1
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Ma N, Wang S, Liu M, Zhu H, Liu Q, Kong J, Zhang T. Controllable radical polymerization of TEMPO redox for stable and sensitive enzyme electrode interface. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 259:116417. [PMID: 38795496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Assembling functional molecules on the surface of an enzyme electrode is the most basic technique for constructing a biosensor. However, precise control of electron transfer interface or electron mediator on the electrode surface remains a challenge, which is a key step that affects the stability and sensitivity of enzyme-based biosensors. In this study, we propose the use of controllable free radical polymerization to grow stable 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) polymer as electron mediator on enzyme surface for the first time. Through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, electrode surface coverage measurement, static contact angle (SCA), and a series of electrochemical methods, it has been demonstrated that the TEMPO-based enzyme electrode exhibits a uniform hydrophilic morphology and stable electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the results show that the sensor demonstrates high sensitivity for detecting glucose biomolecules in artificial sweat and serum. Attributing to the quantitative and controllable radical polymerization of TEMPO redox assembled enzyme electrode surface, the as-proposed biosensor providing a use, storage, and inter-batch sensing stability, providing a vital platform for wearable/implantable biochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- I-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, PR China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- I-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- I-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Hao Zhu
- I-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Qianzuo Liu
- I-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, PR China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- I-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Nano-X Vacuum Interconnected Workstation, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
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2
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Chen J, Feng X, He Q, Fan R. Electrochemical C-H Azidation and Diazidation of Anilines for the Synthesis of Aryl Azides and Diazides. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39177449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The increasing importance and need in many aspects have driven the rapid development of synthetic studies toward aryl azides. In this paper, electrochemical C-H azidation and diazidation of anilines have been developed using TMSN3 as an azide source. A range of functional groups can be tolerated under the optimized reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- Xinjiang University of Science and Technology, Korla, Xinjiang 84100, China
| | - Qiuqin He
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Renhua Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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3
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Kim S, Kim H. Cu-Electrocatalysis Enables Vicinal Bis(difluoromethylation) of Alkenes: Unraveling Dichotomous Role of Zn(CF 2H) 2(DMPU) 2 as Both Radical and Anion Source. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22498-22508. [PMID: 39079933 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The difluoromethyl group (CF2H) serves as an essential bioisostere in drug discovery campaigns according to Lipinski's Rule of 5 due to its advantageous combination of lipophilicity and hydrogen bonding ability, thereby improving the ADME properties. However, despite the high prevalence and importance of vicinal hydrogen bond donors in pharmaceutical agents, a general synthetic method for doubly difluoromethylated compounds in the vicinal position is absent. Here we describe a copper-electrocatalyzed strategy that enables the vicinal bis(difluoromethylation) of alkenes. By leveraging electrochemistry to oxidize Zn(CF2H)2(DMPU)2-a conventionally utilized anionic transmetalating source, we paved a way to utilize it as a CF2H radical source to deliver the CF2H group in the terminal position of alkenes. Mechanistic studies revealed that the interception of the resultant secondary radical by a copper catalyst and subsequent reductive elimination is facilitated by invoking the Cu(III) intermediate, enabling the second installation of the CF2H group in the internal position. The utility of this electrocatalytic 1,2-bis(difluoromethylation) strategy has been highlighted through the late-stage bioisosteric replacement of pharmaceutical agents such as sotalol and dipivefrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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4
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Patra S, Nandasana BN, Valsamidou V, Katayev D. Mechanochemistry Drives Alkene Difunctionalization via Radical Ligand Transfer and Electron Catalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402970. [PMID: 38829256 PMCID: PMC11304296 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
A general and modular protocol is reported for olefin difunctionalization through mechanochemistry, facilitated by cooperative radical ligand transfer (RLT) and electron catalysis. Utilizing mechanochemical force and catalytic amounts of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO), ferric nitrate can leverage nitryl radicals, transfer nitrooxy-functional group via RLT, and mediate an electron catalysis cycle under room temperature. A diverse range of activated and unactivated alkenes exhibited chemo- and regioselective 1,2-nitronitrooxylation under solvent-free or solvent-less conditions, showcasing excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies indicated a significant impact of mechanochemistry and highlighted the radical nature of this nitrative difunctionalization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Patra
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
| | - Bhargav N. Nandasana
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
| | - Vasiliki Valsamidou
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
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5
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Sun Z, Zhang J, Du X, Liu L, Gao S, Qi C, Li X, Xu X. Photoinduced EnT-mediated sulfonamidylimination of alkenes and (hetero)arenes with iminophenylacetic acid oxime esters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7934-7937. [PMID: 38984732 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02225d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
A photoinduced EnT-mediated generation of sulfonamidyl radicals has been accomplished using rationally designed iminophenylacetic acid oxime ester reagents under metal-free conditions. This approach offers a mild, regio- and diastereoselective synthesis of N-sulfonyl diamines via diamination of alkenes and (hetero)arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetian Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Jianting Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohua Du
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Lulu Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Shuo Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Chenchen Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangsheng Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
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6
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Xing Q, Chandrachud PP, Tillett K, Lopchuk JM. Regioselective hydroamination of unactivated olefins with diazirines as a diversifiable nitrogen source. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6049. [PMID: 39025859 PMCID: PMC11258257 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing compounds, such as amines, hydrazines, and heterocycles, play an indispensable role in medicine, agriculture, and materials. Alkylated derivatives of these compounds, especially in sterically congested environments, remain a challenge to prepare. Here we report a versatile method for the regioselective hydroamination of readily available unactivated olefins with diazirines. Over fifty examples are reported, including the protecting group-free amination of fourteen different natural products. A broad functional group tolerance includes alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and epoxides. The proximate products of these reactions are diaziridines, which, under mild conditions, are converted to primary amines, hydrazines, and heterocycles. Five target- and diversity-oriented syntheses of pharmaceutical compounds are shown, along with the preparation of a bis-15N diazirine validated in the late-stage isotopic labeling of an RNA splicing modulator candidate. In this work, we report using diazirine (1) as an electrophilic nitrogen source in a regioselective hydroamination reaction, and the diversification of the resulting diaziridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Xing
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Preeti P Chandrachud
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Khalilia Tillett
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Justin M Lopchuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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7
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Qiu W, Liao L, Xu X, Huang H, Xu Y, Zhao X. Catalytic 1,1-diazidation of alkenes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3632. [PMID: 38684686 PMCID: PMC11058774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Compared to well-developed catalytic 1,2-diazidation of alkenes to produce vicinal diazides, the corresponding catalytic 1,1-diazidation of alkenes to yield geminal diazides has not been realized. Here we report an efficient approach for catalytic 1,1-diazidation of alkenes by redox-active selenium catalysis. Under mild conditions, electron-rich aryl alkenes with Z or E or Z/E mixed configuration can undergo migratory 1,1-diazidation to give a series of functionalized monoalkyl or dialkyl geminal diazides that are difficult to access by other methods. The method is also effective for the construction of polydiazides. The formed diazides are relatively safe by TGA-DSC analysis and impact sensitivity tests, and can be easily converted into various valuable molecules. In addition, interesting reactivity that geminal diazides give valuable molecules via the geminal diazidomethyl moiety as a formal leaving group in the presence of Lewis acid is disclosed. Mechanistic studies revealed that a selenenylation-deselenenylation followed by 1,2-aryl migration process is involved in the reactions, which provides a basis for the design of new reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangzhen Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lihao Liao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xinghua Xu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hongtai Huang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
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8
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Zheng YT, Xu HC. Electrochemical Azidocyanation of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313273. [PMID: 37906439 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The difunctionalization of alkenes-a process that installs two functional groups in a single operation and transforms chemical feedstocks into value-added products-is one of the most appealing synthetic methods in contemporary chemistry. However, the introduction of two distinct functional groups via two readily accessible nucleophiles remains a formidable challenge. Existing intermolecular alkene azidocyanation methods, which primarily focus on aryl alkenes and rely on stoichiometric chemical oxidants. We report herein an unprecedented electrochemical strategy for alkene azidocyanation that is compatible with both alkyl and aryl alkenes. This is achieved by harnessing the finely-tuned anodic electron transfer and the strategic selection of copper/ligand complexes. The reactions of aryl alkenes were rendered enantioselective by employing a chiral ligand. Crucially, the mild conditions and well-regulated electrochemical process assure exceptional tolerance for various functional groups and substrate compatibility with both terminal and internal alkyl alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Tao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
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9
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Li M, Zhang T, Shi Y, Duan C. Harnessing Radicals in Confined Supramolecular Environments Made Possible by MOFs. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300158. [PMID: 37310416 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Researching and utilizing radical intermediates in organic synthetic chemistry have innovated discoveries in methodology and theory. Reactions concerning free radical species opened new pathways beyond the frame of the two-electron mechanism while commonly characterized as rampant processes lacking selectivity. As a result, research in this field has always focused on the controllable generation of radical species and determining factors of selectivity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as compelling candidates as catalysts in radical chemistry. From a catalytic point of view, the porous nature of MOFs entails an inner phase for the reaction that could offer possibilities for the regulation of reactivity and selectivity. From a material science perspecti ve, MOFs are organic-inorganic hybrid materials that integrate functional units in organic compounds and complex forms in the tunable long-ranged periodic structure. In this account, we summarized our progress in the application of MOFs in radical chemistry in three parts: (1) The generation of radical species; (2) The weak interactions and site selectivity; (3) Regio- and stereo-selectivity. The unique role of MOFs play in these paradigms is demonstrated in a supramolecular narrative through the analyses of the multi-constituent collaboration within the MOF and the interactions between MOFs and the intermediates during the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Tiexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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10
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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11
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Fang S, Zhong K, Zeng S, Hu X, Sun P, Ruan Z. The electrochemically enabled α-C(sp 3)-H azolation of ketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11425-11428. [PMID: 37671488 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02852f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
C-H/N-H cross-coupling has become a key technology for the selective conjugation of azole drug molecules. However, the development of new synthetic models and green chemical methods is imperative to enhance the construction of multi-functional compounds and compounds with unique functional groups. We herein reported an electrochemical synthesis of α-tetrazolyl ketones with excellent yields and broad substrate scope, encompassing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups of aryl ketones, heterocycles, and alkyl and various ketone drugs. It was further proved that α-iodoketone was involved in this transformation of the reaction as a critical intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Fang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.
| | - Kaihui Zhong
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China.
| | - Shaogao Zeng
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.
| | - Xinwei Hu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China.
| | - Pinghua Sun
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.
| | - Zhixiong Ruan
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China.
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12
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Ju M, Lu Z, Novaes LFT, Alvarado JIM, Lin S. Frustrated Radical Pairs in Organic Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19478-19489. [PMID: 37656899 PMCID: PMC10625356 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Frustrated radical pairs (FRPs) describe the phenomenon that two distinct radicals─which would otherwise annihilate each other to form a closed-shell covalent adduct─can coexist in solution, owing to steric repulsion or weak bonding association. FRPs are typically formed via spontaneous single-electron transfer between two sterically encumbered precursors─an oxidant and a reductant─under ambient conditions. The two components of a FRP exhibit orthogonal chemical properties and can often act in cooperativity to achieve interesting radical reactivities. Initially observed in the study of traditional frustrated Lewis pairs, FRPs have recently been shown to be capable of homolytically activating various chemical bonds. In this Perspective, we will discuss the discovery of FRPs, their fundamental reactivity in chemical bond activation, and recent developments of their use in synthetic organic chemistry, including in C-H bond functionalization. We anticipate that FRPs will provide new reaction strategies for solving challenging problems in modern organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luiz F. T. Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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13
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He Z, Moreno JA, Swain M, Wu J, Kwon O. Aminodealkenylation: Ozonolysis and copper catalysis convert C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) bonds to C(sp 3)-N bonds. Science 2023; 381:877-886. [PMID: 37616345 PMCID: PMC10753956 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Great efforts have been directed toward alkene π bond amination. In contrast, analogous functionalization of the adjacent C(sp3)-C(sp2) σ bonds is much rarer. Here we report how ozonolysis and copper catalysis under mild reaction conditions enable alkene C(sp3)-C(sp2) σ bond-rupturing cross-coupling reactions for the construction of new C(sp3)-N bonds. We have used this unconventional transformation for late-stage modification of hormones, pharmaceutical reagents, peptides, and nucleosides. Furthermore, we have coupled abundantly available terpenes and terpenoids with nitrogen nucleophiles to access artificial terpenoid alkaloids and complex chiral amines. In addition, we applied a commodity chemical, α-methylstyrene, as a methylation reagent to prepare methylated nucleosides directly from canonical nucleosides in one synthetic step. Our mechanistic investigation implicates an unusual copper ion pair cooperative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jose Antonio Moreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Manisha Swain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jason Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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14
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Abstract
Nitroxides, also known as nitroxyl radicals, are long-lived or stable radicals with the general structure R1R2N-O•. The spin distribution over the nitroxide N and O atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability of these radicals. The presence of bulky N-substituents R1 and R2 prevents nitroxide radical dimerization, ensuring their kinetic stability. Despite their reactivity toward various transient C radicals, some nitroxides can be easily stored under air at room temperature. Furthermore, nitroxides can be oxidized to oxoammonium salts (R1R2N═O+) or reduced to anions (R1R2N-O-), enabling them to act as valuable oxidants or reductants depending on their oxidation state. Therefore, they exhibit interesting reactivity across all three oxidation states. Due to these fascinating properties, nitroxides find extensive applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials science, and organic synthesis. This review focuses on the versatile applications of nitroxides in organic synthesis. For their use in other important fields, we will refer to several review articles. The introductory part provides a brief overview of the history of nitroxide chemistry. Subsequently, the key methods for preparing nitroxides are discussed, followed by an examination of their structural diversity and physical properties. The main portion of this review is dedicated to oxidation reactions, wherein parent nitroxides or their corresponding oxoammonium salts serve as active species. It will be demonstrated that various functional groups (such as alcohols, amines, enolates, and alkanes among others) can be efficiently oxidized. These oxidations can be carried out using nitroxides as catalysts in combination with various stoichiometric terminal oxidants. By reducing nitroxides to their corresponding anions, they become effective reducing reagents with intriguing applications in organic synthesis. Nitroxides possess the ability to selectively react with transient radicals, making them useful for terminating radical cascade reactions by forming alkoxyamines. Depending on their structure, alkoxyamines exhibit weak C-O bonds, allowing for the thermal generation of C radicals through reversible C-O bond cleavage. Such thermally generated C radicals can participate in various radical transformations, as discussed toward the end of this review. Furthermore, the application of this strategy in natural product synthesis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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15
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Rein J, Rozema SD, Langner OC, Zacate SB, Hardy MA, Siu JC, Mercado BQ, Sigman MS, Miller SJ, Lin S. Generality-oriented optimization of enantioselective aminoxyl radical catalysis. Science 2023; 380:706-712. [PMID: 37200427 PMCID: PMC10277815 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf6177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective methods that are generally applicable to a broad range of substrates are rare. We report a strategy for the oxidative desymmetrization of meso-diols predicated on a nontraditional catalyst optimization protocol by using a panel of screening substrates rather than a singular model substrate. Critical to this approach was rational modulation of a peptide sequence in the catalyst incorporating a distinct aminoxyl-based active residue. A general catalyst emerged, providing high selectivity in the delivery of enantioenriched lactones across a broad range of diols, while also achieving up to ~100,000 turnovers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - S. D. Rozema
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University; 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - O. C. Langner
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University; 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - S. B. Zacate
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - M. A. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah; 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J. C. Siu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - B. Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University; 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - M. S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah; 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - S. J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University; 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - S. Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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16
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Dai JJ, Yin X, Li L, Rivera ME, Wang YC, Dai M. Modular and practical diamination of allenes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1774. [PMID: 36997504 PMCID: PMC10063549 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vicinal diamines are privileged scaffolds in medicine, agrochemicals, catalysis, and other fields. While significant advancements have been made in diamination of olefins, diamination of allenes is only sporadically explored. Furthermore, direct incorporation of acyclic and cyclic alkyl amines onto unsaturated π systems is highly desirable and important, but problematic for many previously reported amination reactions including the diamination of olefins. Herein, we report a modular and practical diamination of allenes, which offers efficient syntheses of β,γ-diamino carboxylates and sulfones. This reaction features broad substrate scope, excellent functional group tolerability, and scalability. Experimental and computational studies support an ionic reaction pathway initiated with a nucleophilic addition of the in situ formed iodoamine to the electron deficient allene substrate. An iodoamine activation mode via a halogen bond with a chloride ion was revealed to substantially increase the nucleophilicity of the iodoamine and lower the activation energy barrier for the nucleophilic addition step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xianglin Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mario E Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ye-Cheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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17
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Electrochemical oxidative difunctionalization of diazo compounds with two different nucleophiles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1476. [PMID: 36928311 PMCID: PMC10020561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the fast development of synthetic chemistry, the introduction of functional group into organic molecules has attracted increasing attention. In these reactions, the difunctionalization of unsaturated bonds, traditionally with one nucleophile and one electrophile, is a powerful strategy for the chemical synthesis. In this work, we develop a different path of electrochemical oxidative difunctionalization of diazo compounds with two different nucleophiles. Under metal-free and external oxidant-free conditions, a series of structurally diverse heteroatom-containing compounds hardly synthesized by traditional methods (such as high-value alkoxy-substituted phenylthioacetates, α-thio, α-amino acid derivatives as well as α-amino, β-amino acid derivatives) are obtained in synthetically useful yields. In addition, the procedure exhibits mild reaction conditions, excellent functional-group tolerance and good efficiency on large-scale synthesis. Importantly, the protocol is also amenable to the key intermediate of bioactive molecules in a simple and practical process.
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18
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Schulz G, George V, Taser D, Kirschning A. Taming Bromine Azide for Use in Organic Solvents─Radical Bromoazidations and Alcohol Oxidations. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3781-3786. [PMID: 36821827 PMCID: PMC10028602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c03012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The formation of bromine azide from the bisazidobromate(I) anion or alternatively from Zhdankin's reagent, using a phosphonium bromide salt as a common starting point, is reported. After homolytic cleavage in the presence of alkenes or alcohols either 1,2-functionalization or alternatively the selective oxidation of secondary alcohols in the presence of primary alcohols occur. The scopes and limitations of the use of BrN3 are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vincent George
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daghan Taser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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19
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Kumar R, Khanna Y, Kaushik P, Kamal R, Khokhar S. Recent Advancements on Metal-Free Vicinal Diamination of Alkenes: Synthetic Strategies and Mechanistic Insights. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300017. [PMID: 36869415 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative aminative vicinal difunctionalization of alkenes or related chemical feedstocks has emerged as sustainable and multipurpose strategies that can efficiently construct two -N bonds, and simultaneously prepare the synthetically fascinating molecules and catalysis in organic synthesis that typically required multi-step reactions. This review summarized the impressive breakthroughs on synthetic methodologies (2015-2022) documented especially over inter/intra-molecular vicinal diamination of alkenes with electron-rich or deficient diverse nitrogen sources. These unprecedented strategies predominantly involved iodine-based reagents/catalysts, which resent the interest of organic chemists due to their impressive role as flexible, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly reagents, resulting in a wide variety of synthetically useful organic molecules. Moreover, the information collected also describes the significant role of catalyst, terminal oxidant, substrate scope, synthetic applications, and their unsuccessful results to highlight the limitations. Special emphasis has been given to proposed mechanistic pathways to determine the key factors governing the issues of regioselectivity, enantioselectivity, and diastereoselectivity ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana (INDIA
| | - Yugam Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana (INDIA
| | - Parul Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana (INDIA
| | - Raj Kamal
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, INDIA
| | - Shiwani Khokhar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, INDIA
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20
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Prudlik A, Mohebbati N, Hildebrandt L, Heck A, Nuhn L, Francke R. TEMPO-Modified Polymethacrylates as Mediators in Electrosynthesis: Influence of the Molecular Weight on Redox Properties and Electrocatalytic Activity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202730. [PMID: 36426862 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous catalysts ("mediators") are frequently employed in organic electrosynthesis to control selectivity. Despite their advantages, they can have a negative influence on the overall energy and mass balance if used only once or recycled inefficiently. Polymediators are soluble redox-active polymers applicable as electrocatalysts, enabling recovery by dialysis or membrane filtration. Using anodic alcohol oxidation as an example, we have demonstrated that TEMPO-modified polymethacrylates (TPMA) can act as efficient and recyclable catalysts. In the present work, the influence of the molecular size on the redox properties and the catalytic activity was carefully elaborated using a series of TPMAs with well-defined molecular weight distributions. Cyclic voltammetry studies show that the polymer chain length has a pronounced impact on the key-properties. Together with preparative-scale electrolysis experiments, an optimum size range was identified for polymediator-guided sustainable reaction control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Prudlik
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Laura Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alina Heck
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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21
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Lewis SG, Dadum AG, McLean D, Buenavista J, Myers J, Lambert KM, Fair JD. Chemoselective Oxidation of Alcohols in the Presence of Amines Using an Oxoammonium Salt. Tetrahedron 2023; 131:133226. [PMID: 36742269 PMCID: PMC9894077 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of alcohols in the presence of reactive amines employing the commercially available oxoammonium cation, "Bobbitt's salt" is described. The oxidation is accomplished under acidic conditions and subsequent treatment with a suitable base affords a convenient one-pot method to access imines in good to excellent isolated yields (74-99%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephonda G. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, United States
| | - Abra G. Dadum
- Maida Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physics and Engineering, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705, United States
| | - David McLean
- Maida Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physics and Engineering, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705, United States
| | - Jhennalin Buenavista
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, United States
| | - Jaileen Myers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, United States
| | - Kyle M. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, United States
| | - Justin D. Fair
- Maida Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physics and Engineering, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705, United States
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22
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Yu Y, Yuan Y, Ye KY. Electrochemical synthesis of vicinal azidoacetamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:422-425. [PMID: 36514900 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vicinal diamines are an important structural motif in bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical intermediates. Herein, an environmentally friendly and efficient electrochemical approach to azidoacetamides, as one variant of vicinal diamines, has been developed. This reaction features mild conditions and broad substrate scope, without the use of any chemical oxidant or transition-metal catalysts. The obtained vicinal azidoacetamides could be conveniently converted into various other vicinal diamine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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23
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Photochemical diazidation of alkenes enabled by ligand-to-metal charge transfer and radical ligand transfer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7881. [PMID: 36564375 PMCID: PMC9789121 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vicinal diamines are privileged synthetic motifs in chemistry due to their prevalence and powerful applications in bioactive molecules, pharmaceuticals, and ligand design for transition metals. With organic diazides being regarded as modular precursors to vicinal diamines, enormous efforts have been devoted to developing efficient strategies to access organic diazide generated from olefins, themselves common feedstock chemicals. However, state-of-the-art methods for alkene diazidation rely on the usage of corrosive and expensive oxidants or complicated electrochemical setups, significantly limiting the substrate tolerance and practicality of these methods on large scale. Toward overcoming these limitations, here we show a photochemical diazidation of alkenes via iron-mediated ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) and radical ligand transfer (RLT). Leveraging the merger of these two reaction manifolds, we utilize a stable, earth abundant, and inexpensive iron salt to function as both radical initiator and terminator. Mild conditions, broad alkene scope and amenability to continuous-flow chemistry rendering the transformation photocatalytic were demonstrated. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the radical nature of the cooperative process in the photochemical diazidation, revealing this approach to be a powerful means of olefin difunctionalization.
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24
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Zhang M, Zhang J, Li Q, Shi Y. Iron-mediated ligand-to-metal charge transfer enables 1,2-diazidation of alkenes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7880. [PMID: 36564406 PMCID: PMC9789131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the widespread significance of vicinal diamine units in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals and functional materials, as well as in privileged molecular catalysts, an efficient and practical strategy that avoids the use of stoichiometric strong oxidants is highly desirable. We herein report the application of ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) excitation to 1,2-diazidation reactions from alkenes and TMSN3 via a coordination-LMCT-homolysis process with more abundant and greener iron salt as the catalyst. Such a LMCT-homolysis mode allows the generation of electrophilic azidyl radical intermediate from Fe-N3 complexes poised for subsequent radical addition into carbon-carbon double bond. The generated carbon radical intermediate is further captured by iron-mediated azidyl radical transfer, enabling dual carbon-nitrogen bond formation. This protocol provides a versatile platform to access structurally diverse diazides with high functional group compatibility from readily available alkenes without the need of chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muliang Zhang
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China ,grid.6734.60000 0001 2292 8254Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China ,grid.6734.60000 0001 2292 8254Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingyao Li
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yumeng Shi
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Cao TY, Qi L, Dong W, Yan ZM, Ji SC, Du JL, Zhang L, Li W, Wang LJ. NIS-Promoted Selective Amino-Diazidation and Amino-Iodoazidation of O-Homoallyl Benzimidates: Synthesis of Vicinal Diazido 1,3-Oxazines and Vicinal Iodoazido 1,3-Oxazines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16578-16591. [PMID: 36450035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Amines, especially those with multi-nitrogen moieties, are widespread in natural products and biologically active compounds. Thus, the development of direct and efficient methods to introduce multiple nitrogen-containing fragments into compounds in one step is highly desirable yet challenging. Herein, we report an NIS-promoted selective amino-diazidation and amino-iodoazidation of O-homoallyl benzimidates with NaN3. By using this protocol, a variety of vicinal diazido-substituted 1,3-oxazines and vicinal iodoazido-substituted 1,3-oxazines were directly synthesized in a controllable manner. Preliminary mechanistic investigations revealed that the reaction operates through a NIS-promoted four-step cascade process. The developed method has the merits of metal-free, excellent functional group compatibility, simple operation, and mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yang Cao
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Lin Qi
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Wei Dong
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Min Yan
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Chao Ji
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Long Du
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jing Wang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
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26
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Tan G, Das M, Kleinmans R, Katzenburg F, Daniliuc C, Glorius F. Energy transfer-enabled unsymmetrical diamination using bifunctional nitrogen-radical precursors. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Yu Y, Zhu XB, Yuan Y, Ye KY. An electrochemical multicomponent reaction toward C-H tetrazolation of alkyl arenes and vicinal azidotetrazolation of alkenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13851-13856. [PMID: 36544744 PMCID: PMC9710211 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05423j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of tetrazoles in medicine, biology, and materials science continuously promotes the development of their efficient and selective syntheses. Despite the prosperous development of multicomponent reactions, the use of the most abundant and inexpensive chemical feedstocks, i.e., alkanes and alkenes, toward the preparation of diverse tetrazoles remains elusive. Herein, we developed an electrochemical multicomponent reaction (e-MCR) for highly efficient and selective C-H tetrazolation of alkyl arenes. When applied to alkenes, the corresponding vicinal azidotetrazoles were readily obtained, which were further demonstrated to be versatile building blocks and potential high-energy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
| | - Xiao-Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
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28
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Liang K, Zhang Q, Guo C. Nickel-catalyzed switchable asymmetric electrochemical functionalization of alkenes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd7134. [PMID: 36351023 PMCID: PMC9645727 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add7134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of general electrocatalytic methods for the diversity-oriented regio- and stereoselective functionalization of alkenes remains a challenge in organic synthesis. We present a switchable electrocatalytic method based on anodic oxidative activation for the controlled liberation of chiral α-keto radical species toward stereoselective organic transformations. Electrogenerated α-keto radical species capture alkene partners, allowing switchable intermolecular alkene difunctionalization and alkenylation in a highly stereoselective manner. In addition to acting as proton donors to facilitate H2 evolution at the cathode, the unique properties of alcohol additives play an important role in determining the distinct outcomes for alkene functionalization under electrocatalytic conditions.
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Novaes LFT, Wang Y, Liu J, Riart-Ferrer X, Cindy Lee WC, Fu N, Ho JSK, Zhang XP, Lin S. Electrochemical Diazidation of Alkenes Catalyzed by Manganese Porphyrin Complexes with Second-Sphere Hydrogen-Bond Donors. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F. T. Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jinjian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xavier Riart-Ferrer
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Wan-Chen Cindy Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Niankai Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Justin S. K. Ho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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30
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Weng Y, Xu X, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhuo X. Tandem Electrochemical Oxidative Azidation/Heterocyclization of Tryptophan‐Containing Peptides under Buffer Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206308. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Weng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Hantao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xianfeng Zhuo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
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31
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Zheng Y, Wang Z, Ye Z, Tang K, Xie Z, Xiao J, Xiang H, Chen K, Chen X, Yang H. Regioselective Access to Vicinal Diamines by Metal‐Free Photosensitized Amidylimination of Alkenes with Oxime Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212292. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Zhu‐Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐Peng Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Kai Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Zhen‐Zhen Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐An Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics Nanning Normal University Nanning 530001 Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Hao‐Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 Henan P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Qing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
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32
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Zheng Y, Wang ZJ, Ye ZP, Tang K, Xie ZZ, Xiao JA, Xiang HY, Chen K, Chen XQ, Yang H. Regioselective Access to Vicinal Diamines by Metal‐Free Photosensitized Amidylimination of Alkenes with Oxime Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhu-Jun Wang
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhi-Peng Ye
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Kai Tang
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhen-Zhen Xie
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- Nanning Normal University Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics CHINA
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Kai Chen
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Hua Yang
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering chang sha citylushan south road NO:932 410083 chang sha CHINA
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33
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Weng Y, Xu X, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhuo X. Tandem Electrochemical Oxidative Azidation/Heterocyclization of Tryptophan‐Containing Peptides under Buffer Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Weng
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Science Chaowang road 18 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Hantao Chen
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Yiyang Zhang
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Xianfeng Zhuo
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
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34
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Li YL, Shi Z, Shen T, Ye KY. Electrochemical vicinal oxyazidation of α-arylvinyl acetates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1026-1031. [PMID: 36051561 PMCID: PMC9379640 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Azidoketones are valuable and versatile building blocks in the synthesis of various bioactive small molecules. Herein, we describe an environmentally friendly and efficient electrochemical vicinal oxyazidation protocol of α-arylvinyl acetates to afford diverse α-azidoketones in good yields without the use of a stoichiometric amount of chemical oxidant. A range of functionality is shown to be compatible with this transformation, and further applications are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lun Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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35
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Chen Z, Lv K, Yuan T, Zhang X, Yao W, Ma M. Electrochemical hydroboration of carbonyl compounds. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11868-11875. [PMID: 35876237 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01841a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A green and sustainable electrochemical hydroboration of carbonyl compounds with HBpin has been reported for the first time. Under catalyst-free and additive-free mild reaction conditions the corresponding boronic esters were obtained in excellent yields via the simple electrochemical hydroboration of various aldehydes and ketones with HBpin at room temperature. The scale-up reaction demonstrated potential practical applications. A plausible reaction mechanism was proposed based on the corresponding deuterium-labelling, radical inhibition and cyclic voltammetry experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Kang Lv
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Taoyue Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xuguang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Weiwei Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mengtao Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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36
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Tan Z, Xiang F, Xu K, Zeng C. Electrochemical Organoselenium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroazolylation of Alkenes with Low Catalyst Loadings. Org Lett 2022; 24:5345-5350. [PMID: 35852836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The organoselenium-catalyzed amination of alkenes is a promising way to construct functionalized amines. However, the use of chemical oxidants and the unavoidable formation of allylic amine or enamine are the two main limitations of these methodologies. Against this background, we herein report an electro-selenocatalytic regime for the hydroazolylation of alkenes with azoles under external oxidant-free conditions with low catalyst loadings. Moreover, this protocol enables the generation of amines without vinyl substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoumei Tan
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Fang Xiang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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37
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Cai CY, Zheng YT, Li JF, Xu HC. Cu-Electrocatalytic Diazidation of Alkenes at ppm Catalyst Loading. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11980-11985. [PMID: 35772000 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 1,2-diamine motif is prevalent in natural products, small-molecule pharmaceuticals, and catalysts for asymmetric synthesis. Transition metal catalyzed alkene diazidation has evolved to be an attractive strategy to access vicinal primary diamines but remains challenging, especially for practical applications, due to the restriction to a certain type of olefins, the frequent use of chemical oxidants, and the requirement for high loadings of metal catalysts (1 mol % or above). Herein we report a scalable Cu-electrocatalytic alkene diazidation reaction with 0.02 mol % (200 ppm) of copper(II) acetylacetonate as the precatalyst without exogenous ligands. In addition to its use of low catalyst loading, the electrocatalytic method is scalable, compatible with a broad range of functional groups, and applicable to the diazidation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted unactivated alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Tao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Fu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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38
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Bian KJ, Nemoto D, Kao SC, He Y, Li Y, Wang XS, West JG. Modular Difunctionalization of Unactivated Alkenes through Bio-Inspired Radical Ligand Transfer Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11810-11821. [PMID: 35729791 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of visible light-mediated atom transfer radical addition of haloalkanes onto unsaturated hydrocarbons has seen rapid growth in recent years. However, due to its radical chain propagation mechanism, diverse functionality other than the pre-existing (pseudo-)halide on the alkyl halide source cannot be incorporated into target molecules in a one-step, economic fashion. Inspired by the prominent reactivities shown by cytochrome P450 hydroxylase and non-heme iron-dependent oxygenases, we herein report the first modular, dual catalytic difunctionalization of unactivated alkenes via manganese-catalyzed radical ligand transfer (RLT). This RLT elementary step involves a coordinated nucleophile rebounding to a carbon-centered radical to form a new C-X bond in analogy to the radical rebound step in metalloenzymes. The protocol leverages the synergetic cooperation of both a photocatalyst and earth-abundant manganese complex to deliver two radical species in succession to minimally functionalized alkenes, enabling modular diversification of the radical intermediate by a high-valent manganese species capable of delivering various external nucleophiles. A broad scope (97 examples, including drugs/natural product motifs), mild conditions, and excellent chemoselectivity were shown for a variety of substrates and fluoroalkyl fragments. Mechanistic and kinetics studies provide insights into the radical nature of the dual catalytic transformation and support radical ligand transfer (RLT) as a new strategy to deliver diverse functionality selectively to carbon-centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Jie Bian
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6500 Main St, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - David Nemoto
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6500 Main St, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Shih-Chieh Kao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6500 Main St, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yan He
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yan Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xi-Sheng Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Julian G West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6500 Main St, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Zhang S, Xu G, Yan H, Wu Q, Meng J, Duan J, Guo K. Electrooxidative [3 + 2] annulation of amidines with alkenes for the synthesis of spiroimidazolines. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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40
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Ruf E, Naundorf T, Seddig T, Kipphardt H, Maison W. Natural Product-Derived Phosphonic Acids as Corrosion Inhibitors for Iron and Steel. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061778. [PMID: 35335142 PMCID: PMC8955919 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organic acids, typically derived from an oil-based value chain, are frequently used as corrosion inhibitors in industrial metal working fluids. The criteria for selection of these corrosion inhibitors have changed in the last decades, and are today not only performance-driven, but influenced by ecological considerations, toxicity and regulatory standards. We present scalable semisynthetic approaches to organic corrosion inhibitors based on phosphonic acids from renewable resources. They have been evaluated by chip filter assay, potentiodynamic polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance measurements and gravimetry for corrosion protection of iron and steel in an aqueous environment at slightly alkaline pH. The efficacy of several phosphonic acids tested was found to be strongly dependent on structural features influencing molecular self-assembly of protective layers, and the solubility of salts formed with di- and trivalent cations from the media or formed during corrosion. A carboxyphosphonic acid (derived from castor oil) was found to have remarkable anticorrosive effects in all media tested. We attribute the anticorrosion properties of this carboxyphosphonic acid to the formation of particularly stable protective layers on the metal surface. It might thus serve as a commercially attractive substitute for current acidic corrosion inhibitors, derived from renewable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ruf
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (E.R.); (T.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Tim Naundorf
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (E.R.); (T.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Tom Seddig
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (E.R.); (T.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Helmut Kipphardt
- Metall-Chemie Technologies GmbH, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Straße 93, 20355 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Maison
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (E.R.); (T.N.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-404-2838-3497
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42
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Shee M, Singh NDP. Chemical versatility of azide radical: journey from a transient species to synthetic accessibility in organic transformations. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2255-2312. [PMID: 35229836 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00494h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The generation of azide radical (N3˙) occurs from its precursors primarily via a single electron transfer (SET) process or homolytic cleavage by chemical methods or advanced photoredox/electrochemical methods. This in situ generated transient open-shell species has unique characteristic features that set its reactivity. In the past, the azide radical was widely used for various studies in radiation chemistry as a 1e- oxidant of biologically important molecules, but now it is being exploited for synthetic applications based on its addition and intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) abilities. Due to the significant role of nitrogen-containing molecules in synthesis, drug discovery, biological, and material sciences, the direct addition onto unsaturated bonds for the simultaneous construction of C-N bond with other (C-X) bonds are indeed worth highlighting. Moreover, the ability to generate O- or C-centered radicals by N3˙ via electron transfer (ET) and intermolecular HAT processes is also well documented. The purpose of controlling the reactivity of this short-lived intermediate in organic transformations drives us to survey: (i) the history of azide radical and its structural properties (thermodynamic, spectroscopic, etc.), (ii) chemical reactivities and kinetics, (iii) methods to produce N3˙ from various precursors, (iv) several significant azide radical-mediated transformations in the field of functionalization with unsaturated bonds, C-H functionalization via HAT, tandem, and multicomponent reaction with a critical analysis of underlying mechanistic approaches and outcomes, (v) concept of taming the reactivity of azide radicals for potential opportunities, in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniklal Shee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - N D Pradeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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43
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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44
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Iwabuchi Y, Nagasawa S. The Utility of Oxoammonium Species in Organic Synthesis: Beyond Alcohol Oxidation. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-21-sr(r)2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Revisiting Thin-Layer Electrochemistry in a Chip-Type Cell for the Study of Electro-organic Reactions. Anal Chem 2021; 94:1248-1255. [PMID: 34964606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is important but challenging to elucidate the electrochemical reaction mechanisms of organic compounds using electroanalytical methods. Particularly, a rapid and straightforward method that provides information on reaction intermediates or other key electrochemical parameters may be useful. In this work, we exploited the advantages of classic thin-layer electrochemistry to develop a thin-layer electroanalysis microchip (TEAM). The TEAM provided better-resolved voltammetric peaks than under semi-infinite diffusion conditions owing to its small height. Importantly, rapid and accurate determination of the number of electrons transferred, n, was enabled by mechanically confining the microliter-scale volume analyte at the electrode, while securing ionic conduction using polyelectrolyte gels. The performance of the TEAM was validated using voltammetry and coulometry of standard redox couples. Utilizing the TEAM, a (spectro)electrochemical analysis of FM 1-43, an organic dye widely used in neuroscience, was successfully performed. Moreover, the TEAM was applied to study the electrochemical oxidation mechanism of pivanilides and alkyltrifluoroborate salts with different substituents and solvents. This work suggests that TEAM is a promising tool to provide invaluable mechanistic information and promote the rational design of electrosynthetic strategies.
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46
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Rafiee M, Mayer MN, Punchihewa BT, Mumau MR. Constant Potential and Constant Current Electrolysis: An Introduction and Comparison of Different Techniques for Organic Electrosynthesis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15866-15874. [PMID: 34546751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis involves transferring charge between two electrodes to promote chemical reactions by applying potential. The modes of controlling the current and potential can affect the reaction mechanism, product distribution and yields, and add a control factor for reaction optimization. In this Synopsis, theoretical discussion is applied to specific case studies from the literature to illustrate methods of adjusting and tracking electrical parameters for the optimization and monitoring of electroorganic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
| | - Mikayla N Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
| | - Buwanila T Punchihewa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
| | - Matthew R Mumau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
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47
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Ye Z, Zhu R, Wang F, Jiang H, Zhang F. Electrochemical Difunctionalization of Styrenes via Chemoselective Oxo-Azidation or Oxo-Hydroxyphthalimidation. Org Lett 2021; 23:8240-8245. [PMID: 34697944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atom- and step-economic oxo-azidation and oxo-hydroxyphthalimidation of styrenes have been developed under mild electrolytic conditions, respectively. Various valuable alpha-azido or hydroxyphthalimide aromatic ketones were synthesized efficiently from readily available styrenes, azides, and N-hydroxyphthalimides. Mechanism studies show that two different pathways involved in these two transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjin Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Haobin Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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48
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Jiang YM, Yu Y, Wu SF, Yan H, Yuan Y, Ye KY. Electrochemical fluorosulfonylation of styrenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11481-11484. [PMID: 34667999 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04813a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly and efficient electrochemical fluorosulfonylation of styrenes has been developed. With the use of sulfonylhydrazides and triethylamine trihydrofluoride, a diverse array of β-fluorosulfones could be readily obtained. This reaction features mild conditions and a broad substrate scope, which could also be conveniently extended to a gram-scale preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Shao-Fen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Hong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Gurawa A, Kumar M, Kashyap S. Selective Azidooxygenation of Alkenes Enabled by Photo-induced Radical Transfer Using Aryl-λ 3-azidoiodane Species. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26623-26639. [PMID: 34661016 PMCID: PMC8515593 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The photolytic radical-induced vicinal azidooxygenation of synthetically important and diverse functionalized substrates including unactivated alkenes is reported. The photoredox-catalyst/additive-free protocol enables intermolecular oxyazidation by simultaneously incorporating two new functionalities; C-O and C-N across the C=C double bond in a selective manner. Mechanistic investigations reveal the intermediacy of the azidyl radical facilitated via the photolysis of λ3-azidoiodane species and cascade proceeding to generate an active carbon-centered radical. The late-stage transformations of azido- and oxy-moieties were amply highlighted by assembling high-value drug analogs and bioactive skeletons.
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50
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Wang Y, Zhao J, Qiao T, Zhang J, Chen G. Tunable System for Electrochemical Reduction of Ketones and Phthalimides. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, College of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Jianyou Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, College of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Tianjiao Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, College of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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