochemical feature of free radical chemistry as can be seen in traditional radical halogenation reactions of optically active tertiary C-H bonds. If the facile process of radical racemization could be effectively combined with an ensuing step of bond formation in an enantioselective fashion, then it would give rise to deracemizative functionalization of racemic tertiary C-H bonds for stereoselective construction of chiral molecules bearing quaternary stereocenters. As a demonstration of this unique potential in radical chemistry, we herein report that metalloradical catalysis can be successfully applied to devise Co(II)-based catalytic system for enantioconvergent radical amination of racemic tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds. The key to the success of the radical process is the development of Co(II)-based metalloradical catalyst with fitting steric, electronic, and chiral environments of the D2-symmetric chiral amidoporphyrin as the supporting ligand. The existence of optimal reaction temperature is recognized as an important factor in the realization of the enantioconvergent radical process. Supported by an optimized chiral ligand, the Co(II)-based metalloradical system can effectively catalyze the enantioconvergent 1,6-amination of racemic tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds at the optimal temperature, affording chiral α-tertiary amines in excellent yields with high enantiocontrol of the newly created quaternary stereocenters. Systematic studies, including experiments utilizing optically active deuterium-labeled C-H substrates as a model system, shed light on the underlying mechanistic details of this new catalytic process for enantioconvergent radical C-H amination. The remarkable power to create quaternary stereocenters bearing multiple functionalities from ubiquitous C-H bonds, as showcased with stereoselective construction of bicyclic N-heterocycles, opens the door for future synthetic applications of this new radical technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Isaac Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - X Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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30
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Lampkin BJ, Karadakov PB, VanVeller B. Detailed Visualization of Aromaticity Using Isotropic Magnetic Shielding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
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31
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Frühwirt P, Knoechl A, Pillinger M, Müller SM, Wasdin PT, Fischer RC, Radebner J, Torvisco A, Moszner N, Kelterer AM, Griesser T, Gescheidt G, Haas M. The Chemistry of Acylgermanes: Triacylgermenolates Represent Valuable Building Blocks for the Synthesis of a Variety of Germanium-Based Photoinitiators. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15204-15217. [PMID: 32993291 PMCID: PMC7581296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The formation of
a stable triacylgermenolate 2 as
a decisive intermediate was achieved by using three pathways. The
first two methods involve the reaction of KOtBu or
alternatively potassium with tetraacylgermane 1 yielding 2 via one electron transfer. The mechanism involves the formation
of radical anions (shown by EPR). This reaction is highly efficient
and selective. The third method is a classical salt metathesis reaction
toward 2 in nearly quantitative yield. The formation
of 2 was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, UV–vis
measurements, and X-ray crystallography. Germenolate 2 serves as a starting point for a wide variety of organo-germanium
compounds. We demonstrate the potential of this intermediate by introducing
new types of Ge-based photoinitiators 4b–4f. The UV–vis absorption spectra of 4b–4f show considerably increased band intensities
due to the presence of eight or more chromophores. Moreover, compounds 4d–4f show absorption tailing up to 525
nm. The performance of these photoinitiators is demonstrated by spectroscopy
(time-resolved EPR, laser flash photolysis (LFP), photobleaching (UV–vis))
and photopolymerization experiments (photo-DSC measurements). Triacylgermenolate 2 was
obtained by using
KOtBu or alternatively potassium. The mechanism involves
the formation of radical anions (shown by EPR). The one-pot synthetic
protocol produces 2 in >95% yield, as confirmed by
NMR
spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Germenolate 2 serves as a starting point for a wide variety of organo-germanium
compounds. This was demonstrated by introducing new types of Ge-based
photoinitiators 4b−4f. Their performance
was analyzed by sophisticated spectroscopic methods and photopolymerization
experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefanie M Müller
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckelstrasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Norbert Moszner
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstraße 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | | | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckelstrasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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32
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Gao Y, Jing Y, Li L, Zhang J, Chen X, Ma YN. Synthesis of Phenanthridines through Iodine-Supported Intramolecular C–H Amination and Oxidation under Visible Light. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12187-12198. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yi Jing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Lixin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuenian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yan-Na Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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33
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Lampkin BJ, Karadakov PB, VanVeller B. Detailed Visualization of Aromaticity Using Isotropic Magnetic Shielding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19275-19281. [PMID: 33448542 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For many years, Clar's aromatic sextet theory has served as a qualitative method for assessing the aromatic character of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A new approach, based on the calculation of isotropic magnetic shielding (IMS) contour plots, is shown to provide a feature-rich picture of aromaticity that is both quantitative yet still easily interpreted. Chemists are visual creatures who are adept at discerning reactivity and chemical behavior from molecular structures. To quote Roald Hoffmann, "People like pictures. Chemists live off them." Thus, the detailed image analysis we present simultaneously provides quantitative assessment of electronic structure, which is still easy-to-understand through visual inspection, embedded in an aesthetically appealing and intuitive picture that draws the reader in. We provide novel computed IMS contour plots for a representative selection of aromatic molecules. Where Clar's static drawings capture only a partial sketch of the electronic properties of a molecule, IMS contour plots present a detailed, global landscape of a molecule that sums all possible resonance structures. This novel analysis allows us to correct certain drawbacks of Clar's analysis with respect to polycyclic aromatics and quantitatively assess the bonding and electronic structure of acene hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Lampkin
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Peter B Karadakov
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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34
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Kos M, Žádný J, Storch J, Církva V, Cuřínová P, Sýkora J, Císařová I, Kuriakose F, Alabugin IV. Oxidative Photocyclization of Aromatic Schiff Bases in Synthesis of Phenanthridines and Other Aza-PAHs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165868. [PMID: 32824231 PMCID: PMC7461585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative photocyclization of aromatic Schiff bases was investigated as a potential method for synthesis of phenanthridine derivatives, biologically active compounds with medical applications. Although it is possible to prepare the desired phenanthridines using such an approach, the reaction has to be performed in the presence of acid and TEMPO to increase reaction rate and yield. The reaction kinetics was studied on a series of substituted imines covering the range from electron-withdrawing to electron-donating substituents. It was found that imines with electron-withdrawing substituents react one order of magnitude faster than imines bearing electron-donating groups. The 1H NMR monitoring of the reaction course showed that a significant part of the Z isomer in the reaction is transformed into E isomer which is more prone to photocyclization. The portion of the Z isomer transformed showed a linear correlation to the Hammett substituent constants. The reaction scope was expanded towards synthesis of larger aromatic systems, namely to the synthesis of strained aromatic systems, e.g., helicenes. In this respect, it was found that the scope of oxidative photocyclization of aromatic imines is limited to the formation of no more than five ortho-fused aromatic rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kos
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (J.Ž.); (J.S.)
| | - Jaroslav Žádný
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (J.Ž.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Storch
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (J.Ž.); (J.S.)
| | - Vladimír Církva
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (J.Ž.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (J.S.); (I.V.A.)
| | - Petra Cuřínová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (J.S.); (I.V.A.)
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Igor. V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (J.S.); (I.V.A.)
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35
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Burykina JV, Shlapakov NS, Gordeev EG, König B, Ananikov VP. Selectivity control in thiol-yne click reactions via visible light induced associative electron upconversion. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10061-10070. [PMID: 34094267 PMCID: PMC8162103 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01939a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An associative electron upconversion is proposed as a key step determining the selectivity of thiol-yne coupling. The developed synthetic approach provided an efficient tool to access a comprehensive range of products - four types of vinyl sulfides were prepared in high yields and selectivity. We report practically important transition-metal-free regioselective thiol-yne addition and formation of the demanding Markovnikov-type product by a radical photoredox process. The photochemical process was directly monitored by mass-spectrometry in a specially designed ESI-MS device with green laser excitation in the spray chamber. The proposed reaction mechanism is supported by experiments and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Nikita S Shlapakov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg Universitätstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Evgeniy G Gordeev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg Universitätstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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36
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Lai YH, Wu RS, Huang J, Huang JY, Xu DZ. Iron-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Indoline-2-ones with Aminobenzamides via Dual C-H Functionalization. Org Lett 2020; 22:3825-3829. [PMID: 32378901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe an unprecedented dual C-H functionalization of indolin-2-one via an oxidative C(sp3)-H/N-H/X-H (X = N, C, S) cross-coupling protocol, which is catalyzed by a simple iron salt under mild and ligand-free conditions and employs air (molecular oxygen) as the terminal oxidant. This method is readily applicable for the construction of tetrasubstituted carbon centers from methylenes and provides a wide variety of spiro N-heterocyclic oxindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Huan Lai
- National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Run-Shi Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yu Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Zhen Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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37
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Shi Z, Wang L, Yang Z, Jie L, Liu X, Cui X. Tandem Construction of Indole-Fused Phthalazines from (2-Alkynylbenzylidene)hydrazines under Metal-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3029-3040. [PMID: 32031804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach to invent diversely substituted indole-fused phthalazines from in situ formed (2-alkynylbenzylidene)hydrazines under metal-free conditions via selective radical cyclization has been developed. Notably, this 6-exo-dig addition-cyclization tandem procedure proceeds under air atmosphere and shows a broad substrate suitability, as well as avoids harmful byproducts, which complies with the concept of green synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Zi Yang
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Lianghua Jie
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Cui
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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38
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Elliott Q, Dos Passos Gomes G, Evoniuk CJ, Alabugin IV. Testing the limits of radical-anionic CH-amination: a 10-million-fold decrease in basicity opens a new path to hydroxyisoindolines via a mixed C-N/C-O-forming cascade. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6539-6555. [PMID: 34094120 PMCID: PMC8159354 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06511c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An intramolecular C(sp3)-H amidation proceeds in the presence of t-BuOK, molecular oxygen, and DMF. This transformation is initiated by the deprotonation of an acidic N-H bond and selective radical activation of a benzylic C-H bond towards hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Cyclization of this radical-anion intermediate en route to a two-centered/three-electron (2c,3e) C-N bond removes electron density from nitrogen. As this electronegative element resists such an "oxidation", making nitrogen more electron rich is key to overcoming this problem. This work dramatically expands the range of N-anions that can participate in this process by using amides instead of anilines. The resulting 107-fold decrease in the N-component basicity (and nucleophilicity) doubles the activation barrier for C-N bond formation and makes this process nearly thermoneutral. Remarkably, this reaction also converts a weak reductant into a much stronger reductant. Such "reductant upconversion" allows mild oxidants like molecular oxygen to complete the first part of the cascade. In contrast, the second stage of NH/CH activation forms a highly stabilized radical-anion intermediate incapable of undergoing electron transfer to oxygen. Because the oxidation is unfavored, an alternative reaction path opens via coupling between the radical anion intermediate and either superoxide or hydroperoxide radical. The hydroperoxide intermediate transforms into the final hydroxyisoindoline products under basic conditions. The use of TEMPO as an additive was found to activate less reactive amides. The combination of experimental and computational data outlines a conceptually new mechanism for conversion of unprotected amides into hydroxyisoindolines proceeding as a sequence of C-H amidation and C-H oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
| | - Gabriel Dos Passos Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
| | - Christopher J Evoniuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
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39
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Das E, Basak A. Regioselective Synthesis of Benzo-Fused Tetrahydroisoquinoline-Based Biaryls through a Tandem One-Pot Halogenation of p-Benzynes from Enediynes and Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2697-2703. [PMID: 31880452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A regioselective halogenation of p-benzyne derived from a nonaromatic enediyne core via Bergman cyclization and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of the resulting haloarene in one-pot is disclosed. For the one-pot protocol to work, the reaction conditions were modified compared to an earlier reported procedure ( J. Org. Chem. 2019 , 84 , 2911 - 2921 ) by reducing the amount of lithium iodide and exclusion of pivalic acid. Under these modified conditions, the products, benzo-fused tetrahydroisoquinoline-based biaryl derivatives were obtained in overall high to excellent yields (71-90%).
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40
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Fang B, Hou J, Tian J, Yu W, Chang J. Synthesis of phenanthridines by I2-mediated sp3C–H amination. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3312-3323. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00433b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An I2-mediated transition-metal-free sp3C–H amination reaction is established for phenanthridine synthesis in an efficient and scalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyao Fang
- College of Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Jiao Hou
- College of Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Jinyue Tian
- College of Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Wenquan Yu
- College of Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
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41
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Zhou Z, Kawade RK, Wei Z, Kuriakose F, Üngör Ö, Jo M, Shatruk M, Gershoni‐Poranne R, Petrukhina MA, Alabugin IV. Negative Charge as a Lens for Concentrating Antiaromaticity: Using a Pentagonal “Defect” and Helicene Strain for Cyclizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Rahul Kisan Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Minyoung Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | | | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
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42
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Zhou Z, Kawade RK, Wei Z, Kuriakose F, Üngör Ö, Jo M, Shatruk M, Gershoni‐Poranne R, Petrukhina MA, Alabugin IV. Negative Charge as a Lens for Concentrating Antiaromaticity: Using a Pentagonal “Defect” and Helicene Strain for Cyclizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1256-1262. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Rahul Kisan Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Minyoung Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | | | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
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43
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Li K, Zhang X, Chen J, Gao Y, Yang C, Zhang K, Zhou Y, Fan B. Blue Light Induced Difluoroalkylation of Alkynes and Alkenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:9914-9918. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangkui Li
- Institution Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources (Yunnan Minzu University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xuexin Zhang
- Institution Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources (Yunnan Minzu University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jingchao Chen
- Institution Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources (Yunnan Minzu University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institution Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources (Yunnan Minzu University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Institution Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources (Yunnan Minzu University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Keyang Zhang
- Institution Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources (Yunnan Minzu University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yongyun Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Yuehua Street, Kunming, 650500, China
- Institution Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources (Yunnan Minzu University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Baomin Fan
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Yuehua Street, Kunming, 650500, China
- Institution Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources (Yunnan Minzu University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
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44
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Debnath S, Das T, Gayen S, Ghosh T, Maiti DK. Iodine-Catalyzed Functionalization of Primary Aliphatic Amines to Oxazoles, 1,4-Oxazines, and Oxazinones. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:20410-20422. [PMID: 31815245 PMCID: PMC6894181 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented I2-catalyzed α,α-C(sp3)-H, decarboxylative α-C(sp3)-H, lactonized α-C(sp3)-H, and α,β-C(sp3)-H functionalized 5- and 6-annulation as well as α-C(sp3)-H activated 6-lactonization of primary aliphatic amines are devised under aerobic conditions. The metal-free sustainable strategy was employed for the diverse construction of valuable five-and six-membered polycyclic N,O-heteroaromatics such as oxazoles, 1,4-oxazines, and oxazin-2-one with a rapid reaction rate and high yield. The viability of this mild nonmetallic catalysis is successfully verified through syntheses of labile chiral heterocyclic analogues. In contrast to the common practice, this method is not limited to use of prefunctionalized amines, directing groups (DGs) and/or transient DGs, metal catalysts, and traditional oxidants. The possible mechanistic pathway of the annulation reaction is investigated by control experiments and ESI-MS data collected for a reaction mixture of the ongoing reaction. The synthesized new compounds are potent organic nanobuilding blocks to achieve valuable organic nanomaterials of different sizes, shapes, and dimensions, which are under investigation for the discovery of high-tech devices of innovative organic nanoelectronics and photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipto Debnath
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Tuluma Das
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Subrata Gayen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Tapas Ghosh
- Department
of Applied Sciences, Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad University of Technology, Haringhata 741249, West Bengal, India
| | - Dilip K. Maiti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
- E-mail:
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45
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Hu Y, Lang K, Li C, Gill JB, Kim I, Lu H, Fields KB, Marshall M, Cheng Q, Cui X, Wojtas L, Zhang XP. Enantioselective Radical Construction of 5-Membered Cyclic Sulfonamides by Metalloradical C-H Amination. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18160-18169. [PMID: 31622088 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Both arylsulfonyl and alkylsulfonyl azides can be effectively activated by the cobalt(II) complexes of D2-symmetric chiral amidoporphyrins for enantioselective radical 1,5-C-H amination to stereoselectively construct 5-membered cyclic sulfonamides. In addition to C-H bonds with varied electronic properties, the Co(II)-based metalloradical system features chemoselective amination of allylic C-H bonds and is compatible with heteroaryl groups, producing functionalized 5-membered chiral cyclic sulfonamides in high yields with high enantioselectivities. The unique profile of reactivity and selectivity of the Co(II)-catalyzed C-H amination is attributed to its underlying stepwise radical mechanism, which is supported by several lines of experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620-5250 , United States
| | - Kai Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620-5250 , United States
| | - Joseph B Gill
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620-5250 , United States
| | - Isaac Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620-5250 , United States
| | - Kimberly B Fields
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620-5250 , United States
| | - McKenzie Marshall
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620-5250 , United States
| | - Qigan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620-5250 , United States
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620-5250 , United States
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620-5250 , United States
| | - X Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
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46
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Zhang M, Wang Q, Peng Y, Chen Z, Wan C, Chen J, Zhao Y, Zhang R, Zhang AQ. Transition metal-catalyzed sp 3 C-H activation and intramolecular C-N coupling to construct nitrogen heterocyclic scaffolds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13048-13065. [PMID: 31621700 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06609h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles are of great medicinal importance, and the construction of nitrogen heterocyclic scaffolds has been one of the focuses in synthetic organic chemistry. Recently, the strategy of transition metal-catalyzed sp3 C-H activation and intramolecular C-N coupling to construct nitrogen heterocyclic scaffolds has been well developed. Palladium, copper, silver, nickel, cobalt, ruthenium and rhodium catalysis were successfully used for the construction of nitrogen heterocyclic scaffolds, aziridines, azetidines, pyrrolidines, pyrrolidine-2,5-diones, indolines, isoindolines, isoindolinones, tetrahydropyridines, oxazolidinones, oxazinanones, β-lactams, γ-lactams etc., which have been synthesized by the sp3 C-H activation strategy. Here, we summarize the progress of transition metal-catalyzed sp3 C-H activation/intramolecular C-N bond formation, and introduce both the reaction development and mechanisms in numerous synthetically useful intramolecular sp3 C-H catalytic aminations/amidations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
| | - Changfeng Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
| | - Junmin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
| | - Yongli Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
| | - Rongli Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
| | - Ai Qin Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
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47
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The role of organic electron donors in the initiation of BHAS base-induced coupling reactions between haloarenes and arenes. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Homo- and heterodehydrocoupling of phosphines mediated by alkali metal catalysts. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2786. [PMID: 31243267 PMCID: PMC6594957 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic chemistry that involves the activation and transformation of main group substrates is relatively undeveloped and current examples are generally mediated by expensive transition metal species. Herein, we describe the use of inexpensive and readily available tBuOK as a catalyst for P-P and P-E (E = O, S, or N) bond formation. Catalytic quantities of tBuOK in the presence of imine, azobenzene hydrogen acceptors, or a stoichiometric amount of tBuOK with hydrazobenzene, allow efficient homodehydrocoupling of phosphines under mild conditions (e.g. 25 °C and < 5 min). Further studies demonstrate that the hydrogen acceptors play an intimate mechanistic role. We also show that our tBuOK catalysed methodology is general for the heterodehydrocoupling of phosphines with alcohols, thiols and amines to generate a range of potentially useful products containing P-O, P-S, or P-N bonds.
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49
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Bose A, Sau S, Mal P. Intramolecular C(sp3
)-H Imination towards Benzimidazoles Using Tetrabutylammonium Iodide and t
BuOOH. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anima Bose
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI; PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni 752050 Bhubaneswar District Khurda, Odisha India
| | - Sudip Sau
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI; PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni 752050 Bhubaneswar District Khurda, Odisha India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI; PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni 752050 Bhubaneswar District Khurda, Odisha India
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50
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Hiroto S. Synthesis of π‐Functional Molecules through Oxidation of Aromatic Amines. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2514-2523. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hiroto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental StudiesKyoto University Yoshidanihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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