1
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Shimazumi R, Tobisu M. Unimolecular Fragment Coupling: A New Bond-Forming Methodology via the Deletion of Atom(s). JACS AU 2024; 4:1676-1695. [PMID: 38818052 PMCID: PMC11134393 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Unimolecular fragment coupling (UFC) is defined as a reaction format, wherein atom(s) located in the middle of a molecule are extruded, and the remaining fragments are coupled. UFC is a potentially powerful strategy that is an alternative to transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling because the target chemical bond is formed in an intramolecular fashion, which is inherently beneficial for chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity issues. In this Perspective, we will present an overview of the recent advances in UFC reactions, which encompass those proceeding through the elimination of CO2, CO, SO2, isocyanates, N2, or single atoms primarily via transition metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Shimazumi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tobisu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative
Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary
Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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2
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James B, Sriyarathne HDM, Banerjee U, Henarath Mohottige WKS, Crabtree B, León A, Hong M, Tariq J, Alhayani T, Abe M, Ault BS, Gudmundsdottir AD. α-Cleavage of 2,2-Diazido-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one in Solution and Cryogenic Matrices. J Org Chem 2024; 89:7125-7137. [PMID: 38717956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The Norrish type I (α-cleavage) reaction is an excellent photochemical method for radical-pair formation in solution. However, in cryogenic matrices, the starting material typically re-forms before the radical pair diffuses apart. This study focused on N2 extrusion from an azido alkyl radical to prevent radical-pair recombination. Irradiation of 2,2-diazido-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (1) in methanol mainly yielded methyl 2-cyanomethylbenzoate (2) and 2-cyanomethylbenzoic acid (3) via α-cleavage. Laser flash photolysis of 1 in argon-saturated acetonitrile resulted in α-cleavage to form triplet biradical 31Br1 (λmax ∼ 410 nm, τ ∼ 400 ns). In contrast, upon irradiation in glassy 2-methyltetrahydrofuran matrices, triplet alkylnitrene 31N was directly detected using electron spin resonance (D/hc = 1.5646 cm-1, E/hc = 0.00161 cm-1) and absorption spectroscopy (λmax = 276 and 341 nm). Irradiation of 1 in argon matrices generated 31N, benzoyl azide 4, singlet benzoylnitrene 14N, and isocyanide 5, as revealed by IR spectroscopy. The experimental results supported by density functional theory calculations [B3PW91/6-311++G(d,p)] suggest that irradiation of 1 in matrices results in α-cleavage to form biradical 31Br1, which extrudes N2 to yield 31Br2. Rearrangement of 31Br2 into 31N competes with cleavage of a N3 radical to form radical 1Ra3. The N3/1Ra3 radical pair combines to form 4, which upon irradiation yields 14N and 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | | | - Upasana Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | | | - Ben Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Aliz León
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Miao Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Javeria Tariq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Taha Alhayani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Bruce S Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Anna D Gudmundsdottir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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3
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Protich Z, Lowder LL, Hughes RP, Wu J. Regiodivergent (3 + 2) annulation reactions of oxyallyl cations. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5196-5203. [PMID: 37206390 PMCID: PMC10189855 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06999g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a new method for the regiodivergent dearomative (3 + 2) reaction between 3-substituted indoles and oxyallyl cations. Access to both regioisomeric products is possible and is contingent on the presence or absence of a bromine atom on the substituted oxyallyl cation. In this way, we are able to prepare molecules that contain highly-hindered, stereodefined, vicinal, quaternary centers. Detailed computational studies employing energy decomposition analysis (EDA) at the DFT level establishes that regiochemical control arises from either reactant distortion energy or orbital mixing and dispersive forces, depending on the oxyallyl cation. Examination of the Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence (NOCV) confirms that indole acts as the nucleophilic partner in the annulation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Protich
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA
| | - Leah L Lowder
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA
| | - Russell P Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA
| | - Jimmy Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA
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4
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Charpe VP, Ragupathi A, Sagadevan A, Ho YS, Cheng MJ, Hwang KC. Copper (I) Chloride-Catalyzed Photoredox Synthesis of Multifunctionalized Compounds at Room Temperature and Their Antifungal Activities. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300110. [PMID: 36892141 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple visible-light-induced CuCl-catalyzed synthesis was developed for highly functionalized carbon-centered compounds (α-alk/aryloxy-α-diaryl/alkylaryl-acetaldehydes/ketones) at room temperature using benzoquinone, alkyl/aryl alcohol, and alkyl/aryl terminal/internal alkynes. Late-stage functionalized compounds show good antifungal activities, especially against Candida krusei fungal strain, in in vitro experiments (the Broth microdilution method). Moreover, toxicity tests (zebrafish egg model experiments) indicated that these compounds had negligible cytotoxicity. The green chemistry metrics (E-factor value is 7.3) and eco-scale (eco-scale value is 58.8) evaluations show that the method is simple, mild, highly efficient, eco-friendly, and environmentally feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayyakkannu Ragupathi
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, R. O. C., Taiwan
| | | | - Yeu-Shiuan Ho
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Kuo Chu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, R. O. C., Taiwan
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5
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Hipwell VM, Meyer AR, Garcia-Garibay MA. Exceptionally Long Lifetimes of Strongly Entangled Acyl-Trityl Radical Pairs Photochemically Generated in Crystalline Trityl Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1342-1348. [PMID: 36598840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Triplet acyl-alkyl radical pairs generated by pulsed laser excitation within the constraints of their nanocrystalline ketone precursors were recently introduced as a potential platform for the robust and repeated instantiation of spin qubit pairs for applications in quantum information science. Here, we report the transient spectroscopy of a series of nanocrystalline trityl-alkyl and trityl-aryl ketones capable of generating correlated triplet radical pairs with persistent triphenylmethyl radicals forced to remain within bonding distances of highly reactive acyl radicals. Whereas triplet trityl-acyl radical pairs decay by competing product-forming decarbonylation and intersystem crossing, triplet trityl-benzoyl radical pairs have lifetimes of up to ca. 4 ms and exclusively regenerate the starting ketone. We propose that these long lifetimes are the result of the short inter-radical distances and the colinear orientation of the two singly occupied orbitals, which are expected to result in large singlet-triplet energy gaps, large zero-field splitting parameters, and a poor geometry for spin-obit coupling. Ketones generating trityl-benzoyl radical pairs demonstrate promising performance along multiple dimensions that are crucial for quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince M Hipwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024-1569, United States
| | - Alana Rose Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024-1569, United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024-1569, United States
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6
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Li Y, Paola E, Wang Z, Menard G, Zakarian A. Lithium Enolate with a Lithium-Alkyne Interaction in the Enantioselective Construction of Quaternary Carbon Centers: Concise Synthesis of (+)-Goniomitine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209987. [PMID: 36251869 PMCID: PMC9798608 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report a method for direct enantioselective alkylation of 3-alkynoic and 2,3-alkendioic acids that form quaternary stereogenic centers, and application of this method to the total enantioselective synthesis of a complex alkaloid (+)-goniomitine. The methods were effective in the alkylation of both 3-alkynoic acids, 2,3-alkendioic acids substrates with a broad range of heterocyclic and functionalized alkyl group substituents. Accompanying crystallographic studies provide mechanistic insight into the structure of well-defined chiral aggregates, highlighting cation-π interactions between lithium and alkyne groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Elena Paola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Zongheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Gabriel Menard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Li Y, Paola E, Wang Z, Menard G, Zakarian A. Lithium Enolate with a Lithium‐Alkyne Interaction in the Enantioselective Construction of Quaternary Carbon Centers: Concise Synthesis of (+)‐Goniomitine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Elena Paola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Zongheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Gabriel Menard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
- Center for Integrative Biology Faculty of Sciences Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism Universidad Mayor Santiago Chile
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8
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Hui C, Craggs L, Antonchick AP. Ring contraction in synthesis of functionalized carbocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8652-8675. [PMID: 36172989 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01080h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbocycles are a key and widely present structural motif in organic compounds. The construction of structurally intriguing carbocycles, such as highly-strained fused rings, spirocycles or highly-functionalized carbocycles with congested stereocenters, remains challenging in organic chemistry. Cyclopropanes, cyclobutanes and cyclopentanes within such carbocycles can be synthesized through ring contraction. These ring contractions involve re-arrangement of and/or small molecule extrusion from a parental ring, which is either a carbocycle or a heterocycle of larger size. This review provides an overview of synthetic methods for ring contractions to form cyclopropanes, cyclobutanes and cyclopentanes en route to structurally intriguing carbocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunngai Hui
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany. .,Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luke Craggs
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrey P Antonchick
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany. .,Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany.,Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
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9
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Wang W, Zhang F, Liu Y, Feng X. Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Construction of Vicinal All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters via Iridium/Europium Bimetallic Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208837. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Fangqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yangbin Liu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
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10
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Wang W, Zhang F, Liu Y, Feng X. Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Construction of Vicinal All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters via Iridium/Europium Bimetallic Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology CHINA
| | - Fangqing Zhang
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology CHINA
| | - Yangbin Liu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory School of Chemical Biology CHINA
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Sichuan University College of Chemistry 29 Wangjiang Road, Jiuyan Bridge 610064 Chengdu CHINA
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11
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Lu B, Jiang X, Zeng X. Photolytic insertion of carbon monoxide into nitrosyl chloride: formation of nitrosoformyl chloride. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17673-17678. [PMID: 35837884 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02913h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosocarbonyls are exotic intermediates that remain scarcely characterized. By UV photolysis (365 nm) of nitrosyl chloride (ClNO) embedded in solid CO ice at 20 K, the elusive nitrosoformyl chloride (ClC(O)NO) has been synthesized via CO-insertion into the Cl-N bond in ClNO. The characterization of ClC(O)NO with matrix-isolation IR spectroscopy is supported by 13C and 15N isotope labeling and quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df) level of theory. Upon subsequent laser irradiation at 266 nm, CO-elimination in ClC(O)NO occurs by reformation of ClNO. In line with the calculated potential energy surface for ClC(O)NO at the CCSD(T)-F12a/aug-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-311+G(3df) level, the observed IR frequencies and the corresponding isotopic shifts coincide with the calculated values for the lowest-energy planar conformer, in which the CO and NO moities adopt trans configuration with respect to the C-N bond. Furthermore, the CO-insertion in ClNO involves a stepwise pathway by first homolytic cleavage of the Cl-N bond in ClNO (→ Cl˙ + ˙NO), followed by successive CO-trapping (CO + Cl˙ → ClCO˙) and radical combination (ClCO˙ + ˙NO → ClC(O)NO) inside the solid CO-matrix cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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12
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Light-driven transition-metal-free direct decarbonylation of unstrained diaryl ketones via a dual C–C bond cleavage. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1805. [PMID: 35379809 PMCID: PMC8979990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cleavage and formation of carbon−carbon bonds have emerged as powerful tools for structural modifications in organic synthesis. Although transition−metal−catalyzed decarbonylation of unstrained diaryl ketones provides a viable protocol to construct biaryl structures, the use of expensive catalyst and high temperature (>140 oC) have greatly limited their universal applicability. Moreover, the direct activation of two inert C − C bonds in diaryl ketones without the assistance of metal catalyst has been a great challenge due to the inherent stability of C − C bonds (nonpolar, thermo-dynamically stable, and kinetically inert). Here we report an efficient light-driven transition-metal-free strategy for decarbonylation of unstrained diaryl ketones to construct biaryl compounds through dual inert C − C bonds cleavage. This reaction featured mild reaction conditions, easy-to-handle reactants and reagents, and excellent functional groups tolerance. The mechanistic investigation and DFT calculation suggest that this strategy proceeds through the formation of dioxy radical intermediate via a single-electron-transfer (SET) process between photo-excited diaryl ketone and DBU mediated by DMSO, followed by removal of CO2 to construct biaryl compounds. The cleavage and formation of carbon−carbon bonds is an important strategy for structural modifications in organic syntheses. Herein, the authors present a photoinduced method to construct biaryl compounds through dual inert C−C bond cleavage.
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13
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Ma Z, Zhou A, Xia C. Strategies for total synthesis of bispyrrolidinoindoline alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1015-1044. [PMID: 35297915 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00060h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covering up to 2021Complex cyclotryptamine alkaloids with a bispyrrolidino[2,3-b]indoline (BPI) skeleton are an intriguing family of natural products, exhibiting wide systematic occurrences, large structural diversity, and multiple biological activities. Based on their structural characteristics, BPI alkaloids can be classified into chimonanthine-type BPI alkaloids, BPI diketopiperazines, and BPI epipolythiodiketopiperazines. These intricate molecules have captivated great attention soon after their isolation and identification in the 1960s. Due to the structural complexity, the total synthesis of these cyclotryptamine alkaloids is challenging. Nevertheless, remarkable progress has been achieved in the last six decades; in particular, several methods have been successfully established for the construction of vicinal all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. In this review, the structural diversity and chemical synthesis of these BPI alkaloids were summarized. BPI alkaloids are mainly synthesized by the methods of oxidative dimerization, reductive dimerization, and alkylation of bisoxindole. The purpose of this review is to present overall strategies for assembling the BPI skeleton and efforts towards controlling the stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Ankun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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14
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Kandappa SK, Ahuja S, Singathi R, Valloli LK, Baburaj S, Parthiban J, Sivaguru J. Using Restricted Bond Rotations to Enforce Excited State Behavior of Organic Molecules. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1785-6910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This account highlights the role of restricted bond rotations to influence excited state reactivity of organic molecules. It highlights photochemical reactivity of various organic molecules and the design strategies that could be exploited by chemists to utilize restricted bond rotations to uncover new excited state reactivity and achieve selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
| | - Sapna Ahuja
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
| | - Ravichandranath Singathi
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
| | - Lakshmy Kannadi Valloli
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
| | - Sruthy Baburaj
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
| | - Jayachandran Parthiban
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
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15
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16
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Shee M, Singh NDP. Chemical versatility of azide radical: journey from a transient species to synthetic accessibility in organic transformations. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2255-2312. [PMID: 35229836 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00494h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The generation of azide radical (N3˙) occurs from its precursors primarily via a single electron transfer (SET) process or homolytic cleavage by chemical methods or advanced photoredox/electrochemical methods. This in situ generated transient open-shell species has unique characteristic features that set its reactivity. In the past, the azide radical was widely used for various studies in radiation chemistry as a 1e- oxidant of biologically important molecules, but now it is being exploited for synthetic applications based on its addition and intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) abilities. Due to the significant role of nitrogen-containing molecules in synthesis, drug discovery, biological, and material sciences, the direct addition onto unsaturated bonds for the simultaneous construction of C-N bond with other (C-X) bonds are indeed worth highlighting. Moreover, the ability to generate O- or C-centered radicals by N3˙ via electron transfer (ET) and intermolecular HAT processes is also well documented. The purpose of controlling the reactivity of this short-lived intermediate in organic transformations drives us to survey: (i) the history of azide radical and its structural properties (thermodynamic, spectroscopic, etc.), (ii) chemical reactivities and kinetics, (iii) methods to produce N3˙ from various precursors, (iv) several significant azide radical-mediated transformations in the field of functionalization with unsaturated bonds, C-H functionalization via HAT, tandem, and multicomponent reaction with a critical analysis of underlying mechanistic approaches and outcomes, (v) concept of taming the reactivity of azide radicals for potential opportunities, in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniklal Shee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - N D Pradeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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17
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He X, Ye K. Stepwise Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers Starting from Activated Trichloromethyl Group in Three Steps. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Hu J, Ji K, Yan L, Yang S, Li Y, Wen W, Chen L, Wu X, Hu Y, Xie W. A concise synthesis of herbertenolide. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2205-2208. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of (±)-herbertenolide has been accomplished herein. The strategy relies on a H2O2-mediated oxidative ring contraction of all-substituted cyclic α-formyl ketones for the stereospecific construction of contiguous quaternary...
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19
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Dotson JJ, Garg NK, Garcia-Garibay MA. Evaluation of the photodecarbonylation of crystalline ketones for the installation of reverse prenyl groups on the pyrrolidinoindoline scaffold. Tetrahedron 2021; 76. [PMID: 34898726 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report synthetic efforts toward the regiocontrolled installation of the prenyl moiety in debromoflustramine A by the regiospecific photodecarbonylation of a prenyl-substituted ketone. Synthetic approaches to access the plausible photodecarbonylation substrates beginning from tryptamine were evaluated. Initial attempts to synthesize a suitable substrate for photodecarbonylation were hampered by a lack of substrate crystallinity (a prerequisite for solid-state photochemistry). Ultimately, a crystalline substrate could be accessed to attempt the key step by judicious selection of N-substituents. Although the photodecarbonylation did not result in the desired reverse prenylation, this study highlights the troubleshooting and optimization required for crystal phase photochemistry and underscores methods that can be used to control substrate crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Dotson
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Neil K Garg
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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20
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Di Terlizzi L, Roncari F, Crespi S, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Aryl-Cl vs heteroatom-Si bond cleavage on the route to the photochemical generation of σ,π-heterodiradicals. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 21:667-685. [PMID: 34775550 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of aryl chlorides having a X-SiMe3 group (X = O, NR, S, SiMe2) tethered to the aromatic ring has been investigated in detail, with the aim to generate valuable ϭ,π-heterodiradicals. Two competitive pathways arising from the excited triplet state of the aromatics have been observed, namely heterolysis of the aryl-chlorine bond and homolysis of the X-silicon bond. The former path is found in chlorinated phenols and anilines, whereas the latter is exclusive in the case of silylated thiophenols and aryl silanes. A combined experimental/computational approach was pursued to explain such a photochemical behavior.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Roncari
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Protti
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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21
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Abstract
X-ray crystallography is an invaluable tool in design and development of organometallic catalysis, but application typically requires species to display sufficiently high solution concentrations and lifetimes for single crystalline samples to be obtained. In crystallo organometallic chemistry relies on chemical reactions that proceed within the single-crystal environment to access crystalline samples of reactive organometallic fragments that are unavailable by alternate means. This highlight describes approaches to in crystallo organometallic chemistry including (a) solid-gas reactions between transition metal complexes in molecular crystals and diffusing small molecules, (b) reactions of organometallic complexes within the extended lattices of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and (c) intracrystalline photochemical transformations to generate reactive organometallic fragments. Application of these methods has enabled characterization of catalytically important transient species, including σ-alkane adducts of transition metals, metal alkyl intermediates implicated in metal-catalyzed carbonylations, and reactive M-L multiply bonded species involved in C-H functionalization chemistry. Opportunities and challenges for in crystallo organometallic chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleb A Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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22
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Sharma A, Dixit V, Kumar S, Jain N. Visible Light-Mediated In Situ Generation of δ,δ-Disubstituted p-Quinone Methides: Construction of a Sterically Congested Quaternary Stereocenter. Org Lett 2021; 23:3409-3414. [PMID: 33844558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented visible light-assisted and zinc triflate-catalyzed construction of a diaryl-substituted quaternary stereocenter is reported. 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-substituted aldehydes and ketones have been prepared in moderate to high yields via multicomponent reaction of acetylene, benzoquinone (BQ), and indole/aniline/thiol. The reaction is believed to proceed via in situ generation of p-quinone methide through a [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization of BQ and acetylene in blue light followed by a zinc triflate-catalyzed vinylogous Michael addition reaction with nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, 110016 New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, 110016 New Delhi, India
| | - Sharvan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, 110016 New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, 110016 New Delhi, India
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23
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Lu B, Wu Z, Wang L, Zhu B, Rauhut G, Zeng X. The simplest alkynyl thiocyanate HCCSCN and its isomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3343-3346. [PMID: 33659974 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00629k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The simplest alkynyl thiocyanate HCCSCN has been synthesized and characterized for the first time. HCCSCN is surprisingly stable at room temperature but undergoes photoisomerization in an Ar-matrix (10 K) to yield the novel sulfenyl isocyanide HCCSNC and thioketene NCC(H)CS. The isomeric isothiocyanate HCCNCS, missing in the photochemistry of HCCSCN, can be generated through the photodecarbonylation of propiolyl isothiocyanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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24
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Wang YC, Huang K, Lai X, Shi Z, Liu JB, Qiu G. Radical bromination-induced ipso cyclization- ortho cyclization sequence of N-hydroxylethyl- N-arylpropiolamides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1940-1944. [PMID: 33569553 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A facile procedure is reported for the synthesis of various 2-bromo-1-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-3H,7aH-benzo[b]pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazin-3-ones via a radical bromination-induced ipso cyclization-ortho cyclization sequence of N-arylpropiolamides in the presence of TBAB and oxone. The radical cyclization sequence involves a radical bromo α-addition into the alkyne, ipso-cyclization, and ortho-trapping of the spirocyclic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Wang
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Keke Huang
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Xiaojing Lai
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China. and College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhongning Shi
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Guanyinsheng Qiu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China.
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25
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Dotson JJ, Liepuoniute I, Bachman JL, Hipwell VM, Khan SI, Houk KN, Garg NK, Garcia-Garibay MA. Taming Radical Pairs in the Crystalline Solid State: Discovery and Total Synthesis of Psychotriadine. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4043-4054. [PMID: 33682403 PMCID: PMC8292139 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state photodecarbonylation is an attractive but underutilized methodology to forge hindered C-C bonds in complex molecules. This study discloses the use of this reaction to assemble the vicinal quaternary stereocenter motif present in bis(cyclotryptamine) alkaloids. Our strategy was enabled by experimental and computational investigations of the role of substrate conformation on the success or failure of the solid-state photodecarbonylation reaction. This informed a crystal engineering strategy to optimize the key step of the total synthesis. Ultimately, this endeavor culminated in the successful synthesis of the bis(cyclotryptamine) alkaloid "psychotriadine," which features the elusive piperidinoindoline framework. Psychotriadine, a previously unknown compound, was identified in the extracts of the flower Psychotria colorata, suggesting it is a naturally occurring metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Dotson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ieva Liepuoniute
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - J Logan Bachman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Vince M Hipwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Saeed I Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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26
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Alvin Tan CX, Mei GJ, Lu Y. Phosphine-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Achiral MBH Carbonates with 3,3'-Bisindolines: Enantioselective Construction of Quaternary Stereogenic Centers. Org Lett 2021; 23:1787-1792. [PMID: 33615793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) of achiral Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) carbonates with 3,3'-bisindolines under the catalysis of amino-acid-derived bifunctional phosphines was accomplished. With the AAA approach introduced herein, challenging 3,3'-bisindolines bearing an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter (C3a) have been constructed in good yields with good to excellent enantioselectivties. In addition, the synthetic value of this protocol was demonstrated by the facile synthesis of the core skeleton of gliocladin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xiang Alvin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore.,Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
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27
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Xu YL, Qin ZZ, Wang YX, Zhao PF, Li HF, Du ZH, Da CS. Highly enantioselective one-pot sequential synthesis of valerolactones and pyrazolones bearing all-carbon quaternary stereocentres. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1610-1615. [PMID: 33528484 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02489a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Highly enantiopure and bioactive δ-valerolactones and pyrazolones, bearing α-all-carbon quaternary stereocentres, were successfully and sequentially prepared via a one-pot procedure starting from readily available, inexpensive materials, catalysed by a new chiral squaramide under mild reaction conditions. An organocatalytic Michael reaction afforded the valerolactones, while a one-pot Michael-hydrazinolysis-imidization cascade yielded the pyrazolones. This procedure is economically efficient and environmentally benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Xu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhou-Zhou Qin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yu-Xia Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Peng-Fei Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Hong-Feng Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhi-Hong Du
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Chao-Shan Da
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China. and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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28
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Chang TY, Dotson JJ, Garcia-Garibay MA. Scalable Synthesis of Vicinal Quaternary Stereocenters via the Solid-State Photodecarbonylation of a Crystalline Hexasubstituted Ketone. Org Lett 2020; 22:8855-8859. [PMID: 33119318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and stereospecific solid-state photodecarbonylation of a hexasubstituted ketone featuring six distinct α-substituents. The photoproduct of the solid-state transformation features vicinal all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. While reactions carried out in bulk powders and aqueous crystalline suspensions were complicated by secondary photochemistry of the primary photoproduct, optimal conditions provided good yields and recyclable starting material. Subsequent transformations of the α-substituents having orthogonal chemical reactivity illustrate the potential of this transformation toward constructing complex architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Y Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Jordan J Dotson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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29
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Banerjee U, Sarkar SK, Krause JA, Karney WL, Abe M, Gudmundsdottir AD. Photoinduced α-Cleavage of 2-Azido-2-phenyl-1,3-indandione at Cryogenic Temperatures. Org Lett 2020; 22:7885-7890. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220-0172, United States
| | - Sujan K. Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220-0172, United States
| | - Jeanette A. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220-0172, United States
| | - William L. Karney
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Anna D. Gudmundsdottir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220-0172, United States
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30
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Athiyarath V, Sureshan KM. Designed Synthesis of a 1D Polymer in Twist-Stacked Topology via Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15580-15585. [PMID: 32779302 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To synthesize a fully organic 1D polymer in a novel twist-stacked topology, we designed a peptide monomer HC≡CCH2 -NH-Ile-Leu-N3 , which crystallizes with its molecules H-bonded along a six-fold screw axis. These H-bonded columns pack parallelly such that molecules arrange head-to-tail, forming linear non-covalent chains in planes perpendicular to the screw axis. The chains arrange parallelly to form molecular layers which twist-stack along the screw axis. Crystals of this monomer, on heating, undergo single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) polymerization to yield an exclusively 1,4-triazole-linked polymer in a twist-stacked layered topology. This topologically defined polymer shows better mechanical strength and thermal stability than its unordered form, as evidenced by nanoindentation studies and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. This work illustrates the scope of topochemical polymerizations for synthesizing polymers in pre-decided topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
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31
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Athiyarath V, Sureshan KM. Designed Synthesis of a 1D Polymer in Twist‐Stacked Topology via Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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32
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Hardy M, Wright BA, Bachman JL, Boit TB, Haley HMS, Knapp RR, Lusi RF, Okada T, Tona V, Garg NK, Sarpong R. Treating a Global Health Crisis with a Dose of Synthetic Chemistry. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1017-1030. [PMID: 32719821 PMCID: PMC7336722 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has prompted scientists from many disciplines to work collaboratively toward an effective response. As academic synthetic chemists, we examine how best to contribute to this ongoing effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa
A. Hardy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brandon A. Wright
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - J. Logan Bachman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Timothy B. Boit
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hannah M. S. Haley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rachel R. Knapp
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Robert F. Lusi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Taku Okada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Veronica Tona
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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33
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Dotson JJ, Bachman JL, Garcia-Garibay MA, Garg NK. Discovery and Total Synthesis of a Bis(cyclotryptamine) Alkaloid Bearing the Elusive Piperidinoindoline Scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11685-11690. [PMID: 32520547 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bis(cyclotryptamine) alkaloids have been popular topics of study for many decades. Five possible scaffolds for bis(cyclotryptamine) alkaloids were originally postulated in the 1950s, but only four of these scaffolds have been observed in natural products to date. We describe synthetic access to the elusive fifth scaffold, the piperidinoindoline, through syntheses of compounds now termed "dihydropsychotriadine" and "psychotriadine". The latter of these compounds was subsequently identified in extracts of the flower Psychotria colorata. Our synthetic route features a stereospecific solid-state photodecarbonylation reaction to introduce the key vicinal quaternary stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Dotson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - J Logan Bachman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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34
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Lu H, Yu TY, Xu PF, Wei H. Selective Decarbonylation via Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage. Chem Rev 2020; 121:365-411. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Tian-Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
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35
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36
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Jia X, Lei H, Han F, Zhang T, Chen Y, Xu Z, Nakliang P, Choi S, Guo Y, Ye T. Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Kopsane Alkaloids via a PtCl 2 -Catalyzed Intramolecular [3+2] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12832-12836. [PMID: 32329945 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A concise and asymmetric total synthesis of five kopsane alkaloids that share a unique heptacyclic caged ring system was accomplished. The key transformation in the sequence involved a remarkable PtCl2 -catalyzed intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition, which allowed for the rapid assembly of pentacyclic carbon skeletons bearing 2,3-quaternary functionalized indoline. Expeditious construction of diverse indoline scaffolds with excellent control of diastereoselectivity demonstrated the broad scope and versatility of this key transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Honghui Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feipeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhengshuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pratanphorn Nakliang
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Yian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Jia X, Lei H, Han F, Zhang T, Chen Y, Xu Z, Nakliang P, Choi S, Guo Y, Ye T. Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Kopsane Alkaloids via a PtCl
2
‐Catalyzed Intramolecular [3+2] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Honghui Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Feipeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhengshuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Pratanphorn Nakliang
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
| | - Yian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Tao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
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38
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Inference-assisted intelligent crystallography based on preliminary data. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11886. [PMID: 31439863 PMCID: PMC6706436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal structure analysis is routinely used to determine atomically resolved molecular structures and structure-property relationships. The accumulation of reliable structural characteristics obtained by crystal structure analysis has forged a robust basis that is frequently used in molecular and materials sciences. However, experimental techniques remain hampered by time-consuming ‘blind’ measurement-analysis iterations, which are sometimes required to find appropriate crystals and experimental conditions. Herein, we present a method that uses a small preliminary data set to evaluate the to-be-observed structures and the to-be-collected data. Moreover, we demonstrate the practical utility of this method to improve the efficiency of crystal structure analysis. This method will help selecting suitable crystals and choosing favorable experimental conditions to generate results that satisfy the level of precision required for specific research objectives.
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O'Hara C, Yang CH, Francis AJ, Newell BS, Wang H, Resendiz MJE. Photocycloaddition of S, S-Dioxo-benzothiophene-2-methanol, Reactivity in the Solid State and in Solution: Mechanistic Studies and Diastereoselective Formation of Cyclobutyl Rings. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9714-9725. [PMID: 31298854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The formation of cyclobutane rings is a promising strategy in the development of potential drugs and/or synthetic intermediates, typically challenging to obtain due to their constrained nature. In this work, the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction of S,S-dioxobenzothiophene-2-methanol was explored in microcrystalline powders and its outcome was compared to that observed in solution. It was found that the molecular constraints inherited within the crystal lattice provide an optimal environment that leads to photodimer 4 as the major product in ca. 9.6:0.4 diastereomeric ratios with conversions >95%. The photoreaction was analyzed via X-ray, displaying a crystalline-to-amorphous transformation and showing that units of monomer 2 align to generate the corresponding dimer with a syn-head-to-tail regio- and diastereoselectivity. This result contrasted with that obtained in solution, where the diastereomeric ratio varied as a function of the excited state that is generated, to yield mixtures of dimers 4 and 5 (anti-head-to-tail), or exclusively 5 in the triplet-sensitized photoreaction, in the presence of benzophenone. Density functional theory was used to elucidate a plausible detailed mechanism for the phototransformation, which aided in justifying the results that led to the corresponding dimers. X-ray crystallography allowed us to establish the stereochemical assignment of the obtained cyclobutyl rings. Thus, the use of solid-state or solution photochemistry can be used to gain control of diastereo- and regioselectivities in the formation of this important moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea O'Hara
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado Denver , Science Building 1151 Arapahoe Street , Denver , Colorado 80204 , United States
| | - Chou-Hsun Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado Denver , Science Building 1151 Arapahoe Street , Denver , Colorado 80204 , United States
| | - Andrew J Francis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado Denver , Science Building 1151 Arapahoe Street , Denver , Colorado 80204 , United States
| | - Brian S Newell
- Department of Chemistry, Central Instrument Facility , Colorado State University , C1D Chemistry Building 1872, Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523-1872 , United States
| | - Haobin Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado Denver , Science Building 1151 Arapahoe Street , Denver , Colorado 80204 , United States
| | - Marino J E Resendiz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado Denver , Science Building 1151 Arapahoe Street , Denver , Colorado 80204 , United States
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