1
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Roy S, Wang Y, Zhao X, Dayananda T, Chu JM, Zhang Y, Fasan R. Stereodivergent Synthesis of Pyridyl Cyclopropanes via Enzymatic Activation of Pyridotriazoles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19673-19679. [PMID: 39008121 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Hemoproteins have recently emerged as powerful biocatalysts for new-to-nature carbene transfer reactions. Despite this progress, these strategies have remained largely limited to diazo-based carbene precursor reagents. Here, we report the development of a biocatalytic strategy for the stereoselective construction of pyridine-functionalized cyclopropanes via the hemoprotein-mediated activation of pyridotriazoles (PyTz) as stable and readily accessible carbene sources. This method enables the asymmetric cyclopropanation of a variety of olefins, including electron-rich and electrodeficient ones, with high activity, high stereoselectivity, and enantiodivergent selectivity, providing access to mono- and diarylcyclopropanes that incorporate a pyridine moiety and thus two structural motifs of high value in medicinal chemistry. Mechanistic studies reveal a multifaceted role of 7-halogen substitution in the pyridotriazole reagent toward favoring multiple catalytic steps in the transformation. This work provides the first example of asymmetric olefin cyclopropanation with pyridotriazoles, paving the way to the exploitation of these attractive and versatile reagents for enzyme-catalyzed carbene-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Yining Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Thakshila Dayananda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Jia-Min Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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2
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Boyle BT, Dow NW, Kelly CB, Bryan MC, MacMillan DWC. Unlocking carbene reactivity by metallaphotoredox α-elimination. Nature 2024; 631:789-795. [PMID: 38843825 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The ability to tame high-energy intermediates is important for synthetic chemistry, enabling the construction of complex molecules and propelling advances in the field of synthesis. Along these lines, carbenes and carbenoid intermediates are particularly attractive, but often unknown, high-energy intermediates1,2. Classical methods to access metal carbene intermediates exploit two-electron chemistry to form the carbon-metal bond. However, these methods are usually prohibitive because of reagent safety concerns, limiting their broad implementation in synthesis3-6. Mechanistically, an alternative approach to carbene intermediates that could circumvent these pitfalls would involve two single-electron steps: radical addition to metal to forge the initial carbon-metal bond followed by redox-promoted α-elimination to yield the desired metal carbene intermediate. Here we realize this strategy through a metallaphotoredox platform that exploits iron carbene reactivity using readily available chemical feedstocks as radical sources and α-elimination from six classes of previously underexploited leaving groups. These discoveries permit cyclopropanation and σ-bond insertion into N-H, S-H and P-H bonds from abundant and bench-stable carboxylic acids, amino acids and alcohols, thereby providing a general solution to the challenge of carbene-mediated chemical diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Boyle
- Merck Center for Catalysis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nathan W Dow
- Merck Center for Catalysis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher B Kelly
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Marian C Bryan
- Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
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3
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Chaturvedi SS, Vargas S, Ajmera P, Alexandrova AN. Directed Evolution of Protoglobin Optimizes the Enzyme Electric Field. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38848547 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
To unravel why computational design fails in creating viable enzymes, while directed evolution (DE) succeeds, our research delves into the laboratory evolution of protoglobin. DE has adapted this protein to efficiently catalyze carbene transfer reactions. We show that the previously proposed enhanced substrate access and binding alone cannot account for increased yields during DE. The 3D electric field in the entire active site is tracked through protein dynamics, clustered using the affinity propagation algorithm, and subjected to principal component analysis. This analysis reveals notable changes in the electric field with DE, where distinct field topologies influence transition state energetics and mechanism. A chemically meaningful field component emerges and takes the lead during DE and facilitates crossing the barrier to carbene transfer. Our findings underscore intrinsic electric field dynamic's influence on enzyme function, the ability of the field to switch mechanisms within the same protein, and the crucial role of the field in enzyme design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhit S Chaturvedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Santiago Vargas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Pujan Ajmera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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4
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Kagawa Y, Oohora K, Himiyama T, Suzuki A, Hayashi T. Redox Engineering of Myoglobin by Cofactor Substitution to Enhance Cyclopropanation Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202403485. [PMID: 38780472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Design of metal cofactor ligands is essential for controlling the reactivity of metalloenzymes. We investigated a carbene transfer reaction catalyzed by myoglobins containing iron porphyrin cofactors with one and two trifluoromethyl groups at peripheral sites (FePorCF3 and FePor(CF3)2, respectively), native heme and iron porphycene (FePc). These four myoglobins show a wide range of Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox potentials in the protein of +147 mV, +87 mV, +42 mV and -198 mV vs. NHE, respectively. Myoglobin reconstituted with FePor(CF3)2 has a more positive potential, which enhances the reactivity of a carbene intermediate with alkenes, and demonstrates superior cyclopropanation of inert alkenes, such as aliphatic and internal alkenes. In contrast, engineered myoglobin reconstituted with FePc has a more negative redox potential, which accelerates the formation of the intermediate, but has low reactivity for inert alkenes. Mechanistic studies indicate that myoglobin with FePor(CF3)2 generates an undetectable active intermediate with a radical character. In contrast, this reaction catalyzed by myoglobin with FePc includes a detectable iron-carbene species with electrophilic character. This finding highlights the importance of redox-focused design of the iron porphyrinoid cofactor in hemoproteins to tune the reactivity of the carbene transfer reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Oohora
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Himiyama
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- National Institute of Technology, Ibaraki College, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, 312-8508, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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5
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Vargas DA, Ren X, Sengupta A, Zhu L, Roy S, Garcia-Borràs M, Houk KN, Fasan R. Biocatalytic strategy for the construction of sp 3-rich polycyclic compounds from directed evolution and computational modelling. Nat Chem 2024; 16:817-826. [PMID: 38351380 PMCID: PMC11088497 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Catalysis with engineered enzymes has provided more efficient routes for the production of active pharmaceutical agents. However, the potential of biocatalysis to assist in early-stage drug discovery campaigns remains largely untapped. In this study, we have developed a biocatalytic strategy for the construction of sp3-rich polycyclic compounds via the intramolecular cyclopropanation of benzothiophenes and related heterocycles. Two carbene transferases with complementary regioisomer selectivity were evolved to catalyse the stereoselective cyclization of benzothiophene substrates bearing diazo ester groups at the C2 or C3 position of the heterocycle. The detailed mechanisms of these reactions were elucidated by a combination of crystallographic and computational analyses. Leveraging these insights, the substrate scope of one of the biocatalysts could be expanded to include previously unreactive substrates, highlighting the value of integrating evolutionary and rational strategies to develop enzymes for new-to-nature transformations. The molecular scaffolds accessed here feature a combination of three-dimensional and stereochemical complexity with 'rule-of-three' properties, which should make them highly valuable for fragment-based drug discovery campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Vargas
- Process Research and Development, Merck, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Xinkun Ren
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Arkajyoti Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ledong Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Satyajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
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6
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Martín LR, Santiago LR, Korendovych IV, Sodupe M, Maréchal JD. Computational modelling of supramolecular metallopeptide assemblies. Methods Enzymol 2024; 697:211-245. [PMID: 38816124 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Among the important questions in supramolecular peptide self-assemblies are their interactions with metallic compounds and ions. In the last decade, intensive efforts have been devoted to understanding the structural properties of these interactions including their dynamical and catalytic impact in natural and de novo systems. Since structural insights from experimental approaches could be particularly challenging, computational chemistry methods are interesting complementary tools. Here, we present the general multiscale strategies we developed and applied for the study of metallopeptide assemblies. These strategies include prediction of metal binding site, docking of metallic moieties, classical and accelerated molecular dynamics and finally QM/MM calculations. The systems of choice for this chapter are, on one side, peptides involved in neurodegenerative diseases and, on the other, de novo fibrillar systems with catalytic properties. Both successes and remaining challenges are highlighted so that the protocol could be apply to other system of this kind.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivan V Korendovych
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Mariona Sodupe
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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7
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Reed JH, Seebeck FP. Reagent Engineering for Group Transfer Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311159. [PMID: 37688533 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has become a major driver in the innovation of preparative chemistry. Enzyme discovery, engineering and computational design have matured to reliable strategies in the development of biocatalytic processes. By comparison, substrate engineering has received much less attention. In this Minireview, we highlight the idea that the design of synthetic reagents may be an equally fruitful and complementary approach to develop novel enzyme-catalysed group transfer chemistry. This Minireview discusses key examples from the literature that illustrate how synthetic substrates can be devised to improve the efficiency, scalability and sustainability, as well as the scope of such reactions. We also provide an opinion as to how this concept might be further developed in the future, aspiring to replicate the evolutionary success story of natural group transfer reagents, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Rogge T, Zhou Q, Porter NJ, Arnold FH, Houk KN. Iron Heme Enzyme-Catalyzed Cyclopropanations with Diazirines as Carbene Precursors: Computational Explorations of Diazirine Activation and Cyclopropanation Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2959-2966. [PMID: 38270588 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism of cyclopropanations with diazirines as air-stable and user-friendly alternatives to commonly employed diazo compounds within iron heme enzyme-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions has been studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations of model systems, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the iron carbene and the cyclopropanation transition state in the enzyme active site. The reaction is initiated by a direct diazirine-diazo isomerization occurring in the active site of the enzyme. In contrast, an isomerization mechanism proceeding via the formation of a free carbene intermediate in lieu of a direct, one-step isomerization process was observed for model systems. Subsequent reaction with benzyl acrylate takes place through stepwise C-C bond formation via a diradical intermediate, delivering the cyclopropane product. The origin of the observed diastereo- and enantioselectivity in the enzyme was investigated through MD simulations, which indicate a preferred formation of the cis-cyclopropane by steric control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Rogge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Nicholas J Porter
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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9
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Nam D, Bacik JP, Khade RL, Aguilera MC, Wei Y, Villada JD, Neidig ML, Zhang Y, Ando N, Fasan R. Mechanistic manifold in a hemoprotein-catalyzed cyclopropanation reaction with diazoketone. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7985. [PMID: 38042860 PMCID: PMC10693563 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoproteins have recently emerged as promising biocatalysts for new-to-nature carbene transfer reactions. However, mechanistic understanding of the interplay between productive and unproductive pathways in these processes is limited. Using spectroscopic, structural, and computational methods, we investigate the mechanism of a myoglobin-catalyzed cyclopropanation reaction with diazoketones. These studies shed light on the nature and kinetics of key catalytic steps in this reaction, including the formation of an early heme-bound diazo complex intermediate, the rate-determining nature of carbene formation, and the cyclopropanation mechanism. Our analyses further reveal the existence of a complex mechanistic manifold for this reaction that includes a competing pathway resulting in the formation of an N-bound carbene adduct of the heme cofactor, which was isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography, UV-Vis, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. This species can regenerate the active biocatalyst, constituting a non-productive, yet non-destructive detour from the main catalytic cycle. These findings offer a valuable framework for both mechanistic analysis and design of hemoprotein-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggeon Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - John-Paul Bacik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rahul L Khade
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | | | - Yang Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Juan D Villada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
| | - Nozomi Ando
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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10
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Harariya MS, Gogoi R, Goswami A, Sharma AK, Jindal G. Is Enol Always the Culprit? The Curious Case of High Enantioselectivity in a Chiral Rh(II) Complex Catalyzed Carbene Insertion Reaction. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301910. [PMID: 37665257 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of Rh2 (S-NTTL)4 catalyzed carbene insertion into C(3)-H of indole is investigated using DFT methods. Since the commonly accepted enol mechanism cannot account for enantioinduction, a concerted oxocarbenium pathway was proposed in an earlier work using a model catalyst. However, after considering the full catalytic system, this study finds that akin to other reactions, here, too, the enol pathway is of lower energy, which now naturally raises a conundrum regarding the mode of chiral induction. Herein, a new water promoted mechanistic pathway involving a metal-associated enol intermediate hydrogen bonding and stereochemical model are proposed to solve this puzzle. It is shown how the catalyst bowl-shaped structure along with substrate-catalyst binding is crucial for achieving high levels of enantioselectivity. A stereodetermining water-assisted proton transfer is proposed and confirmed through deuterium-labeling experiments. The water molecules are held together by H-bonding interactions with the carboxylate ligands that is reminiscent of enzyme catalysis. Although several previous studies have aimed at understanding the mechanism of metal catalyzed carbene insertion reactions, the origin of high stereoinduction especially with chiral metal complexes remains unclear, and till date there is no transition state model that can explain the high enantioselectivity with such chiral Rh complexes. The metal-associated enol pathway is currently underrepresented in catalytic cycles and may play a crucial role in catalyst design. Since the enol pathway is commonly adopted in other metal-catalyzed X-H insertion reactions involving a diazoester, the presented results are not specific to the current reaction. Therefore, this study could provide the direction for achieving high levels of enantioselectivity which is otherwise difficult to achieve with a single metal catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh S Harariya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Romin Gogoi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Anubhav Goswami
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Akhilesh K Sharma
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avgda. Països Catalans, 1643007, Tarragona, 560012, Spain
| | - Garima Jindal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
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11
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Lee WCC, Wang DS, Zhu Y, Zhang XP. Iron(III)-based metalloradical catalysis for asymmetric cyclopropanation via a stepwise radical mechanism. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1569-1580. [PMID: 37679462 PMCID: PMC10842623 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Metalloradical catalysis (MRC) exploits the metal-centred radicals present in open-shell metal complexes as one-electron catalysts for the generation of metal-stabilized organic radicals-key intermediates that control subsequent one-electron homolytic reactions. Cobalt(II) complexes of porphyrins, as stable 15e-metalloradicals with a well-defined low-spin d7 configuration, have dominated the ongoing development of MRC. Here, to broaden MRC beyond the use of Co(II)-based metalloradical catalysts, we describe systematic studies that establish the operation of Fe(III)-based MRC and demonstrate an initial application for asymmetric radical transformations. Specifically, we report that five-coordinate iron(III) complexes of porphyrins with an axial ligand, which represent another family of stable 15e-metalloradicals with a d5 configuration, are potent metalloradical catalysts for olefin cyclopropanation with different classes of diazo compounds via a stepwise radical mechanism. This work lays a foundation and mechanistic blueprint for future exploration of Fe(III)-based MRC towards the discovery of diverse stereoselective radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chen Cindy Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Duo-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Yiling Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - X Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
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12
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Li F, Xu Y, Xu Y, Xie H, Wu J, Wang C, Li Z, Wang Z, Wang L. Engineering of Dual-Function Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin: A One-Pot Strategy for the Synthesis of Unnatural α-Amino Acids. Org Lett 2023; 25:7115-7119. [PMID: 37737085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite a well-developed and growing body of work on the directed evolution of hemoproteins, the potential of hemoproteins to catalyze non-natural reactions remains underexplored. This paper reports a new biocatalytic strategy for the one-pot synthesis of unnatural α-amino acids. Engineered variants of dual-function Vitreoscilla hemoglobin were found to efficiently catalyze N-H insertion and C-H sp3 alkylation, providing moderate to excellent yields (57%-95%) of unnatural α-amino acid derivatives and turnover numbers (1425-2375).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Yaning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Yuelin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Hanqing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Zhengqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
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13
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Zhang Y, Chu JM. Computational Mechanistic Investigations of Biocatalytic Nitrenoid C-H Functionalizations via Engineered Heme Proteins. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300260. [PMID: 37134298 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Engineered heme proteins were developed to possess numerous excellent biocatalytic nitrenoid C-H functionalizations. Computational approaches such as density functional theory (DFT), hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM), and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations were employed to help understand some important mechanistic aspects of these heme nitrene transfer reactions. This review summarizes advances of computational reaction pathway results of these biocatalytic intramolecular and intermolecular C-H aminations/amidations, focusing on mechanistic origins of reactivity, regioselectivity, enantioselectivity, diastereoselectivity as well as effects of substrate substituent, axial ligand, metal center, and protein environment. Some important common and distinctive mechanistic features of these reactions were also described with brief outlook of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Jia-Min Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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14
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Chatterjee R, Jindal G. Role of mutations in a chemoenzymatic enantiodivergent C(sp 3)-H insertion: exploring the mechanism and origin of stereoselectivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8810-8822. [PMID: 37621422 PMCID: PMC10445471 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02788k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
New-to-nature enzymes have emerged as powerful catalysts in recent years for streamlining various stereoselective organic transformations. While synthetic strategies employing engineered enzymes have witnessed proliferating success, there is limited clarity on the mechanistic front and more so when considering molecular-level insights into the role of selected mutations, dramatically escalating catalytic competency and selectivity. We have investigated the mechanism and correlation between mutations and exquisite stereoselectivity of a lactone carbene insertion into the C(sp3)-H bond of substituted aniline, catalyzed by two mutants of a cytochrome P450 variant, "P411" (engineered through directed evolution) in which the axial cysteine has been mutated to serine, utilizing various computational tools. The pivotal role of S264 and L/R328 mutations in the active site has been delineated computationally using two cluster models, thus rationalizing the enantiodivergence. This report provides much-needed insights into the origin of enantiodivergence, furnishing a mechanistic framework for understanding the anchoring effects of H-bond donor residues with the lactone ring. This study is expected to have important implications in the rational design of stereodivergent enzymes and toward successful in silico enzyme designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwika Chatterjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Garima Jindal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
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15
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Mao R, Wackelin DJ, Jamieson CS, Rogge T, Gao S, Das A, Taylor DM, Houk KN, Arnold FH. Enantio- and Diastereoenriched Enzymatic Synthesis of 1,2,3-Polysubstituted Cyclopropanes from ( Z/ E)-Trisubstituted Enol Acetates. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16176-16185. [PMID: 37433085 PMCID: PMC10528827 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In nature and synthetic chemistry, stereoselective [2 + 1] cyclopropanation is the most prevalent strategy for the synthesis of chiral cyclopropanes, a class of key pharmacophores in pharmaceuticals and bioactive natural products. One of the most extensively studied reactions in the organic chemist's arsenal, stereoselective [2 + 1] cyclopropanation, largely relies on the use of stereodefined olefins, which can require elaborate laboratory synthesis or tedious separation to ensure high stereoselectivity. Here, we report engineered hemoproteins derived from a bacterial cytochrome P450 that catalyze the synthesis of chiral 1,2,3-polysubstituted cyclopropanes, regardless of the stereopurity of the olefin substrates used. Cytochrome P450BM3 variant P411-INC-5185 exclusively converts (Z)-enol acetates to enantio- and diastereoenriched cyclopropanes and in the model reaction delivers a leftover (E)-enol acetate with 98% stereopurity, using whole Escherichia coli cells. P411-INC-5185 was further engineered with a single mutation to enable the biotransformation of (E)-enol acetates to α-branched ketones with high levels of enantioselectivity while simultaneously catalyzing the cyclopropanation of (Z)-enol acetates with excellent activities and selectivities. We conducted docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations to understand how active-site residues distinguish between the substrate isomers and enable the enzyme to perform these distinct transformations with such high selectivities. Computational studies suggest the observed enantio- and diastereoselectivities are achieved through a stepwise pathway. These biotransformations streamline the synthesis of chiral 1,2,3-polysubstituted cyclopropanes from readily available mixtures of (Z/E)-olefins, adding a new dimension to classical cyclopropanation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Mao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Daniel J. Wackelin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Cooper S. Jamieson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Torben Rogge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shilong Gao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Anuvab Das
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Doris Mia Taylor
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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16
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Ma C, Wang S, Sheng Y, Zhao XL, Xing D, Hu W. Synthesis and Characterization of Donor-Acceptor Iron Porphyrin Carbenes and Their Reactivities in N-H Insertion and Related Three-Component Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4934-4939. [PMID: 36811995 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Iron porphyrin carbenes (IPCs) have been extensively recognized as the reactive intermediates in various iron porphyrin-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions. While donor-acceptor diazo compounds have been frequently used for such transformations, the structures and reactivities of donor-acceptor IPCs are less explored. To date, no crystal structures of donor-acceptor IPC complexes have been reported, and therefore, the involvement of IPC intermediacy for such transformations lacks direct evidence. Here we report the synthesis and NMR characterization of several donor-acceptor IPC complexes from iron porphyrin and corresponding donor-acceptor diazo compounds. The X-ray crystal structure of an IPC complex derived from a morpholine-substituted diazo amide was obtained. The carbene transfer reactivities of those IPCs were tested by the N-H insertion reactions with aniline or morpholine as well as the three-component reaction with aniline and γ,δ-unsaturated α-keto ester based on electrophilic trapping of an ammonium ylide intermediate. Based on these results, IPCs were identified as the real intermediates for iron porphyrin-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions from donor-acceptor diazo compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Ma
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yuan Sheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dong Xing
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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17
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Roose TR, Preschel HD, Mayo Tejedor H, Roozee JC, Hamlin TA, Maes BUW, Ruijter E, Orru RVA. Iron-Catalysed Carbene Transfer to Isocyanides as a Platform for Heterocycle Synthesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203074. [PMID: 36305372 PMCID: PMC10108253 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An iron-catalysed carbene transfer reaction of diazo compounds to isocyanides has been developed. The resulting ketenimines are trapped in situ with various bisnucleophiles to access a range of densely functionalized heterocycles (pyrimidinones, dihydropyrazolones, 1H-tetrazoles) in a one-pot process. The electron-rich Hieber anion ([Fe(CO)3 NO]- ) facilitates efficient catalytic carbene transfer from acceptor-type α-diazo carbonyl compounds to isocyanides, providing a cost-efficient and benign alternative to similar noble metal-catalysed processes. Based on DFT calculations a plausible reaction mechanism for activation of the α-diazo carbonyl carbene precursor and ketenimine formation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Roose
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Daniel Preschel
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helena Mayo Tejedor
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper C Roozee
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romano V A Orru
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Organic Chemistry Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 KD, Geleen, The Netherlands
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18
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Schaus L, Das A, Knight AM, Jimenez-Osés G, Houk KN, Garcia-Borràs M, Arnold FH, Huang X. Protoglobin-Catalyzed Formation of cis-Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Cyclopropanes by Carbene Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202208936. [PMID: 36533936 PMCID: PMC9894577 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Trifluoromethyl-substituted cyclopropanes (CF3 -CPAs) constitute an important class of compounds for drug discovery. While several methods have been developed for synthesis of trans-CF3 -CPAs, stereoselective production of corresponding cis-diastereomers remains a formidable challenge. We report a biocatalyst for diastereo- and enantio-selective synthesis of cis-CF3 -CPAs with activity on a variety of alkenes. We found that an engineered protoglobin from Aeropyrnum pernix (ApePgb) can catalyze this unusual reaction at preparative scale with low-to-excellent yield (6-55 %) and enantioselectivity (17-99 % ee), depending on the substrate. Computational studies revealed that the steric environment in the active site of the protoglobin forced iron-carbenoid and substrates to adopt a pro-cis near-attack conformation. This work demonstrates the capability of enzyme catalysts to tackle challenging chemistry problems and provides a powerful means to expand the structural diversity of CF3 -CPAs for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Schaus
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Anuvab Das
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Anders M Knight
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Gonzalo Jimenez-Osés
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160, Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns-Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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19
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Ren X, Couture BM, Liu N, Lall MS, Kohrt JT, Fasan R. Enantioselective Single and Dual α-C-H Bond Functionalization of Cyclic Amines via Enzymatic Carbene Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:537-550. [PMID: 36542059 PMCID: PMC9837850 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic amines are ubiquitous structural motifs found in pharmaceuticals and biologically active natural products, making methods for their elaboration via direct C-H functionalization of considerable synthetic value. Herein, we report the development of an iron-based biocatalytic strategy for enantioselective α-C-H functionalization of pyrrolidines and other saturated N-heterocycles via a carbene transfer reaction with diazoacetone. Currently unreported for organometallic catalysts, this transformation can be accomplished in high yields, high catalytic activity, and high stereoselectivity (up to 99:1 e.r. and 20,350 TON) using engineered variants of cytochrome P450 CYP119 from Sulfolobus solfataricus. This methodology was further extended to enable enantioselective α-C-H functionalization in the presence of ethyl diazoacetate as carbene donor (up to 96:4 e.r. and 18,270 TON), and the two strategies were combined to achieve a one-pot as well as a tandem dual C-H functionalization of a cyclic amine substrate with enzyme-controlled diastereo- and enantiodivergent selectivity. This biocatalytic approach is amenable to gram-scale synthesis and can be applied to drug scaffolds for late-stage C-H functionalization. This work provides an efficient and tunable method for direct asymmetric α-C-H functionalization of saturated N-heterocycles, which should offer new opportunities for the synthesis, discovery, and optimization of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Bo M. Couture
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Ningyu Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Manjinder S. Lall
- Pfizer
Inc., Medicine and Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Kohrt
- Pfizer
Inc., Medicine and Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States,
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20
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Siriboe MG, Vargas DA, Fasan R. Dehaloperoxidase Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopropanol Esters. J Org Chem 2022. [PMID: 36542602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chiral cyclopropanols are highly desirable building blocks for medicinal chemistry, but the stereoselective synthesis of these molecules remains challenging. Here, a novel strategy is reported for the diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of cyclopropanol derivatives via the biocatalytic asymmetric cyclopropanation of vinyl esters with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA). A dehaloperoxidase enzyme from Amphitrite ornata was repurposed to catalyze this challenging cyclopropanation reaction, and its activity and stereoselectivity were optimized via protein engineering. Using this system, a broad range of electron-deficient vinyl esters were efficiently converted to the desired cyclopropanation products with up to 99.5:0.5 diastereomeric and enantiomeric ratios. In addition, the engineered dehaloperoxidase-based biocatalyst is able to catalyze a variety of other abiological carbene transfer reactions, including N-H/S-H carbene insertion with EDA as well as cyclopropanation with diazoacetonitrile, thus adding to the multifunctionality of this enzyme and defining it as a valuable new scaffold for the development of novel carbene transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Siriboe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York14627, United States
| | - David A Vargas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York14627, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York14627, United States
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21
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Schaus L, Das A, Knight AM, Jimenez‐Osés G, Houk KN, Garcia‐Borràs M, Arnold FH, Huang X. Protoglobin‐Catalyzed Formation of
cis
‐Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Cyclopropanes by Carbene Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Schaus
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Blvd. Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Anuvab Das
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Blvd. Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Anders M. Knight
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Blvd. Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Gonzalo Jimenez‐Osés
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800 48160 Derio Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science 48013 Bilbao Spain
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Marc Garcia‐Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69 17003 Girona Spain
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Blvd. Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry Johns-Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
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22
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Li F, Xiao L, Li B, Hu X, Liu L. Carbene polymerization from the catalyzed decomposition of diazo compounds: Mechanism and modern development. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Sosa Alfaro V, Waheed SO, Palomino H, Knorrscheidt A, Weissenborn M, Christov CZ, Lehnert N. YfeX - A New Platform for Carbene Transferase Development with High Intrinsic Reactivity. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201474. [PMID: 35948517 PMCID: PMC9691539 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbene transfer biocatalysis has evolved from basic science to an area with vast potential for the development of new industrial processes. In this study, we show that YfeX, naturally a peroxidase, has great potential for the development of new carbene transferases, due to its high intrinsic reactivity, especially for the N-H insertion reaction of aromatic and aliphatic primary and secondary amines. YfeX shows high stability against organic solvents (methanol and DMSO), greatly improving turnover of hydrophobic substrates. Interestingly, in styrene cyclopropanation, WT YfeX naturally shows high enantioselectivity, generating the trans product with 87 % selectivity for the (R,R) enantiomer. WT YfeX also catalyzes the Si-H insertion efficiently. Steric effects in the active site were further explored using the R232A variant. Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) calculations reveal details on the mechanism of Si-H insertion. YfeX, and potentially other peroxidases, are exciting new targets for the development of improved carbene transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sosa Alfaro
- Department of Chemistry and Department of BiophysicsUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan48109–1055United States
| | - Sodiq O. Waheed
- Department of ChemistryMichigan Technological UniversityHoughton, Michigan49931United States
| | - Hannah Palomino
- Department of Chemistry and Department of BiophysicsUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan48109–1055United States
| | - Anja Knorrscheidt
- Institute of ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes-Str. 206120HalleGermany
| | - Martin Weissenborn
- Institute of ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes-Str. 206120HalleGermany
| | - Christo Z. Christov
- Department of ChemistryMichigan Technological UniversityHoughton, Michigan49931United States
| | - Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of BiophysicsUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan48109–1055United States
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24
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A Computational Study on the Mechanism of Catalytic Cyclopropanation Reaction with Cobalt N-Confused Porphyrin: The Effects of Inner Carbon and Intramolecular Axial Ligand. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217266. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors that affect acceleration and high trans/cis selectivity in the catalytic cyclopropanation reaction of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate by cobalt N-confused porphyrin (NCP) complexes were investigated using density functional theory calculations. The reaction rate was primarily related to the energy gap between the cobalt–carbene adduct intermediates, A and B, which was affected by the NCP skeletons and axial pyridine ligands more than the corresponding porphyrin complex. In addition, high trans/cis stereoselectivity was determined at the TS1 and, in part, in the isomerization process at the carbon-centered radical intermediates, Ctrans and Ccis.
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25
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Huang S, Deng WH, Liao RZ, He C. Repurposing a Nitric Oxide Transport Hemoprotein Nitrophorin 2 for Olefin Cyclopropanation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunzhi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Hao Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Chunmao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China
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26
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Wei Y, Conklin M, Zhang Y. Biocatalytic Intramolecular C-H aminations via Engineered Heme Proteins: Full Reaction Pathways and Axial Ligand Effects. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202006. [PMID: 35840505 PMCID: PMC9804930 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Engineered heme protein biocatalysts provide an efficient and sustainable approach to develop amine-containing compounds through C-H amination. A quantum chemical study to reveal the complete heme catalyzed intramolecular C-H amination pathway and protein axial ligand effect was reported, using reactions of an experimentally used arylsulfonylazide with hemes containing L=none, SH- , MeO- , and MeOH to simulate no axial ligand, negatively charged Cys and Ser ligands, and a neutral ligand for comparison. Nitrene formation was found as the overall rate-determining step (RDS) and the catalyst with Ser ligand has the best reactivity, consistent with experimental reports. Both RDS and non-RDS (nitrene transfer) transition states follow the barrier trend of MeO- <SH- <MeOH<None due to the charge donation capability of the axial ligand to influence the key charge transfer process as the electronic driving forces. Results also provide new ideas for future biocatalyst design with enhanced reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyStevens Institute of Technology1 Castle Point on HudsonHobokenNJ 07030USA,Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryLoyola University Chicago1032 W Sheridan RdChicagoIL 60660USA
| | - Melissa Conklin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyStevens Institute of Technology1 Castle Point on HudsonHobokenNJ 07030USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyStevens Institute of Technology1 Castle Point on HudsonHobokenNJ 07030USA
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27
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Soler J, Gergel S, Klaus C, Hammer SC, Garcia-Borràs M. Enzymatic Control over Reactive Intermediates Enables Direct Oxidation of Alkenes to Carbonyls by a P450 Iron-Oxo Species. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15954-15968. [PMID: 35998887 PMCID: PMC9460782 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The aerobic oxidation of alkenes to carbonyls is an important
and
challenging transformation in synthesis. Recently, a new P450-based
enzyme (aMOx) has been evolved in the laboratory to directly oxidize
styrenes to their corresponding aldehydes with high activity and selectivity.
The enzyme utilizes a heme-based, high-valent iron-oxo species as
a catalytic oxidant that normally epoxidizes alkenes, similar to other
catalysts. How the evolved aMOx enzyme suppresses the commonly preferred
epoxidation and catalyzes direct carbonyl formation is currently not
well understood. Here, we combine computational modelling together
with mechanistic experiments to study the reaction mechanism and unravel
the molecular basis behind the selectivity achieved by aMOx. Our results
describe that although both pathways are energetically accessible
diverging from a common covalent radical intermediate, intrinsic dynamic effects determine the strong preference for epoxidation.
We discovered that aMOx overrides these intrinsic preferences by controlling
the accessible conformations of the covalent radical intermediate.
This disfavors epoxidation and facilitates the formation of a carbocation
intermediate that generates the aldehyde product through a fast 1,2-hydride
migration. Electrostatic preorganization of the enzyme active site
also contributes to the stabilization of the carbocation intermediate.
Computations predicted that the hydride migration is stereoselective
due to the enzymatic conformational control over the intermediate
species. These predictions were corroborated by experiments using
deuterated styrene substrates, which proved that the hydride migration
is cis- and enantioselective. Our results demonstrate
that directed evolution tailored a highly specific active site that
imposes strong steric control over key fleeting biocatalytic intermediates,
which is essential for accessing the carbonyl forming pathway and
preventing competing epoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Soler
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona 17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sebastian Gergel
- Chair of Organic Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Cindy Klaus
- Chair of Organic Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephan C Hammer
- Chair of Organic Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona 17003, Catalonia, Spain
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28
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Koebke KJ, Pinter TBJ, Pitts WC, Pecoraro VL. Catalysis and Electron Transfer in De Novo Designed Metalloproteins. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12046-12109. [PMID: 35763791 PMCID: PMC10735231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmark advances in our understanding of metalloprotein function is showcased in our ability to design new, non-native, catalytically active protein scaffolds. This review highlights progress and milestone achievements in the field of de novo metalloprotein design focused on reports from the past decade with special emphasis on de novo designs couched within common subfields of bioinorganic study: heme binding proteins, monometal- and dimetal-containing catalytic sites, and metal-containing electron transfer sites. Within each subfield, we highlight several of what we have identified as significant and important contributions to either our understanding of that subfield or de novo metalloprotein design as a discipline. These reports are placed in context both historically and scientifically. General suggestions for future directions that we feel will be important to advance our understanding or accelerate discovery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Koebke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Winston C. Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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29
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Van Stappen C, Deng Y, Liu Y, Heidari H, Wang JX, Zhou Y, Ledray AP, Lu Y. Designing Artificial Metalloenzymes by Tuning of the Environment beyond the Primary Coordination Sphere. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11974-12045. [PMID: 35816578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes catalyze a variety of reactions using a limited number of natural amino acids and metallocofactors. Therefore, the environment beyond the primary coordination sphere must play an important role in both conferring and tuning their phenomenal catalytic properties, enabling active sites with otherwise similar primary coordination environments to perform a diverse array of biological functions. However, since the interactions beyond the primary coordination sphere are numerous and weak, it has been difficult to pinpoint structural features responsible for the tuning of activities of native enzymes. Designing artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) offers an excellent basis to elucidate the roles of these interactions and to further develop practical biological catalysts. In this review, we highlight how the secondary coordination spheres of ArMs influence metal binding and catalysis, with particular focus on the use of native protein scaffolds as templates for the design of ArMs by either rational design aided by computational modeling, directed evolution, or a combination of both approaches. In describing successes in designing heme, nonheme Fe, and Cu metalloenzymes, heteronuclear metalloenzymes containing heme, and those ArMs containing other metal centers (including those with non-native metal ions and metallocofactors), we have summarized insights gained on how careful controls of the interactions in the secondary coordination sphere, including hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions, allow the generation and tuning of these respective systems to approach, rival, and, in a few cases, exceed those of native enzymes. We have also provided an outlook on the remaining challenges in the field and future directions that will allow for a deeper understanding of the secondary coordination sphere a deeper understanding of the secondary coordintion sphere to be gained, and in turn to guide the design of a broader and more efficient variety of ArMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Van Stappen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yunling Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hirbod Heidari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jing-Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Aaron P Ledray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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30
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Tanbouza N, Petti A, Leech MC, Caron L, Walsh JM, Lam K, Ollevier T. Electrosynthesis of Stabilized Diazo Compounds from Hydrazones. Org Lett 2022; 24:4665-4669. [PMID: 35727690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical synthesis of diazo compounds from hydrazones in yields as high as 99% was performed. This method was elaborated as a useful synthetic method and demonstrated on various diazo compounds (24 examples). Apart from exhibiting an efficiency that matched that of commonly used harsh and toxic chemical oxidants, this reaction is practically simple to set up, requires mild conditions, and is highly electron efficient (3 F/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Tanbouza
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alessia Petti
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, U.K
| | - Matthew C Leech
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, U.K
| | - Laurent Caron
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jamie M Walsh
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, U.K
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, U.K
| | - Thierry Ollevier
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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31
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Wang Z, Cheng J, Ding W, Wang D. C(sp3)–H Amination Catalyzed by Ir(Me)-Porphyrin: A Computational Study. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junhui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wanjian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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32
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Nam D, Tinoco A, Shen Z, Adukure RD, Sreenilayam G, Khare SD, Fasan R. Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethyl Amines via Biocatalytic N-H Bond Insertion with Acceptor-Acceptor Carbene Donors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2590-2602. [PMID: 35107997 PMCID: PMC8855427 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The biocatalytic
toolbox has recently been expanded to include
enzyme-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions not occurring in Nature.
Herein, we report the development of a biocatalytic strategy for the
synthesis of enantioenriched α-trifluoromethyl amines through
an asymmetric N–H carbene insertion reaction catalyzed by engineered
variants of cytochrome c552 from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus. Using a combination of protein and substrate engineering, this
metalloprotein scaffold was redesigned to enable the synthesis of
chiral α-trifluoromethyl amino esters with up to >99% yield
and 95:5 er using benzyl 2-diazotrifluoropropanoate as the carbene
donor. When the diazo reagent was varied, the enantioselectivity of
the enzyme could be inverted to produce the opposite enantiomers of
these products with up to 99.5:0.5 er. This methodology is applicable
to a broad range of aryl amine substrates, and it can be leveraged
to obtain chemoenzymatic access to enantioenriched β-trifluoromethyl-β-amino
alcohols and halides. Computational analyses provide insights into
the interplay of protein- and reagent-mediated control on the enantioselectivity
of this reaction. This work introduces the first example of a biocatalytic
N–H carbenoid insertion with an acceptor–acceptor carbene
donor, and it offers a biocatalytic solution for the enantioselective
synthesis of α-trifluoromethylated amines as valuable synthons
for medicinal chemistry and the synthesis of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggeon Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Antonio Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Zhuofan Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ronald D Adukure
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | | | - Sagar D Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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33
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Ren X, Chandgude AL, Carminati DM, Shen Z, Khare SD, Fasan R. Highly stereoselective and enantiodivergent synthesis of cyclopropylphosphonates with engineered carbene transferases. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8550-8556. [PMID: 35974764 PMCID: PMC9337741 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01965e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphonate compounds have represented a rich source of biologically active compounds, including enzyme inhibitors, antibiotics, and antimalarial agents. Here, we report the development of a highly stereoselective strategy for olefin cyclopropanation in the presence of a phosphonyl diazo reagent as carbene precursor. In combination with a ‘substrate walking’ protein engineering strategy, two sets of efficient and enantiodivergent myoglobin-based biocatalysts were developed for the synthesis of both (1R,2S) and (1S,2R) enantiomeric forms of the desired cyclopropylphosphonate ester products. This methodology enables the efficient transformation of a broad range of vinylarene substrates at a preparative scale (i.e. gram scale) with up to 99% de and ee. Mechanistic studies provide insights into factors that contribute to make this reaction inherently more challenging than hemoprotein-catalyzed olefin cyclopropanation with ethyl diazoacetate investigated previously. This work expands the range of synthetically useful, enzyme-catalyzed transformations and paves the way to the development of metalloprotein catalysts for abiological carbene transfer reactions involving non-canonical carbene donor reagents. Two enantiocomplementary myoglobin-based carbene transfer biocatalysts were developed for the synthesis of cyclopropylphosphonate esters with high diastereo- and enantioselectivity and in high yields.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Ajay L. Chandgude
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Daniela M. Carminati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Zhuofan Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Sagar D. Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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34
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Wang H, Liu Y, Su C, Schulz CE, Fan Y, Bian Y, Li J. Perspectives on Ligand Properties of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Iron Porphyrin Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:847-856. [PMID: 34962794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There has been considerable research interest in the ligand nature of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). In this work, two six-coordinate NHC iron porphyrin complexes [FeII(TTP)(1,3-Me2Imd)2] (TTP = tetratolylporphyrin, 1,3-Me2Imd = 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene) and [FeIII(TDCPP)(1,3-Me2Imd)2]ClO4 (TDCPP = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin) are reported. Single-crystal X-ray characterizations demonstrate that both complexes have strongly ruffled conformations and relatively perpendicular ligand orientations which are forced by the sterically bulky 1,3-Me2Imd NHC ligands. Multitemperature (4.2-300 K) and high magnetic field (0-9 T) Mössbauer and low-temperature (4.0 K) EPR spectroscopies definitely confirmed the low-spin states of [FeII(TTP)(1,3-Me2Imd)2] (S = 0) and [FeIII(TDCPP)(1,3-Me2Imd)2]ClO4 (S = 1/2). The similarity of 1,3-Me2Imd and imidazole, as well as the well-established correlations between the ligand nature and spectroscopic characteristics of [FeII,III(Porph)(L)2]0,+ (Porph: porphyrin; L: planar base ligand) species, allowed direct comparisons between the pair of ligands which revealed for the first time that NHC has a stronger π-acceptor ability than imidazoles, in addition to its very strong σ-donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Chaorui Su
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, and Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Charles E Schulz
- Department of Physics, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois 61401, United States
| | - Yingying Fan
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yongzhong Bian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, and Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, and Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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35
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Martin ML, Boyer A. Controlling Selectivity in the Synthesis of
Z
‐α,β‐Unsaturated Amidines by Tuning the
N
‐Sulfonyl Group in a Rhodium(II) Catalyzed 1,2‐H Shift. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Martin
- School of Chemistry University of Glasgow Joseph Black Building G12 8QQ Glasgow Scotland
| | - Alistair Boyer
- School of Chemistry University of Glasgow Joseph Black Building G12 8QQ Glasgow Scotland
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36
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Planas F, Costantini M, Montesinos-Magraner M, Himo F, Mendoza A. Combined Experimental and Computational Study of Ruthenium N-Hydroxyphthalimidoyl Carbenes in Alkene Cyclopropanation Reactions. ACS Catal 2021; 11:10950-10963. [PMID: 34504736 PMCID: PMC8419840 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A combined experimental-computational approach has been used to study the cyclopropanation reaction of N-hydroxyphthalimide diazoacetate (NHPI-DA) with various olefins, catalyzed by a ruthenium-phenyloxazoline (Ru-Pheox) complex. Kinetic studies show that the better selectivity of the employed redox-active NHPI diazoacetate is a result of a much slower dimerization reaction compared to aliphatic diazoacetates. Density functional theory calculations reveal that several reactions can take place with similar energy barriers, namely, dimerization of the NHPI diazoacetate, cyclopropanation (inner-sphere and outer-sphere), and a previously unrecognized migratory insertion of the carbene into the phenyloxazoline ligand. The calculations show that the migratory insertion reaction yields an unconsidered ruthenium complex that is catalytically competent for both the dimerization and cyclopropanation, and its relevance is assessed experimentally. The stereoselectivity of the reaction is argued to stem from an intricate balance between the various mechanistic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Montesinos-Magraner
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abraham Mendoza
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Huang H, Zhao D, Yang Z. Theoretical
s
tudy of enantioenriched aminohydroxylation of styrene catalyzed by an engineered hemoprotein. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Dong‐Xia Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Zhong‐Zhi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
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38
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Pott M, Tinzl M, Hayashi T, Ota Y, Dunkelmann D, Mittl PRE, Hilvert D. Noncanonical Heme Ligands Steer Carbene Transfer Reactivity in an Artificial Metalloenzyme*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15063-15068. [PMID: 33880851 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Changing the primary metal coordination sphere is a powerful strategy for tuning metalloprotein properties. Here we used amber stop codon suppression with engineered pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetases, including two newly evolved enzymes, to replace the proximal histidine in myoglobin with Nδ -methylhistidine, 5-thiazoylalanine, 4-thiazoylalanine and 3-(3-thienyl)alanine. In addition to tuning the heme redox potential over a >200 mV range, these noncanonical ligands modulate the protein's carbene transfer activity with ethyl diazoacetate. Variants with increased reduction potential proved superior for cyclopropanation and N-H insertion, whereas variants with reduced Eo values gave higher S-H insertion activity. Given the functional importance of histidine in many enzymes, these genetically encoded analogues could be valuable tools for probing mechanism and enabling new chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Pott
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Tinzl
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Takahiro Hayashi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yusuke Ota
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Dunkelmann
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peer R E Mittl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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39
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Pott M, Tinzl M, Hayashi T, Ota Y, Dunkelmann D, Mittl PRE, Hilvert D. Noncanonical Heme Ligands Steer Carbene Transfer Reactivity in an Artificial Metalloenzyme**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Pott
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Matthias Tinzl
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Takahiro Hayashi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Yusuke Ota
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - Peer R. E. Mittl
- Department of Biochemistry University of Zürich 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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40
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Roelfes G. Repurposed and artificial heme enzymes for cyclopropanation reactions. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 222:111523. [PMID: 34217039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Heme enzymes are some of the most versatile catalysts in nature. In recent years it has been found that they can also catalyze reactions for which there are no equivalents in nature. This development has been driven by the abiological catalytic reactivity reported for bio-inspired and biomimetic iron porphyrin complexes. This review focuss es on heme enzymes for catalysis of cyclopropanation reactions. The two most important approaches used to create enzymes for cyclopropanation are repurposing of heme enzymes and the various strategies used to improve these enzymes such as mutagenesis and heme replacement, and artificial heme enzymes. These strategies are introduced and compared. Moreover, lessons learned with regard to mechanism and design principles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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41
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Garcia-Borràs M, Kan SBJ, Lewis RD, Tang A, Jimenez-Osés G, Arnold FH, Houk KN. Origin and Control of Chemoselectivity in Cytochrome c Catalyzed Carbene Transfer into Si-H and N-H bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7114-7123. [PMID: 33909977 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A cytochrome c heme protein was recently engineered to catalyze the formation of carbon-silicon bonds via carbene insertion into Si-H bonds, a reaction that was not previously known to be catalyzed by a protein. High chemoselectivity toward C-Si bond formation over competing C-N bond formation was achieved, although this trait was not screened for during directed evolution. Using computational and experimental tools, we now establish that activity and chemoselectivity are modulated by conformational dynamics of a protein loop that covers the substrate access to the iron-carbene active species. Mutagenesis of residues computationally predicted to control the loop conformation altered the protein's chemoselectivity from preferred silylation to preferred amination of a substrate containing both N-H and Si-H functionalities. We demonstrate that information on protein structure and conformational dynamics, combined with knowledge of mechanism, leads to understanding of how non-natural and selective chemical transformations can be introduced into the biological world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - S B Jennifer Kan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Russell D Lewis
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Allison Tang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States.,Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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42
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Silva LDSD, Souza AAD, Sá É. Computational considerations on the mechanism and stereoselectivity in cyclopropanation reactions via iron-carbenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Balhara R, Chatterjee R, Jindal G. A computational approach to understand the role of metals and axial ligands in artificial heme enzyme catalyzed C-H insertion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9500-9511. [PMID: 33885085 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Engineered heme enzymes such as myoglobin and cytochrome P450s metalloproteins are gaining widespread importance due to their efficiency in catalyzing non-natural reactions. In a recent strategy, the naturally occurring Fe metal in the heme unit was replaced with non-native metals such as Ir, Rh, Co, Cu, etc., and axial ligands to generate artificial metalloenzymes. Determining the best metal-ligand for a chemical transformation is not a trivial task. Here we demonstrate how computational approaches can be used in deciding the best metal-ligand combination which would be highly beneficial in designing new enzymes as well as small molecule catalysts. We have used Density Functional Theory (DFT) to shed light on the enhanced reactivity of an Ir system with varying axial ligands. We look at the insertion of a carbene group generated from diazo precursors via N2 extrusion into a C-H bond. For both Ir(Me) and Fe systems, the first step, i.e., N2 extrusion is the rate determining step. Strikingly, neither the better ligand overlap with 5d orbitals on Ir nor the electrophilicity on the carbene centre play a significant role. A comparison of Fe and Ir systems reveals that a lower distortion in the Ir(Me)-porphyrin on moving from the reactant to the transition state renders it catalytically more active. We notice that for both metal porphyrins, the free energy barriers are affected by axial ligand substitution. Further, for Fe porphyrin, the axial ligand also changes the preferred spin state. We show that for the carbene insertion into the C-H bond, Fe porphyrin systems undergo a stepwise HAT (hydrogen atom transfer) instead of a concerted hydride transfer process. Importantly, we find that the substitution of the axial Me ligand on Ir to imidazole or chloride, or without an axial substitution changes the rate determining step of the reaction. Therefore, an optimum ligand that can balance the barriers for both steps of the catalytic cycle is essential. We subsequently used the QM cluster approach to delineate the protein environment's role and mutations in improving the catalytic activity of the Ir(Me) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Balhara
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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44
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Hoffbauer MR, Iluc VM. [2+2] Cycloadditions with an Iron Carbene: A Critical Step in Enyne Metathesis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5592-5597. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Hoffbauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Vlad M. Iluc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Abucayon EG, Chu JM, Ayala M, Khade RL, Zhang Y, Richter-Addo GB. Insight into the preferential N-binding versus O-binding of nitrosoarenes to ferrous and ferric heme centers. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3487-3498. [PMID: 33634802 PMCID: PMC8061117 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03604h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosoarenes (ArNOs) are toxic metabolic intermediates that bind to heme proteins to inhibit their functions. Although much of their biological functions involve coordination to the Fe centers of hemes, the factors that determine N-binding or O-binding of these ArNOs have not been determined. We utilize X-ray crystallography and density functional theory (DFT) analyses of new representative ferrous and ferric ArNO compounds to provide the first theoretical insight into preferential N-binding versus O-binding of ArNOs to hemes. Our X-ray structural results favored N-binding of ArNO to ferrous heme centers, and O-binding to ferric hemes. Results of the DFT calculations rationalize this preferential binding on the basis of the energies of associated spin-states, and reveal that the dominant stabilization forces in the observed ferrous N-coordination and ferric O-coordination are dπ-pπ* and dσ-pπ*, respectively. Our results provide, for the first time, an explanation why in situ oxidation of the ferrous-ArNO compound to its ferric state results in the observed subsequent dissociation of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin G Abucayon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Jia-Min Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| | - Megan Ayala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Rahul L Khade
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| | - George B Richter-Addo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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46
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Nam D, Steck V, Potenzino RJ, Fasan R. A Diverse Library of Chiral Cyclopropane Scaffolds via Chemoenzymatic Assembly and Diversification of Cyclopropyl Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2221-2231. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donggeon Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Viktoria Steck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Robert J. Potenzino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Lebedeva NS, Yurina ES, Gubarev YA, Syrbu SA, Koifman OI. Aggregation of protein complexes with porphyrins under light irradiation. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of meso-tetra-([Formula: see text]-methyl-3-pyridyl)bacteriochlorin tetra 4-methylbenzenesulfonate, meso-tetra-([Formula: see text]-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphine tetraiodide and meso-tetra-([Formula: see text]-methyl-3-pyridyl)porphine tetraiodide with protein was studied. The localization of macrocycles in the protein and their influence on the processes of protein aggregation were established. The aggregation process is initiated by the transition of alpha structures into beta folds, caused by the binding of porphyrins at the sites of protein IB and IIA. The complexes were irradiated with blue and green light. The data obtained showed that by varying the intensity of the light exposure, one can influence the shift of the aggregation equilibrium, obtaining predominantly monomeric or aggregated structures. Thus, photoexposure can be used as an alternative method of treating diseases caused by amyloidosis and for regulating the state of the protein in the pharmacological preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sh. Lebedeva
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia, 153045, Russia
| | - Elena S. Yurina
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia, 153045, Russia
| | - Yury A. Gubarev
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia, 153045, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Syrbu
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia, 153045, Russia
| | - Oskar I. Koifman
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000, Ivanovo, Russia
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Jin L, Wang Q, Chen X, Liu N, Fang X, Yang YF, She YB. Computational Studies on the Mechanism and Origin of the Different Regioselectivities of Manganese Porphyrin-Catalyzed C-H Bond Hydroxylation and Amidation of Equilenin Acetate. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14879-14889. [PMID: 33225704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The manganese porphyrin-catalyzed C-H bond hydroxylation and amidation of equilenin acetate developed by Breslow and his co-worker have been investigated with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The hydroxylation of C(sp2)-H bond of equilenin acetate leading to the 6-hydroxylated product is more favorable than the hydroxylation of C(sp3)-H bond of equilenin acetate, leading to the 11β-hydroxylation product. The computational results suggest that the C(sp2)-H bond hydroxylation of equilenin acetate undergoes an oxygen-atom-transfer mechanism, which is more favorable than the C(sp3)-H bond hydroxylation undergoing the hydrogen-atom-abstraction/oxygen-rebound (HAA/OR) mechanism by 1.6 kcal/mol. That is why, the 6-hydroxylated product is the major product and the 11β-hydroxylated product is the minor product. In contrast, the 11β-amidated product is the only observed product in manganese porphyrin-catalyzed amidation reaction. The benzylic amidation undergoes a hydrogen-atom-abstraction/nitrogen-rebound (HAA/NR) mechanism, in which hydrogen atom abstraction is followed by nitrogen rebound, leading to the 11β-amidated product. The benzylic C(sp3)-H bond amidation at the C-11 position is more favorable than aromatic amidation at the C-6 position by 4.9 kcal/mol. Therefore, the DFT computational results are consistent with the experiments that manganese porphyrin-catalyzed C-H bond hydroxylation and amidation of equilenin acetate have different regioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Qunmin Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xiahe Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Ning Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xiaoli Fang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yuan-Bin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
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Musselman BW, Lehnert N. Bridging and axial carbene binding modes in cobalt corrole complexes: effect on carbene transfer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14881-14884. [PMID: 33174882 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07073d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Catalytically relevant intermediates in carbene transfer reactions from a diazo precursor were investigated using cobalt corrole complexes. Two divergent mechanisms are proposed depending on the oxidation state of the cobalt center. Mechanistically driven factors for the usage of cobalt corroles in carbene transfer reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Musselman
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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50
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Construction of C–O bond via cross-dehydrogenative coupling of sp [ ] C–H bond with phenols catalyzed by copper porphyrin. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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