1
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Chan SC, Palone A, Bietti M, Costas M. tert-Butyl as a Functional Group: Non-Directed Catalytic Hydroxylation of Sterically Congested Primary C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402858. [PMID: 38688859 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The tert-butyl group is a common aliphatic motif extensively employed to implement steric congestion and conformational rigidity in organic and organometallic molecules. Because of the combination of a high bond dissociation energy (~100 kcal mol-1) and limited accessibility, in the absence of directing groups, neither radical nor organometallic approaches are effective for the chemical modification of tert-butyl C-H bonds. Herein we overcome these limits by employing a highly electrophilic manganese catalyst, [Mn(CF3bpeb)(OTf)2], that operates in the strong hydrogen bond donor solvent nonafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol (NFTBA) and catalytically activates hydrogen peroxide to generate a powerful manganese-oxo species that effectively oxidizes tert-butyl C-H bonds. Leveraging on the interplay of steric, electronic, medium and torsional effects, site-selective and product chemoselective hydroxylation of the tert-butyl group is accomplished with broad reaction scope, delivering primary alcohols as largely dominant products in preparative yields. Late-stage hydroxylation at tert-butyl sites is demonstrated on 6 densely functionalized molecules of pharmaceutical interest. This work uncovers a novel disconnection approach, harnessing tert-butyl as a potential functional group in strategic synthetic planning for complex molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Chung Chan
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Palone
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata"; Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Wu K, Lam N, Strassfeld DA, Fan Z, Qiao JX, Liu T, Stamos D, Yu JQ. Palladium (II)-Catalyzed C-H Activation with Bifunctional Ligands: From Curiosity to Industrialization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400509. [PMID: 38419352 PMCID: PMC11216193 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In 2001, our curiosity to understand the stereochemistry of C-H metalation with Pd prompted our first studies in Pd(II)-catalyzed asymmetric C-H activation (RSC Research appointment: 020 7451 2545, Grant: RG 36873, Dec. 2002). We identified four central challenges: 1. poor reactivity of simple Pd salts with native substrates; 2. few strategies to control site selectivity for remote C-H bonds; 3. the lack of chiral catalysts to achieve enantioselectivity via asymmetric C-H metalation, and 4. low practicality due to limited coupling partner scope and the use of specialized oxidants. These challenges necessitated new strategies in catalyst and reaction development. For reactivity, we developed approaches to enhance substrate-catalyst affinity together with novel bifunctional ligands which participate in and accelerate the C-H cleavage step. For site-selectivity, we introduced the concept of systematically modulating the distance and geometry between a directing template, catalyst, and substrate to selectively access remote C-H bonds. For enantioselectivity, we devised predictable stereomodels for catalyst-controlled enantioselective C-H activation based on the participation of bifunctional ligands. Finally, for practicality, we have developed varied catalytic manifolds for Pd(II) to accommodate diverse coupling partners while employing practical oxidants such as simple peroxides. These advances have culminated in numerous C-H activation reactions, setting the stage for broad industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nelson Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Daniel A Strassfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhoulong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer X Qiao
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Discovery Chemistry Research & Technology Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10290 Campus Point Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Dean Stamos
- Research & Development, Flagship Pioneering, 55 Cambridge Parkway Suite 800E, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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3
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Strassfeld DA, Chen CY, Park HS, Phan DQ, Yu JQ. Hydrogen-bond-acceptor ligands enable distal C(sp 3)-H arylation of free alcohols. Nature 2023; 622:80-86. [PMID: 37674074 PMCID: PMC11139439 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds in organic molecules is one of the most direct approaches for chemical synthesis. Recent advances in catalysis have allowed native chemical groups such as carboxylic acids, ketones and amines to control and direct C(sp3)-H activation1-4. However, alcohols, among the most common functionalities in organic chemistry5, have remained intractable because of their low affinity for late transition-metal catalysts6,7. Here we describe ligands that enable alcohol-directed arylation of δ-C(sp3)-H bonds. We use charge balance and a secondary-coordination-sphere hydrogen-bonding interaction-evidenced by structure-activity relationship studies, computational modelling and crystallographic data-to stabilize L-type hydroxyl coordination to palladium, thereby facilitating the assembly of the key C-H cleavage transition state. In contrast to previous studies in C-H activation, in which secondary interactions were used to control selectivity in the context of established reactivity8-13, this report demonstrates the feasibility of using secondary interactions to enable challenging, previously unknown reactivity by enhancing substrate-catalyst affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chia-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Han Seul Park
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D Quang Phan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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4
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Zhang Y, Zhang S, Liang C, Shi J, Ji L. Sequential-Stimuli Induced Stepwise-Response of Pyridylpyrenes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302732. [PMID: 37203431 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials, especially multi-stimuli-responsive materials, can sense external stimuli such as light, heat, and force, have shown great potential in drug delivery, data storage, encryption, energy-harvesting, and artificial intelligence. Conventional multi-stimuli-responsive materials are sensitive to each independent stimulus, causing losses in the diversity and accuracy of the identification for practical application. Herein, a unique phenomenon of sequential-stimuli induced stepwise-response generated from elaborately designed single-component organic materials is reported, which shows large bathochromic shifts up to 5800 cm-1 under sequential stimuli of force and light. In contrast to multi-stimuli-responsive materials, the response of these materials strictly relies on the sequence of stimuli, allowing logicality, rigidity, and accuracy to be integrated into one single-component material. The molecular keypad lock is built based on these materials, pointing promising to a future for this logical response in significant practical applications. This breakthrough gives a new drive to classical stimuli-responsiveness and provides a fundamental design strategy for new generations of high-performance stimuli-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Junqing Shi
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Lei Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, China
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5
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Docherty JH, Lister TM, Mcarthur G, Findlay MT, Domingo-Legarda P, Kenyon J, Choudhary S, Larrosa I. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C-H Bond Activation for the Formation of C-C Bonds in Complex Molecules. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37163671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Site-predictable and chemoselective C-H bond functionalization reactions offer synthetically powerful strategies for the step-economic diversification of both feedstock and fine chemicals. Many transition-metal-catalyzed methods have emerged for the selective activation and functionalization of C-H bonds. However, challenges of regio- and chemoselectivity have emerged with application to highly complex molecules bearing significant functional group density and diversity. As molecular complexity increases within molecular structures the risks of catalyst intolerance and limited applicability grow with the number of functional groups and potentially Lewis basic heteroatoms. Given the abundance of C-H bonds within highly complex and already diversified molecules such as pharmaceuticals, natural products, and materials, design and selection of reaction conditions and tolerant catalysts has proved critical for successful direct functionalization. As such, innovations within transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization for the direct formation of carbon-carbon bonds have been discovered and developed to overcome these challenges and limitations. This review highlights progress made for the direct metal-catalyzed C-C bond forming reactions including alkylation, methylation, arylation, and olefination of C-H bonds within complex targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Docherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Lister
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Mcarthur
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Findlay
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Domingo-Legarda
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Kenyon
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Larrosa
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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6
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Xie T, Chen L, Shen Z, Xu S. Simple Ether-Directed Enantioselective C(sp 3 )-H Borylation of Cyclopropanes Enabled by Iridium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300199. [PMID: 36762972 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Reported here is an efficient and simple ether-directed iridium-catalyzed enantioselective C(sp3 )-H borylation of cyclopropanes. Various functional groups were well-tolerated, affording a vast array of chiral cyclopropanes with high enantioselectivities. We also demonstrated that the turnover numbers of the current reaction could be up to 335.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lili Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhenlu Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Senmiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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7
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Chernykh AV, Kudryk OV, Olifir OS, Dobrydnev AV, Rusanov E, Moskvina VS, Volochnyuk DM, Grygorenko OO. Expanding the Chemical Space of 1,2-Difunctionalized Cyclobutanes. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36780233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach to the synthesis of previously unavailable or hardly accessible 1,2-difunctionalized cyclobutanes (mostly with NH2/NHBoc, OH, SH, or SO2F groups attached to the carbocycle either directly or via a CH2 unit) relying on the divergent strategy is described. This class of compounds provides sp3-enriched and conformationally restricted building blocks that are of special demand for medicinal chemistry. The target compounds were prepared not only as pure racemic (±)-cis- and (±)-trans-diastereomers but in some cases also as single enantiomers. The developed procedures are readily scaled up and allow obtaining the target compounds on an up to hundred-gram scale. On the basis of the results of 20 X-ray diffraction experiments, structural characterization of the 1,2-difunctionalized cyclobutane core was performed using the extended Cremer-Pople puckering parameters and exit vector (EVP) plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V Chernykh
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr V Kudryk
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr S Olifir
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry at National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademik Kukhar Street 1, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Alexey V Dobrydnev
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Eduard Rusanov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry at National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademik Kukhar Street 5, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Viktoriia S Moskvina
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine.,V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry at National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademik Kukhar Street 1, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine.,Institute of Organic Chemistry at National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademik Kukhar Street 5, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
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8
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Sims HS, Dai M. Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylations: Application in Complex Natural Product Total Synthesis and Recent Developments. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4925-4941. [PMID: 36705327 PMCID: PMC10127288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide is a cheap and abundant C1 building block that can be readily incorporated into organic molecules to rapidly build structural complexity. In this Perspective, we outline several recent (since 2015) examples of palladium-catalyzed carbonylations in streamlining complex natural product total synthesis and highlight the strategic importance of these carbonylation reactions in the corresponding synthesis. The selected examples include spinosyn A, callyspongiolide, perseanol, schizozygane alkaloids, cephanolides, and bisdehydroneostemoninine and related stemona alkaloids. We also provide our perspective about the recent advancements and future developments of palladium-catalyzed carbonylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter S Sims
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
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9
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Tian Q, Yin X, Sun R, Wu X, Li Y. The lower the better: Efficient carbonylative reactions under atmospheric pressure of carbon monoxide. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Garlets ZJ, Boni YT, Sharland JC, Kirby PR, Fu J, Bacsa J, Davies HML. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Extended C4-Symmetric Dirhodium Tetracarboxylate Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022; 12:10841-10848. [PMID: 37274599 PMCID: PMC10237630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and evaluation of six C4-symmetric bowl-shaped dirhodium tetracarboxylate catalysts are described. These elaborate high symmetry catalysts are readily generated by means of the self-assembly of four C1-symmetric ligands around the dirhodium core. These catalysts are capable of highly site-selective, diastereoselective and enantioselective C-H functionalization reactions by means of donor/acceptor carbene-induced C-H insertions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Garlets
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Yannick T Boni
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jack C Sharland
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Parker R Kirby
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jiantao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - John Bacsa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Huw M L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322
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11
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Garlets ZJ, Boni YT, Sharland JC, Kirby RP, Fu J, Bacsa J, Davies HML. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Extended C 4–Symmetric Dirhodium Tetracarboxylate Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Garlets
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yannick T. Boni
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jack C. Sharland
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Randall P. Kirby
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jiantao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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12
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Boni YT, Cammarota RC, Liao K, Sigman MS, Davies HML. Leveraging Regio- and Stereoselective C(sp 3)-H Functionalization of Silyl Ethers to Train a Logistic Regression Classification Model for Predicting Site-Selectivity Bias. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15549-15561. [PMID: 35977100 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The C-H functionalization of silyl ethers via carbene-induced C-H insertion represents an efficient synthetic disconnection strategy. In this work, site- and stereoselective C(sp3)-H functionalization at α, γ, δ, and even more distal positions to the siloxy group has been achieved using donor/acceptor carbene intermediates. By exploiting the predilections of Rh2(R-TCPTAD)4 and Rh2(S-2-Cl-5-BrTPCP)4 catalysts to target either more electronically activated or more spatially accessible C-H sites, respectively, divergent desired products can be formed with good diastereocontrol and enantiocontrol. Notably, the reaction can also be extended to enable desymmetrization of meso silyl ethers. Leveraging the broad substrate scope examined in this study, we have trained a machine learning classification model using logistic regression to predict the major C-H functionalization site based on intrinsic substrate reactivity and catalyst propensity for overriding it. This model enables prediction of the major product when applying these C-H functionalization methods to a new substrate of interest. Applying this model broadly, we have demonstrated its utility for guiding late-stage functionalization in complex settings and developed an intuitive visualization tool to assist synthetic chemists in such endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick T Boni
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ryan C Cammarota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kuangbiao Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Huw M L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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13
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichang Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
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15
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16
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Fang D, Zhang Y, Chen Y. Radical C(sp 3)–H Heck-type Reaction of N-Alkoxybenzimidoyl Chlorides with Styrenes to Construct Alkenols. Org Lett 2022; 24:2050-2054. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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17
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Babu SA, Aggarwal Y, Patel P, Tomar R. Diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed functionalization of prochiral C(sp 3)-H bonds of aliphatic and alicyclic compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2612-2633. [PMID: 35113087 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05649b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We highlight the reported developments of the palladium-catalyzed C-H activation and functionalization of the inactive/unreactive prochiral C(sp3)-H bonds of aliphatic and alicyclic compounds. There exist numerous classical methods for generating contiguous stereogenic centers in a compound with a high degree of stereocontrol. Along similar lines, the Pd(II)-catalyzed, directing group-aided functionalization of inactive prochiral/diastereotopic C(sp3)-H bonds have been exploited to accomplish the stereoselective construction of stereo-arrays in organic compounds. We present a concise discussion on how specific strategies consisting of Pd(II)-catalyzed, directing group-aided C(sp3)-H functionalization have been utilized to generate two or more stereogenic centers in aliphatic and alicyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Arulananda Babu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Yashika Aggarwal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Pooja Patel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Radha Tomar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
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18
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Liu B, Romine AM, Rubel CZ, Engle KM, Shi BF. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed, Coordination-Assisted Functionalization of Nonactivated C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14957-15074. [PMID: 34714620 PMCID: PMC8968411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed, coordination-assisted C(sp3)-H functionalization has revolutionized synthetic planning over the past few decades as the use of these directing groups has allowed for increased access to many strategic positions in organic molecules. Nonetheless, several challenges remain preeminent, such as the requirement for high temperatures, the difficulty in removing or converting directing groups, and, although many metals provide some reactivity, the difficulty in employing metals outside of palladium. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of coordination-assisted, transition-metal-catalyzed, direct functionalization of nonactivated C(sp3)-H bonds by covering the literature since 2004 in order to demonstrate the current state-of-the-art methods as well as the current limitations. For clarity, this review has been divided into nine sections by the transition metal catalyst with subdivisions by the type of bond formation. Synthetic applications and reaction mechanism are discussed where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Rd., Hangzhou 310027, China.,College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Andrew M. Romine
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Camille Z. Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Corresponding Author- (K. M. E.); (B.-F. S.)
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Rd., Hangzhou 310027, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China,Corresponding Author- (K. M. E.); (B.-F. S.)
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19
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Sinha SK, Guin S, Maiti S, Biswas JP, Porey S, Maiti D. Toolbox for Distal C-H Bond Functionalizations in Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5682-5841. [PMID: 34662117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C-H activation has developed a contemporary approach to the omnipresent area of retrosynthetic disconnection. Scientific researchers have been tempted to take the help of this methodology to plan their synthetic discourses. This paradigm shift has helped in the development of industrial units as well, making the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical drugs step-economical. In the vast zone of C-H bond activation, the functionalization of proximal C-H bonds has gained utmost popularity. Unlike the activation of proximal C-H bonds, the distal C-H functionalization is more strenuous and requires distinctly specialized techniques. In this review, we have compiled various methods adopted to functionalize distal C-H bonds, mechanistic insights within each of these procedures, and the scope of the methodology. With this review, we give a complete overview of the expeditious progress the distal C-H activation has made in the field of synthetic organic chemistry while also highlighting its pitfalls, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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20
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Zhuang Z, Herron AN, Yu J. Synthesis of Cyclic Anhydrides via Ligand‐Enabled C–H Carbonylation of Simple Aliphatic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Alastair N. Herron
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jin‐Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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21
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Zhuang Z, Herron AN, Yu JQ. Synthesis of Cyclic Anhydrides via Ligand-Enabled C-H Carbonylation of Simple Aliphatic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16382-16387. [PMID: 33977635 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of C(sp3 )-H functionalizations of free carboxylic acids has provided a wide range of versatile C-C and C-Y (Y=heteroatom) bond-forming reactions. Additionally, C-H functionalizations have lent themselves to the one-step preparation of a number of valuable synthetic motifs that are often difficult to prepare through conventional methods. Herein, we report a β- or γ-C(sp3 )-H carbonylation of free carboxylic acids using Mo(CO)6 as a convenient solid CO source and enabled by a bidentate ligand, leading to convenient syntheses of cyclic anhydrides. Among these, the succinic anhydride products are versatile stepping stones for the mono-selective introduction of various functional groups at the β position of the parent acids by decarboxylative functionalizations, thus providing a divergent strategy to synthesize a myriad of carboxylic acids inaccessible by previous β-C-H activation reactions. The enantioselective carbonylation of free cyclopropanecarboxylic acids has also been achieved using a chiral bidentate thioether ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alastair N Herron
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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22
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Talukdar K, Sarkar T, Roy S, Punniyamurthy T. Pd-Catalyzed sp 3 C-H alkoxycarbonylation of 8-methylquinolines using Mo(CO) 6 as a CO surrogate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3359-3362. [PMID: 33666212 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00465d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A Pd(ii)-catalyzed three-component sp3 C-H alkoxycarbonylation of 8-methylquinonlines (8-MQs) with alcohols is accomplished using the colorless crystalline Mo(CO)6 as a CO source. The protocol is compatible with a wide range of 8-MQs and alcohols, furnishing the carbonylated adducts in moderate to good yields. The substrate scope, functional group tolerance and natural product mutation are the important practical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkan Talukdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
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23
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Suseelan AS, Dutta A, Lahiri GK, Maiti D. Organopalladium Intermediates in Coordination-Directed C(sp3)-H Functionalizations. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Bhattacharya T, Ghosh A, Maiti D. Hexafluoroisopropanol: the magical solvent for Pd-catalyzed C-H activation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3857-3870. [PMID: 34163654 PMCID: PMC8179444 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06937j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among numerous solvents available for chemical transformations, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (popularly known as HFIP) has attracted enough attention of the scientific community in recent years. Several unique features of HFIP compared to its non-fluoro analogue isopropanol have helped this solvent to make a difference in various subdomains of organic chemistry. One such area is transition metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization reactions. While, on one side, HFIP is emerging as a green and sustainable deep eutectic solvent (DES), on the other side, a major proportion of Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization is heavily relying on this solvent. In particular, for distal aromatic C-H functionalizations, the exceptional impact of HFIP to elevate the yield and selectivity has made this solvent irreplaceable. Recent research studies have also highlighted the H-bond-donating ability of HFIP to enhance the chiral induction in Pd-catalyzed atroposelective C-H activation. This perspective aims to portray different shades of HFIP as a magical solvent in Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai Maharashtra 400076 India
| | - Animesh Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai Maharashtra 400076 India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai Maharashtra 400076 India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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25
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Song KL, Wu B, Gan WE, Yang WC, Chen XB, Cao J, Xu LW. Palladium-catalyzed gaseous CO-free carbonylative C–C bond activation of cyclobutanones. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00467k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed carbonylative C–C bond activation reaction of cyclobutanones is reported, and it affords a variety of indanones bearing ester or amide groups using phenyl formate and benzene-1,3,5-triyl triformate as CO surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Long Song
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Wan-Er Gan
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Wan-Chun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
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26
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Ashraf MA, Liu Z, Li C, Zhang D. Recent advances in catalytic silylation of hydroxyl‐bearing compounds: A green technique for protection of alcohols using Si–O bond formations. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf
- School of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
- School of Environmental Studies China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Zhenling Liu
- School of Management Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Dangquan Zhang
- School of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
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27
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Gou Q, Yuan B, Ran M, Ren J, Zhang MZ, Tan X, Yuan T, Zhang X. C(sp 3)-H Monoarylation of Methanol Enabled by a Bidentate Auxiliary. Org Lett 2020; 23:118-123. [PMID: 33351637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the assistance of a practical directing group (COAQ), the first catalytic protocol for the palladium-catalyzed C(sp3)-H monoarylation of methanol has been developed, offering an invaluable synthesis means to establish extensive derivatives of crucial arylmethanol functional fragments. Furthermore, the gram-scale reaction, broad substrate scope, excellent functional group compatibility, and even the practical synthesis of medicines further demonstrate the usefulness of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Binfang Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Man Ran
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Jian Ren
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Ming-Zhong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Xiaoping Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Tengrui Yuan
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
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28
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Das J, Guin S, Maiti D. Diverse strategies for transition metal catalyzed distal C(sp 3)-H functionalizations. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10887-10909. [PMID: 34094339 PMCID: PMC8162984 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04676k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C(sp3)-H functionalization is a rapidly growing field. Despite severe challenges, distal C-H functionalizations of aliphatic molecules by overriding proximal positions have witnessed tremendous progress. While usage of stoichiometric directing groups played a crucial role, reactions with catalytic transient directing groups or methods without any directing groups are gaining more attention due to their practicality. Various innovative strategies, slowly but steadily, circumvented issues related to remote functionalizations of aliphatic molecules. A systematic compilation has been presented here to provide insights into the recent developments and future challenges in the field. The Present perspective is expected to open up a new dimension and provide an avenue for deep insights into the distal C(sp3)-H functionalizations that could be applied routinely in various pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayabrata Das
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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29
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Čarný T, Rocaboy R, Clemenceau A, Baudoin O. Synthesis of Amides and Esters by Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Carbonylative C(sp
3
)−H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Čarný
- Slovak University of Technology Department of Organic Chemistry Radlinského 9 81237 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ronan Rocaboy
- University of Basel Department of Chemistry St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Antonin Clemenceau
- University of Basel Department of Chemistry St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- University of Basel Department of Chemistry St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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30
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Čarný T, Rocaboy R, Clemenceau A, Baudoin O. Synthesis of Amides and Esters by Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Carbonylative C(sp
3
)−H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18980-18984. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Čarný
- Slovak University of Technology Department of Organic Chemistry Radlinského 9 81237 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ronan Rocaboy
- University of Basel Department of Chemistry St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Antonin Clemenceau
- University of Basel Department of Chemistry St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- University of Basel Department of Chemistry St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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31
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Goonesinghe C, Roshandel H, Diaz C, Jung HJ, Nyamayaro K, Ezhova M, Mehrkhodavandi P. Cationic indium catalysts for ring opening polymerization: tuning reactivity with hemilabile ligands. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6485-6491. [PMID: 34094114 PMCID: PMC8159295 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01291b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a comprehensive study of the effects of rationally designed hemilabile ligands on the stability, reactivity, and change in catalytic behavior of indium complexes. We report cationic alkyl indium complexes supported by a family of hemi-salen type ligands bearing hemilabile thiophenyl (2a), furfuryl (2b) and pyridyl (2c) pendant donor arms. Shelf-life and stability of these complexes followed the trend 2a < 2b < 2c, showing direct correlation to the affinity of the pendant donor group to the indium center. Reactivity towards polymerization of epichlorohydrin and cyclohexene oxide followed the trend 2a > 2b > 2c with control of polymerization following an inverse relationship to reactivity. Surprisingly, 2c polymerized racemic lactide without an external initiator, likely through an alkyl-initiated coordination-insertion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hootan Roshandel
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Carlos Diaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Hyuk-Joon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Kudzanai Nyamayaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Maria Ezhova
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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32
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Xia G, Zhuang Z, Liu LY, Schreiber SL, Melillo B, Yu JQ. Ligand-Enabled β-Methylene C(sp 3 )-H Arylation of Masked Aliphatic Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7783-7787. [PMID: 32050036 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances, reactivity and site-selectivity remain significant obstacles for the practical application of C(sp3 )-H bond functionalization methods. Here, we describe a system that combines a salicylic-aldehyde-derived L,X-type directing group with an electron-deficient 2-pyridone ligand to enable the β-methylene C(sp3 )-H arylation of aliphatic alcohols, which has not been possible previously. Notably, this protocol is compatible with heterocycles embedded in both alcohol substrates and aryl coupling partners. A site- and stereo-specific annulation of dihydrocholesterol and the synthesis of a key intermediate of englitazone illustrate the practicality of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqin Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Luo-Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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33
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Xia G, Zhuang Z, Liu L, Schreiber SL, Melillo B, Yu J. Ligand‐Enabled β‐Methylene C(sp
3
)−H Arylation of Masked Aliphatic Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqin Xia
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Luo‐Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Jin‐Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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34
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Wang S, Li X, Zang J, Liu M, Zhang S, Jiang G, Ji F. Palladium-Catalyzed Multistep Tandem Carbonylation/N-Dealkylation/Carbonylation Reaction: Access to Isatoic Anhydrides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2672-2679. [PMID: 31887040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient synthesis of isatoic anhydride derivatives was developed via palladium-catalyzed multistep tandem carbonylation/N-dealkylation/carbonylation reaction with alkyl as the leaving group and tertiary anilines as nitrogen nucleophiles. This approach features good functional group compatibility and readily available starting materials. Furthermore, it provided a convenient approach for the synthesis of biologically and medicinally useful evodiamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoucai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Xuan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Jiawang Zang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Meichen Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Guangbin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Fanghua Ji
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
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35
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Liu M, Niu JL, Yang D, Song MP. Development of a Traceless Directing Group: Cp*-Free Cobalt-Catalyzed C–H Activation/Annulations to Access Isoquinolinones. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4067-4078. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Liu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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36
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Zhu C, Liu J, Li MB, Bäckvall JE. Palladium-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenative carbonylation reactions using carbon monoxide and mechanistic overviews. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:341-353. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00397e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide, which is an abundant and inexpensive carbonyl source, has been widely applied to synthesize carbonyl-containing compounds, for example ketones, esters, and amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhu
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Man-Bo Li
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Jan-E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
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37
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Short MA, Blackburn JM, Roizen JL. Modifying Positional Selectivity in C-H Functionalization Reactions with Nitrogen-Centered Radicals: Generalizable Approaches to 1,6-Hydrogen-Atom Transfer Processes. Synlett 2020; 31:102-116. [PMID: 33986583 PMCID: PMC8115226 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1691501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-centered radicals are powerful reaction intermediates owing in part to their ability to guide position-selective C(sp3)-H functionalization reactions. Typically, these reactive species dictate the site of functionalization by preferentially engaging in 1,5-hydrogen-atom transfer (1,5-HAT) processes. Broadly relevant approaches to alter the site-selectivity of HAT pathways would be valuable because they could be paired with a variety of tactics to install diverse functional groups. Yet, until recently, there have been no generalizable strategies to modify the position-selectivity observed in these HAT processes. This Synpacts article reviews transformations in which nitrogen-centered radicals preferentially react through 1,6-HAT pathways. Specific attention will be focused on strategies that employ alcohol- and amine-anchored sulfamate esters and sulfamides as templates to achieve otherwise rare γ-selective functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Short
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0354, USA
| | - J. Miles Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0354, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Roizen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0354, USA
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