1
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Zhang X, Mitchell TB, Benedict JB. Crystal Structure Landscape of Diarylethene-Based Crystalline Solids: A Comprehensive CSD Analysis. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:6284-6291. [PMID: 39131448 PMCID: PMC11313429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Diarylethenes (DAEs) are an exciting class of stimulus-responsive organic molecules that exhibit electrocyclization reactions upon exposure to light, heat, or other stimuli. The rational design of DAE-based crystalline materials is, however, complicated by the presence of DAE atropisomers, only one of which is photoactive. Data mining of the CSD produced 1349 unique molecular DAE structures that were subsequently analyzed according to selected chemical and geometric attributes. Additional analyses were performed on 1078 dithienylethene (DTE) structures-the largest subgroup within the ensemble. The crystal structure landscape, based upon D-D parameterization and analysis, revealed a vast array of molecular geometries, many of which may not correspond to energetic minima. The analyses link various chemical and geometric parameters to isomers observed in the lattice and their reactivity; however, potential biases intrinsic to this ensemble of structures complicate the determination of causal relationships. We believe that this retrospective comprehensive analysis of DAE structures represents an important step for understanding more broadly the crystal landscape of this class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United
States
| | - Travis B. Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United
States
| | - Jason B. Benedict
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United
States
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2
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Lam K, Carta V, Almtiri M, Bushnak I, Islam I, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Solar-Powered Molecular Crystal Motor Based on an Anthracene-Thiazolidinedione Photoisomerization Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18836-18840. [PMID: 38954772 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Assembling molecular machines into crystals provides a way to harness their power on large length scales, but the development of a crystal analogue to a molecular motor remains a challenge. The molecule (Z)-5-(anthracen-9-ylmethylene)-3-butylthiazolidine-2,4-dione (C4-ATD) has E and Z isomers with strongly overlapping absorption spectra. This spectroscopic property allows both Z → E and E → Z photoisomerization reactions to be driven by a single light source, and simulations indicate this property can provide a route to robust oscillatory motion. Reprecipitation in an aqueous surfactant enables the growth of single crystal microwires that exhibit continuous mechanical oscillations under a wide range of illumination conditions, including ambient solar irradiation. Molecular crystal motors provide a new approach for transforming continuous light into oscillatory mechanical motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mohammed Almtiri
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibraheem Bushnak
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imadul Islam
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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3
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Zhang B, Du C, Wen X, Zhang L, Duan R, Liu M. Supramolecular Chiral Aggregation of Porphyrin Induced by Photo-Generated Triphenylamines Radical Cations. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400538. [PMID: 38988148 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Here, it is shown that photoirradiation triggered chiral J-aggregates formation of an achiral anionic porphyrin, TPPS (tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin), in the presence of chiral triphenylamine (TPA) derivatives. A series of chiral triarylamines linked with aromatic rings is designed through urea or amide bonds. UV-irradiation of self-assembled urea-linked triphenylamine derivatives causes the formation of persistent radical cations in the chlorinated solvents, which subsequently induces the aggregation of TPPS. Transferring chirality of TPA derivatives to achiral TPPS J-aggregates leads to the chiral assemblies with remarkable chiroptical signals. The experimental results demonstrate that, TPA derivatives linked by the urea bond can effectively promote the aggregation of TPPS rather than those with the amide bond although the photo-generated radical cations are both produced. It is suggested that the urea-linked TPA derivatives are more favorable to stable radical cations and thus cause the formation of TPPS chiral J-aggregation. This work may open up an avenue for designing photo-modulated chiral supramolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojia Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Cong Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ran Duan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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4
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Dai S, Zhong J, Yang X, Chen C, Zhou L, Liu X, Sun J, Ye K, Zhang H, Li L, Naumov P, Lu R. Strategies to Diversification of the Mechanical Properties of Organic Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202320223. [PMID: 38588224 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202320223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Structurally ordered soft materials that respond to complementary stimuli are susceptible to control over their spatial and temporal morphostructural configurations by intersectional or combined effects such as gating, feedback, shape-memory, or programming. In the absence of general and robust design and prediction strategies for their mechanical properties, at present, combined chemical and crystal engineering approaches could provide useful guidelines to identify effectors that determine both the magnitude and time of their response. Here, we capitalize on the purported ability of soft intermolecular interactions to instigate mechanical compliance by using halogenation to elicit both mechanical and photochemical activity of organic crystals. Starting from (E)-1,4-diphenylbut-2-ene-1,4-dione, whose crystals are brittle and photoinert, we use double and quadruple halogenation to introduce halogen-bonded planes that become interfaces for molecular gliding, rendering the material mechanically and photochemically plastic. Fluorination diversifies the mechanical effects further, and crystals of the tetrafluoro derivative are not only elastic but also motile, displaying the rare photosalient effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Dai
- Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jiangbin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Xiqiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Liang Li
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 38044, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Bul. Krste Misirkov 2, MK-1000, Skopje, Macedonia
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Ran Lu
- Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
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5
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Wang L, Qiao SB, Chen YT, Ma X, Wei WM, Zhang J, Du L, Zhao QH. [2 + 2] cycloaddition and its photomechanical effects on 1D coordination polymers with reversible amide bonds and coordination site regulation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3971-3979. [PMID: 38487230 PMCID: PMC10935725 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06098e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Photo-responsive materials can convert light energy into mechanical energy, with great application potential in biomedicine, flexible electronic devices, and bionic systems. We combined reversible amide bonds, coordination site regulation, and coordination polymer (CP) self-assembly to synthesize two 1D photo-responsive CPs. Obvious photomechanical behavior was observed under UV irradiation. By combining the CPs with PVA, the mechanical stresses were amplified and macroscopic driving behavior was realized. In addition, two cyclobutane amide derivatives and a pair of cyclobutane carboxyl isomers were isolated through coordination bond destruction and amide bond hydrolysis. Therefore, photo-actuators and supramolecular synthesis in smart materials may serve as important clues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Chemical Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Bo Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Chemical Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Chemical Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Chemical Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ming Wei
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Chemical Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- New Energy Photovoltaic Industry Research Center, Qinghai University Xining 810016 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Du
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Chemical Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Chemical Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University 650500 People's Republic of China
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6
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Yang X, Al-Handawi MB, Li L, Naumov P, Zhang H. Hybrid and composite materials of organic crystals. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2684-2696. [PMID: 38404393 PMCID: PMC10884791 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06469g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic molecular crystals have historically been viewed as delicate and fragile materials. However, recent studies have revealed that many organic crystals, especially those with high aspect ratios, can display significant flexibility, elasticity, and shape adaptability. The discovery of mechanical compliance in organic crystals has recently enabled their integration with responsive polymers and other components to create novel hybrid and composite materials. These hybrids exhibit unique structure-property relationships and synergistic effects that not only combine, but occasionally also enhance the advantages of the constituent crystals and polymers. Such organic crystal composites rapidly emerge as a promising new class of materials for diverse applications in optics, electronics, sensing, soft robotics, and beyond. While specific, mostly practical challenges remain regarding scalability and manufacturability, being endowed with both structurally ordered and disordered components, the crystal-polymer composite materials set a hitherto unexplored yet very promising platform for the next-generation adaptive devices. This Perspective provides an in-depth analysis of the state-of-the-art in design strategies, dynamic properties and applications of hybrid and composite materials centered on organic crystals. It addresses the current challenges and provides a future outlook on this emerging class of multifunctional, stimuli-responsive, and mechanically robust class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Marieh B Al-Handawi
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Liang Li
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Department of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi PO Box 38044 Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts Bul. Krste Misirkov 2 MK-1000 Skopje Macedonia
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University 100 Washington Square East New York NY 10003 USA
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
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7
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Isobe M, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S. Fabrication of Hyperbranched Photomechanical Crystals Composed of a Photochromic Diarylethene. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300428. [PMID: 37610166 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of hyperbranched hollow crystals of 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene on a concave surface of the spherical glass substrate by sublimation and their practical photomechanical behaviors. The number of units of the branched structure of the hollow crystals composed of this compound is proportional to the substrate curvature of the substrate. Compared with the sublimation process of the same compound on the flat glass substrate, two kinds of the thin film domains are generated separately in the center and around the edge of the spherical glass substrate. Especially under the high relative humidity condition, the boundaries between these thin film domains move gradually around the edge through the center during as long as 6 h of sublimation time so that the hyperbranched hollow crystals are densely produced on the entire surface of the substrate. These hyperbranched hollow crystals can be prepared with the highly ordered molecular packing due to the very slow formation process of the crystalline walls of the hollow structures. Furthermore, the photo-induced bending behaviors in the few- and highly-branched hollow crystals have the practical roles in moving and bending the minute objects according to their characteristics of these branched shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Isobe
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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8
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Mahmoud Halabi J, Al-Handawi MB, Ceballos R, Naumov P. Intersectional Effects of Crystal Features on the Actuation Performance of Dynamic Molecular Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37235774 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite being researched for decades, shape-shifting molecular crystals have yet to claim their spot as an actuating materials class among the primary functional materials. While the process for developing and commercializing materials can be lengthy, it inevitably starts with building an extensive knowledge base, which for molecular crystal actuators remains scattered and disjointed. Using machine learning for the first time, we identify inherent features and structure-function relationships that fundamentally impact the mechanical response of molecular crystal actuators. Our model can factor in different crystal properties in tandem and decipher their intersectional and combined effects on each actuation performance. This analysis is an open invitation to utilize interdisciplinary expertise in translating the current basic research on molecular crystal actuators into technology-based development that promotes large-scale experimentation and prototyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad Mahmoud Halabi
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Marieh B Al-Handawi
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Bul. Krste Misirkov 2, Skopje MK-1000, Macedonia
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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9
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Yue Y, Shu Y, Ye K, Sun J, Liu C, Dai S, Jin L, Ding C, Lu R. Molecular Twisting Affects the Solid-State Photochemical Reactions of Unsaturated Ketones and the Photomechanical Effects of Molecular Crystals. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203178. [PMID: 36344439 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Three groups of chalcone derivatives and their analogues involving halogen atoms (X=F, Cl, Br) have been synthesized. Firstly, the nearly planar acyclic chalcone derivatives were inclined to undergo photo-induced stereospecific [2+2] cycloaddition, which triggered the crystals to exhibit macroscopic motions of bending or cracking. In particular, the single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation happened upon UV irradiation of the crystals, which was helpful for the understanding photomechanical effects. Cyclic 3,4-dihydronaphthalene-based chalcone analogues possess a more twisted conformation, and they tend to undergo trans-cis isomerization. No photomechanical effect was observed for the crystals of the cyclic chalcone analogues due to the lower isomerization rate. The twist degree of chroman-based molecules was in between of the first two, [2+2] cycloaddition and trans-cis isomerization simultaneously took place in crystals. Photo-induced bending and twisting were observed for the crystals of chroman-based chalcone analogues. Therefore, the differences in molecular dihedral angles in α,β-unsaturated ketones were responsible for their photochemical characters and in turn to tune the photomechanical effects. In this work, a bridge between the molecular structures and solid-state photochemical reactions triggered photomechanical crystals is built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Shuting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Liuyang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Chengde Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
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10
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Cook CJ, Li W, Lui BF, Gately TJ, Al-Kaysi RO, Mueller LJ, Bardeen CJ, Beran GJO. A theoretical framework for the design of molecular crystal engines. Chem Sci 2023; 14:937-949. [PMID: 36755715 PMCID: PMC9890974 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05549j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals have garnered attention for their ability to transform light into mechanical work, but difficulties in characterizing the structural changes and mechanical responses experimentally have hindered the development of practical organic crystal engines. This study proposes a new computational framework for predicting the solid-state crystal-to-crystal photochemical transformations entirely from first principles, and it establishes a photomechanical engine cycle that quantifies the anisotropic mechanical performance resulting from the transformation. The approach relies on crystal structure prediction, solid-state topochemical principles, and high-quality electronic structure methods. After validating the framework on the well-studied [4 + 4] cycloadditions in 9-methyl anthracene and 9-tert-butyl anthracene ester, the experimentally-unknown solid-state transformation of 9-carboxylic acid anthracene is predicted for the first time. The results illustrate how the mechanical work is done by relaxation of the crystal lattice to accommodate the photoproduct, rather than by the photochemistry itself. The large ∼107 J m-3 work densities computed for all three systems highlight the promise of photomechanical crystal engines. This study demonstrates the importance of crystal packing in determining molecular crystal engine performance and provides tools and insights to design improved materials in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
| | - Wangxiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Brandon F. Lui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
| | - Thomas J. Gately
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
| | - Rabih O. Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health AffairsRiyadh 11426Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonard J. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
| | | | - Gregory J. O. Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
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11
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Morimoto K, Kitagawa D, Sotome H, Ito S, Miyasaka H, Kobatake S. Edge-to-Center Propagation of Photochemical Reaction during Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Photomechanical Transformation of 2,5-Distyrylpyrazine Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212290. [PMID: 36326234 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals are promising materials for photon-powered artificial actuators. To interpret the photomechanical responses, the spatiotemporal distribution of photoproducts in crystals could be an important role in addition to molecular structures, molecular packings, illumination conditions, crystal morphology, crystal size, and so on. In this study, we have found that single crystals of 2,5-distyrylpyrazine show a smooth single-crystal-to-single-crystal photomechanical expansion, and the photochemical reaction propagates from the edge to the center of the single crystal. We revealed that the surface effect (special reactivity at the crystal surface) in addition to the cooperative effect (the reaction is facilitated by neighboring molecules) is essential for the edge-to-center propagation of the photochemical reaction. Our results would provide a foundation for future studies of the photochemical reaction dynamics in photomechanical molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Morimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Syoji Ito
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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12
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An LC, Li X, Li ZG, Li Q, Beldon PJ, Gao FF, Li ZY, Zhu S, Di L, Zhao S, Zhu J, Comboni D, Kupenko I, Li W, Ramamurty U, Bu XH. Plastic bending in a semiconducting coordination polymer crystal enabled by delamination. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6645. [PMCID: PMC9636129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCoordination polymers (CPs) are a class of crystalline solids that are considered brittle, due to the dominance of directional coordination bonding, which limits their utility in flexible electronics and wearable devices. Hence, engineering plasticity into functional CPs is of great importance. Here, we report plastic bending of a semiconducting CP crystal, Cu-Trz (Trz = 1,2,3-triazolate), that originates from delamination facilitated by the discrete bonding interactions along different crystallographic directions in the lattice. The coexistence of strong coordination bonds and weak supramolecular interactions, together with the unique molecular packing, are the structural features that enable the mechanical flexibility and anisotropic response. The spatially resolved analysis of short-range molecular forces reveals that the strong coordination bonds, and the adaptive C–H···π and Cu···Cu interactions, synergistically lead to the delamination of the local structures and consequently the associated mechanical bending. The proposed delamination mechanism offers a versatile tool for designing the plasticity of CPs and other molecular crystals.
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13
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Alimi LO, Fang F, Moosa B, Ding Y, Khashab NM. Vapor‐Triggered Mechanical Actuation in Polymer Composite Films Based on Crystalline Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212596. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukman O. Alimi
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fang Fang
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Basem Moosa
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yanjun Ding
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M. Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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14
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Alimi LO, Fang F, Moosa B, Ding Y, Khashab NM. Vapor‐Triggered Mechanical Actuation in Polymer Composite Films Based on Crystalline Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukman O. Alimi
- KAUST: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Chemistry SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Fang Fang
- KAUST: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Chemistry SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Basem Moosa
- KAUST: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Chemistry SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Yanjun Ding
- KAUST: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology chemistry SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Niveen M. Khashab
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST 4700 King Abdullah University 23955 Thuwal SAUDI ARABIA
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15
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Li W, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S, Bekyarova E, Bardeen CJ. Patterning submicron photomechanical features into single diarylethene crystals using electron beam lithography. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:1065-1072. [PMID: 35788624 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithography methods are commonly used to create structures in inorganic semiconductors like silicon but have not been widely applied to organic crystals. In this work, electron beam lithography (EBL) is used to pattern structures into single organic photomechanical crystals composed of 1,2-bis(2-methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene. The electron beam creates amorphous regions of decomposed molecules, while the reactivity of the unexposed crystal regions is preserved under a removable Au coating. Exposure of the patterned crystal to 365 nm light causes ridges of amorphous material to increase in height by 30-70%. This height increase can be reversed by visible light exposure and undergo multiple cycles. The reversible surface morphology changes are strong enough to rupture a sheet of graphene placed on top of the patterned crystal. Surprisingly, the change in dimensions of the EBL features is an order of magnitude larger than the changes in overall crystal dimensions as deduced from X-ray diffraction experiments and microscopy observations. A dynamic extrusion model is presented to explain how nanoscale features imprinted into single crystals can amplify molecular-level photomechanical changes. This work demonstrates the capability of EBL methods to produce sub-micron structural features on single photomechanical crystals, providing a new route to monolithic light-powered actuator devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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16
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Louati M, Barrau S, Tahon JF, Brosseau A, Takao M, Takeshita M, Métivier R, Buntinx G, Aloise S. Is it possible to maintain photomechanical properties of crystalline diarylethenes after thermal amorphization? J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Yuan B, Gou G, Fan T, Liu M, Ma Y, Matsuda R, Li L. Delicate and Fast Photochemical Surface Modification of 2D Photoresponsive Organosilicon Metal–Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204568. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Yuan
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
| | - Gaozhang Gou
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
| | - Tao Fan
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
| | - Mingxian Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
| | - Yunsheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering Nagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Ryotaro Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering Nagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Liangchun Li
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
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18
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Photomechanical Structures Based on Porous Alumina Templates Filled with 9-Methylanthracene Nanowires. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12060808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
9-Methylanthracene (9MA) undergoes a concerted [4 + 4] photodimerization in its crystal form that can be harnessed in order to generate photomechanical motions such as bending, twisting, and expansion. As described in this paper, 9MA nanowires were grown in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with the goal of using the crystal expansion to generate a net increase in the height of the composite disk. The growth conditions were optimized in order to raise the filling amount from 28% to 77% of the available volume in the porous AAO. A new experimental method for detecting motion, based on the analysis of data from a dynamically misaligned Michelson interferometer, was developed. Template bending was observed, showing that the photodimerization of the confined nanowires generated mechanical work, but no conclusive evidence for surface disruption or vertical translation was observed. Optical measurements, as well as atomic force and scanning electron microscopy, showed that incomplete filling, crystal orientation, and debris from template polishing likely prevented the observation of vertical actuation in these nanocrystal composites. This work highlights some of the practical challenges that are involved in creating photomechanical actuators using the organic–inorganic composite approach, with the two most significant being (1) the uniform filling of the porous template with the organic active material and (2) the removal of excess organic material from the template’s surface.
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19
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Dong X, Guo T, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S, Palffy-Muhoray P, Bardeen CJ. Performance of Composite Glass-Diarylethene Crystal Photomechanical Actuator Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27149-27156. [PMID: 35657939 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic composites based on organic photochromic crystals embedded in inorganic templates provide a new approach to photomechanical materials. Diarylethene (DAE) nanowire crystals grown in Al2O3 membranes have exhibited reversible photoinduced bending and lifting [Dong, X., Chem. Mater. 2019, 31, 1016-1022]. In this paper, the hybrid approach is extended to porous SiO2 membranes. Despite the different template material (SiO2 instead of Al2O3) and much larger channels (5 μm diameter instead of 0.2 μm diameter), similar photomechanical behavior is observed for this new class of organic-inorganic hybrid actuators. The ability to reuse individual glass templates across different DAE filling cycles allows us to show that the DAE filling step is crucial for determining the mechanical work done by the bending template. The bending curvature also depends quadratically on the template thickness, in good agreement with theory. The light-induced bending can be repeated for up to 150 cycles without loss of performance, suggesting good fatigue resistance. The results in this paper demonstrate that the hybrid organic-inorganic approach can be extended to other host materials and template geometries. They also suggest that optimizing the organic filling and template thickness could improve the work output by an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Tianyi Guo
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Peter Palffy-Muhoray
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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20
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Yuan B, Gou G, Fan T, Liu M, Ma Y, Matsuda R, Li L. Delicate and Fast Photochemical Surface Modification of 2D Photoresponsive Organosilicon Metal–Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Yuan
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
| | - Gaozhang Gou
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
| | - Tao Fan
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
| | - Mingxian Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
| | - Yunsheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering Nagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Ryotaro Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering Nagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Liangchun Li
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
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21
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Geng JS, Mei L, Liang YY, Yuan LY, Yu JP, Hu KQ, Yuan LH, Feng W, Chai ZF, Shi WQ. Controllable photomechanical bending of metal-organic rotaxane crystals facilitated by regioselective confined-space photodimerization. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2030. [PMID: 35440111 PMCID: PMC9019062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular machines based on mechanically-interlocked molecules (MIMs) such as (pseudo) rotaxanes or catenates are known for their molecular-level dynamics, but promoting macro-mechanical response of these molecular machines or related materials is still challenging. Herein, by employing macrocyclic cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8])-based pseudorotaxane with a pair of styrene-derived photoactive guest molecules as linking structs of uranyl node, we describe a metal-organic rotaxane compound, U-CB[8]-MPyVB, that is capable of delivering controllable macroscopic mechanical responses. Under light irradiation, the ladder-shape structural unit of metal-organic rotaxane chain in U-CB[8]-MPyVB undergoes a regioselective solid-state [2 + 2] photodimerization, and facilitates a photo-triggered single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation, which even induces macroscopic photomechanical bending of individual rod-like bulk crystals. The fabrication of rotaxane-based crystalline materials with both photoresponsive microscopic and macroscopic dynamic behaviors in solid state can be promising photoactuator devices, and will have implications in emerging fields such as optomechanical microdevices and smart microrobotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Shan Geng
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Lei Mei
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Yong Yuan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Pan Yu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Kong-Qiu Hu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Hua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Zhi-Fang Chai
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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22
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Xu TY, Tong F, Xu H, Wang MQ, Tian H, Qu DH. Engineering Photomechanical Molecular Crystals to Achieve Extraordinary Expansion Based on Solid-State [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6278-6290. [PMID: 35289609 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals are promising candidates for photoactuators and can potentially be implemented as smart materials in various fields. Here, we synthesized a new molecular crystal, (E)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)acrylaldehyde malononitrile ((E)-NAAM), that can undergo a solid-state [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction under visible light (≥400 nm) illumination. (E)-NAAM microcrystals containing symmetric twinned sealed cavities were prepared using a surfactant-mediated crystal seeded growth method. When exposed to light, the hollow microcrystals exhibited robust photomechanical motions, including bending and dramatic directional expansion of up to 43.1% elongation of the original crystal length before fragmentation due to the photosalient effect. The sealed cavities inside the microcrystals could store different aqueous dye solutions for approximately one month and release the solutions instantly upon light irradiation. A unique slow-fast-slow crystal elongation kinematic process was observed, suggesting significant molecular rearrangements during the illumination period, leading to an average anisotropic crystal elongation of 37.0% (±3.8%). The significant molecular structure and geometry changes accompanying the photocycloaddition reaction, which propels photochemistry to nearly 100% completion, also facilitate photomechanical crystal expansion. Our results provide a possible way to rationally design molecular structures and engineer crystal morphologies to promote more interesting photomechanical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Tong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
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23
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Cheng HB, Zhang S, Bai E, Cao X, Wang J, Qi J, Liu J, Zhao J, Zhang L, Yoon J. Future-Oriented Advanced Diarylethene Photoswitches: From Molecular Design to Spontaneous Assembly Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108289. [PMID: 34866257 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diarylethene (DAE) photoswitch is a new and promising family of photochromic molecules and has shown superior performance as a smart trigger in stimulus-responsive materials. During the past few decades, the DAE family has achieved a leap from simple molecules to functional molecules and developed toward validity as a universal switching building block. In recent years, the introduction of DAE into an assembly system has been an attractive strategy that enables the photochromic behavior of the building blocks to be manifested at the level of the entire system, beyond the DAE unit itself. This assembly-based strategy will bring many unexpected results that promote the design and manufacture of a new generation of advanced materials. Here, recent advances in the design and fabrication of diarylethene as a trigger in materials science, chemistry, and biomedicine are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Enying Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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24
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Borchers TH, Topić F, Christopherson JC, Bushuyev OS, Vainauskas J, Titi HM, Friščić T, Barrett CJ. Cold photo-carving of halogen-bonded co-crystals of a dye and a volatile co-former using visible light. Nat Chem 2022; 14:574-581. [PMID: 35361911 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The formation of co-crystals by the assembly of molecules with complementary molecular recognition functionalities is a popular strategy to design or improve a range of solid-state properties, including those relevant for pharmaceuticals, photo- or thermoresponsive materials and organic electronics. Here, we report halogen-bonded co-crystals of a fluorinated azobenzene derivative with a volatile component-either dioxane or pyrazine-that can be cut, carved or engraved with low-power visible light. This cold photo-carving process is enabled by the co-crystallization of a light-absorbing azo dye with a volatile component, which gives rise to materials that can be selectively disassembled with micrometre precision using low-power, non-burning laser irradiation or a commercial confocal microscope. The ability to shape co-crystals in three dimensions using laser powers of 0.5-20 mW-substantially lower than those used for metals, ceramics or polymers-is rationalized by photo-carving that targets the disruption of weak supramolecular interactions, rather than the covalent bonds or ionic structures targeted by conventional laser beam or focused ion beam machining processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Borchers
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - F Topić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - O S Bushuyev
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Vainauskas
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - H M Titi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - T Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - C J Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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25
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Lin E, Wang Z, Zhao X, Liu Z, Yan D, Jin F, Chen Y, Cheng P, Zhang Z. A Class of Rigid–Flexible Coupling Crystalline Crosslinked Polymers as Vapomechanical Actuators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117390. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- En Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiuyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhaoyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Fazheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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26
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Shu Y, Sun J, Yue Y, Ye K, Lu R. Visible Light Triggered Actuators Based on the Molecular Crystals of Anthracenecarbonitrile Undergoing Reversible [4+4] Cycloaddition. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingbo Sun
- Jilin University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yuan Yue
- Jilin University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- Jilin University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Ran Lu
- Jilin University College of Chemistry 2519 JieFang Road 130021 Changchun CHINA
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27
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Ahmed E, Chizhik S, Sidelnikov A, Boldyreva E, Naumov P. Relating Excited States to the Dynamics of Macroscopic Strain in Photoresponsive Crystals. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:3573-3585. [PMID: 35170305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of a photoreactive single crystal to light with a wavelength offset from its absorption maximum can have two distinct effects. The first is the "direct" effect, wherein the excited state generated in individual chemical species is influenced. The second is the "indirect" effect, which describes the penetration of light into the crystal and hence the spatial propagation and completeness of transformation. We illustrate using the nitro-nitrito isomerization of [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl(NO3) as an example that the direct and indirect effects can be independently determined. This is achieved by comparing the dynamics of macroscopic crystal deformation (bending curvature and crystal elongation) induced by the photochemical reaction when irradiating a crystal at the absorption maximum and at different band edges (above or below the maximum) of the same band. Quantitative description of the macroscopic strain dynamics in comparison with experiments allowed us to suggest that irradiation at different tails of the same absorption band causes isomerization to proceed via different excited states and an additional photochemical reaction (presumably, reverse nitrito-nitro isomerization) can occur on irradiation at the ligand-field band edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejaz Ahmed
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University, Abu Dhabi, POB 129188, Abu Dhabi 00000, U.A.E
| | - Stanislav Chizhik
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, ul. Kutateladze, 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova, 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly Sidelnikov
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, ul. Kutateladze, 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Boldyreva
- Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova, 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.,Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, pr. Lavrentieva, 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University, Abu Dhabi, POB 129188, Abu Dhabi 00000, U.A.E
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28
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Lin E, Wang Z, Zhao X, Liu Z, Yan D, Jin F, Chen Y, Cheng P, Zhang Z. A Class of Rigid‐Flexible Coupling Crystalline Crosslinked Polymers as Vapomechanical Actuators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- En Lin
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Xiuyu Zhao
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Zhaoyi Liu
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Dong Yan
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Fazheng Jin
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yao Chen
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Peng Cheng
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- Nankai University Chemistry Weijin Road 94# 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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29
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Superelasticity of a photo-actuating chiral salicylideneamine crystal. Commun Chem 2022; 5:4. [PMID: 36697637 PMCID: PMC9814393 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Superelasticity is a type of elastic response to an applied external force, caused by a phase transformation. Actuation of materials is also an elastic response to external stimuli such as light and heat. Although both superelasticity and actuation are deformations resulting from stimulus-induced stress, there is a phenomenological difference between the two with respect to whether force is an input or an output. Here, we report that a molecular crystal manifests superelasticity during photo-actuation under light irradiation. The crystal exhibits stepwise twisted actuation due to two effects, photoisomerization and photo-triggered phase transition, and the actuation behavior is simulated based on a dynamic multi-layer model. The simulation, in turn, reveals how the photoisomerization and phase transition progress in the crystal, indicating superelasticity induced by modest stress due to the formation of photoproducts. This work provides not only a successful simulation of stepwise twisted actuation, but also to the best of our knowledge the first indication of superelasticity induced by light.
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30
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Li H, Chen L. Three-level hierarchical self-assembly of azobenzene conjugated phenylalanines into superhelical nanostructures with light-switchable helicity. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01443b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitive azobenzene conjugated phenylalanines can self-assemble into a series of hierarchical superhelices, which can reversibly transform into achiral nanorods via light stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiya Li
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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31
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Ye Y, Hao H, Xie C. Photomechanical crystalline materials: new developments, property tuning and applications. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00203e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This highlight gives an overview of the mechanism development, property tuning and application exploration of photomechanical crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chuang Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
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32
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Feng C, Seki T, Sakamoto S, Sasaki T, Takamizawa S, Ito H. Mechanical Deformation and Multiple Thermal Restoration of Organic Crystals: Reversible Multi-Stage Shape-Changing Effect with Luminescence-Color Changes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9544-9551. [PMID: 36091904 PMCID: PMC9400677 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape-memory materials can be mechanically deformed and subsequently reverse the deformation upon changing the temperature. Shape-memory materials have attracted considerable attention for basic research and industrial applications, and polymer and...
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Feng
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Seki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University Shizuoka 422-8017 Japan
| | - Shunichi Sakamoto
- Department of Materials System Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 236-0027 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sasaki
- Department of Materials System Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 236-0027 Japan
| | - Satoshi Takamizawa
- Department of Materials System Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 236-0027 Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
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33
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Wang QF, Fan HC, Zhou Q, Chen X, Wang LJ, Lu ZX, Yang SX, Zheng LY, Cao QE. Reversible Photochromic Coordination Polymer by Phototriggered Subtle Molecular Conformation Variations. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18870-18878. [PMID: 34855375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photochromic materials are constructed with molecules accompanied by structural change after triggering by light, which are of great importance and necessity for various applications. However, because of space-confinement effects, molecule stacking of these photoresponsive chromophores within coordination polymers (CPs) always results in an efficiency decrement and a response delay, and this phenomenon will lead to a poor photochromic property. Herein, a CP (named CIT-E) with a 3-fold-interpenetrating network structure, which was prepared with (Z)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-bis[4-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)phenyl]ethene (1Z) and a CuI cluster, showed fast reversible photochromic behavior. Under UV-light illumination, the color of CIT-Z changed from pale yellow to reddish brown. With the illumination of green light, the polymer could return to its initial color within 10 s. To reveal the mechanism of reversible photochromic behavior of CIT-Z, single-crystal structures of each color state were fully studied, and other scientific study methods were also used, such as time-dependent density functional theory calculation and control experiments. It was found that, with light illumination, this behavior of CIT-Z was the result of a ligand-to-metal charge-transfer process, and this process was triggered by subtle molecular conformation variation of tetraphenylethylene. It should be noted that CIT-Z has high thermal and chemical stability, which are excellent advantages as smart photoresponsive materials. As a proof of concept, a uniform thin film with such a fascinating photochromic property allows applications in invisible anticounterfeiting and dynamic optical data storage. Overall, the present study opens up a new avenue toward reversible photochromic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Yunnan University, Ministry of Education, Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Chuan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Yunnan University, Ministry of Education, Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Yunnan University, Ministry of Education, Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Yunnan University, Ministry of Education, Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Yunnan University, Ministry of Education, Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Xiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Yunnan University, Ministry of Education, Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Yan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Yunnan University, Ministry of Education, Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-E Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Yunnan University, Ministry of Education, Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
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34
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Wei X, Li B, Yang Z, Zhong R, Wang Y, Chen Y, Ding Z, Men G, Yang Z, Zhang H, Yang B, Xu W, Jiang S. Programmable photoresponsive materials based on a single molecule via distinct topochemical reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15588-15595. [PMID: 35003588 PMCID: PMC8654046 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04053g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering the preorganization of photoactive units remains a big challenge in solid-state photochemistry research. It is of not only theoretical importance in the construction of topochemical reactions but also technological significance in the fabrication of advanced materials. Here, a cyanostilbene derivative, (Z)-2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(naphthalen-2-yl) acrylonitrile (BNA), was crystallized into two polymorphs under different conditions. The two crystals, BNA-α and BNA-β, have totally different intra-π-dimer and inter-π-dimer hierarchical architectures on the basis of a very simple monomer, which provides them with distinct reactivities, functions and photoresponsive properties. Firstly, two different types of solid-state [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction: (i) a typical olefin-olefin cycloaddition reaction within the symmetric π-dimers of BNA-α and (ii) an unusual olefin-aromatic ring cycloaddition reaction within the offset π-dimers of BNA-β have been observed, respectively. Secondly, the crystal of BNA-α can be bent to 90° without any fracture, exhibiting outstanding flexibility upon UV irradiation, while the reversible photocycloaddition/thermal cleavage process (below 100 °C) accompanied by unique fluorescence changes can be achieved in the crystal of BNA-β. Finally, micro-scale photoactuators and light-writable anti-counterfeiting materials have been successfully fabricated. This work paves a simple way to construct smart materials through a bottom-up way that is realized by manipulating hierarchical architectures in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Bao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Ronglin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Yanan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Zeyang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Guangwen Men
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Zairan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Houyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Weiqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Shimei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
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35
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Shu Y, Ye K, Sun J, Yue Y, Liu C, Wang H, Lu R. Thermo-Induced Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Transformations and Photo-Induced [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions in Polymorphs of Chalcone-Based Molecular Crystals: Multi-Stimuli Responsive Actuators. Chemistry 2021; 27:17960-17969. [PMID: 34786776 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphs of 2ClChMe-4 in Form I (ribbon-like crystal) and Form II (block-like crystal) were prepared, and they exhibited curling/flipping and expansion upon heating on account of single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations. The irreversible phase transformations occurred separately at 53.2 °C and 57.8 °C for the crystals in Form I and Form II, during which the molecular conformation of 2ClChMe-4 changed and the molecules slipped along the (100) plane. Movement at the molecular level resulted in changes of cell parameters, which in turn led to macroscopic motions of the crystals upon heating. Additionally, the ribbon-like crystals of 2ClChMe-4 showed photo-induced bending driven by [2+2] cycloaddition. Accordingly, an actuator showing reversible bending behavior was fabricated triggered by light and heat successively. Like biomimetic self-actuators, such multi-stimuli mechanical responsive molecular crystals might have potential applications in soft robots, artificial muscles and microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
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36
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Huang C, Huang R, Zhang S, Sun H, Wang H, Du B, Xiao Y, Yu T, Huang W. Recent Development of Photodeformable Crystals: From Materials to Mechanisms. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2021; 2021:9816535. [PMID: 34870227 PMCID: PMC8605404 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9816535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photodeformable materials are a class of molecules that can convert photon energy into mechanical energy, which have attracted tremendous attention in the last few decades. Owing to their unique photoinduced deformable properties, including fast light-response and diverse mechanical behaviors, photodeformable materials have exhibited great potential in many practical applications such as actuators, photoswitches, artificial muscles, and bioimaging. In this review, we sort out the current state of photodeformable crystals and classify them into six categories by molecular structures: diarylethenes, azobenzenes, anthracenes, olefins, triarylethylenes, and other systems. Three distinct light-responsive mechanisms, photocyclization, trans-cis isomerization, and photodimerization, are revealed to play significant roles in the molecular photodeformation. Their corresponding photodeformable behaviors such as twisting, bending, hopping, bursting, and curling, as well as the potential applications, are also discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and prospective development directions of photodeformable crystals are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Rongjuan Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Simin Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Haodong Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Hailan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Beibei Du
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yuxin Xiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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37
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Light-Responsive Soft Actuators: Mechanism, Materials, Fabrication, and Applications. ACTUATORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/act10110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots are those that can move like living organisms and adapt to the surrounding environment. Compared with traditional rigid robots, the advantages of soft robots, in terms of material flexibility, human–computer interaction, and biological adaptability, have received extensive attention. Flexible actuators based on light response are one of the most promising ways to promote the field of cordless soft robots, and they have attracted the attention of scientists in bionic design, actuation implementation, and application. First, the three working principles and the commonly used light-responsive materials for light-responsive actuators are introduced. Then, the characteristics of light-responsive soft actuators are sequentially presented, emphasizing the structure strategy, actuation performance, and emerging applications. Finally, this review is concluded with a perspective on the existing challenges and future opportunities in this nascent research frontier.
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Abstract
Colloidal self-assembly refers to a solution-processed assembly of nanometer-/micrometer-sized, well-dispersed particles into secondary structures, whose collective properties are controlled by not only nanoparticle property but also the superstructure symmetry, orientation, phase, and dimension. This combination of characteristics makes colloidal superstructures highly susceptible to remote stimuli or local environmental changes, representing a prominent platform for developing stimuli-responsive materials and smart devices. Chemists are achieving even more delicate control over their active responses to various practical stimuli, setting the stage ready for fully exploiting the potential of this unique set of materials. This review addresses the assembly of colloids into stimuli-responsive or smart nanostructured materials. We first delineate the colloidal self-assembly driven by forces of different length scales. A set of concepts and equations are outlined for controlling the colloidal crystal growth, appreciating the importance of particle connectivity in creating responsive superstructures. We then present working mechanisms and practical strategies for engineering smart colloidal assemblies. The concepts underpinning separation and connectivity control are systematically introduced, allowing active tuning and precise prediction of the colloidal crystal properties in response to external stimuli. Various exciting applications of these unique materials are summarized with a specific focus on the structure-property correlation in smart materials and functional devices. We conclude this review with a summary of existing challenges in colloidal self-assembly of smart materials and provide a perspective on their further advances to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Qingsong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Yasuda H, Higashiguchi K, Matsuda K. Sheet-like Supramolecular Assembly of Amphiphilic Diarylethene Showing Photoinduced Transformation Formed by Depletion Force. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yasuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Higashiguchi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Khan S, Akhtaruzzaman, Medishetty R, Ekka A, Mir MH. Mechanical Motion in Crystals Triggered by Solid State Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2806-2816. [PMID: 34355513 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Some special crystals respond to light by jumping, scattering or bursting just like popping of popcorn kernels on a hot surface. This rare phenomenon is called the photosalient (PS) effect. Molecular level control over the arrangement of light-responsive molecules in microscopic crystals for macroscale deformation or mechanical motion offers the possibility of using light to control smart material structures across the length scales. Photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition has recently emerged as a promising route to obtain photoswitchable structures and a wide variety of frameworks, but such reaction in crystals leading to macroscopic mechanical motion is relatively less explored. Study of chemistry of such novel soft crystals for the generation of smart materials is an imperative task. This minireview highlights recent advances in solid-state [2+2] cycloaddition in crystals to induce macroscale mechanical motion and thereby transduction of light into kinetic energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samim Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Aliah University, New Town, Kolkata, 700 156, India
| | - Akhtaruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, Aliah University, New Town, Kolkata, 700 156, India
| | | | - Akansha Ekka
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bhilai, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492015, India
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41
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Koshima H, Hasebe S, Hagiwara Y, Asahi T. Mechanically Responsive Organic Crystals by Light. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Koshima
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation Waseda University 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-0041 Japan
| | - Shodai Hasebe
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Yuki Hagiwara
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation Waseda University 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-0041 Japan
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
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42
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Hasebe S, Hagiwara Y, Komiya J, Ryu M, Fujisawa H, Morikawa J, Katayama T, Yamanaka D, Furube A, Sato H, Asahi T, Koshima H. Photothermally Driven High-Speed Crystal Actuation and Its Simulation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8866-8877. [PMID: 34096298 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically responsive crystals have been increasingly explored, mainly based on photoisomerization. However, photoisomerization has some disadvantages for crystal actuation, such as a slow actuation speed, no actuation of thick crystals, and a narrow wavelength range. Here we report photothermally driven fast-bending actuation and simulation of a salicylideneaniline derivative crystal with an o-amino substituent in enol form. Under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, these thin (<20 μm) crystals bent but the thick (>40 μm) crystals did not due to photoisomerization; in contrast, thick crystals bent very quickly (in several milliseconds) due to the photothermal effect, even by visible light. Finally, 500 Hz high-frequency bending was achieved by pulsed UV laser irradiation. The generated photothermal energy was estimated based on the photodynamics using femtosecond transient absorption. Photothermal bending is caused by a nonsteady temperature gradient in the thickness direction due to the heat conduction of photothermal energy generated near the crystal surface. The temperature gradient was calculated based on the one-dimensional nonsteady heat conduction equation to simulate photothermally driven crystal bending successfully. Most crystals that absorb light have their own photothermal effects. It is expected that the creation and design of actuation of almost all crystals will be possible via the photothermal effect, which cannot be realized by photoisomerization, and the potential and versatility of crystals as actuation materials will expand in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shodai Hasebe
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Hagiwara
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Komiya
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Meguya Ryu
- Research Institute for Material and Chemical Measurement, National Metrology Institute of Japan (AIST), Tsukuba Central 3, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8563, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujisawa
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Junko Morikawa
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Katayama
- Department of Optical Science, Tokushima University, 2-1 minamisanjyojima-cho, Tokushima-shi 770-8506, Japan
| | - Daiki Yamanaka
- Department of Optical Science, Tokushima University, 2-1 minamisanjyojima-cho, Tokushima-shi 770-8506, Japan
| | - Akihiro Furube
- Department of Optical Science, Tokushima University, 2-1 minamisanjyojima-cho, Tokushima-shi 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matasubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Hideko Koshima
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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43
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Hasebe S, Matsuura D, Mizukawa T, Asahi T, Koshima H. Light-Driven Crystal-Polymer Hybrid Actuators. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:684287. [PMID: 34055902 PMCID: PMC8155379 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.684287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, soft robots, which are made of soft and light organic materials, have attracted much attention because of improved safety for daily interactions with humans. Mechanically responsive materials that can move macroscopically by external stimuli, such as light and heat, have been studied extensively over the past two decades, and they are expected to be applicable to soft robots. Among them, mechanically responsive crystals are attractive in terms of a larger Young’s modulus and faster response speed compared with polymers and gels. However, it is impractical to use one piece of a single crystal as a crystal machine; it is difficult to control the size of crystals and obtain large crystals. Hybridization of crystals with polymers is one way to create actuators with more realistic movements. Herein, we report a hybrid crystal assembly in which plate-like salicylideneaniline crystals are aligned in polymer films by a “rubbing” technique, a new approach which is inexpensive, easy, and applicable to a wide range of crystals and polymers. The hybrid films bent reversibly upon alternate irradiation with ultraviolet and visible light. The hybrid films bent as fast as single crystals, even when larger than single-crystal size, showing great mechanical performance originating from the advantages of both molecular crystals (fast response time) and polymers (large size). This work enriches the development of light-driven hybrid actuators composed of molecular crystals and polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shodai Hasebe
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsuura
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mizukawa
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideko Koshima
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Duan Y, Semin S, Tinnemans P, Xu J, Rasing T. Fully Controllable Structural Phase Transition in Thermomechanical Molecular Crystals with a Very Small Thermal Hysteresis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006757. [PMID: 33709615 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The construction of a practical crystalline molecular machine faces two challenges: to realize a collective molecular movement, and to amplify this movement into a precisely controlled mechanical response in real time and space. Thermosalient single crystals display cooperative molecular movements that are converted to strong macroscopic mechanical responses or shape deformations during temperature-induced structural phase transitions. However, these collective molecular movements are hard to control once initiated, and often feature thermal hystereses that are larger than 10 °C, which greatly hamper their practical applications. Here, it is demonstrated that the phase boundaries of the thermomechanical molecular crystal based on a fluorenone derivative 4-DBpFO can be used to finely control its structural phase transition. When this phase transition is triggered at two opposite crystal faces, it is accompanied by two parallel phase boundaries that can be temperature controlled to move forward, backward, or to halt, benefitting from the stored elastic energy between the parallel boundaries. Moreover, the thermal hysteresis is greatly decreased to 2-3 °C, which allows for circular heating/cooling cycles that can produce a continuous work output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Duan
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Sergey Semin
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Jialiang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Theo Rasing
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
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45
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Nishiuchi T, Kisaka K, Kubo T. Synthesis of Anthracene‐Based Cyclic π‐Clusters and Elucidation of their Properties Originating from Congested Aromatic Planes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Kazuki Kisaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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46
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Nishiuchi T, Kisaka K, Kubo T. Synthesis of Anthracene-Based Cyclic π-Clusters and Elucidation of their Properties Originating from Congested Aromatic Planes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5400-5406. [PMID: 33219584 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and properties of anthracene-based cyclic π-clusters which possess two and four anthracene units are discussed. The optimal cyclization conditions were determined based on a nickel(0)-mediated reaction that afforded a cyclic anthracene dimer as the major product. Bringing two anthracene planes in close proximity in a face-to-face manner resulted in red-shifted absorption owing to the narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO gap. The cyclic anthracene dimer exhibits multi-stimuli responsiveness due to high π-congestion. For example, photoirradiation on the anthracene dimer affords its photoisomer having C-C bonds that are longer than 1.65 Å, which can undergo thermal reversion under gentle heating. This enabled mechanochromism of the photoisomer (colorless) to the original anthracene dimer (red). Photoisomerization was also observed in the crystalline state, accompanied by crystal jumping or collapsing, that is, the photosalient effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kisaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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47
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Tong F, Kitagawa D, Bushnak I, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Light-Powered Autonomous Flagella-Like Motion of Molecular Crystal Microwires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2414-2423. [PMID: 33185017 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to exhibit life-like oscillatory motion fueled by light represents a new capability for stimuli-responsive materials. Although this capability has been demonstrated in soft materials like polymers, it has never been observed in molecular crystals, which are not generally regarded as dynamic objects. In this work, it is shown that molecular crystalline microwires composed of (Z)-2-(3-(anthracen-9-yl)allylidene)malononitrile ((Z)-DVAM) can be continuously actuated when exposed to a combination of ultraviolet and visible light. The photo-induced motion mimics the oscillatory behavior of biological flagella and enables propagation of microwires across a surface and through liquids, with translational speeds up to 7 μm s-1 . This is the first example of molecular crystals that show complex oscillatory behavior under continuous irradiation. A model that relates the rotation of the transition dipole moment between reversible E→Z photoisomerization to the microscopic torque can qualitatively reproduce how the rotational frequency depends on light intensity and polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Current Address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ibraheem Bushnak
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Abstract
Dynamic macroscopic behaviour of single crystals of coordination polymers when subjected to light, heat, and mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jagadese J. Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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49
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Higashiguchi T, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S. Anisotropic bending and twisting behaviour of a twin crystal composed of a diarylethene. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01705a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The unusual photomechanical behaviour of a “twin crystal” consisting of a diarylethene derivative was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Higashiguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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50
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Hazarika PJ, Gupta P, Gunnam A, Allu S, Nangia AK, Nath NK. Photomechanical response of sulfonylhydrazone molecular crystals. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photomechanical responses of the single crystals of a series of sulfonylhydrazones are explored for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan J. Hazarika
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Meghalaya 793003
- India
| | - Poonam Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Meghalaya 793003
- India
| | | | | | | | - Naba K. Nath
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Meghalaya 793003
- India
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