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Ruetz M, Mascarenhas R, Widner F, Kieninger C, Koutmos M, Kräutler B, Banerjee R. A Noble Metal Substitution Leads to B 12 Cofactor Mimicry by a Rhodibalamin. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1955-1962. [PMID: 39012171 PMCID: PMC11540531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, cobalamin is an essential cofactor that is delivered by a multitude of chaperones in an elaborate trafficking pathway to two client enzymes, methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT). Rhodibalamins, the rhodium analogs of cobalamins, have been described as antimetabolites due to their ability to inhibit bacterial growth. In this study, we have examined the reactivity of adenosylrhodibalamin (AdoRhbl) with two key human chaperones, MMACHC (also known as CblC) and adenosyltransferase (MMAB, also known as ATR), and with the human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis MMUT. We demonstrate that while AdoRhbl binds tightly to all four proteins, the Rh-carbon bond is resistant to homolytic (on MMAB and MMUT) as well as heterolytic (on MMACHC) rupture. On the other hand, MMAB catalyzes Rh-carbon bond formation, converting rhodi(I)balamin in the presence of ATP to AdoRhbl. We report the first crystal structure of a rhodibalamin (AdoRhbl) bound to a B12 protein, i.e., MMAB, in the presence of triphosphate, which shows a weakened but intact Rh-carbon bond. The structure provides insights into how MMAB cleaves the corresponding Co-carbon bond in a sacrificial homolytic reaction that purportedly functions as a cofactor sequestration strategy. Collectively, the study demonstrates that while the noble metal substitution of cobalt by rhodium sets up structural mimicry, it compromises chemistry, which could be exploited for targeting human and bacterial B12 chaperones and enzymes.
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Mascarenhas R, Guha A, Li Z, Ruetz M, An S, Seravalli J, Banerjee R. Cobalt-Sulfur Coordination Chemistry Drives B 12 Loading onto Methionine Synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2023:10.1021/jacs.3c07941. [PMID: 37916782 PMCID: PMC11063128 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt-sulfur (Co-S) coordination is labile to both oxidation and reduction chemistry and is rarely seen in nature. Cobalamin (or vitamin B12) is an essential cobalt-containing organometallic cofactor in mammals and is escorted via an intricate network of chaperones to a single cytoplasmic target, methionine synthase. In this study, we report that the human cobalamin trafficking protein, MMADHC, exploits the chemical lability of Co-S coordination for cofactor off-loading onto methionine synthase. Cys-261 on MMADHC serves as the β-axial ligand to cobalamin. Complex formation between MMADHC and methionine synthase is signaled by loss of the lower axial nitrogen ligand, leading to five-coordinate thiolato-cobalamin. Nucleophilic displacement by the vicinal thiolate, Cys-262, completes cofactor transfer to methionine synthase and release of a cysteine disulfide-containing MMADHC. The physiological relevance of this mechanism is supported by clinical variants of MMADHC, which impair cofactor binding and off-loading, explaining the molecular basis of the associated homocystinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romila Mascarenhas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Arkajit Guha
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Markus Ruetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sojin An
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Javier Seravalli
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Gouda H, Li Z, Ruetz M, Banerjee R. Coordination Chemistry Controls Coenzyme B 12 Synthesis by Human Adenosine Triphosphate:Cob(I)alamin Adenosyltransferase. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:12630-12633. [PMID: 37526260 PMCID: PMC10507449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Cobalamin (or vitamin B12)-dependent enzymes and trafficking chaperones exploit redox-linked coordination chemistry to control the cofactor reactivity during catalysis and translocation. As the cobalt oxidation state decreases from 3+ to 1+, the preferred cobalamin geometry changes from six- to four-coordinate (4-c). In this study, we reveal the sizable thermodynamic gain that accrues for human adenosine triphosphate (ATP):cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase (or MMAB) by enforcing an unfavorable 4-c cob(II)alamin geometry. MMAB-bound cob(II)alamin is reduced to the supernucleophilic cob(I)alamin intermediate during the synthesis of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin. Herein, we report the first experimentally determined reduction potential for 4-c cob(II)alamin (-325 ± 9 mV), which is 180 mV more positive than for the five-coordinate (5-c) water-liganded species. The redox potential of MMAB-bound cob(II)alamin is within the range of adrenodoxin, which we demonstrate functions as an electron donor. We also show that stabilization of 5-c cob(II)alamin by a subset of MMAB patient variants compromises the reduction by adrenodoxin, explaining the underlying pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Gouda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Markus Ruetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Mascarenhas R, Guha A, Li Z, Ruetz M, An S, Seravalli J, Banerjee R. Cobalt-sulfur coordination chemistry drives B 12 loading onto methionine synthase. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550549. [PMID: 37546824 PMCID: PMC10402061 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt-sulfur (Co-S) coordination is labile to both oxidation and reduction chemistry and is rarely seen in Nature. Cobalamin (or vitamin B 12 ) is an essential cobalt-containing organometallic cofactor in mammals, and is escorted via an intricate network of chaperones to a single cytoplasmic target, methionine synthase. In this study, we report that the human cobalamin trafficking protein, MMADHC, exploits the chemical lability of Co-S coordination, for cofactor off-loading onto methionine synthase. Cys-261 on MMADHC serves as the β-axial ligand to cobalamin. Complex formation between MMADHC and methionine synthase is signaled by loss of the lower axial nitrogen ligand, leading to five-coordinate thiolato-cobalamin. Nucleophilic displacement by the vicinal thiolate, Cys-262, completes cofactor transfer to methionine synthase and release of a cysteine disulfide-containing MMADHC. The physiological relevance of this mechanism is supported by clinical variants of MMADHC, which impair cofactor binding and off-loading, explaining the molecular basis of the associated homocystinuria.
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Mascarenhas R, Ruetz M, Gouda H, Heitman N, Yaw M, Banerjee R. Architecture of the human G-protein-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase nanoassembly for B 12 delivery and repair. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4332. [PMID: 37468522 PMCID: PMC10356863 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
G-proteins function as molecular switches to power cofactor translocation and confer fidelity in metal trafficking. The G-protein, MMAA, together with MMAB, an adenosyltransferase, orchestrate cofactor delivery and repair of B12-dependent human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT). The mechanism by which the complex assembles and moves a >1300 Da cargo, or fails in disease, are poorly understood. Herein, we report the crystal structure of the human MMUT-MMAA nano-assembly, which reveals a dramatic 180° rotation of the B12 domain, exposing it to solvent. The complex, stabilized by MMAA wedging between two MMUT domains, leads to ordering of the switch I and III loops, revealing the molecular basis of mutase-dependent GTPase activation. The structure explains the biochemical penalties incurred by methylmalonic aciduria-causing mutations that reside at the MMAA-MMUT interfaces we identify here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romila Mascarenhas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Markus Ruetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Harsha Gouda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Natalie Heitman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Madeline Yaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Maryami F, Rismani E, Davoudi-Dehaghani E, Khalesi N, Motlagh FZ, Kordafshari A, Talebi S, Rahimi H, Zeinali S. Identifying and predicting the pathogenic effects of a novel variant inducing severe early onset MMA: a bioinformatics approach. Hereditas 2023; 160:25. [PMID: 37248539 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-023-00281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a rare metabolic disorder resulting from functional defects in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Mutations in the MMAB gene are responsible for the cblB type of vitamin B12-responsive MMA. RESULTS This study used Whole-exome sequencing (WES), Sanger sequencing, linkage analysis, and in-silico evaluation of the variants' effect on protein structure and function to confirm their pathogenicity in a 2-day-old neonate presenting an early-onset metabolic crisis and death. WES revealed a homozygous missense variant on chromosome 12, the NM_052845.4 (MMAB):c.557G > A, p.Arg186Gln, in exon 7, a highly conserved and hot spot region for pathogenic variants. After being confirmed by Sanger sequencing, the wild-type and mutant proteins' structure and function were modeled and examined using in-silico bioinformatics tools and compared to the variant NM_052845.4 (MMAB):c.556C > T, p.Arg186Trp, a known pathogenic variant at the same position. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis showed a significant reduction in the stability of variants and changes in protein-protein and ligand-protein interactions. Interestingly, the variant c.557G > A, p.Arg186Gln depicted more variations in the secondary structure and less binding to the ATP and B12 ligands compared to the c.556C > T, p.Arg186Trp, the known pathogenic variant. CONCLUSION This study succeeded in expanding the variant spectra of the MMAB, forasmuch as the variant c.557G > A, p.Arg186Gln is suggested as a pathogenic variant and the cause of severe MMA and neonatal death. These results benefit the prenatal diagnosis of MMA in the subsequent pregnancies and carrier screening of the family members. Furthermore, as an auxiliary technique, homology modeling and protein structure and function evaluations could provide geneticists with a more accurate interpretation of variants' pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Maryami
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur St., Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Rismani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur St., Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Davoudi-Dehaghani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur St., Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Khalesi
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ali-Asghar Children's Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Vahid Dastgerdi Street, Modarres Highway, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Alireza Kordafshari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur St., Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Talebi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ali-Asghar Children's Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Rahimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur St., Tehran, Iran
- Present address: Texas Biomedical Research Center, San Antonio, USA
| | - Sirous Zeinali
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur St., Tehran, Iran.
- Medical Genetics Lab, Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, No. 41 Majlesi St., ValiAsr St., Tehran, Iran.
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Mascarenhas R, Ruetz M, Gouda H, Heitman N, Yaw M, Banerjee R. Architecture of the human G-protein-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase nanoassembly for B 12 delivery and repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.23.533963. [PMID: 36993209 PMCID: PMC10055420 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.533963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
G-proteins function as molecular switches to power cofactor translocation and confer fidelity in metal trafficking. MMAA, a G-protein motor, together with MMAB, an adenosyltransferase, orchestrate cofactor delivery and repair of B 12 -dependent human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT). The mechanism by which the motor assembles and moves a >1300 Da cargo, or fails in disease, are poorly understood. Herein, we report the crystal structure of the human MMUT-MMAA nanomotor assembly, which reveals a dramatic 180° rotation of the B 12 domain, exposing it to solvent. The nanomotor complex, stabilized by MMAA wedging between two MMUT domains, leads to ordering of the switch I and III loops, revealing the molecular basis of mutase-dependent GTPase activation. The structure explains the biochemical penalties incurred by methylmalonic aciduria-causing mutations that reside at the newly identified MMAA-MMUT interfaces.
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Gouda H, Mascarenhas R, Ruetz M, Yaw M, Banerjee R. Bivalent molecular mimicry by ADP protects metal redox state and promotes coenzyme B 12 repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220677120. [PMID: 36888659 PMCID: PMC10243129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220677120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Control over transition metal redox state is essential for metalloprotein function and can be achieved via coordination chemistry and/or sequestration from bulk solvent. Human methylmalonyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) mutase (MCM) catalyzes the isomerization of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA using 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a metallocofactor. During catalysis, the occasional escape of the 5'-deoxyadenosine (dAdo) moiety leaves the cob(II)alamin intermediate stranded and prone to hyperoxidation to hydroxocobalamin, which is recalcitrant to repair. In this study, we have identified the use of bivalent molecular mimicry by ADP, coopting the 5'-deoxyadenosine and diphosphate moieties in the cofactor and substrate, respectively, to protect against cob(II)alamin overoxidation on MCM. Crystallographic and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data reveal that ADP exerts control over the metal oxidation state by inducing a conformational change that seals off solvent access, rather than by switching five-coordinate cob(II)alamin to the more air stable four-coordinate state. Subsequent binding of methylmalonyl-CoA (or CoA) promotes cob(II)alamin off-loading from MCM to adenosyltransferase for repair. This study identifies an unconventional strategy for controlling metal redox state by an abundant metabolite to plug active site access, which is key to preserving and recycling a rare, but essential, metal cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Gouda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Romila Mascarenhas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Markus Ruetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Madeline Yaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
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McCorvie TJ, Ferreira D, Yue WW, Froese DS. The complex machinery of human cobalamin metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023; 46:406-420. [PMID: 36680553 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin, Cbl) is required as a cofactor by two human enzymes, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT). Within the body, a vast array of transporters, enzymes and chaperones are required for the generation and delivery of these cofactor forms. How they perform these functions is dictated by the structure and interactions of the proteins involved, the molecular bases of which are only now being elucidated. In this review, we highlight recent insights into human Cbl metabolism and address open questions in the field by employing a protein structure and interactome based perspective. We discuss how three very similar proteins-haptocorrin, intrinsic factor and transcobalamin-exploit slight structural differences and unique ligand receptor interactions to effect selective Cbl absorption and internalisation. We describe recent advances in the understanding of how endocytosed Cbl is transported across the lysosomal membrane and the implications of the recently solved ABCD4 structure. We detail how MMACHC and MMADHC cooperate to modify and target cytosolic Cbl to the client enzymes MTR and MMUT using ingenious modifications to an ancient nitroreductase fold, and how MTR and MMUT link with their accessory enzymes to sustainably harness the supernucleophilic potential of Cbl. Finally, we provide an outlook on how future studies may combine structural and interactome based approaches and incorporate knowledge of post-translational modifications to bring further insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McCorvie
- Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Douglas Ferreira
- Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D Sean Froese
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Li Z, Gouda H, Pillay S, Yaw M, Ruetz M, Banerjee R. The human B 12 trafficking chaperones: CblA, ATR, CblC and CblD. Methods Enzymol 2022; 668:137-156. [PMID: 35589192 PMCID: PMC9418966 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammals rely on an elaborate intracellular trafficking pathway for processing and delivering vitamin B12 to two client enzymes. CblC (also known as MMACHC) is postulated to receive the cofactor as it enters the cytoplasm and converts varied B12 derivatives to a common cob(II)alamin intermediate. CblD (or MMADHC) reacts with CblC-bound cob(II)alamin forming an interprotein thiolato-cobalt coordination complex and, by a mechanism that remains to be elucidated, transfers the cofactor to methionine synthase. In the mitochondrion, CblB (also known as MMAB or adenosyltransferase) synthesizes AdoCbl from cob(II)alamin and ATP in the presence of an electron donor. CblA (or MMAA), a GTPase, gates cofactor loading from CblB to methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and off-loading of cob(II)alamin in the reverse direction. This chapter focuses on assays for measuring the activities of the four B12 chaperones CblA-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Harsha Gouda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shubhadra Pillay
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Madeline Yaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Markus Ruetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Mascarenhas R, Gouda H, Ruetz M, Banerjee R. Human B 12-dependent enzymes: Methionine synthase and Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Methods Enzymol 2022; 668:309-326. [PMID: 35589199 PMCID: PMC9420401 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Humans have only two known cobalamin or B12-dependent enzymes: cytoplasmic methionine synthase and mitochondrial methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. A complex intracellular B12 trafficking pathway, comprising a multitude of chaperones, process and deliver cobalamin to the two target enzymes. Methionine synthase catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from N5-methytetrahydrofolate to homocysteine, generating tetrahydrofolate and methionine. Cobalamin serves as an intermediate methyl group carrier and cycles between methylcobalamin and cob(I)alamin. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase uses the 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin form of the cofactor and catalyzes the 1,2 rearrangement of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. Two chaperones, CblA (or MMAA) and CblB (or MMAB, also known as adenosyltransferase), serve the mutase and ensure that the fidelity of the cofactor loading and unloading processes is maintained. This chapter focuses on assays for purifying and measuring the activities of methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.
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12
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Forny P, Plessl T, Frei C, Bürer C, Froese DS, Baumgartner MR. Spectrum and characterization of bi-allelic variants in MMAB causing cblB-type methylmalonic aciduria. Hum Genet 2021; 141:1253-1267. [PMID: 34796408 PMCID: PMC9262797 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in MMAB cause cblB-type methylmalonic aciduria, an autosomal-recessive disorder of propionate metabolism. MMAB encodes ATP:cobalamin adenosyltransferase, using ATP and cob(I)alamin to create 5’-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), the cofactor of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT). We identified bi-allelic disease-causing variants in MMAB in 97 individuals with cblB-type methylmalonic aciduria, including 33 different and 16 novel variants. Missense changes accounted for the most frequent pathogenic alleles (p.(Arg186Trp), N = 57; p.(Arg191Trp), N = 19); while c.700C > T (p.(Arg234*)) was the most frequently identified truncating variant (N = 14). In fibroblasts from 76 affected individuals, the ratio of propionate incorporation in the presence and absence of hydroxocobalamin (PI ratio) was associated to clinical cobalamin responsiveness and later disease onset. We found p.(Arg234*) to be associated with cobalamin responsiveness in vitro, and clinically with later onset; p.(Arg186Trp) and p.(Arg191Trp) showed no clear cobalamin responsiveness and early onset. Mapping these and novel variants onto the MMAB structure revealed their potential to affect ATP and AdoCbl binding. Follow-up biochemical characterization of recombinant MMAB identified its three active sites to be equivalent for ATP binding, determined by fluorescence spectroscopy (Kd = 21 µM) and isothermal calorimetry (Kd = 14 µM), but function as two non-equivalent AdoCbl binding sites (Kd1 = 0.55 μM; Kd2 = 8.4 μM). Ejection of AdoCbl was activated by ATP (Ka = 24 µM), which was sensitized by the presence of MMUT (Ka = 13 µM). This study expands the landscape of pathogenic MMAB variants, provides association of in vitro and clinical responsiveness, and facilitates insight into MMAB function, enabling better disease understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Forny
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Plessl
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Frei
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Celine Bürer
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Sean Froese
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
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13
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Gouda H, Mascarenhas R, Pillay S, Ruetz M, Koutmos M, Banerjee R. Patient mutations in human ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase differentially affect its catalytic versus chaperone functions. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101373. [PMID: 34757128 PMCID: PMC8633584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase (ATR) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes an adenosyl transfer to cob(I)alamin, synthesizing 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) or coenzyme B12. ATR is also a chaperone that escorts AdoCbl, transferring it to methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which is important in propionate metabolism. Mutations in ATR lead to methylmalonic aciduria type B, an inborn error of B12 metabolism. Our previous studies have furnished insights into how ATR protein dynamics influence redox-linked cobalt coordination chemistry, controlling its catalytic versus chaperone functions. In this study, we have characterized three patient mutations at two conserved active site residues in human ATR, R190C/H, and E193K and obtained crystal structures of R190C and E193K variants, which display only subtle structural changes. All three mutations were found to weaken affinities for the cob(II)alamin substrate and the AdoCbl product and increase KM(ATP). 31P NMR studies show that binding of the triphosphate product, formed during the adenosylation reaction, is also weakened. However, although the kcat of this reaction is significantly diminished for the R190C/H mutants, it is comparable with the WT enzyme for the E193K variant, revealing the catalytic importance of Arg-190. Furthermore, although the E193K mutation selectively impairs the chaperone function by promoting product release into solution, its catalytic function might be unaffected at physiological ATP concentrations. In contrast, the R190C/H mutations affect both the catalytic and chaperoning activities of ATR. Because the E193K mutation spares the catalytic activity of ATR, our data suggest that the patients carrying this mutation are more likely to be responsive to cobalamin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Gouda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Romila Mascarenhas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shubhadra Pillay
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Markus Ruetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Markos Koutmos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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14
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Schrier MS, Zhang Y, Trivedi MS, Deth RC. Decreased cortical Nrf2 gene expression in autism and its relationship to thiol and cobalamin status. Biochimie 2021; 192:1-12. [PMID: 34517051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) promotes expression of a large number of antioxidant genes and multiple studies have described oxidative stress and impaired methylation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including decreased brain levels of methylcobalamin(III) (MeCbl). Here we report decreased expression of the Nrf2 gene (NFE2L2) in frontal cortex of ASD subjects, as well as differences in other genes involved in redox homeostasis. In pooled control and ASD correlation analyses, hydroxocobalamin(III) (OHCbl) was inversely correlated with NFE2L2 expression, while MeCbl and total cobalamin abundance were positively correlated with NFE2L2 expression. Levels of methionine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and cystathionine were positively correlated with NFE2L2 expression, while homocysteine (HCY) was negatively correlated. The relationship between Nrf2 activity and cobalamin was further supported by a bioinformatics-based comparison of cobalamin levels in different tissues with expression of a panel of 40 Nrf2-regulated genes, which yielded a strong correlation. Lastly, Nrf2-regulated gene expression was also correlated with expression of intracellular cobalamin trafficking and processing genes, such as MMADHC and MTRR. These findings highlight a previously unrecognized relationship between the antioxidant-promoting role of Nrf2 and cobalamin status, which is dysfunctional in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Scott Schrier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Biologics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Malav Suchin Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Richard Carlton Deth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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15
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Banerjee R, Gouda H, Pillay S. Redox-Linked Coordination Chemistry Directs Vitamin B 12 Trafficking. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2003-2013. [PMID: 33797888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Metals are partners for an estimated one-third of the proteome and vary in complexity from mononuclear centers to organometallic cofactors. Vitamin B12 or cobalamin represents the epitome of this complexity and is the product of an assembly line comprising some 30 enzymes. Unable to biosynthesize cobalamin, mammals rely on dietary provision of this essential cofactor, which is needed by just two enzymes, one each in the cytoplasm (methionine synthase) and the mitochondrion (methylmalonyl-CoA mutase). Brilliant clinical genetics studies on patients with inborn errors of cobalamin metabolism spanning several decades had identified at least seven genetic loci in addition to the two encoding B12 enzymes. While cells are known to house a cadre of chaperones dedicated to metal trafficking pathways that contain metal reactivity and confer targeting specificity, the seemingly supernumerary chaperones in the B12 pathway had raised obvious questions as to the rationale for their existence.With the discovery of the genes underlying cobalamin disorders, our laboratory has been at the forefront of ascribing functions to B12 chaperones and elucidating the intricate redox-linked coordination chemistry and protein-linked cofactor conformational dynamics that orchestrate the processing and translocation of cargo along the trafficking pathway. These studies have uncovered novel chemistry that exploits the innate chemical versatility of alkylcobalamins, i.e., the ability to form and dismantle the cobalt-carbon bond using homolytic or heterolytic chemistry. In addition, they have revealed the practical utility of the dimethylbenzimidazole tail, an appendage unique to cobalamins and absent in the structural cousins, porphyrin, chlorin, and corphin, as an instrument for facilitating cofactor transfer between active sites.In this Account, we navigate the chemistry of the B12 trafficking pathway from its point of entry into cells, through lysosomes, and into the cytoplasm, where incoming cobalamin derivatives with a diversity of upper ligands are denuded by the β-ligand transferase activity of CblC to the common cob(II)alamin intermediate. The broad reaction and lax substrate specificity of CblC also enables conversion of cyanocobalamin (technically, vitamin B12, i.e., the form of the cofactor in one-a-day supplements), to cob(II)alamin. CblD then hitches up with CblC via a unique Co-sulfur bond to cob(II)alamin at a bifurcation point, leading to the cytoplasmic methylcobalamin or mitochondrial 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin branch. Mutations at loci upstream of the junction point typically affect both branches, leading to homocystinuria and methylmalonic aciduria, whereas mutations in downstream loci lead to one or the other disease. Elucidation of the biochemical penalties associated with individual mutations is providing molecular insights into the clinical data and, in some instances, identifying which cobalamin derivative(s) might be therapeutically beneficial.Our studies on B12 trafficking are revealing strategies for cofactor sequestration and mobilization from low- to high-affinity and low- to high-coordination-number sites, which in turn are regulated by protein dynamics that constructs ergonomic cofactor binding pockets. While these B12 lessons might be broadly relevant to other metal trafficking pathways, much remains to be learned. This Account concludes by identifying some of the major gaps and challenges that are needed to complete our understanding of B12 trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Harsha Gouda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shubhadra Pillay
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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16
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Mobile loop dynamics in adenosyltransferase control binding and reactivity of coenzyme B 12. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30412-30422. [PMID: 33199623 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007332117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin is a complex organometallic cofactor that is processed and targeted via a network of chaperones to its dependent enzymes. AdoCbl (5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin) is synthesized from cob(II)alamin in a reductive adenosylation reaction catalyzed by adenosyltransferase (ATR), which also serves as an escort, delivering AdoCbl to methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM). The mechanism by which ATR signals that its cofactor cargo is ready (AdoCbl) or not [cob(II)alamin] for transfer to MCM, is not known. In this study, we have obtained crystallographic snapshots that reveal ligand-induced ordering of the N terminus of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATR, which organizes a dynamic cobalamin binding site and exerts exquisite control over coordination geometry, reactivity, and solvent accessibility. Cob(II)alamin binds with its dimethylbenzimidazole tail splayed into a side pocket and its corrin ring buried. The cosubstrate, ATP, enforces a four-coordinate cob(II)alamin geometry, facilitating the unfavorable reduction to cob(I)alamin. The binding mode for AdoCbl is notably different from that of cob(II)alamin, with the dimethylbenzimidazole tail tucked under the corrin ring, displacing the N terminus of ATR, which is disordered. In this solvent-exposed conformation, AdoCbl undergoes facile transfer to MCM. The importance of the tail in cofactor handover from ATR to MCM is revealed by the failure of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobinamide, lacking the tail, to transfer. In the absence of MCM, ATR induces a sacrificial cobalt-carbon bond homolysis reaction in an unusual reversal of the heterolytic chemistry that was deployed to make the same bond. The data support an important role for the dimethylbenzimidazole tail in moving the cobalamin cofactor between active sites.
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17
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Sokolovskaya OM, Shelton AN, Taga ME. Sharing vitamins: Cobamides unveil microbial interactions. Science 2020; 369:369/6499/eaba0165. [PMID: 32631870 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial communities are essential to fundamental processes on Earth. Underlying the compositions and functions of these communities are nutritional interdependencies among individual species. One class of nutrients, cobamides (the family of enzyme cofactors that includes vitamin B12), is widely used for a variety of microbial metabolic functions, but these structurally diverse cofactors are synthesized by only a subset of bacteria and archaea. Advances at different scales of study-from individual isolates, to synthetic consortia, to complex communities-have led to an improved understanding of cobamide sharing. Here, we discuss how cobamides affect microbes at each of these three scales and how integrating different approaches leads to a more complete understanding of microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Sokolovskaya
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amanda N Shelton
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michiko E Taga
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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18
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Sokolovskaya OM, Plessl T, Bailey H, Mackinnon S, Baumgartner MR, Yue WW, Froese DS, Taga ME. Naturally occurring cobalamin (B 12) analogs can function as cofactors for human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Biochimie 2020; 183:35-43. [PMID: 32659443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cobalamin, commonly known as vitamin B12, is an essential micronutrient for humans because of its role as an enzyme cofactor. Cobalamin is one of over a dozen structurally related compounds - cobamides - that are found in certain foods and are produced by microorganisms in the human gut. Very little is known about how different cobamides affect B12-dependent metabolism in human cells. Here, we test in vitro how diverse cobamide cofactors affect the function of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT), one of two cobalamin-dependent enzymes in humans. We find that, although cobalamin is the most effective cofactor for MMUT, multiple cobamides support MMUT function with differences in binding affinity (Kd), binding kinetics (kon), and concentration dependence during catalysis (KM, app). Additionally, we find that six disease-associated MMUT variants that cause cobalamin-responsive impairments in enzymatic activity also respond to other cobamides, with the extent of catalytic rescue dependent on the identity of the cobamide. Our studies challenge the exclusive focus on cobalamin in the context of human physiology, indicate that diverse cobamides can support the function of a human enzyme, and suggest future directions that will improve our understanding of the roles of different cobamides in human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Sokolovskaya
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tanja Plessl
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henry Bailey
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Sabrina Mackinnon
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - D Sean Froese
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michiko E Taga
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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19
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Boal AK. The immune system mimics a pathogen. Science 2019; 366:574-575. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A host metabolite binds a bacterial enzyme and traps its B
12
cofactor in an inactive state
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie K. Boal
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA
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20
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Ruetz M, Campanello GC, Purchal M, Shen H, McDevitt L, Gouda H, Wakabayashi S, Zhu J, Rubin EJ, Warncke K, Mootha VK, Koutmos M, Banerjee R. Itaconyl-CoA forms a stable biradical in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and derails its activity and repair. Science 2019; 366:589-593. [PMID: 31672889 PMCID: PMC7070230 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Itaconate is an immunometabolite with both anti-inflammatory and bactericidal effects. Its coenzyme A (CoA) derivative, itaconyl-CoA, inhibits B12-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) by an unknown mechanism. We demonstrate that itaconyl-CoA is a suicide inactivator of human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis MCM, which forms a markedly air-stable biradical adduct with the 5'-deoxyadenosyl moiety of the B12 coenzyme. Termination of the catalytic cycle in this way impairs communication between MCM and its auxiliary repair proteins. Crystallography and spectroscopy of the inhibited enzyme are consistent with a metal-centered cobalt radical ~6 angstroms away from the tertiary carbon-centered radical and suggest a means of controlling radical trajectories during MCM catalysis. Mycobacterial MCM thus joins enzymes in the glyoxylate shunt and the methylcitrate cycle as targets of itaconate in pathogen propionate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ruetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory C Campanello
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meredith Purchal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongying Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Liam McDevitt
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Harsha Gouda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shoko Wakabayashi
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junhao Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kurt Warncke
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Markos Koutmos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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21
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Ruetz M, Campanello GC, McDevitt L, Yokom AL, Yadav PK, Watkins D, Rosenblatt DS, Ohi MD, Southworth DR, Banerjee R. Allosteric Regulation of Oligomerization by a B 12 Trafficking G-Protein Is Corrupted in Methylmalonic Aciduria. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:960-969.e4. [PMID: 31056463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric regulation of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) by the G-protein chaperone CblA is transduced via three "switch" elements that gate the movement of the B12 cofactor to and from MCM. Mutations in CblA and MCM cause hereditary methylmalonic aciduria. Unlike the bacterial orthologs used previously to model disease-causing mutations, human MCM and CblA exhibit a complex pattern of regulation that involves interconverting oligomers, which are differentially sensitive to the presence of GTP versus GDP. Patient mutations in the switch III region of CblA perturb the nucleotide-sensitive distribution of the oligomeric complexes with MCM, leading to loss of regulated movement of B12 to and/or from MCM and explain the molecular mechanism of the resulting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ruetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory C Campanello
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Liam McDevitt
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam L Yokom
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pramod K Yadav
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David Watkins
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - David S Rosenblatt
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Melanie D Ohi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel R Southworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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22
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Gandeepan P, Müller T, Zell D, Cera G, Warratz S, Ackermann L. 3d Transition Metals for C-H Activation. Chem Rev 2018; 119:2192-2452. [PMID: 30480438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1450] [Impact Index Per Article: 241.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
C-H activation has surfaced as an increasingly powerful tool for molecular sciences, with notable applications to material sciences, crop protection, drug discovery, and pharmaceutical industries, among others. Despite major advances, the vast majority of these C-H functionalizations required precious 4d or 5d transition metal catalysts. Given the cost-effective and sustainable nature of earth-abundant first row transition metals, the development of less toxic, inexpensive 3d metal catalysts for C-H activation has gained considerable recent momentum as a significantly more environmentally-benign and economically-attractive alternative. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview on first row transition metal catalysts for C-H activation until summer 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Daniel Zell
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Gianpiero Cera
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Svenja Warratz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
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