1
|
Zhao ZK, He TF, Gao Q, Ren AM, Wu TS, Guo JF, Chu HY, Su ZM, Li H, Zou LY. Theoretical Investigation and Molecular Design: A Series of Tripod-Type Cu(I) Blue Light Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39231304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The photophysical properties and luminescent mechanism of a series of tripod-type Cu(I) complexes in solution and solids were comprehensively investigated through theoretical simulations. From a microscopic perspective, the experimental phenomenon is explained: (1) The intrinsic reason for the quenching of complex 1 in solution was attributed to the significant nonradiative transition caused by structural deformation; (2) In the solid, the reduced ΔEST for complex 2 effectively facilitate reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) and improves its luminescence efficiency; (3) The enhanced performance of complex 3 in solution is attributed to that its stronger steric hindrance is advantageous to decrease not only the ΔEST but also the reorganization energy through intramolecular weak interactions. Based on complex 3, the tert-butyl substituted isomeric complex 4 was designed. Complex 4 further amplifies the advantages of 3 to further promote the RISC to make full use of excitons. Meanwhile, it has an emission wavelength of 462.6 nm, which makes it an excellent candidate for high-efficiency deep-blue TADF materials. This study provides valuable information for obtaining efficient blue phosphorescence and TADF dual-channel luminescent materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Kang Zhao
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Teng-Fei He
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Min Ren
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Tong-Shun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Jing-Fu Guo
- School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ying Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Yi Zou
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ferraro V, Bizzarri C, Bräse S. Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) Materials Based on Earth-Abundant Transition Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Design and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2404866. [PMID: 38984475 PMCID: PMC11426009 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Materials exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) based on transition metal complexes are currently gathering significant attention due to their technological potential. Their application extends beyond optoelectronics, in particular organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), and include also photocatalysis, sensing, and X-ray scintillators. From the perspective of sustainability, earth-abundant metal centers are preferred to rarer second- and third-transition series elements, thus determining a reduction in costs and toxicity but without compromising the overall performances. This review offers an overview of earth-abundant transition metal complexes exhibiting TADF and their application as photoconversion materials. Particular attention is devoted to the types of ligands employed, helping in the design of novel systems with enhanced TADF properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ferraro
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Bizzarri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodríguez-Rubio A, Yuste Á, Torroba T, García-Herbosa G, Cuevas-Vicario JV. Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of Gold(I) Carbene Complexes. Molecules 2024; 29:4081. [PMID: 39274929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have prepared and characterized some gold compounds wearing a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand as well as alkynyl derivatives with different substituents. The study of their electrochemical behavior reveals that these complexes show an irreversible wave at potentials ranging between -2.79 and -2.91 V, referenced to the ferrocenium/ferrocene pair. DFT calculations indicate that the reduction occurs mainly on the aryl-C≡C fragment. The cyclic voltammetry experiments under CO2 atmosphere show an increase in the faradaic current of the reduction wave compared to the experiments under argon atmosphere, indicating a possible catalytic activity towards the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rodríguez-Rubio
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Álvaro Yuste
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Tomás Torroba
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Gabriel García-Herbosa
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - José V Cuevas-Vicario
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jhun BH, Jang J, Lee S, Cho EJ, You Y. Efficient photoredox catalysis in C-C cross-coupling reactions by two-coordinated Au(I) complex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6586. [PMID: 39097596 PMCID: PMC11297913 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50979-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis provides a versatile approach to redox activation of various organic substrates for synthetic applications. To broaden the scope of photoredox catalysis, developing catalysts with strong oxidizing or reducing power in the excited state is imperative. Catalysts that feature highly cathodic oxidation potentials and long lifetimes in their excited states are particularly in demand. In this research, we demonstrate the catalytic utility of two-coordinate Au(I) complex photocatalysts that exhibit an exclusive ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (LLCT) transition in C-C cross-coupling reactions between N-heterocycles and (hetero)aryl halides, including redox-resistant (hetero)aryl chlorides. Our photocatalysis system can steer reactions under visible-light irradiation at a catalyst loading as low as 0.1 mol% and exhibits a broad substrate scope with high chemo- and regioselectivity. Our mechanistic investigations provide direct spectroscopic evidence for each step in the catalysis cycle and demonstrate that the LLCT-active Au(I) complex catalysts offer several benefits, including strong visible-light absorption, a 210 ns-long excited-state lifetime without short-lived components, and a 91% yield in the production of free-radical intermediates. Given the wide structural versatility of the proposed catalysts, we envision that our research will provide useful insights into the future utilization of the LLCT-active Au(I) complex for organic transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hak Jhun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinae Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngmin You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng SJ, Ma J, Su J, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME, Li TY. Simultaneous Thermally Stimulated Delayed Phosphorescence (TSDP) and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) in a Two-Coordinated Au(I) Bimetallic Complex Featuring a Tandem Carbene Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19042-19049. [PMID: 38950194 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
A bimetallic, two-coordinated carbene-metal-amine (cMa) Au(I) complex featuring a twisted tandem carbene structure (NHC1-Au-NHC2-Au-carbazolyl) was synthesized. The molecular structure in single crystals revealed a large dihedral angle between the two carbene ligands, while the bridged carbene NHC2 and carbazolyl (Cz) ligands were coplanar. A bluish green thermally stimulated delayed phosphorescence (TSDP) was observed in crystals with an emission lifetime over 70 μs, which can be attributed to the spin allowed diabatic population of a high-lying emissive triplet state from the 3LE characterized low-lying ones. The small rotation energy barrier of Cz along the coordination bond allowed conformers with large dihedral angles between NHC2 and Cz. The ICT characterized S1 state was consequently stabilized to achieve a thermally accessible energy gap to facilitate ISC between triplets and the S1, leading to the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Simultaneous TSDP and TADF dual emission can be recorded in its doped polymer film owing to the coexistence of these different conformers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 XueYuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Junru Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 XueYuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Veerapathiran S, Muduli G, Rawat A, Siddhant K, Singh J, Matsumoto K, Tsutsumi O, Prabusankar G. Organo Chalcogenone-Triggered Luminescent Copper(I) Clusters for Light Emitting Applications. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12708-12720. [PMID: 38943619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
A novel organo sulfur and selenium-controlled emission behavior in discrete copper(I) clusters has been demonstrated for the first time. The pentanuclear [Cu5Br5(L1)2] (1), trinuclear [Cu3Br3(L2)2] (2), dinuclear [Cu2I2(L1)2] (3), and tetranuclear [Cu4I4(L2)2CH3CN] (4) copper(I) discrete clusters have been synthesized from the reaction between L1 [L1 = 1-isopropyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-imidazol-2-thione] or L2 [L2 = 1-isopropyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-imidazol-2-selone] chelating ligands and corresponding copper(I) halide salts. These new clusters have been characterized by FT-IR, UV-visible, thermogravimetric analysis, and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal that 1-4 consists of abundant d10-d10 interactions. The structural and bonding features of clusters have been investigated using density functional theory calculations. Notably, the L2-ligated 2 and 4 are poorly emissive, while L1-ligated 1 and 3 showed strong emission in the orange and green regions, respectively. The time-dependent density functional theory natural transition orbital calculations of 1 and 3 reveal the nature of the transitions contributed by 3MLCT/3LLCT/3ILCT. Photoluminescence quantum yields of 1 and 3 are 19 and 11%, with average lifetimes of 21.55 and 6.57 μs, respectively. 1 and 3 were coated on prototype LED bulbs for light-emitting performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Veerapathiran
- Organometallics and Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Gopendra Muduli
- Organometallics and Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Arushi Rawat
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kumar Siddhant
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Joginder Singh
- Organometallics and Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Kohsuke Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Osamu Tsutsumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Ganesan Prabusankar
- Organometallics and Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reponen APM, Londi G, Matthews CSB, Olivier Y, Romanov AS, Greenham NC, Gillett AJ. Understanding Spin-Triplet Excited States in Carbene-Metal-Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402052. [PMID: 38705856 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Carbene-metal-amides (CMAs) are emerging delayed fluorescence materials for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) applications. CMAs possess fast, efficient emission owing to rapid forward and reverse intersystem crossing (ISC) rates. The resulting dynamic equilibrium between singlet and triplet spin manifolds distinguishes CMAs from most purely organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters. However, direct experimental triplet characterization in CMAs is underutilized, limiting our detailed understanding of the ISC mechanism. In this work, we combine time-resolved spectroscopy with tuning of state energies through environmental polarity and metal substitution, focusing on the interplay between charge-transfer (3CT) and local exciton (3LE) triplets. Unlike previous photophysical work, we investigate evaporated host : guest films of CMAs and small-molecule hosts for increased device relevance. Transient absorption reveals an evolution in the triplet excited-state absorption (ESA) consistent with a change in orbital character between hosts with differing dielectric constants. Using quantum chemical calculations, we simulate ESAs of the lowest triplet states, highlighting the contribution of only 3CT and donor-moiety 3LE states to spectral features, with no strong evidence for a low-lying acceptor-centered 3LE. Thus, our work provides a blueprint for understanding the role of triplet excited states in CMAs which will enable further intelligent optimization of this promising class of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antti-Pekka M Reponen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Giacomo Londi
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Campbell S B Matthews
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Alexander J Gillett
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gu Q, Gorgon S, Romanov AS, Li F, Friend RH, Evans EW. Fast Transfer of Triplet to Doublet Excitons from Organometallic Host to Organic Radical Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402790. [PMID: 38819637 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Spin triplet exciton formation sets limits on technologies using organic semiconductors that are confined to singlet-triplet photophysics. In contrast, excitations in the spin doublet manifold in organic radical semiconductors can show efficient luminescence. Here the dynamics of the spin allowed process of intermolecular energy transfer from triplet to doublet excitons are explored. A carbene-metal-amide (CMA-CF3) is employed as a model triplet donor host, since following photoexcitation it undergoes extremely fast intersystem crossing to generate a population of triplet excitons within 4 ps. This enables a foundational study for tracking energy transfer from triplets to a model radical semiconductor, TTM-3PCz. Over 74% of all radical luminescence originates from the triplet channel in this system under photoexcitation. It is found that intermolecular triplet-to-doublet energy transfer can occur directly and rapidly, with 12% of triplet excitons transferring already on sub-ns timescales. This enhanced triplet harvesting mechanism is utilized in efficient near-infrared organic light-emitting diodes, which can be extended to other opto-electronic and -spintronic technologies by radical-based spin control in molecular semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Gu
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, 200232, P. R. China
| | - Sebastian Gorgon
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Emrys W Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li R, Ying A, Tan Y, Ai Y, Gong S. Efficient Blue Photo- and Electroluminescence from CF 3-Decorated Cu(I) Complexes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400817. [PMID: 38654445 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Luminescent organometallic complexes of earth-abundant copper(I) have long been studied in organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). Particularly, Cu(I)-based carbene-metal-amide (CMA) complexes have recently emerged as promising organometallic emitters. However, blue-emitting Cu(I) CMA complexes have been rarely reported. Here we constructed two blue-emitting Cu(I) CMA emitters, MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz and MAC*-Cu-2CF3Cz, by introducing one or two CF3 substitutes into carbazole ligands. Both complexes exhibited high thermal stability and blue emission colors. Moreover, two complexes exhibited different emission origins rooting from different donor ligands: a distinct thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited states for MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz or a dominant phosphorescence nature from local triplet excited state of the carbazole ligand for MAC*-Cu-2CF3Cz. Inspiringly, MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz had high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 94 % and short emission lifetimes of down to 1.2 μs in doped films, accompanied by relatively high radiative rates in the 105 s-1 order. The resultant vacuum-deposited OLEDs based on MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz delivered pure-blue electroluminescence at 462 nm together with a high external quantum efficiency of 13.0 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ao Ying
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yao Tan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuhan Ai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kuwahara T, Ohtsu H, Tsuge K. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Silver(I) Coordination Polymers Bridged by Dimethylpyrazine: Comparison of Emissive Excited States between Silver(I) and Copper(I) Congeners. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8120-8130. [PMID: 38653757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Highly luminescent silver(I) coordination polymers [Ag2X2(PPh3)2(Me2pyz)]n (X = I, Br, Cl; Me2pyz: 2,5-dimethylpyrazine) were prepared together with copper congeners [Cu2X2(PPh3)2(Me2pyz)]n (X = I, Br). All the complexes showed thermally activated delayed fluorescence from the charge-transfer states in the visible region, from blue to red. The isomorphous relationship among the complexes allowed a detailed discussion of the effect of halogenido ligands and crystal packing on their luminescence energy. The relaxation in the emissive excited states (ESs) was determined to be more remarkable in silver complexes than in copper complexes despite their isomorphous structures, and the electronic effect of halogenido ligands was comparable to the effect of relaxation in emissive ESs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohtsu
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tsuge
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vaidya S, Hawila S, Zeyu F, Khan T, Fateeva A, Toche F, Chiriac R, Bonhommé A, Ledoux G, Lebègue S, Park J, Kim WJ, Liu J, Guo X, Mesbah A, Horike S, Demessence A. Gold(I)-Thiolate Coordination Polymers as Multifunctional Materials: The Case of Au(I)- p-Fluorothiophenolate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:22512-22521. [PMID: 38651627 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Gold-sulfur interaction has vital importance in nanotechnologies and material chemistry to design functional nanoparticles, self-assembled monolayers, or molecular complexes. In this paper, a mixture of only two basic precursors, such as the chloroauric acid (HAu(III)Cl4) and a thiol molecule (p-fluorothiophenol (p-HSPhF)), are used for the synthesis of gold(I)-thiolate coordination polymers. Under different conditions of synthesis and external stimuli, five different functional materials with different states of [Au(I)(p-SPhF)]n can be afforded. These gold-thiolate compounds are (i) red emissive, flexible, and crystalline fibers; (ii) composite materials made of these red emissive fibers and gold nanoparticles; (iii) amorphous phase; (iv) transparent glass; and (v) amorphous-to-crystalline phase-change material associated with an ON/OFF switch of luminescence. The different functionalities of these materials highlight the great versatility of the gold(I) thiolate coordination polymers with easy synthesis and diverse shaping that may have great potential as sustainable phosphors, smart textiles, sensors, and phase change memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Vaidya
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, Villeurbanne 69100, France
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague 110 00, Czech Republic
| | - Saly Hawila
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Fan Zeyu
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tuhin Khan
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Fateeva
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LMI - UMR 5615, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - François Toche
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LMI - UMR 5615, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Rodica Chiriac
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LMI - UMR 5615, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Anne Bonhommé
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Gilles Ledoux
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ILM - UMR 5306, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Sébastien Lebègue
- University of Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT - UMR 7019, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54506, France
| | - Jeongmin Park
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, South Korea
| | - Won June Kim
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, South Korea
| | - Juejing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Adel Mesbah
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Satoshi Horike
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Aude Demessence
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kellogg M, Mencke AR, Muniz CN, Nattikallungal TA, Cardoso-Delgado F, Baluyot-Reyes N, Sewell M, Bird MJ, Bradforth SE, Thompson ME. Intra- and Intermolecular Charge-Transfer Dynamics of Carbene-Metal-Amide Photosensitizers. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:6621-6635. [PMID: 38690534 PMCID: PMC11056983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A series of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies were performed on a set of eight carbene-metal-amide (cMa) complexes, where M = Cu and Au, that have been used as photosensitizers for photosensitized electrocatalytic reactions. Using ps-to-ns and ns-to-ms transient absorption spectroscopies (psTA and nsTA, respectively), the excited-state kinetics from light absorption, intersystem crossing (ISC), and eventually intermolecular charge transfer were thoroughly characterized. Using time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) and psTA with a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) model, the variation in intersystem crossing (ISC), (S1 → T1) rates (∼3-120 × 109 s-1), and ΔEST values (73-115 meV) for these compounds were fully characterized, reflecting systematic changes to the carbene, carbazole, and metal. The psTA additionally revealed an early time relaxation (rate ∼0.2-0.8 × 1012 s-1) attributed to solvent relaxation and vibrational cooling. The nsTA experiments for a gold-based cMa complex demonstrated efficient intermolecular charge transfer from the excited cMa to an electron acceptor. Pulse radiolysis and bulk electrolysis experiments allowed us to identify the character of the transient excited states as ligand-ligand charge transfer as well as the spectroscopic signature of oxidized and reduced forms of the cMa photosensitizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael
S. Kellogg
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Austin R. Mencke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Collin N. Muniz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | | | - Fabiola Cardoso-Delgado
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Nina Baluyot-Reyes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Marielle Sewell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Matthew J. Bird
- Chemistry
Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Stephen E. Bradforth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li TY, Zheng SJ, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Two-Coordinate Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Coinage Metal Complexes: Molecular Design, Photophysical Characters, and Device Application. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4332-4392. [PMID: 38546341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the first green light emission from a fluorescent thin-film organic light emitting diode (OLED) in the mid-1980s, a global consumer market for OLED displays has flourished over the past few decades. This growth can primarily be attributed to the development of noble metal phosphorescent emitters that facilitated remarkable gains in electrical conversion efficiency, a broadened color gamut, and vibrant image quality for OLED displays. Despite these achievements, the limited abundance of noble metals in the Earth's crust has spurred ongoing efforts to discover cost-effective electroluminescent materials. One particularly promising avenue is the exploration of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), a mechanism with the potential to fully harness excitons in OLEDs. Recently, investigations have unveiled TADF in a series of two-coordinate coinage metal (Cu, Ag, and Au) complexes. These organometallic TADF materials exhibit distinctive behavior in comparison to their organic counterparts. They offer benefits such as tunable emissive colors, short TADF emission lifetimes, high luminescent quantum yields, and reasonable stability. Impressively, both vacuum-deposited and solution-processed OLEDs incorporating these materials have achieved outstanding performance. This review encompasses various facets on two-coordinate TADF coinage metal complexes, including molecular design, photophysical characterizations, elucidation of structure-property relationships, and OLED applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu-Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li G, Liu Y, Xu K, Zhang C, Chen J, Chu Q, Yang YF, She Y. Perimidocarbene-Based Tetradentate Platinum(II) Complexes with an Unexpectedly Negligible 3MLCT Character. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6435-6444. [PMID: 38537132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Two novel six-membered perimidocarbene (PIC)-based tetradentate Pt(II) complexes were designed and successfully synthesized. Systematical experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the PIC moiety greatly affects the frontier orbitals, as well as the photophysical and excited-state properties of the Pt(II) complexes. PtYK2 has a broad emission spectrum peaking at 576 nm with a shoulder band at 620 nm, along with a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) value of 100.0 nm at 77 K in 2-MeTHF; however, the emission spectrum is slightly red-shifted with a dominant peak at 610 nm and a FWHM value of 125.0 nm at room temperature in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film. Time-dependent-density functional theory and natural transition orbital analyses reveal that PtYK2 has a 3LC (3πPIC* → πPIC)-dominated character with an unexpectedly negligible contribution of 3MLCT transition (0.68%) in the T1 state, which results in a broad emission spectrum and a relatively low quantum efficiency of 7.4% in the PMMA film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guijie Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yuankuo Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Kewei Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Chengyao Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jianqiang Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Qingshan Chu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yuanbin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu X, Liu S, Chen H, Ding H, Xu S, Wu Y, Wang Y, Zhao F. Synthesis and photophysical properties of dinuclear N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper(I) complexes and their application to photoluminescent light-emitting diodes and anti-counterfeiting. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 308:123758. [PMID: 38091652 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Here, a series of dinuclear N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper(I) complexes having 3,3'-(1,4-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(1-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazolylidene as bis-NHC ligand and bis[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether (POP) as auxiliary ligand have been successfully prepared, and their photophysical properites were investigaged experimentally and theocitcally. The resulting complexes all exhibited intense green to yellow emission that originated from the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) with a high photoluminescence quantum yield of up to 0.67 and longer excited-state lifetimes on the microsecond time scale in the solid state. Green and yellow light-emitting diode (LED) devices based on Cu(I) complexes have successfully achieved good color rendering indices. Moreover, the anti-counterfeiting patterns and QR codes made of Cu(I) complexes have been applied to clothing, banknotes, books and glass plates with excellent anti-counterfeiting effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Fenglin Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Fenglin Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Hongyun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Fenglin Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Haixin Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Fenglin Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Shengxian Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Fenglin Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Yaqian Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Fenglin Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China.
| | - Yibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Guizhou High Performance Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Fenglin Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mitra M, Mrózek O, Putscher M, Guhl J, Hupp B, Belyaev A, Marian CM, Steffen A. Structural Control of Highly Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in Carbene Zinc(II) Dithiolates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316300. [PMID: 38063260 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Luminescent metal complexes based on earth abundant elements are a valuable target to substitute 4d/5d transition metal complexes as triplet emitters in advanced photonic applications. Whereas CuI complexes have been thoroughly investigated in the last two decades for this purpose, no structure-property-relationships for efficient luminescence involving triplet excited states from ZnII complexes are established. Herein, we report on the design of monomeric carbene zinc(II) dithiolates (CZT) featuring a donor-acceptor-motif that leads to highly efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) with for ZnII compounds unprecedented radiative rate constants kTADF =1.2×106 s-1 at 297 K. Our high-level DFT/MRCI calculations revealed that the relative orientation of the ligands involved in the ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (1/3 LLCT) states is paramount to control the TADF process. Specifically, a dihedral angle of 36-40° leads to very efficient reverse intersystem-crossing (rISC) on the order of 109 s-1 due to spin-orbit coupling (SOC) mediated by the sulfur atoms in combination with a small ΔES1-T1 of ca. 56 meV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mousree Mitra
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ondřej Mrózek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Putscher
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jasper Guhl
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hupp
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrey Belyaev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu Z, Luo L, Jin R. Visible to NIR-II Photoluminescence of Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309073. [PMID: 37922431 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold nanoclusters (NCs) have emerged as a new class of precision materials and attracted wide interest in recent years. One of the unique properties of such nanoclusters pertains to their photoluminescence (PL), for it can widely span visible to near-infrared-I and -II wavelengths (NIR-I/II), and even beyond 1700 nm by manipulating the size, structure, and composition. The current research efforts focus on the structure-PL correlation and the development of strategies for raising the PL quantum yields, which is nontrivial when moving from the visible to the near-infrared wavelengths, especially in the NIR-II regions. This review summarizes the recent progress in the field, including i) the types of PL observed in gold NCs such as fluorescence, phosphorescence, and thermally activated delayed fluorescence, as well as dual emission; ii) some effective strategies that are devised to improve the PL quantum yield (QY) of gold NCs, such as heterometal doping, surface rigidification, and core phonon engineering, with double-digit QYs for the NIR PL on the horizons; and iii) the applications of luminescent gold NCs in bioimaging, photosensitization, and optoelectronics. Finally, the remaining challenges and opportunities for future research are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Lianshun Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Busch J, Rehak FR, Ferraro V, Nieger M, Kemell M, Fuhr O, Klopper W, Bräse S. From Mono- to Polynuclear 2-(Diphenylphosphino)pyridine-Based Cu(I) and Ag(I) Complexes: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and DFT Calculations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:2220-2233. [PMID: 38250424 PMCID: PMC10795044 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A series of monometallic Ag(I) and Cu(I) halide complexes bearing 2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine (PyrPhos, L) as a ligand were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. The structure of most of the derivatives was unambiguously established by X-ray diffraction analysis, revealing the formation of mono-, di-, and tetranuclear complexes having general formulas MXL3 (M = Cu, X = Cl, Br; M = Ag, X = Cl, Br, I), Ag2X2L3 (X = Cl, Br), and Ag4X4L4 (X = Cl, Br, I). The Ag(I) species were compared to the corresponding Cu(I) analogues from a structural point of view. The formation of Cu(I)/Ag(I) heterobimetallic complexes MM'X2L3 (M/M' = Cu, Ag; X = Cl, Br, I) was also investigated. The X-ray structure of the bromo-derivatives revealed the formation of two possible MM'Br2L3 complexes with Cu/Ag ratios, respectively, of 7:1 and 1:7. The ratio between Cu and Ag was studied by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) measurements. The structure of the binuclear homo- and heterometallic derivatives was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, revealing the tendency of the PyrPhos ligands not to maintain the bridging motif in the presence of Ag(I) as the metal center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin
M. Busch
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian R. Rehak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Valentina Ferraro
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute
of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe
Nano-Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Avula S, Jhun BH, Jo U, Heo S, Lee JY, You Y. Achieving Long-Wavelength Electroluminescence Using Two-Coordinate Gold(I) Complexes: Overcoming the Energy Gap Law. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305745. [PMID: 37953418 PMCID: PMC10767458 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-coordinate coinage metal complexes have emerged as promising emitters for highly efficient organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). However, achieving efficient long-wavelength electroluminescence emission from these complexes remains as a daunting challenge. To address this challenge, molecular design strategies aimed at bolstering the photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ) of Au(I) complex emitters in low-energy emission regions are investigated. By varying amido ligands, a series of two-coordinate Au(I) complexes is developed that exhibit photoluminescence peak wavelengths over a broad range of 533-750 nm. These complexes, in particular, maintain Φ values up to 10% even in the near-infrared emission region, overcoming the constraints imposed by an energy gap. Quantum chemical calculations and photophysical analyses reveal the action of radiative control, which serves to overcome the energy gap law, becomes more pronounced as the overlap between hole and electron distributions (Sr (r)) in the excited state increases. It is further elucidated that Sr (r) increases with the distance between the hole-distribution centroid and the nitrogen atom in an amido ligand. Finally, multilayer OLEDs involving the Au(I) complex emitters exhibit performances beyond the borderline of the electroluminescence wavelength-external quantum efficiency space set by previous devices of coinage metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivas Avula
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hak Jhun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Unhyeok Jo
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐do16419Republic of Korea
| | - Seunga Heo
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceEwha Womans UniversitySeoul03760Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐do16419Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Song XF, Peng LY, Chen WK, Gao YJ, Cui G. Theoretical studies on thermally activated delayed fluorescence of "carbene-metal-amide" Cu and Au complexes: geometric structures, excitation characters, and mechanisms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29603-29613. [PMID: 37877743 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03444e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
"Carbene-metal(I)-amide" (CMA) complexes have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable properties and potential TADF applications in organic electronics. However, the atomistic working mechanism is still elusive. Herein, we chose two CMA complexes, i.e., cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene-copper[gold](I)-carbazole (CAAC-Cu[Au]-Cz), and employed both DFT and TD-DFT methods, in combination with radiative and nonradiative rate calculations, to investigate geometric and electronic structures of these two complexes in the ground and excited states, including orbital compositions, electronic transitions, absorption and emission spectra, and the luminescence mechanism. It is found that the coplanar or perpendicular conformations are coexistent in the ground state (S0), the lowest excited singlet state (S1), and the triplet state (T1). Both the coplanar and perpendicular S1 and T1 states have similar ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) character between CAAC and Cz, and some charge-transfer character between metal atoms and ligands, which is beneficial to minimize the singlet-triplet energy gaps (ΔEST) and increase the spin-orbit coupling (SOC). An interesting three-state (S0, S1, T1) model involving two regions (coplanar and perpendicular) is proposed to rationalize the experimental TADF phenomena in the CMA complexes. In addition to the coplanar ones, the perpendicular S1 and T1 states also play a role in promoting the repopulation of the coplanar S1 exciton, which is a primary source for the delayed fluorescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Song
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Ling-Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sevilla RC, Soebroto RJ, Kurniawan IS, Chen PW, Chang SH, Shen JL, Chou WC, Yeh JM, Huang HY, Yuan CT. Self-Trapped, Thermally Equilibrated Delayed Fluorescence Enables Low-Reabsorption Luminescent Solar Concentrators Based on Gold-Doped Silver Nanoclusters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37922121 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Reabsorption-free luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are crucial ingredients for photovoltaic windows. Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) with large Stokes-shifted photoluminescence (PL) hold great promise for applications in LSCs. However, a fundamental understanding of the PL mechanism, particularly on the excited-state interaction and exciton kinetics, is still lacking. Herein, we studied the exciton-phonon coupling and singlet/triplet exciton dynamics for gold-doped silver NCs in a solid matrix. Following photoexcitation, the excitons can be self-trapped via strong exciton-phonon coupling. Subsequently, rapid thermal equilibration between the singlet and triplet states occurs due to the coexistence of small energy splitting and spin-orbit coupling. Finally, broadband delayed fluorescence with a large Stokes shift can be generated, namely, self-trapped, thermally equilibrated delayed fluorescence (ST-TEDF). Benefiting from superior ST-TEDF, we demonstrated efficient LSCs with minimized reabsorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russel Cruz Sevilla
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Research Center for Semiconductor Materials and Advanced Optics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Ruth Jeane Soebroto
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Research Center for Semiconductor Materials and Advanced Optics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Irwan Saleh Kurniawan
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Research Center for Semiconductor Materials and Advanced Optics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Chen
- Physics Division, National Atomic Research Institute, Taoyuan 325207, Taiwan
| | - Sheng Hsiung Chang
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Research Center for Semiconductor Materials and Advanced Optics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Lin Shen
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Research Center for Semiconductor Materials and Advanced Optics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Ching Chou
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ming Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ying Huang
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Research Center for Semiconductor Materials and Advanced Optics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tsu Yuan
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Research Center for Semiconductor Materials and Advanced Optics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ying A, Gong S. A Rising Star: Luminescent Carbene-Metal-Amide Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301885. [PMID: 37431981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Coinage metal (gold, silver, and copper) complexes are attractive candidates to substitute the widely studied noble metal complexes, such as, iridium(III) and platinum(II), as luminescent materials in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the development of coinage metal complexes exhibiting high emission quantum yields and short exciton lifetimes is still a formidable challenge. In the past few years, coinage metal complexes featuring a carbene-metal-amide (CMA) motif have emerged as a new class of luminescent materials in OLEDs. Thanks to the coinage metal-bridged linear geometry, coplanar conformation, and the formation of excited states with dominant ligand-to-ligand charge transfer character and reduced metal d-orbital participation, most CMA complexes have high radiative rates via thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Currently, the family of CMA complexes have rapidly evolved and remarkable progresses in CMA-based OLEDs have been made. Here, a Concept article on CMA complexes is presented, with a focus on molecular design principles, the correlation between molecular structure/conformation and optoelectronic properties, as well as OLED performance. The future prospects of CMA complexes are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Ying
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and, Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and, Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Scattolin T, Tonon G, Botter E, Guillet SG, Tzouras NV, Nolan SP. Gold(I)-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Synthons in Organometallic Synthesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301961. [PMID: 37463071 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The prominent role of gold-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes in numerous research areas such as homogeneous (photo)catalysis, medicinal chemistry and materials science has prompted organometallic chemists to design gold-based synthons that permit access to target complexes through simple synthetic steps under mild conditions. In this review, the main gold-NHC synthons employed in organometallic synthesis are discussed. Mechanistic aspects involved in their synthesis and reactivity as well as applications of gold-NHC synthons as efficient pre-catalysts, antitumor agents and/or photo-emissive materials are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Eleonora Botter
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Sebastien G Guillet
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang H, Peng SK, Zheng J, Luo D, Xie M, Huang YL, Cai X, Wang J, Zhou XP, Li D. Achiral Au(I) Cyclic Trinuclear Complexes with High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Near-Infrared TADF. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310495. [PMID: 37638844 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Realizing high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) in the near-infrared (NIR) region is challenging and valuable for luminescent material, especially for thermally activated delay fluorescence (TADF) material. In this work, we report two achiral cyclic trinuclear Au(I) complexes, Au3 (4-Clpyrazolate)3 and Au3 (4-Brpyrazolate)3 (denoted as Cl-Au and Br-Au), obtained through the reaction of 4-chloro-1H-pyrazole and 4-bromo-1H-pyrazole with Au(I) salts, respectively. Both Cl-Au and Br-Au exhibit TADF with high PLQY (>70 %) in the NIR I (700-900 nm) (λmax = 720 nm) region, exceeding other NIR-TADF emitters in the solid state. Photophysical experiments and theoretical calculations confirmed the efficient NIR-TADF properties of Cl-Au and Br-Au were attributed to the small energy gap ΔE(S1-T2) (S = singlet, T = triplet) and the large spin-orbital coupling induced by ligand-to-metal-metal charge transfer of molecular aggregations. In addition, both complexes crystallize in the achiral Pna21 space group (mm2 point group) and are circularly polarized light (CPL) active with maxima luminescent dissymmetry factor |glum | of 3.4 × 10-3 (Cl-Au) and 2.7 × 10-3 (Br-Au) for their crystalline powder samples, respectively. By using Cl-Au as the emitting ink, 3D-printed luminescent logos are fabricated, which own anti-counterfeiting functions due to its CPL behavior dependent on the crystallinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Su-Kao Peng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ji Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dong Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Mo Xie
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Liang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, 515041, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jizhuang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Powley SL, Riley C, Cho HH, Le Phuoc N, Linnolahti M, Greenham N, Romanov AS. Highly phosphorescent carbene-metal-carboranyl complexes of copper(I) and gold(I). Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12035-12038. [PMID: 37729393 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04091g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
New phosphorescent "carbene-metal-carboranyl" (CMC) Cu(I) and Au(I) complexes based on the diamidocarbene (DAC) ligand show up to 68% photoluminescence quantum yield and microsecond range lifetimes. CMC organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) emit sky-blue and warm white electroluminescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Powley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Charlotte Riley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Hwan-Hee Cho
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Neil Greenham
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Belyakov AV, Altova EP, Rykov AN, Sharanov PY, Shishkov IF, Romanov AS. The Equilibrium Molecular Structure of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino) Carbene Copper(I) Chloride via Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction and Quantum Chemical Calculations. Molecules 2023; 28:6897. [PMID: 37836740 PMCID: PMC10574683 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-centered carbene-metal-halides (CMHs) with cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbenes (CAACs) are bright phosphorescent emitters and key precursors in the synthesis of the highly promising class of the materials carbene-metal-amides (CMAs) operating via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Aiming to reveal the molecular geometry for CMH phosphors in the absence of the intermolecular contacts, we report here the equilibrium molecular structure of the (CAAC)Cu(I)Cl (1) molecule in the gas-phase. We demonstrate that linear geometry around a copper atom shows no distortions in the ground state. The structure of complex 1 has been determined using the electron diffraction method, supported by quantum chemical calculations with RI-MP2/def2-QZVPP level of theory and compared with the crystal structure determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Mean vibrational amplitudes, uij,h1, and anharmonic vibrational corrections (rij,e • rij,a) were calculated for experimental temperature T = 20 °C, using quadratic and cubic force constants, respectively. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and natural bond order (NBO) analysis of wave function at MN15/def2TZVP level of theory revealed two Cu…H, three H…H, and one three-center H…H…H bond paths with bond critical points. NBO analysis also revealed three-center, four-electron hyperbonds, (3c4e), [π(N-C) nπ(Cu) ↔ nπ(N) π(N-Cu)], or [N-C: Cu ↔ N: C-Cu] and nπ(Cu) → π(C-N)* hyperconjugation, that is the delocalization of the lone electron pair of Cu atom into the antibonding orbital of C-N bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina P. Altova
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.A.); (P.Y.S.)
| | - Anatoliy N. Rykov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.A.); (P.Y.S.)
| | - Pavel Yu. Sharanov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.A.); (P.Y.S.)
| | - Igor F. Shishkov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.A.); (P.Y.S.)
| | - Alexander S. Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ma J, Schaab J, Paul S, Forrest SR, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Luminescent Bimetallic Two-Coordinate Gold(I) Complexes Utilizing Janus Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20097-20108. [PMID: 37642694 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of bimetallic carbene-metal-amide (cMa) complexes have been prepared with bridging biscarbene ligands to serve as a model for the design of luminescent materials with large oscillator strengths and small energy differences between the singlet and triplet states (ΔEST). The complexes have a general structure (R2N)Au(:carbene─carbene:)Au(NR2). The bimetallic complexes show solvation-dependent absorption and emission that is analyzed in detail. It is found that the molar absorptivity of the bimetallic complexes is correlated with the energy barrier to rotation of the metal-ligand bond. The bimetallic cMa complexes also exhibit short emission lifetimes (τ = 200-300 ns) with high photoluminescence efficiencies (ΦPL > 95%). The radiative rates of bimetallic cMa complexes are 3-4 times faster than that of the corresponding monometallic complexes. Analysis of temperature-dependent luminescence data indicates that the lifetime for the singlet state (τS1) of bimetallic cMa complexes is near 12 ns with a ΔEST of 40-50 meV. The presented compounds provide a general design for cMa complexes to achieve small values for ΔEST while retaining high radiative rates. Solution-processed organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) made using two of the complexes as luminescent dopants show high efficiency and low roll-off at high luminance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jonas Schaab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sritoma Paul
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen R Forrest
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Khan AAT, Gobeze HB, Islam T, Arman HD, Schanze KS. Effect of bromine substitution on blue phosphorescent trans-(N-heterocyclic carbene)Pt(II) acetylide complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11535-11542. [PMID: 37540137 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01483e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of the type trans-(NHC)2PtII(CC-Ar)2 (where Ar = phenyl or substituted phenyl) are of interest as violet and blue phosphors. These complexes emit efficient phosphorescence in solution and in the solid state, and they have been applied as phosphors in organic light emitting diodes. This study explores the effect of bromine substitution on the trans-(NHC)2PtII(CC-Ar)2 chromophore through photophysical studies of a pair of complexes in which the phenyl groups feature either 3,5-dibromo- or 4-monobromo-substituents (IPt-DB and IPt-MB, respectively). The Br atoms were introduced as heavy atom(s) with the aim to enhance spin-orbit coupling and increase the radiative and non-radiative decay rates of the phosphorescent triplet state. Both IPt-MB and IPt-DB exhibit sky-blue phosphorescence in solution and in PMMA matrix. Interestingly, the emission quantum yield and lifetime of IPt-MB are substantially lower compared to IPt-DB in solution. This effect is attributed to a substantially larger non-radiative decay rate in the mono-bromo complex. Analysis of the photophysical data, combined with DFT and TD-DFT calculations, suggest that the difference in photophysical properties of the two complexes is related to the position of the Br-substituents on the phenyl acetylide rings. In short, in IPt-MB, the Br-substituents are located para-to the Pt-CC-unit, and this gives rise to stronger electron-vibrational coupling in the excited state, enhancing the rate of non-radiative decay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amran A T Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Habtom B Gobeze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Tanjila Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Hadi D Arman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang JG, Feng X, Li N, Li J, Song XF, Li MD, Cui G, Zhang J, Jiang C, Yang C, Li K. Highly efficient and stable thermally activated delayed fluorescent palladium(II) complexes for organic light-emitting diodes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh0198. [PMID: 37315147 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal complexes exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) remain underdeveloped for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here, we describe a design of TADF Pd(II) complexes featuring metal-perturbed intraligand charge-transfer excited states. Two orange- and red-emitting complexes with efficiencies of 82 and 89% and lifetimes of 2.19 and 0.97 μs have been developed. Combined transient spectroscopic and theoretical studies on one complex reveal a metal-perturbed fast intersystem crossing process. OLEDs using the Pd(II) complexes show maximum external quantum efficiencies of 27.5 to 31.4% and small roll-offs down to 1% at 1000 cd m-2. Moreover, the Pd(II) complexes show exceptional operational stability with LT95 values over 220 hours at 1000 cd m-2, benefiting from the use of strong σ-donating ligands and the presence of multiple intramolecular noncovalent interactions beside their short emission lifetimes. This study demonstrates a promising approach for developing efficient and robust luminescent complexes without using the third-row transition metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gong Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Feng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Nengquan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou 515031, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Fang Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou 515031, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jingling Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chenglin Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Muniz CN, Archer CA, Applebaum JS, Alagaratnam A, Schaab J, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Two-Coordinate Coinage Metal Complexes as Solar Photosensitizers. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37319428 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Generating sustainable fuel from sunlight plays an important role in meeting the energy demands of the modern age. Herein, we report two-coordinate carbene-metal-amide (cMa, M = Cu(I) and Au(I)) complexes that can be used as sensitizers to promote the light-driven reduction of water to hydrogen. The cMa complexes studied here absorb visible photons (εvis > 103 M-1 cm-1), maintain long excited-state lifetimes (τ ∼ 0.2-1 μs), and perform stable photoinduced charge transfer to a target substrate with high photoreducing potential (E+/* up to -2.33 V vs Fc+/0 based on a Rehm-Weller analysis). We pair these coinage metal complexes with a cobalt-glyoxime electrocatalyst to photocatalytically generate hydrogen and compare the performance of the copper- and gold-based cMa complexes. We also find that the two-coordinate complexes herein can perform photodriven hydrogen production from water without the addition of the cobalt-glyoxime electrocatalyst. In this "catalyst-free" system, the cMa sensitizer partially decomposes to give metal nanoparticles that catalyze water reduction. This work identifies two-coordinate coinage metal complexes as promising abundant metal, solar fuel photosensitizers that offer exceptional tunability and photoredox properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin N Muniz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Claire A Archer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jack S Applebaum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anushan Alagaratnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jonas Schaab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Phuoc NL, Brannan AC, Romanov AS, Linnolahti M. Tailoring Carbene-Metal-Amides for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: A Computationally Guided Study on the Effect of Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114398. [PMID: 37298874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold-centered carbene-metal-amides (CMAs) containing cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) are promising emitters for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Aiming at the design and optimization of new TADF emitters, we report a density functional theory study of over 60 CMAs with various CAAC ligands, systematically evaluating computed parameters in relation to photoluminescence properties. The CMA structures were primarily selected based on experimental synthesis prospects. We demonstrate that TADF efficiency of the CMA materials originates from a compromise between oscillator strength coefficients and exchange energy (ΔEST). The latter is governed by the overlap of HOMO and LUMO orbitals, where HOMO is localized on the amide and LUMO over the Au-carbene bond. The S0 ground and excited T1 states of the CMAs adopt approximately coplanar geometry of carbene and amide ligands, but rotate perpendicular in the excited S1 states, resulting in degeneracy or near-degeneracy of S1 and T1, accompanied by a decrease in the S1-S0 oscillator strength from its maximum at coplanar geometries to near zero at rotated geometries. Based on the computations, promising new TADF emitters are proposed and synthesized. Bright CMA complex (Et2CAAC)Au(carbazolide) is obtained and fully characterized in order to demonstrate that excellent stability and high radiative rates up to 106 s-1 can be obtained for the gold-CMA complexes with small CAAC-carbene ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Alexander C Brannan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang YL, He TF, Zhao ZK, Shen A, Gao Q, Ren AM, Su ZM, Li H, Chu HY, Zou LY. Self-Consistent Quantum Mechanics/Embedded Charge Study on Aggregation-Enhanced Delayed Fluorescence of Cu(I) Complexes: Luminescence Mechanism and Molecular Design Strategy. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7753-7763. [PMID: 37154416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the luminescence mechanism of highly efficient blue Cu(N^N)(POP)+-type thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials, we have selected Cu(pytfmpz)(POP)+ (1) and Cu(pympz)(POP)+ (2) as targets to investigate the photophysical properties in both solution and solid phases. The self-consistent electrostatic potential (ESP) embedded charge within the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method demonstrates a greater advantage over the charge equilibrium (QEQ) in accurately calculating atomic charges and reasonably describing the polarization effect, ultimately resulting in a favorable consistency between simulation and experimental measurements. After systematic and quantitative simulation, it has been found that complex 2, with an electron-donating group of -CH3, exhibits a much more blue-shifted spectrum and a significantly enhanced efficiency in comparison to complex 1 with -CF3. This is due to the widened HOMO-LUMO gap as well as the narrowed energy gap between the lowest singlet and triplet excited states (ΔEST), respectively. Then, the designed complex 3 is introduced with a stronger electron donor and larger tert-butyl group, which plays a key role in simultaneously suppressing the structural distortion and reducing the ΔEST. This leads to a faster reverse intersystem crossing process than that of the two experimental complexes in solution, turning out to be a new deep-blue-emitting material with excellent TADF performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Li Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Teng-Fei He
- College of Chemistry, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Zi-Kang Zhao
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Ao Shen
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Min Ren
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ying Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Yi Zou
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hussain A, Kanwal F, Irfan A, Hassan M, Zhang J. Exploring the Influence of Engineering the Linker between the Donor and Acceptor Fragments on Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Characteristics. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15638-15649. [PMID: 37151492 PMCID: PMC10157659 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We have expounded the unique molecular design architecture for efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials based on a donor-linker-acceptor-linker-donor (D-L-A-L-D) framework, which can be employed as predecessors of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices. Different from traditional donor-acceptor-type (D-A-type) TADF scaffolds, the D-L-A-L-D structural design avoids direct coupling amid the D and A fragments allowing the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) to be spatially separated. It results in a reduced overlap between HOMOs and LUMOs, thus realizing fairly a slight singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE ST) and higher photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ). We revealed that manipulating a linker between D and A fragments in intramolecular charge transfer compounds is an auspicious approach for realizing small ΔE ST. Herein, we report a group of organic electroluminescent D-L-A-L-D-type molecules with different electron-donating and electron-accepting moieties using density functional theory calculations and time-dependent density functional theory calculations. Two types of linkers, the π-conjugated phenylene (-C6H4-) and aliphatic alkyl chains or σ-spacer (-CH2- and -CH2-CH2-), were exploited between D and A fragments. In principle, the conjugation in D-π-A-π-D-type molecules and hyperconjugation in D-σ-A-σ-D type molecules encourage the spatial separation of the HOMO-LUMO causing a reduction in the ΔE ST. All the designed molecules show a blue-shift in the emission wavelengths (λem) over the directly linked parent molecules except DPA-DPS-C6H4 and BTPA-DPS-C6H4 which show a red-shift. Violet-blue to green-yellow (376-566 nm) λem was observed from all of the investigated molecules. Other important properties that affect the efficiency of emission quantum yields like frontier molecular orbital analysis, natural population analysis, electron excitation analysis, exciton binding energies, ionization potentials, electronic affinities, and reorganization energies of the designed molecules were also inspected. We are confident that our work will effectively give a straightforward and distinctive approach to building incredibly effective TADF-OLEDs and a new perspective on their structural design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Hussain
- School
of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- . Tel.: +923426224761
| | - Farah Kanwal
- School
of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehboob Hassan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Narowal, Narowal, Punjab 51600, Pakistan
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liebertseder M, Donsbach C, Feldmann C. Reactions of noble-metal oxides in ionic liquids near room temperature. RSC Adv 2023; 13:11441-11449. [PMID: 37057275 PMCID: PMC10089254 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00892d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of Ag2O, Au2O3, and HgO with CuCl, CuI, AgCl, AgI, AuCl, and AuI in ionic liquids ([EMIm]Cl, [BMIm]Cl) near room temperature (20-80 °C) is evaluated and results in the new compounds (C8H14N2)CuCl, (C8H14N2)AgI, (C6H10N2)AuCl, [(C8H14N2)2Hg][CuCl3], [(C8H14N2)2Hg][AgCl3], and [EMIm][Ag2I2Cl]. Thereof, (C8H14N2)CuCl, (C8H14N2)AgI, (C6H10N2)AuCl, [(C8H14N2)2Hg][CuCl3], and [(C8H14N2)2Hg][AgCl3] are NHC complexes (NHC: N-heterocyclic carbene) with M-C bonds (M: Cu, Ag, Au, Hg). Whereas (C8H14N2)CuCl and (C8H14N2)AgI crystallize as single molecules, (C6H10N2)AuCl is dimerized via aurophilic interactions. [(C8H14N2)2Hg][CuCl3] and [(C8H14N2)2Hg][AgCl3] exhibit Hg atoms with two Hg-C bonds. Moreover, (C8H14N2)AgI shows intense green fluorescence at room temperature with a quantum yield of 44%, whereas all other compounds do not show any emission at room temperature. Finally, [EMIm][Ag2I2Cl] is not an NHC compound but contains ∞ 1[AgI1/2I2/4Cl1/2]- chains with infinite d10-d10 interaction of the silver atoms. The title compounds are characterized by single-crystal structure analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and fluorescence spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Liebertseder
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Carsten Donsbach
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang R, Liu S, Chen H, Wu X, Ding H, Xu S, Wu Y, Wang Y, Zhao F. Synthesis and luminescence properties of the four-coordinate N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper(I) complexes with different bisphosphine ligands. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
|
36
|
Osawa M, Soma S, Kobayashi H, Tanaka Y, Hoshino M. Near-white light emission from single crystals of cationic dinuclear gold(I) complexes with bridged diphosphine ligands. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2956-2965. [PMID: 36648762 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03785h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Three cationic dinuclear Au(I) complexes containing acetonitrile (AN) as an ancillary ligand were synthesized: [μ-LMe(AuAN)2]·2BF4 (1), [μ-LEt(AuAN)2]·2BF4 (2), and [μ-LiPr(AuAN)2]·2BF4 (3) (LMe = {1,2-bis[bis(2-methylphenyl)phosphino]benzene}, LEt = {1,2-bis[bis(2-ethylphenyl)phosphino]benzene}, and LiPr = {1,2-bis[bis(2-isopropylphenyl)phosphino]benzene}). The unique structures of complexes 1-3 with two P-Au(I)-AN rods bridged by rigid diphosphine ligands were determined through X-ray analysis. The Au(I)-Au(I) distances observed for complexes 1-3 were as short as 2.9804-3.0457 Å, indicating an aurophilic interaction between two Au(I) atoms. Unlike complexes 2 and 3, complex 1 incorporated CH2Cl2 into the crystals as crystalline solvent molecules. Luminescence studies in the crystalline state revealed that complexes 1 and 2 mainly exhibited bluish-purple phosphorescence (PH) at 293 K: the former had a PH peak wavelength at 415 nm with the photoluminescence quantum yield ΦPL = 0.12, and the latter at 430 nm with ΦPL = 0.13. Meanwhile, complex 3 displayed near-white PH, that is dual PH with two PH bands centered at 425 and 580 nm with ΦPL = 0.44. The PH spectra and lifetimes of complexes 2 and 3 were measured in the temperature range of 77-293 K. The two PH bands observed for complex 3 were suggested to originate from the two emissive excited triplet states, which were in thermal equilibrium. From theoretical calculations, the dual PH observed for complex 3 is explained to occur from the two excited triplet states, T1H and T1L: the former exhibits a high-energy PH band (bluish-purple) and the latter exhibits a low-energy PH band (orange). The T1H state is considered 3ILCT with a structure similar to that of the S0-optimized structure. Conversely, the T1L state is assumed to be a 3MLCT with a T1-optimized structure, which has a short Au(I)-Au(I) bond and two bent rods (Au-AN). The thermal equilibrium between the two excited states is discussed based on computational calculations and photophysical data in the temperature range of 77-293 K. With regard to the crystal of complex 1, we were unable to precisely measure the temperature-dependent emission spectra and lifetimes, particularly at low temperatures, because the cooled crystals became irreversibly turbid over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Osawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nippon Institute of Technology, Gakuendai 4-1, Miyashiro-Machi, Saitama, 345-8501, Japan.
| | - Sakie Soma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nippon Institute of Technology, Gakuendai 4-1, Miyashiro-Machi, Saitama, 345-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nippon Institute of Technology, Gakuendai 4-1, Miyashiro-Machi, Saitama, 345-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuya Tanaka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology R1-27, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nippon Institute of Technology, Gakuendai 4-1, Miyashiro-Machi, Saitama, 345-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yersin H, Czerwieniec R, Monkowius U, Ramazanov R, Valiev R, Shafikov MZ, Kwok WM, Ma C. Intersystem crossing, phosphorescence, and spin-orbit coupling. Two contrasting Cu(I)-TADF dimers investigated by milli- to micro-second phosphorescence, femto-second fluorescence, and theoretical calculations. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
38
|
Wang HJ, Liu Y, Yu B, Song SQ, Zheng YX, Liu K, Chen P, Wang H, Jiang J, Li TY. A Configurationally Confined Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Two-Coordinate Cu I Complex for Efficient Blue Electroluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217195. [PMID: 36542446 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from linear two-coordinate coinage metal complexes is sensitive to the geometric arrangement of the ligands. Herein we realize the tuning of configuration from coplanar to orthogonal gradually by variation of substituents. In a complex with confined twist configuration, its blue emission peaking at 458 nm presents a high ΦPL of 0.74 and a short τTADF of 1.9 μs, which indicates a fast enough kr,TADF of 3.9×105 s-1 and a depressed knr of 1.4×105 s-1 . Such outstanding luminescent properties are attributed to the proper overlap of HOMO and LUMO on CuI d orbitals that guarantees not only small ΔEST but also sufficient transition oscillator strength for fast k r , S 1 ${{k}_{{\rm r},{{\rm S}}_{1}}}$ . Vacuum-deposited blue OLEDs with either doped or host-free emissive layer present external quantum efficiencies over 20 % and 10 %, respectively, demonstrating the practicality of the configurationally confined strategy for efficient linear CuI TADF emitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Baoqiu Yu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shi-Quan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kanglei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Pangkuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tian-Yi Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Photoluminescence of the Au 38(SR) 26 nanocluster comprises three radiative processes. Commun Chem 2023; 6:22. [PMID: 36732442 PMCID: PMC9894927 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoluminescence of ultrasmall, atomically precise gold nanoclusters constitutes an area of significant interest in recent years for both fundamental research and biological applications. However, the exploration of near-infrared photoluminescence of gold nanoclusters is still in its infancy due to the limitations of synthetic methods and characterization techniques. Herein, the photoluminescence properties of an Au38(PET)26 (PET = 2-phenylethanethiolate) nanocluster are investigated in detail. The Au38(PET)26 exhibits an emission peak at 865 nm, which is revealed to be a mix of fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence, and phosphorescence via the combined analyses of time-resolved and temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurements. The quantum yield of Au38(PET)26 is determined to be 1.8% at room temperature under ambient conditions, which increases to above 90% by suppressing the non-radiative relaxation pathway at a cryogenic temperature (80 K). Overall, the results of this work discover the coexistence of three radiative processes in thiolate-protected Au nanoclusters and will pave the way for understanding the intriguing photoluminescence properties of gold nanoclusters in future studies.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ruduss A, Belyakov S, Stucere KA, Vembris A, Traskovskis K. Light emission mechanism in dimers of carbene-metal-amide complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3220-3231. [PMID: 36625398 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05237g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently an efficient dual electroluminescence from monomers and dimers was observed among the structural examples of the emerging emitter class of carbene-metal-amides (CMAs), allowing the preparation of simple design white organic light emitting diodes (wOLEDs). Here we investigate in detail the light emission mechanism in the dimeric species of CMA emitters on the basis of a copper(I) complex TCP bearing thiazoline carbene and 10H-phenothiazine 5,5-dioxide (Ptz) ligands. The X-ray structure for crystals with dimer-only emission was obtained, revealing that emissive aggregates consist of face-to-face stacked molecular pairs with an intermolecular distance of 3.673 Å. The close packing is aided by reduced sterical bulk at the carbene ligand, as well as by a torsional twist between the carbene and amide fragments. Experimental and computational data show that the emission mechanism in aggregates is related to the formation of a persistent dimer, not the excimer. Radiative relaxation proceeds through an intermolecular charge transfer process between the carbene and amide ligands of the neighbouring molecules. In comparison to the monomer, the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) process in the dimer is characterized with significantly higher energy gaps (ΔEST) between the lowest singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) excited states. At the same time the aggregated species exhibit a significantly increased phosphorescence rate (τ = 12 μs at 10 K temperature) due to the presence of two metal atoms, resulting in a sixfold increase in the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) matrix element in comparison to the monomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armands Ruduss
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Sergey Belyakov
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Kitija A Stucere
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, LV-1063, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aivars Vembris
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, LV-1063, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Traskovskis
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mrózek O, Mitra M, Hupp B, Belyaev A, Lüdtke N, Wagner D, Wang C, Wenger OS, Marian CM, Steffen A. An Air- and Moisture-stable Zinc(II) Carbene Dithiolate Dimer Showing Fast Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Dexter Energy Transfer Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203980. [PMID: 36637038 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A dimeric ZnII carbene complex featuring bridging and chelating benzene-1,2-dithiolate ligands is highly stable towards air and water. The donor-Zn-acceptor structure leads to visible light emission in the solid state, solution and polymer matrices with λmax between 577-657 nm and, for zinc(II) complexes, unusually high radiative rate constants for triplet exciton decay of up to kr =1.5×105 s-1 at room temperature. Variable temperature and DFT/MRCI studies show that a small energy gap between the 1/3 LL/LMCT states of only 79 meV is responsible for efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Time-resolved luminescence and transient absorption studies confirm the occurrence of long-lived, dominantly ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited states in solution, allowing for application in Dexter energy transfer photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Mrózek
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mousree Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bejamin Hupp
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrey Belyaev
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nora Lüdtke
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dorothee Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Amouri H. Luminescent Complexes of Platinum, Iridium, and Coinage Metals Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Design, Structural Diversity, and Photophysical Properties. Chem Rev 2023; 123:230-270. [PMID: 36315851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The employment of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to design luminescent metal compounds has been the focus of recent intense investigations because of the strong σ-donor properties, which bring stability to the whole system and tend to push the d-d dark states so high in energy that they are rendered thermally inaccessible, thereby generating highly emissive complexes for useful applications such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), or featuring chiroptical properties, a field that is still in its infancy. Among the NHC complexes, those containing organic chromophores such as naphthalimide, pyrene, and carbazole exhibit rich emission behavior and thus have attracted extensive interest in the past five years, especially carbene coinage metal complexes with carbazolate ligands. In this review, the design strategies of NHC-based luminescent platinum and iridium complexes with large spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) are described first. Subsequent paragraphs illustrate the recent advances of luminescent coinage metal complexes with nucleophilic- and electrophilic-based carbenes based on silver, gold, and copper metal complexes that have the ability to display rich excited state emissions in particular via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The luminescence mechanism and excited state dynamics are also described. We then summarize the advance of NHC-metal complexes in the aforementioned fields in recent years. Finally, we propose the development trend of this fast-growing field of luminescent NHC-metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hani Amouri
- CNRS, IPCM (UMR 8232), Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénerie Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lüdtke N, Steffen A, Marian CM. Finding Design Principles of OLED Emitters through Theoretical Investigations of Zn(II) Carbene Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20896-20905. [PMID: 36490354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, Zn(II) carbene complexes carrying a dianionic 1,2-dithiolbenzene (dtb) or 1,2-diolbenzene (dob) ligand were investigated regarding their suitability as organic light-emitting diode (OLED) emitter. For the optimization of the complexes, density functional-based methods were used and frequency analyses verified the obtained structures as minima. All calculations were carried out including a polarizable continuum model to mimic solvent-solute interactions. Multireference configuration interaction methods were used to determine excitation energies, spin-orbit couplings, and luminescence properties. Rate constants of spin-allowed and spin-forbidden transitions were calculated according to a Fermi golden rule expression. Using carbene ligands with varying σ-donor and π-acceptor strengths, the luminescence is found to be tunable from yellow to orange/red to deep red/near-infrared. The calculated intersystem crossing (ISC) time constants indicate thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) to be the main decay channel. In contrast to many d10 coinage metal complexes, a parallel orientation of dtb or dob and the carbene ligand is found to be highly favorable. For the complexes with a cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene (CAAC) or cyclic (amino)(aryl) carbene (CAArC) ligand, the S1 and T1 states have ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (LLCT) character and are energetically close. The complex with a classical N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand has S1 and T1 states with mixed ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT)/LLCT character and is a very rare example in which the zinc ion contributes to the excitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lüdtke
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhou D, Tong GSM, Cheng G, Tang YK, Liu W, Ma D, Du L, Chen JR, Che CM. Stable Tetradentate Gold(III)-TADF Emitters with Close to Unity Quantum Yield and Radiative Decay Rate Constant of up to 2 × 10 6 s -1 : High-Efficiency Green OLEDs with Operational Lifetime (LT 90 ) Longer than 1800 h at 1000 cd m -2. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206598. [PMID: 36208071 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax ), small efficiency roll-offs, and long operational lifetime at practical luminances are three crucial parameters for commercialization of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). To simultaneously achieve these goals, it is desirable to have the radiative decay rate constant (kr ) as large as possible, which, for a thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitter, requires both a large S1 →S0 radiative decay rate constant (kr S ) and a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST ). Here, the design of a class of tetradentate gold(III) TADF complexes for narrowing the ΔEST while keeping the kr S large is reported. The as-synthesized complexes display green emission with close to unity emission quantum yields, and kr approaching 2 × 106 s-1 in thin films. The vacuum-deposited green OLEDs based on 1 and 4 demonstrate maximum EQEs of up to 24 and 27% with efficiency roll-offs of 5.5 and 2.2% at 1000 cd m-2 , respectively; the EQEs maintain high at 10 000 cd m-2 (19% (1) and 24% (4)). A long LT90 device lifetime of 1820 h at 1000 cd m-2 for complex 1 is achieved, which is one of the longest device lifetimes of TADF-OLEDs reported in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Glenna So Ming Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Yu-Kan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dongge Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lili Du
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Jian-Rui Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Beaudelot J, Oger S, Peruško S, Phan TA, Teunens T, Moucheron C, Evano G. Photoactive Copper Complexes: Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16365-16609. [PMID: 36350324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed and photosensitized chemical processes have seen growing interest recently and have become among the most active areas of chemical research, notably due to their applications in fields such as medicine, chemical synthesis, material science or environmental chemistry. Among all homogeneous catalytic systems reported to date, photoactive copper(I) complexes have been shown to be especially attractive, not only as alternative to noble metal complexes, and have been extensively studied and utilized recently. They are at the core of this review article which is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of mononuclear copper(I) complexes, typical examples highlighting the most critical structural parameters and their impact on the properties being presented to enlighten future design of photoactive copper(I) complexes. The second section is devoted to their main areas of application (photoredox catalysis of organic reactions and polymerization, hydrogen production, photoreduction of carbon dioxide and dye-sensitized solar cells), illustrating their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art and showcasing how some limitations of photoactive copper(I) complexes can be overcome with their high versatility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tuan-Anh Phan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Titouan Teunens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Litvinova YM, Gayfulin YM, Sukhikh TS, Brylev KA, Mironov YV. Coordination Polymers Based on Rhenium Octahedral Chalcocyanide Cluster Anions and Ag + Cations with Bipyridine Analogs. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227684. [PMID: 36431785 PMCID: PMC9698110 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of six coordination polymers based on octahedral cluster anions [Re6Q8(CN)6]4- (Q = S or Se) and Ag+ cations coordinated by bipyridine analogs were synthesized under solvothermal conditions. Their structures have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 described by the general formula [{Ag(phen)}4Re6Q8(CN)6] (Q = Se (1), S (2); phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) exhibit layered structures assembled into a supramolecular network by CH…π contacts. At the same time, compounds [{Ag(bipym)}2Ag2Re6Se8(CN)6] (bipym = 2,2'-bipyrimidine) (3), [{Ag2(bipy)}Ag2Re6Se8(CN)6]·CH3CN (bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine) (4) and [{Ag(dpbp)}4Re6Q8(CN)6]·2H2O·2CH3CN (Q = Se (5), S (6); dpbp = 4,4'-Di(4-pyridyl)biphenyl)) evince framework structures. In 1, 2, 5 and 6 weak Ag⋯Ag interactions are observed. All the compounds show luminescence in the red region. The luminescence quantum yields and lifetimes were found to be notably higher than those for most of the coordination polymers based on the octahedral rhenium cluster complexes.
Collapse
|
47
|
Recent developments of photoactive Cu(I) and Ag(I) complexes with diphosphine and related ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
48
|
Wu X, Wang R, Liu S, Xu S, Ding H, Zhao F, Wu Y, Wang Y. Luminescence color tuning of the four-coordinate N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper(I) complexes with imidazolylidene ligand functionalized by thiazole/benzoxazole moiety. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
49
|
Wang R, Wu X, Wu Y, Wang J, Huang H, Wang Y, He H, Zhao F. A new class of deep blue emitting four-coordinate NHC-Cu(I) complexes bearing nonconjugated triazolyl-imidazolylidene-type ligand: Synthesis, photophysical properties and theoretical investigations. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
50
|
Muniz CN, Schaab J, Razgoniaev A, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. π-Extended Ligands in Two-Coordinate Coinage Metal Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17916-17928. [PMID: 36126274 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-coordinate carbene-MI-amide (cMa, MI = Cu, Ag, Au) complexes have emerged as highly efficient luminescent materials for use in a variety of photonic applications due to their extremely fast radiative rates through thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from an interligand charge transfer (ICT) process. A series of cMa derivatives was prepared to examine the variables that affect the radiative rate, with the goal of understanding the parameters that control the radiative TADF process in these materials. We find that blue-emissive complexes with high photoluminescence efficiencies (ΦPL > 0.95) and fast radiative rates (kr = 4 × 106 s-1) can be achieved by selectively extending the π-system of the carbene and amide ligands. Of note is the role played by the increased separation between the hole and electron in the ICT excited state. Analysis of temperature-dependent luminescence data and theoretical calculations indicate that the hole-electron separation exerts a primary effect on the energy gap between the lowest-energy singlet and triplet states (ΔEST) while keeping the radiative rate for the singlet state relatively unchanged. This interpretation provides guidelines for the design of new cMa derivatives with even faster radiative rates in addition to those with slower radiative rates and thus extended excited state lifetimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin N Muniz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jonas Schaab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anton Razgoniaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|