1
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Zhang M, Nixon R, Schaufelberger F, Pirvu L, De Bo G, Leigh DA. Mechanical scission of a knotted polymer. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1366-1372. [PMID: 38649468 PMCID: PMC11321991 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Molecular knots and entanglements form randomly and spontaneously in both biological and synthetic polymer chains. It is known that macroscopic materials, such as ropes, are substantially weakened by the presence of knots, but until now it has been unclear whether similar behaviour occurs on a molecular level. Here we show that the presence of a well-defined overhand knot in a polymer chain substantially increases the rate of scission of the polymer under tension (≥2.6× faster) in solution, because deformation of the polymer backbone induced by the tightening knot activates otherwise unreactive covalent bonds. The fragments formed upon severing of the knotted chain differ from those that arise from cleavage of a similar, but unknotted, polymer. Our solution studies provide experimental evidence that knotting can contribute to higher mechanical scission rates of polymers. It also demonstrates that entanglement design can be used to generate mechanophores that are among the most reactive described to date, providing opportunities to increase the reactivity of otherwise inert functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Lucian Pirvu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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2
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Zhang H, Zoubi AZ, Silberstein MN, Diesendruck CE. Mechanochemistry in Block Copolymers: New Scission Site due to Dynamic Phase Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314781. [PMID: 37962518 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry can lead to the degradation of the properties of covalent macromolecules. In recent years, numerous functional materials have been developed based on block copolymers (BCPs), however, like homopolymers, their chains could undergo mechanochemical damage during processing, which could have crucial impact on their performance. To investigate the mechanochemical response of BCPs, multiple polymers comprising different ratios of butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate were prepared with similar degree of polymerization and stressed in solution via ultrasonication. Interestingly, all BCPs, regardless of the amount of the methacrylate monomer, presented a mechanochemistry rate constant similar to that of the methacrylate homopolymer, while a random copolymer reacted like the acrylate homopolymer. Size-exclusion chromatography showed that, in addition to the typical main peak shift towards higher retention times, a different daughter fragment was produced indicating a secondary selective scission site, situated around the covalent connection between the two blocks. Molecular dynamics modeling using acrylate and methacrylate oligomers were carried out and indicated that dynamic phase separation occurs even in a good solvent. Such non-random conformations can explain the faster polymer mechanochemistry. Moreover, the dynamic model for end-to-end chain overstretching supports bond scission which is not necessarily chain-centered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
| | - Alan Z Zoubi
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Meredith N Silberstein
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
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3
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Noh J, Koo MB, Jung J, Peterson GI, Kim KT, Choi TL. Monodisperse Cyclic Polymer Mechanochemistry: Scission Kinetics and the Dynamic Memory Effect with Ultrasonication and Ball-Mill Grinding. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18432-18438. [PMID: 37486970 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of monodisperse cyclic and linear poly(d,l-lactide)s (c-PLA and l-PLA, respectively) were prepared with various degrees of polymerization (DP) using an iterative convergent synthesis approach. The absence of a molecular weight distribution provided us a chance to study their mechanochemical reactivity without obstructions arising from the size distribution. Additionally, we prepared l- and c-PLAs with identical DPs, which enabled us to attribute differences in scission rates to the cyclic polymer architecture alone. The polymers were subjected to ultrasonication (US) and ball-mill grinding (BMG), and their degradation kinetics were explored. Up to 9.0 times larger scission rates were observed for l-PLA (compared to c-PLA) with US, but the difference was less than 1.9 times with BMG. Fragmentation requires two backbone scission events for c-PLA, and we were able to observe linear intermediates (formed after a single scission) for the first time. We also developed a new method of studying the dynamic memory effect in US by characterizing and comparing the daughter fragment molecular weight distributions of l- and c-PLAs. These results provide new insights into the influence of the cyclic polymer architecture on mechanochemical reactions as well as differences in reactivity observed with US and BMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mo Beom Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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4
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Du Y, Zhang Y, Jin J, Xiao S, Liang H, Jiang W. Topology-Directed Self-Locking of Colloidal Suprastructures. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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5
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Zhang H, Diesendruck CE. Off-center Mechanophore Activation in Block Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213980. [PMID: 36394518 PMCID: PMC10108114 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) are used in numerous applications in modern materials science. Yet, like homopolymers, BCPs can undergo covalent bond scission when mechanically stressed (mechanochemistry), which could lead to unexpected consequences in such applications. BCPs' heterogeneity may affect force transduction, perhaps changing force distribution and localization. To verify this, a gem-dichlorocyclopropane (gDCC) embedded linear chain is prepared and extended with a poly(methyl methacrylate) block. When stressed in solution, the mechanochemical ring-opening of gDCC is accelerated compared to homopolymers, even though the mechanophores are at the chain ends. Moreover, a higher mechanophore activation selectivity is obtained. These results indicate that mechanochemical response outside, and even far from the chain center is quite prominent in BCPs, and that forces along the polymer chain can efficiently activate multi-mechanophores regions, even when far from the polymer midchain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
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6
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McFadden ME, Osler SK, Sun Y, Robb MJ. Mechanical Force Enables an Anomalous Dual Ring-Opening Reaction of Naphthodipyran. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22391-22396. [PMID: 36459076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Multimodal mechanophores that exhibit complex mechanochromic behavior beyond the typical binary response are capable of distinguishing between multiple stress states through discrete changes in color. Naphthodipyran photoswitches contain two pyran rings fused to a central naphthalene core and represent a potentially promising framework for multimodal reactivity. However, the concurrent ring opening of both pyran moieties has previously proven inaccessible via photochemical activation. Here, we demonstrate that mechanical force supplied to naphthodipyran through covalently linked polymer chains generates the elusive dual ring-opened dimerocyanine product with unique near-infrared absorption properties. Trapping with boron trifluoride renders the merocyanine dyes thermally persistent and reveals apparent sequential ring-opening behavior that departs from the reactivity of previously studied mechanophores under the high strain rates imposed by ultrasound-induced solvodynamic chain extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E McFadden
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Skylar K Osler
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yan Sun
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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7
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Yoon KY, Noh J, Gan Q, Edwards JP, Tuba R, Choi TL, Grubbs RH. Scalable and continuous access to pure cyclic polymers enabled by 'quarantined' heterogeneous catalysts. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1242-1248. [PMID: 36064971 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic polymers are topologically interesting and envisioned as a lubricant material. However, scalable synthesis of pure cyclic polymers remains elusive. The most straightforward way is to recover a used catalyst after the synthesis of cyclic polymers and reuse it. Unfortunately, this is demanding because of the catalyst's vulnerability and inseparability from polymers, which reduce the practicality of the process. Here we develop a continuous circular process, where polymerization, polymer separation and catalyst recovery happen in situ, to dispense a pure cyclic polymer after bulk ring-expansion metathesis polymerization of cyclopentene. It is enabled by introducing silica-supported ruthenium catalysts and newly designed glassware. Different depolymerization kinetics of the cyclic polymer from its linear analogue are also discussed. This process minimizes manual labour, maximizes the security of vulnerable catalysts and guarantees the purity of cyclic polymers, thereby showcasing a prototype of a scalable access to cyclic polymers with increased turnovers (≥415,000) of precious catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Yoon
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Quan Gan
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Julian P Edwards
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Robert Tuba
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Robert H Grubbs
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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8
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Abstract
Polymer chains, if long enough, are known to undergo bond scission when mechanically stressed. While the mechanochemical response of random coils is well understood, biopolymers and some key synthetic chains adopt well-defined secondary structures such as helices. To understand covalent mechanochemistry in such structures, poly(γ-benzyl glutamates) are prepared while regulating the feed-monomer chirality, producing chains with similar molecular weights and backbone chemistry but different helicities. Such chains are stressed in solution and their mechanochemistry rates compared by following molecular weight change and using a rhodamine mechanochromophore. Results reveal that while helicity itself is not affected by the covalent bond scissions, chains with higher helicity undergo faster mechanochemistry. Considering that the polymers tested differ only in conformation, these results indicate that helix-induced chain rigidity improves the efficiency of mechanical energy transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion—Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200008Israel
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9
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Hwang S, Grätz S, Borchardt L. A guide to direct mechanocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1661-1671. [PMID: 35023515 PMCID: PMC8812528 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05697b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Direct mechanocatalysis (DM) describes solvent-free catalytic reactions that are initiated by mechanical forces in mechanochemical reactors such as ball mills. The distinctive feature of DM is that the milling materials, e.g. the milling balls themselves are the catalyst of the reaction. In this article we follow the historical evolution of this novel concept and give a guide to this emerging, powerful synthesis tool. Within this perspective we seek to highlight the impact of the relevant milling parameters, the nature of the catalyst and potential additives, the scope of reactions that are currently accessible by this method, and the thus far raised hypotheses on the underlying mechanisms of direct mechanochemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhmi Hwang
- Professur für Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sven Grätz
- Professur für Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Professur für Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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10
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Diesendruck C, Zhang H. Accelerated Mechanochemistry in Helical Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Diesendruck
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Kiryat Hatechnion 3200008 Haifa ISRAEL
| | - Hang Zhang
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Haifa ISRAEL
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11
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Chen W, Wei S. Compressive deformations of ring polymers in a confining channel. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Abstract
AbstractThis Account covers the recent progress made on heterocyclic mechanophores in the field of polymer mechanochemistry. In particular, the types of such mechanophores as well as the mechanisms and applications of their force-induced structural transformations are discussed and related perspectives and future challenges proposed.1 Introduction2 Types of Mechanophores3 Methods to Incorporate Heterocycle Mechanophores into Polymer Systems4 Mechanochemical Reactions of Heterocyclic Mechanophores4.1 Three-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.2 Four-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.3 Six-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.4 Bicyclic Mechanophores5 Applications5.1 Cross-Linking of Polymer5.2 Degradable Polymer5.3 Mechanochromic Polymer6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
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13
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Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi T. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry Incheon National University 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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14
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Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18651-18659. [PMID: 34101320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We explored the mechanochemical degradation of bottlebrush and dendronized polymers in solution (with ultrasonication, US) and solid states (with ball-mill grinding, BMG). Over 50 polymers were prepared with varying backbone length and arm architecture, composition, and size. With US, we found that bottlebrush and dendronized polymers exhibited consistent backbone scission behavior, which was related to their elongated conformations in solution. Considerably different behavior was observed with BMG, as arm architecture and composition had a significant impact on backbone scission rates. Arm scission was also observed for bottlebrush polymers in both solution and solid states, but only in the solid state for dendronized polymers. Motivated by these results, multi-mechanophore polymers with bottlebrush and dendronized polymer architectures were prepared and their reactivity was compared. Although dendronized polymers showed slower arm-scission, the selectivity for mechanophore activation was much higher. Overall, these results have important implications to the development of new mechanoresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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15
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Peterson GI, Choi TL. The influence of polymer architecture in polymer mechanochemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6465-6474. [PMID: 34132272 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymer architecture is an important factor in polymer mechanochemistry. In this Feature Article, we summarize recent developments in utilizing polymer architecture to modulate mechanochemical reactions within polymers, or more specifically, the location and rates of bond scission events that lead to polymer fragmentation or mechanophore activation. Various well-defined architectures have been explored, including those of cyclic, intramolecularly cross-linked, dendritic, star, bottlebrush, and dendronized polymers. We primarily focus on describing the enhancement or suppression of mechanochemical reactivity, with respect to analogous linear polymers, as well as differences in solution- and solid-state behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Hassan Z, Stahlberger M, Rosenbaum N, Bräse S. Criegee‐Intermediate über die Ozonolyse hinaus: Ein Einblick in Synthesen und Mechanismen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hassan
- Institut für Organische Chemie (IOC) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- 3DMM2O – Exzellenzcluster (EXC-2082/1-390761711) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Mareen Stahlberger
- Institut für Organische Chemie (IOC) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Nicolai Rosenbaum
- Institut für Organische Chemie (IOC) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institut für Organische Chemie (IOC) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- 3DMM2O – Exzellenzcluster (EXC-2082/1-390761711) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische und Chemische Systeme –, Funktionelle molekulare Systeme (IBCS-FMS) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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17
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Hassan Z, Stahlberger M, Rosenbaum N, Bräse S. Criegee Intermediates Beyond Ozonolysis: Synthetic and Mechanistic Insights. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15138-15152. [PMID: 33283439 PMCID: PMC8359312 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
After more than 70 years since their discovery, Criegee intermediates (CIs) are back at the forefront of modern chemistry of short-lived reactive intermediates. They play an important role in the mechanistic context of chemical synthesis, total synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and, most importantly, climate-controlling aerosol formation as well as atmospheric chemistry. This Minireview summarizes key aspects of CIs (from the mechanism of formation, for example, by ozonolysis of alkenes and photolysis methods employing diiodo and diazo compounds, to their electronic structures and chemical reactivity), highlights the most recent findings and some landmark results of gas-phase kinetics, and detection/measurements. The recent progress in synthetic and mechanistic studies in the chemistry of CIs provides a guide to illustrate the possibilities for further investigations in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- 3DMM2O—Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1–390761711)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Mareen Stahlberger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Nicolai Rosenbaum
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- 3DMM2O—Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1–390761711)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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18
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Wang TW, Huang PR, Chow JL, Kaminsky W, Golder MR. A Cyclic Ruthenium Benzylidene Initiator Platform Enhances Reactivity for Ring-Expansion Metathesis Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7314-7319. [PMID: 33960766 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ring-expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP) has shown potential as an efficient strategy to access cyclic macromolecules. Current approaches that utilize cyclic olefin feedstocks suffer from poor functional group tolerance, low initiator stability, and slow reaction kinetics. Improvements to current initiators will address these issues in order to develop more versatile and user-friendly technologies. Herein, we report a reinvigorated tethered ruthenium-benzylidene initiator, CB6, that utilizes design features from ubiquitous Grubbs-type initiators that are regularly applied in linear polymerizations. We report the controlled synthesis of functionalized cyclic poly(norbornene)s and demonstrate that judicious ligand modifications not only greatly improve kinetics but also lead to enhanced initiator stability. Overall, CB6 is an adaptable platform for the study and application of cyclic macromolecules via REMP.
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19
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Peterson GI, Noh J, Ha MY, Yang S, Lee WB, Choi TL. Influence of Grafting Density on Ultrasound-Induced Backbone and Arm Scission of Graft Copolymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro,
Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Ha
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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20
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Abstract
In mechanochemistry, molecules under tension can react in unexpected ways. The reactivity of mechanophores (mechanosensitive molecules) can be controlled using various geometric or electronic factors. Often these factors affect the rate of mechanical activation but sometimes give rise to alternative reaction pathways. Here we show that a simple isotope substitution (H to D) leads to a reversal of selectivity in the activation of a mechanophore. Remarkably this isotope effect is not kinetic in nature but emerges from dynamic effects in which deuteration reduces the ability of the reactant to follow a post-transition-state concerted trajectory on the bifurcated force-modified potential energy surface. These results give a new insight into the reactivity of molecules under tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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21
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O’Neill RT, Boulatov R. The many flavours of mechanochemistry and its plausible conceptual underpinnings. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:148-167. [PMID: 37117533 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry describes diverse phenomena in which mechanical load affects chemical reactivity. The fuzziness of this definition means that it includes processes as seemingly disparate as motor protein function, organic synthesis in a ball mill, reactions at a propagating crack, chemical actuation, and polymer fragmentation in fast solvent flows and in mastication. In chemistry, the rate of a reaction in a flask does not depend on how fast the flask moves in space. In mechanochemistry, the rate at which a material is deformed affects which and how many bonds break. In other words, in some manifestations of mechanochemistry, macroscopic motion powers otherwise endergonic reactions. In others, spontaneous chemical reactions drive mechanical motion. Neither requires thermal or electrostatic gradients. Distinct manifestations of mechanochemistry are conventionally treated as being conceptually independent, which slows the field in its transformation from being a collection of observations to a rigorous discipline. In this Review, we highlight observations suggesting that the unifying feature of mechanochemical phenomena may be the coupling between inertial motion at the microscale to macroscale and changes in chemical bonding enabled by transient build-up and relaxation of strains, from macroscopic to molecular. This dynamic coupling across multiple length scales and timescales also greatly complicates the conceptual understanding of mechanochemistry.
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22
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Wang TW, Golder MR. Advancing macromolecular hoop construction: recent developments in synthetic cyclic polymer chemistry. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01655a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic methodology to access cyclic macromolecules continues to develop via two distinct mechanistic classes: ring-expansion of macrocyclic initiators and ring-closure of functionalized linear polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
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23
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Ayer MA, Verde-Sesto E, Liu CH, Weder C, Lattuada M, Simon YC. Modeling ultrasound-induced molecular weight decrease of polymers with multiple scissile azo-mechanophores. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00420d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective and non-selective chain scission compete upon ultrasonic treatment of polymers with randomly distributed azo units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu A. Ayer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC
| | - Cheyenne H. Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- The University of Southern Mississippi
- 118 College Dr
- USA
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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25
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Abstract
The mechanical strength of individual polymer chains is believed to underlie a number of performance metrics in bulk materials, including adhesion and fracture toughness. Methods by which the intrinsic molecular strength of the constituents of a given polymeric material might be switched are therefore potentially useful both for applications in which triggered property changes are desirable, and as tests of molecular theories for bulk behaviors. Here we report that the sequential oxidation of sulfide containing polyesters (PE-S) to the corresponding sulfoxide (PE-SO) and then sulfone (PE-SO2) first weakens (sulfoxide), and then enhances (sulfone), the effective mechanical integrity of the polymer backbone; PE-S ∼ PE-SO2 > PE-SO. The relative mechanical strength as a function of oxidation state is revealed through the use of gem-dichlorocyclopropane nonscissile mechanophores as an internal standard, and the observed order agrees well with the reported bond dissociation energies of C–S bonds in each species and with the results of CoGEF modeling. The mechanical strength of individual polymer chains is believed to underlie a number of performance metrics in bulk materials, including adhesion and fracture toughness.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
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26
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Klein IM, Husic CC, Kovács DP, Choquette NJ, Robb MJ. Validation of the CoGEF Method as a Predictive Tool for Polymer Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16364-16381. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Klein
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Corey C. Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dávid P. Kovács
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicolas J. Choquette
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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27
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Peterson GI, Ko W, Hwang YJ, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Degradation of Amorphous Polymers with Ball-Mill Grinding: Influence of the Glass Transition Temperature. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Jin Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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28
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Peterson GI, Noh J, Bang KT, Ma H, Kim KT, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Degradation of Brush Polymers: Kinetics of Ultrasound-Induced Backbone and Arm Scission. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Bang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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29
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Liu X, Liu F, Liu W, Gu H. ROMP and MCP as Versatile and Forceful Tools to Fabricate Dendronized Polymers for Functional Applications. POLYM REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2020.1723022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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30
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Jędrzejewska H, Wielgus E, Kaźmierski S, Rogala H, Wierzbicki M, Wróblewska A, Pawlak T, Potrzebowski MJ, Szumna A. Porous Molecular Capsules as Non-Polymeric Transducers of Mechanical Forces to Mechanophores. Chemistry 2020; 26:1558-1566. [PMID: 31691377 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical grinding/milling can be regarded as historically the first technology for changing the properties of matter. Mechanically activated molecular units (mechanophores) can be present in various structures: polymers, macromolecules, or small molecules. However, only polymers have been reported to effectively transduce energy to mechanophores, which induces breakage of covalent bonds. In this paper, a second possibility is presented-molecular capsules as stress-sensitive units. Mechanochemical encapsulation of fullerenes in cystine-based covalent capsules indicates that complexation takes place in the solid state, despite the fact that the capsules do not possess large enough entrance portals. By using a set of solvent-free MALDI (sf-MALDI) and solid-state NMR (ss-NMR) experiments, it has been proven that encapsulation proceeds during milling and in this process hydrazones and disulfides get activated for breakage, exchange, and re-forming. The capsules are porous and therefore prone to collapse under solvent-free conditions and their conformational rigidity promotes the collapse by the breaking of covalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Jędrzejewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wielgus
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kaźmierski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Halina Rogala
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Wierzbicki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pawlak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marek J Potrzebowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szumna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Hsu TG, Zhou J, Su HW, Schrage BR, Ziegler CJ, Wang J. A Polymer with "Locked" Degradability: Superior Backbone Stability and Accessible Degradability Enabled by Mechanophore Installation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2100-2104. [PMID: 31940198 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Though numerous applications require degradable polymers, there are surprisingly few polymer systems that combine superior stability and controllable degradability. Particularly, the degradability of a conventional degradable polymer is typically enabled by cleavable groups on the backbone, which can be attacked by stimuli in ambient conditions, causing undesirable material deterioration. Here we report a general strategy to overcome this issue: "locking" the degradability during handling and use of the polymers and "unlocking" it when degradation is needed. This strategy is demonstrated with a cyclobutane-fused lactone (CBL) polymer. The cyclobutane keeps polymer backbone intact under conditions that hydrolyze the lactone and allows the ester group to be recovered when undesirable hydrolysis occurs. When backbone degradation is needed, the degradability can be unlocked by mechanochemical activation that converts the polyCBL into a linear polyester. The rare combination of two intrinsically conflicting properties, i.e., backbone stability and accessible degradability, can make this polymer a potential option for new sustainable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Gang Hsu
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Hsin-Wei Su
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Briana R Schrage
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Christopher J Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Junpeng Wang
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
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32
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Xue X, Chen Y, Liang K, Huang W, Yang H, Jiang L, Jiang Q, Jiang B, Pu H. A facile approach for preparing tadpole and barbell-shaped cyclic polymers through combining ATRP and atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC) reactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile strategy was developed to prepare active tadpole-shaped cyclic polystyrene, which was then used to fabricate symmetrical barbell polystyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Yangjing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Kang Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Wenyan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Li Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - QiMin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Bibiao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Hongting Pu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- China
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33
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Wang F, Diesendruck CE. Effect of disulphide loop length on mechanochemical structural stability of macromolecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2143-2146. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07439b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Polymer chains folded with a single disulphide loop are shown to present distinct rates of mechanochemical fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa
- Israel
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa
- Israel
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34
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Peterson GI, Lee J, Choi TL. Multimechanophore Graft Polymers: Mechanochemical Reactions at Backbone–Arm Junctions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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35
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Bowser BH, Ho CH, Craig SL. High Mechanophore Content, Stress-Relieving Copolymers Synthesized via RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon H. Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ching-Hsien Ho
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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