1
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Liu P, Tseng YL, Ge L, Zeng T, Shabat D, Robb MJ. Mechanically Triggered Bright Chemiluminescence from Polymers by Exploiting a Synergy between Masked 2-Furylcarbinol Mechanophores and 1,2-Dioxetane Chemiluminophores. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22151-22156. [PMID: 39078378 PMCID: PMC11328125 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Mechanoluminescence, or the generation of light from materials under external force, is a powerful tool for biology and materials science. However, direct mechanoluminescence from polymers remains limited. Here, we report a novel design strategy for mechanoluminescent polymers that leverages the synergy between a masked 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore for mechanically triggered release and an adamantylidene-phenoxy-1,2-dioxetane chemiluminophore payload. Ultrasound-induced mechanochemical activation of polymers, in both organic and aqueous solutions, triggers a cascade reaction that ultimately results in bright green light emission. This novel strategy capitalizes on the modularity of the masked 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore system in combination with advances in the design of exceptionally bright and highly tunable adamantylidene-1,2-dioxetane chemiluminophores. We anticipate that this chemistry will enable diverse applications in optoelectronics, sensing, bioimaging, optogenetics, and many other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yu-Ling Tseng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Liang Ge
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Doron Shabat
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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2
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Wang ZJ, Wang S, Jiang J, Hu Y, Nakajima T, Maeda S, Craig SL, Gong JP. Effect of the Activation Force of Mechanophore on Its Activation Selectivity and Efficiency in Polymer Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13336-13346. [PMID: 38697646 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, more than 100 different mechanophores with a broad range of activation forces have been developed. For various applications of mechanophores in polymer materials, it is crucial to selectively activate the mechanophores with high efficiency, avoiding nonspecific bond scission of the material. In this study, we embedded cyclobutane-based mechanophore cross-linkers (I and II) with varied activation forces (fa) in the first network of the double network hydrogels and quantitively investigated the activation selectivity and efficiency of these mechanophores. Our findings revealed that cross-linker I, with a lower activation force relative to the bonds in the polymer main chain (fa-I/fa-chain = 0.8 nN/3.4 nN), achieved efficient activation with 100% selectivity. Conversely, an increase of the activation force of mechanophore II (fa-II/fa-chain = 2.5 nN/3.4 nN) led to a significant decrease of its activation efficiency, accompanied by a substantial number of nonspecific bond scission events. Furthermore, with the coexistence of two cross-linkers, significantly different activation forces resulted in the almost complete suppression of the higher-force one (i.e., I and III, fa-I/fa-III = 0.8 nN/3.4 nN), while similar activation forces led to simultaneous activations with moderate efficiencies (i.e., I and IV, fa-I/fa-IV = 0.8 nN/1.6 nN). These findings provide insights into the prevention of nonspecific bond rupture during mechanophore activation and enhance our understanding of the damage mechanism within polymer networks when using mechanophores as detectors. Besides, it establishes a principle for combining different mechanophores to design multiple mechanoresponsive functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Jian Wang
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Julong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Tasuku Nakajima
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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3
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Fu X, Hu X. Ultrasound-Controlled Prodrug Activation: Emerging Strategies in Polymer Mechanochemistry and Sonodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38698527 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound has gained prominence in biomedical applications due to its noninvasive nature and ability to penetrate deep tissue with spatial and temporal resolution. The burgeoning field of ultrasound-responsive prodrug systems exploits the mechanical and chemical effects of ultrasonication for the controlled activation of prodrugs. In polymer mechanochemistry, materials scientists exploit the sonomechanical effect of acoustic cavitation to mechanochemically activate force-sensitive prodrugs. On the other hand, researchers in the field of sonodynamic therapy adopt fundamentally distinct methodologies, utilizing the sonochemical effect (e.g., generation of reactive oxygen species) of ultrasound in the presence of sonosensitizers to induce chemical transformations that activate prodrugs. This cross-disciplinary review comprehensively examines these two divergent yet interrelated approaches, both of which originated from acoustic cavitation. It highlights molecular and materials design strategies and potential applications in diverse therapeutic contexts, from chemotherapy to immunotherapy and gene therapy methods, and discusses future directions in this rapidly advancing domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuancheng Fu
- Department of Chemistry, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Department of Chemistry, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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4
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Sun Y, Neary WJ, Huang X, Kouznetsova TB, Ouchi T, Kevlishvili I, Wang K, Chen Y, Kulik HJ, Craig SL, Moore JS. A Thermally Stable SO 2-Releasing Mechanophore: Facile Activation, Single-Event Spectroscopy, and Molecular Dynamic Simulations. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10943-10952. [PMID: 38581383 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising candidates as next-generation on-demand delivery systems. Despite advancements in the development of mechanophores for releasing diverse payloads through careful molecular design, the availability of scaffolds capable of discharging biomedically significant cargos in substantial quantities remains scarce. In this report, we detail a nonscissile mechanophore built from an 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octane 8,8-dioxide (TBO) motif that releases one equivalent of sulfur dioxide (SO2) from each repeat unit. The TBO mechanophore exhibits high thermal stability but is activated mechanochemically using solution ultrasonication in either organic solvent or aqueous media with up to 63% efficiency, equating to 206 molecules of SO2 released per 143.3 kDa chain. We quantified the mechanochemical reactivity of TBO by single-molecule force spectroscopy and resolved its single-event activation. The force-coupled rate constant for TBO opening reaches ∼9.0 s-1 at ∼1520 pN, and each reaction of a single TBO domain releases a stored length of ∼0.68 nm. We investigated the mechanism of TBO activation using ab initio steered molecular dynamic simulations and rationalized the observed stereoselectivity. These comprehensive studies of the TBO mechanophore provide a mechanically coupled mechanism of multi-SO2 release from one polymer chain, facilitating the translation of polymer mechanochemistry to potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William J Neary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kecheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yingying Chen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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5
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Zhu G, Zhang Q, Yu T, Chen J, Hu R, Yang G, Zeng Y, Li Y. Multiple Force-Triggered Downconverted and Upconverted Emission in Polymers Containing Diels-Alder Adducts. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202301147. [PMID: 38334040 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent mechanophores can indicate the deformation or damage in polymers. The development of mechanophores with multi-triggered response is of great interest. Herein, Diels-Alder (DA) adducts are incorporated into linear poly(methyl acrylate) PMA-BA and network poly(hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) as mechanophores to detect the stress caused by ultrasound, freezing, and compression. The DA mechanophores undergo retro-DA reaction to release 9-styrylanthracene chromophore upon applying force, resulting in cyan fluorescence. The dissociation ratio of the DA mechanophore after pulsed ultrasonication of PMA-BA solution for 240 minutes is estimated to be 52 % by absorption spectra and 1H NMR. Additionally, the rate constant of mechanical cleavage is calculated to be 1.2×10-4 min-1⋅kDa-1 with the decrease in molecular weight from 69 to 22 kDa measured by gel permeation chromatography. Freezing of PHMA gels as well as compression of PHMA bulk samples turn-on the DA mechanophores, revealing the microscale fracture. Photon upconversion responses toward various force stimuli are also achieved in both polymer solutions and bulk samples by doping platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) or palladium meso-tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin (PdTPTBP) sensitizers with multiple excitation wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
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6
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Padula D. A Computational Perspective on the Reactivity of π-spacers in Self-Immolative Elimination Reactions. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400010. [PMID: 38407472 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The controlled release of chemicals, especially in drug delivery, is crucial, often employing "self-immolative" spacers to enhance reliability. These spacers separate the payload from the protecting group, ensuring a more controlled release. Over the years, design rules have been proposed to improve the elimination process's reaction rate by modifying spacers with electron-donating groups or reducing their aromaticity. The spacer design is critical for determining the range of functional groups released during this process. This study explores various strategies from the literature aimed at improving release rates, focusing on the electronic nature of the spacer, its aromaticity, the electronic nature of its substituents, and the leaving groups involved in the elimination reaction. Through computational analysis, I investigate activation free energies by identifying transition states for model reactions. My calculations align qualitatively with experimental results, demonstrating the feasibility and reliability of computationally pre-screening model self-immolative eliminations. This approach allows proposing optimal combinations of spacer and leaving group for achieving the highest possible release rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Padula
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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7
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Chen L, Nixon R, De Bo G. Force-controlled release of small molecules with a rotaxane actuator. Nature 2024; 628:320-325. [PMID: 38600268 PMCID: PMC11006608 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Force-controlled release of small molecules offers great promise for the delivery of drugs and the release of healing or reporting agents in a medical or materials context1-3. In polymer mechanochemistry, polymers are used as actuators to stretch mechanosensitive molecules (mechanophores)4. This technique has enabled the release of molecular cargo by rearrangement, as a direct5,6 or indirect7-10 consequence of bond scission in a mechanophore, or by dissociation of cage11, supramolecular12 or metal complexes13,14, and even by 'flex activation'15,16. However, the systems described so far are limited in the diversity and/or quantity of the molecules released per stretching event1,2. This is due to the difficulty in iteratively activating scissile mechanophores, as the actuating polymers will dissociate after the first activation. Physical encapsulation strategies can be used to deliver a larger cargo load, but these are often subject to non-specific (that is, non-mechanical) release3. Here we show that a rotaxane (an interlocked molecule in which a macrocycle is trapped on a stoppered axle) acts as an efficient actuator to trigger the release of cargo molecules appended to its axle. The release of up to five cargo molecules per rotaxane actuator was demonstrated in solution, by ultrasonication, and in bulk, by compression, achieving a release efficiency of up to 71% and 30%, respectively, which places this rotaxane device among the most efficient release systems achieved so far1. We also demonstrate the release of three representative functional molecules (a drug, a fluorescent tag and an organocatalyst), and we anticipate that a large variety of cargo molecules could be released with this device. This rotaxane actuator provides a versatile platform for various force-controlled release applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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8
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Tseng YL, Zeng T, Robb MJ. Incorporation of a self-immolative spacer enables mechanically triggered dual payload release. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1472-1479. [PMID: 38274055 PMCID: PMC10806706 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06359c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymers that release functional small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising materials for a variety of applications including drug delivery, catalysis, and sensing. While many different mechanophores have been developed that enable the triggered release of a variety of small molecule payloads, most mechanophores are limited to one specific payload molecule. Here, we leverage the unique fragmentation of a 5-aryloxy-substituted 2-furylcarbinol derivative to design a novel mechanophore capable of the mechanically triggered release of two distinct cargo molecules. Critical to the mechanophore design is the incorporation of a self-immolative spacer to facilitate the release of a second payload. By varying the relative positions of each cargo molecule conjugated to the mechanophore, dual payload release occurs either concurrently or sequentially, demonstrating the ability to fine-tune the release profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Tseng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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9
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Zeng T, Ordner LA, Liu P, Robb MJ. Multimechanophore Polymers for Mechanically Triggered Small Molecule Release with Ultrahigh Payload Capacity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:95-100. [PMID: 38157405 PMCID: PMC10786027 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising for a variety of applications including drug delivery, catalysis, and sensing. While a number of mechanophores have been developed for the release of covalently bound payloads, existing strategies are either limited in cargo scope or, in the case of more general mechanophore designs, are restricted to the release of one or two cargo molecules per polymer chain. Herein, we introduce a nonscissile mechanophore based on a masked 2-furylcarbinol derivative that enables the preparation of multimechanophore polymers with ultrahigh payload capacity. We demonstrate that polymers prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization are capable of releasing hundreds of small-molecule payloads per polymer chain upon ultrasound-induced mechanochemical activation. This nonscissile masked 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore overcomes a major challenge in cargo loading capacity associated with previous 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore designs, enabling applications that benefit from much higher concentrations of delivered cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Liam A. Ordner
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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10
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Fu Q, Shen S, Sun P, Gu Z, Bai Y, Wang X, Liu Z. Bioorthogonal chemistry for prodrug activation in vivo. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7737-7772. [PMID: 37905601 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00889k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Prodrugs have emerged as a major strategy for addressing clinical challenges by improving drug pharmacokinetics, reducing toxicity, and enhancing treatment efficacy. The emergence of new bioorthogonal chemistry has greatly facilitated the development of prodrug strategies, enabling their activation through chemical and physical stimuli. This "on-demand" activation using bioorthogonal chemistry has revolutionized the research and development of prodrugs. Consequently, prodrug activation has garnered significant attention and emerged as an exciting field of translational research. This review summarizes the latest advancements in prodrug activation by utilizing bioorthogonal chemistry and mainly focuses on the activation of small-molecule prodrugs and antibody-drug conjugates. In addition, this review also discusses the opportunities and challenges of translating these advancements into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfeng Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Siyong Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Pengwei Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhi Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yifei Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xianglin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research of Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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11
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McFadden ME, Barber RW, Overholts AC, Robb MJ. Naphthopyran molecular switches and their emergent mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10041-10067. [PMID: 37772118 PMCID: PMC10530568 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03729k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Naphthopyran molecular switches undergo a ring-opening reaction upon external stimulation to generate intensely colored merocyanine dyes. Their unique modularity and synthetic accessibility afford exceptional control over their properties and stimuli-responsive behavior. Commercial applications of naphthopyrans as photoswitches in photochromic ophthalmic lenses have spurred an extensive body of work exploring naphthopyran-merocyanine structure-property relationships. The recently discovered mechanochromic behavior of naphthopyrans has led to their emergent application in the field of polymer mechanochemistry, enabling advances in the design of force-responsive materials as well as fundamental insights into mechanochemical reactivity. The structure-property relationships established in the photochemical literature serve as a convenient blueprint for the design of naphthopyran molecular force probes with precisely tuned properties. On the other hand, the mechanochemical reactivity of naphthopyran diverges in many cases from the conventional photochemical pathways, resulting in unexpected properties and opportunities for deeper understanding and innovation in polymer mechanochemistry. Here, we highlight the features of the naphthopyran scaffold that render it a powerful platform for the design of mechanochromic materials and review recent advances in naphthopyran mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E McFadden
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Ross W Barber
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Anna C Overholts
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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12
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Suwada K, Ieong AW, Lo HLH, De Bo G. Furan Release via Force-Promoted Retro-[4+2][3+2] Cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20782-20785. [PMID: 37713317 PMCID: PMC10540202 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanophores (mechanosensitive molecules) have been instrumental in the development of various force-controlled release systems. However, the release of functional organic molecules is often the consequence of a secondary (nonmechanical) process triggered by an initial bond scission. Here we present a new mechanophore, built around an oxanorbornane-triazoline core, that is able to release a furan molecule following a force-promoted double retro-[4+2][3+2] cycloaddition. We explored this unprecedented transformation experimentally (sonication) and computationally (DFT, CoGEF) and found that the observed reactivity is controlled by the geometry of the adduct, as this reaction pathway is only accessible to the endo-exo-cis isomer. These results further demonstrate the unique reactivity of molecules under tension and offer a new mechanism for the force-controlled release of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Suwada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Alice Weng Ieong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Hei Lok Herman Lo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
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13
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Yao Y, McFadden ME, Luo SM, Barber RW, Kang E, Bar-Zion A, Smith CAB, Jin Z, Legendre M, Ling B, Malounda D, Torres A, Hamza T, Edwards CER, Shapiro MG, Robb MJ. Remote control of mechanochemical reactions under physiological conditions using biocompatible focused ultrasound. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309822120. [PMID: 37725651 PMCID: PMC10523651 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309822120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
External control of chemical reactions in biological settings with spatial and temporal precision is a grand challenge for noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic applications. While light is a conventional stimulus for remote chemical activation, its penetration is severely attenuated in tissues, which limits biological applicability. On the other hand, ultrasound is a biocompatible remote energy source that is highly penetrant and offers a wide range of functional tunability. Coupling ultrasound to the activation of specific chemical reactions under physiological conditions, however, remains a challenge. Here, we describe a synergistic platform that couples the selective mechanochemical activation of mechanophore-functionalized polymers with biocompatible focused ultrasound (FUS) by leveraging pressure-sensitive gas vesicles (GVs) as acousto-mechanical transducers. The power of this approach is illustrated through the mechanically triggered release of covalently bound fluorogenic and therapeutic cargo molecules from polymers containing a masked 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore. Molecular release occurs selectively in the presence of GVs upon exposure to FUS under physiological conditions. These results showcase the viability of this system for enabling remote control of specific mechanochemical reactions with spatiotemporal precision in biologically relevant settings and demonstrate the translational potential of polymer mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Yao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Molly E. McFadden
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Stella M. Luo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Ross W. Barber
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Elin Kang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Avinoam Bar-Zion
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Cameron A. B. Smith
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Zhiyang Jin
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Mark Legendre
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Bill Ling
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Dina Malounda
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Andrea Torres
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Tiba Hamza
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Chelsea E. R. Edwards
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
- HHMI, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
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14
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Yang F, Geng T, Shen H, Kou Y, Xiao G, Zou B, Chen Y. Mechanochemical Release of Fluorophores from a "Flex-activated" Mechanophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308662. [PMID: 37565546 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical force probes that can release force-dependent and visualized signals with minimal changes in the polymer main chains under mechanical load are highly sought after but currently limited. In this study, we introduce a flex-activated mechanophore (FA) based on the Diels-Alder adduct of anthracene and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylatea that exhibits turn-on mechanofluorescence. We demonstrate that when FA is incorporated into polymer networks or in its crystalline state, it can release fluorescent anthracenes through a retro-Diels-Alder mechanochemical reaction under compression or hydrostatic high pressure, respectively. The flex-activated mechanism of FA is successfully confirmed. Furthermore, we systematically modulate the force delivered to the mechanophore by varying the crosslinking density of the networks and the applied macroscopic pressures. This modulation leads to incremental increases in mechanophore activation, successive release of anthracenes, and quantitative enhancement of fluorescence intensity. The exceptional potential of FA as a sensitive force probe in different bulk states is highlighted, benefiting from its unique flex-activated mode with highly emissive fluorophore releasing. Overall, this report enriches our understanding of the structures and functions of flex-activated mechanophores and polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecology-Toxicological Effects & Control for Emerging Contaminants, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Information Atlas, College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Putian University, Putian, 351100, P. R. China
| | - Ting Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hang Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yan Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Guanjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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15
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Das A, Datta A. Designing Site Specificity in the Mechanochemical Cargo Release of Small Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37291056 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical force can trigger the predictable and precise release of small molecules from macromolecular carriers. In this article, based on mechanochemical simulations, we show that norborn-2-en-7-one (NEO), I, and its derivatives can selectively release CO, N2, and SO2 and produce two distinctly different products, A ((3E,5Z,7E)-dimethyl-5,6-diphenyldeca-3,5,7-triene-1,10-diyl bis(2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate)) and B (4',5'-dimethyl-4',5'-dihydro-[1,1':2',1''-terphenyl]-3',6'-diyl)bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate). Site-specific design in the pulling points (PP) ensures that by changing the regioselectivity, either A or B can be exclusively generated. Controlling the rigidity of the NEO scaffold by replacing a 6-membered ring with an 8-membered ring and concomitantly tuning the pulling groups makes it mechanolabile toward the selective formation of B. The diradical intermediate formed during I → A is predicted to be persistent for ∼150 fs. The structural design holds the key to the trade-off between mechanochemical rigidity and lability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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16
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Willis-Fox N, Watchorn-Rokutan E, Rognin E, Daly R. Technology pull: scale-up of polymeric mechanochemical force sensors. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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17
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Ouchi T, Bowser BH, Kouznetsova TB, Zheng X, Craig SL. Strain-triggered acidification in a double-network hydrogel enabled by multi-functional transduction of molecular mechanochemistry. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:585-593. [PMID: 36484385 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that force-triggered mechanochemical reactions within a polymeric material are capable of inducing measurable changes in macroscopic material properties, but examples of bulk property changes without irreversible changes in shape or structure are rare. Here, we report a double-network hydrogel that undergoes order-of-magnitude increases in acidity when strained, while recovering its initial shape after large deformation. The enabling mechanophore design is a 2-methoxy-gem-dichlorocyclopropane mechanoacid that is gated within a fused methyl methoxycyclobutene carboxylate mechanophore structure. This gated mechanoacid is incorporated via radical co-polymerization into linear and network polymers. Sonication experiments confirm the mechanical release of HCl, and single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals enhanced single-molecular toughness in the covalent strand. These mechanochemical functions are incorporated into a double-network hydrogel, leading to mechanically robust and thermally stable materials that undergo strain-triggered acid release. Both quasi-static stretching and high strain rate uniaxial compression result in substantial acidification of the hydrogel, from pH ∼ 7 to ∼5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | - Brandon H Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | | | - Xujun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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18
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Cardosa-Gutierrez M, De Bo G, Duwez AS, Remacle F. Bond breaking of furan-maleimide adducts via a diradical sequential mechanism under an external mechanical force. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1263-1271. [PMID: 36756317 PMCID: PMC9891376 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Substituted furan-maleimide Diels-Alder adducts are bound by dynamic covalent bonds that make them particularly attractive mechanophores. Thermally activated [4 + 2] retro-Diels-Alder (DA) reactions predominantly proceed via a concerted mechanism in the ground electronic state. We show that an asymmetric mechanical force along the anchoring bonds in both the endo and exo isomers of proximal dimethyl furan-maleimide adducts favors a sequential pathway. The switching from a concerted to a sequential mechanism occurs at external forces of ≈1 nN. The first bond rupture occurs for a projection of the pulling force on the scissile bond at ≈4.3 nN for the exo adduct and ≈3.8 nN for the endo one. The reaction is inhibited for external forces up to ≈3.4 nN for the endo adduct and 3.6 nN for the exo one after which it is activated. In the activated region, at 4 nN, the rupture rate of the first bond for the endo adduct is computed to be ≈3 orders of magnitude larger than for the exo one in qualitative agreement with recent sonication experiments [Z. Wang and S. L. Craig, Chem. Commun., 2019, 55, 12263-12266]. In the intermediate region of the path between the rupture of the first and the second bond, the lowest singlet state exhibits a diradical character for both adducts and is close in energy to a diradical triplet state. The computed values of spin-orbit coupling along the path are too small for inducing intersystem crossings. These findings open the way for the rational design of DA mechanophores for polymer science and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Anne-Sophie Duwez
- UR Molecular Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Francoise Remacle
- UR Molecular Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
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19
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Küng R, Germann A, Krüsmann M, Niggemann LP, Meisner J, Karg M, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanoresponsive Metal-Organic Cage-Crosslinked Polymer Hydrogels. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300079. [PMID: 36715238 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation of metal-organic cage-crosslinked polymer hydrogels. To enable crosslinking of the cages and subsequent network formation, we used homodifunctionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains terminally substituted with bipyridines as ligands for the Pd6 L4 corners. The encapsulation of guest molecules into supramolecular self-assembled metal-organic cage-crosslinked hydrogels, as well as ultrasound-induced disassembly of the cages with release of their cargo, is presented in addition to their characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, rheology, and comprehensive small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. The constrained geometries simulating external force (CoGEF) method and barriers using a force-modified potential energy surface (FMPES) suggest that the cage-opening mechanism starts with the dissociation of one pyridine ligand at around 0.5 nN. We show the efficient sonochemical activation of the hydrogels HG3 -6 , increasing the non-covalent guest-loading of completely unmodified drugs available for release by a factor of ten in comparison to non-crosslinked, star-shaped assemblies in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne Germann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Krüsmann
- Institute for Physical Chemistry I: Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Louisa P Niggemann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Meisner
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Institute for Physical Chemistry I: Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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20
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Lloyd EM, Vakil JR, Yao Y, Sottos NR, Craig SL. Covalent Mechanochemistry and Contemporary Polymer Network Chemistry: A Marriage in the Making. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:751-768. [PMID: 36599076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the field of polymer mechanochemistry has amassed a toolbox of mechanophores that translate mechanical energy into a variety of functional responses ranging from color change to small-molecule release. These productive chemical changes typically occur at the length scale of a few covalent bonds (Å) but require large energy inputs and strains on the micro-to-macro scale in order to achieve even low levels of mechanophore activation. The minimal activation hinders the translation of the available chemical responses into materials and device applications. The mechanophore activation challenge inspires core questions at yet another length scale of chemical control, namely: What are the molecular-scale features of a polymeric material that determine the extent of mechanophore activation? Further, how do we marry advances in the chemistry of polymer networks with the chemistry of mechanophores to create stress-responsive materials that are well suited for an intended application? In this Perspective, we speculate as to the potential match between covalent polymer mechanochemistry and recent advances in polymer network chemistry, specifically, topologically controlled networks and the hierarchical material responses enabled by multi-network architectures and mechanically interlocked polymers. Both fundamental and applied opportunities unique to the union of these two fields are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Jafer R Vakil
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Yunxin Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
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21
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Hsu TG, Liu S, Guan X, Yoon S, Zhou J, Chen WY, Gaire S, Seylar J, Chen H, Wang Z, Rivera J, Wu L, Ziegler CJ, McKenzie R, Wang J. Mechanochemically accessing a challenging-to-synthesize depolymerizable polymer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:225. [PMID: 36641481 PMCID: PMC9840636 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers with low ceiling temperatures (Tc) are highly desirable as they can depolymerize under mild conditions, but they typically suffer from demanding synthetic conditions and poor stability. We envision that this challenge can be addressed by developing high-Tc polymers that can be converted into low-Tc polymers on demand. Here, we demonstrate the mechanochemical generation of a low-Tc polymer, poly(2,5-dihydrofuran) (PDHF), from an unsaturated polyether that contains cyclobutane-fused THF in each repeat unit. Upon mechanically induced cycloreversion of cyclobutane, each repeat unit generates three repeat units of PDHF. The resulting PDHF completely depolymerizes into 2,5-dihydrofuran in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst. The mechanochemical generation of the otherwise difficult-to-synthesize PDHF highlights the power of polymer mechanochemistry in accessing elusive structures. The concept of mechanochemically regulating the Tc of polymers can be applied to develop next-generation sustainable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Gang Hsu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Shiqi Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Xin Guan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Seiyoung Yoon
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Wei-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Sanjay Gaire
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Joshua Seylar
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Hanlin Chen
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Zeyu Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Jared Rivera
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Leyao Wu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Christopher J Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Ruel McKenzie
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Junpeng Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
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22
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Dynamic materials derived from biobased furans: towards the ‘sleeping giant’ awakening. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Hertel R, Maftuhin W, Walter M, Sommer M. Conformer Ring Flip Enhances Mechanochromic Performance of ansa-Donor-Acceptor-Donor Mechanochromic Torsional Springs. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21897-21907. [PMID: 36414534 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromophores based on conformational changes of donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) springs allow sensing of forces acting on polymer chains by monotonic changes of absorbance or photoluminescence (PL) wavelength. Here, we identify a series of thiophene (D)-flanked quinoxalines (A) as molecular torsional springs for force sensing in bulk polymers at room temperature. The mode of DAD linkage to the polymer matrix and linker rigidity are key parameters that influence the efficacy of force transduction to the DAD spring and thus mechanochromic response, as probed by in situ PL spectroscopy of bulk films during stress-strain experiments. The largest shift of the PL maximum, and thus the highest sensitivity, is obtained from an ansa-DAD spring exhibiting bridged D units and a stiff A linker. Using detailed spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, we reveal conformer redistribution in the form of a thiophene ring flip as the major part of the overall mechanochromic response. At forces as low as 27 pN at early stages of deformation, the ring flip precedes mechanically induced planarization of the ansa-DAD spring, the latter process producing a PL shift of 21 nm nN-1. Within the stress-strain diagram, the thiophene ring flip and DAD planarization are thus two separated processes that also cause irreversible and reversible mechanochromic responses, respectively, upon sample failure. As the thiophene ring flip requires much smaller forces than planarization of the DAD spring, such micromechanical motion gives access to sensing of tiny forces and expands both sensitivity and the force range of conformational mechanochromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Hertel
- Institute for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz09111, Germany
| | - Wafa Maftuhin
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79110, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Freiburg79110, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79110, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Freiburg79110, Germany.,Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC, Freiburg79108, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz09111, Germany
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24
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Ma P, Lai X, Luo Z, Chen Y, Loh XJ, Ye E, Li Z, Wu C, Wu YL. Recent advances in mechanical force-responsive drug delivery systems. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3462-3478. [PMID: 36134346 PMCID: PMC9400598 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00420h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical force responsive drug delivery systems (in terms of mechanical force induced chemical bond breakage or physical structure destabilization) have been recently explored to exhibit a controllable pharmaceutical release behaviour at a molecular level. In comparison with chemical or biological stimulus triggers, mechanical force is not only an external but also an internal stimulus which is closely related to the physiological status of patients. However, although this mechanical force stimulus might be one of the most promising and feasible sources to achieve on-demand pharmaceutical release, current research in this field is still limited. Hence, this tutorial review aims to comprehensively evaluate the recent advances in mechanical force-responsive drug delivery systems based on different types of mechanical force, in terms of direct stimulation by compressive, tensile, and shear force, or indirect/remote stimulation by ultrasound and a magnetic field. Furthermore, the exciting developments and current challenges in this field will also be discussed to provide a blueprint for potential clinical translational research of mechanical force-responsive drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panqin Ma
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Xiyu Lai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Ying Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) 2 Fusionopolis Way Innovis, #08-03 138634 Singapore
| | - Enyi Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) 2 Fusionopolis Way Innovis, #08-03 138634 Singapore
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) 2 Fusionopolis Way Innovis, #08-03 138634 Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2) Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR) Singapore 138634 Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore 9 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Caisheng Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Yun-Long Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
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25
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Tan M, Wang X, Xie T, Zhang Z, Shi Y, Li Y, Chen Y. Fluorogenic Mechanophore Based on Dithiomaleimide with Dual Responsiveness. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tong Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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26
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Husic CC, Hu X, Robb MJ. Incorporation of a Tethered Alcohol Enables Efficient Mechanically Triggered Release in Aprotic Environments. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:948-953. [PMID: 35816562 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising for a wide variety of applications. While offering a general platform for mechanically triggered release, previous mechanophore designs based on masked 2-furylcarbinol derivatives are limited to polar protic solvent environments for efficient release of the chemical payload. Here, we report a masked furfuryl carbonate mechanophore incorporating a tethered primary alcohol that enables efficient release of a hydroxycoumarin cargo in the absence of a protic solvent. Density functional calculations also implicate an intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between the tethered alcohol and the carbonyl oxygen of the carbonate that reduces the activation barrier for carbonate fragmentation leading to molecular release. This new mechanophore design expands the generality of the masked 2-furylcarbinol platform for mechanically triggered release, enabling the implementation of this strategy in a wider range of chemical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey C Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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27
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Ultrasound triggered organic mechanoluminescence materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114343. [PMID: 35580814 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound induced organic mechanoluminescence materials have become one of the focal topics in wireless light sources since they exhibit high spatiotemporal resolution, biocompatibility and excellent tissue penetration depth. These properties promote great potential in ultrahigh sensitive bioimaging with no background noise and noninvasive nanodevices. Recent advances in chemistry, nanotechnology and biomedical research are revolutionizing ultrasound induced organic mechanoluminescence. Herein, we try to summarize some recent researches in ultrasound induced mechanoluminescence that use various materials design strategies based on the molecular conformational changes and cycloreversion reaction. Practical applications, like noninvasive bioimaging and noninvasive optogenetics, are also presented and prospected.
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28
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Xuan M, Schumacher C, Bolm C, Göstl R, Herrmann A. The Mechanochemical Synthesis and Activation of Carbon-Rich π-Conjugated Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105497. [PMID: 35048569 PMCID: PMC9259731 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry uses mechanical force to break, form, and manipulate chemical bonds to achieve functional transformations and syntheses. Over the last years, many innovative applications of mechanochemistry have been developed. Specifically for the synthesis and activation of carbon-rich π-conjugated materials, mechanochemistry offers reaction pathways that either are inaccessible with other stimuli, such as light and heat, or improve reaction yields, energy consumption, and substrate scope. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent advances in this research field combining the viewpoints of polymer and trituration mechanochemistry. The highlighted mechanochemical transformations include π-conjugated materials as optical force probes, the force-induced release of small dye molecules, and the mechanochemical synthesis of polyacetylene, carbon allotropes, and other π-conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Xuan
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
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29
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Shen H, Cao Y, Lv M, Sheng Q, Zhang Z. Polymer mechanochemistry for the release of small cargoes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4813-4824. [PMID: 35352709 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00147k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The field of force-induced release of small cargoes within polymeric materials has experienced rapid growth over the past decade, not only including achieving diversified functional materials that report force, trigger degradation, activate drugs and release catalysts, but also involving investigations on the interesting force-coupled reactivity of mechanophores, such as ferrocenes. In this highlight article, we review the recent progress on polymer mechanochemistry that releases small cargoes, including small molecules and metal ions. Since mechanophores play a key role in force-responsive materials, we introduce the progress by discussing different types of mechanophores and their mechanochemical reactions for the release of acids, gases, fluorophores, drugs, iron ions, and so on. At the end, we provide our perspectives on the remaining challenges and future targets in this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yunzheng Cao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Miaojiang Lv
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Qinxin Sheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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30
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Küng R, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Release of Molecular Cargo from Polymer Systems by Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103860. [PMID: 34878679 PMCID: PMC9306765 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The design and manipulation of (multi)functional materials at the nanoscale holds the promise of fuelling tomorrow's major technological advances. In the realm of macromolecular nanosystems, the incorporation of force-responsive groups, so called mechanophores, has resulted in unprecedented access to responsive behaviours and enabled sophisticated functions of the resulting structures and advanced materials. Among the diverse force-activated motifs, the on-demand release or activation of compounds, such as catalysts, drugs, or monomers for self-healing, are sought-after since they enable triggering pristine small molecule function from macromolecular frameworks. Here, we highlight examples of molecular cargo release systems from polymer-based architectures in solution by means of sonochemical activation by ultrasound (ultrasound-induced mechanochemistry). Important design concepts of these advanced materials are discussed, as well as their syntheses and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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31
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Wang X, Cao Y, Peng Y, Wang L, Hou W, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Huang H, Chen Y, Li Y. Concurrent and Mechanochemical Activation of Two Distinct and Latent Fluorophores via Retro-Diels-Alder Reaction of an Anthracene-Aminomaleimide Adduct. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:310-316. [PMID: 35575364 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Generally, a typical mechanochromophore produces color change through chemical transformation into one or two identical new chromophores/fluorophores under applied mechanical force. Herein, we introduce a novel mechanophore based on an anthracene-aminomaleimide Diels-Alder (DA) adduct featuring two distinct and latent fluorophores. This nonfluorescent mechanophore undergoes retro-DA reaction upon mechanochemical activation in solution and the solid state, generating the respective anthracene and aminomaleimide fragments simultaneously, both of which are highly emissive with different fluorescent colors. In addition, the aminomaleimide fluorophore exhibits sensitive fluorescence on-off response to protic solvents or polar solvents, which enables dual-color mechanochromism from this single mechanophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yifeng Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanling Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lewen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wangmeng Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huahua Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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32
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Feng Q, Ren Y, Sun Z, Liu J, Zhou Y, Tang D. Porous ZnO Microspheres Grafted with Poly‐(
N
‐isopropylacrylamide) via SI‐ATRP: Reversible Temperature‐Controlled Switching of Photocatalysis**. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Yonghui Ren
- Jiangxi Brother Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd Jiujiang 332700 China
| | - Zhaojie Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Yuze Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Dongyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
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33
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Athanassiadis AG, Ma Z, Moreno-Gomez N, Melde K, Choi E, Goyal R, Fischer P. Ultrasound-Responsive Systems as Components for Smart Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5165-5208. [PMID: 34767350 PMCID: PMC8915171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Smart materials can respond to stimuli and adapt their responses based on external cues from their environments. Such behavior requires a way to transport energy efficiently and then convert it for use in applications such as actuation, sensing, or signaling. Ultrasound can carry energy safely and with low losses through complex and opaque media. It can be localized to small regions of space and couple to systems over a wide range of time scales. However, the same characteristics that allow ultrasound to propagate efficiently through materials make it difficult to convert acoustic energy into other useful forms. Recent work across diverse fields has begun to address this challenge, demonstrating ultrasonic effects that provide control over physical and chemical systems with surprisingly high specificity. Here, we review recent progress in ultrasound-matter interactions, focusing on effects that can be incorporated as components in smart materials. These techniques build on fundamental phenomena such as cavitation, microstreaming, scattering, and acoustic radiation forces to enable capabilities such as actuation, sensing, payload delivery, and the initiation of chemical or biological processes. The diversity of emerging techniques holds great promise for a wide range of smart capabilities supported by ultrasound and poses interesting questions for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios G. Athanassiadis
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicolas Moreno-Gomez
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kai Melde
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eunjin Choi
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rahul Goyal
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peer Fischer
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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34
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Kasori R, Watabe T, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Enhancement of Mechanophore Activation by Electrostatic Interaction. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kasori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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35
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Zou M, Zhao P, Fan J, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Microgels as drug carriers for sonopharmacology. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miancheng Zou
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen Germany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Groningen AG
| | - Pengkun Zhao
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen Germany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Groningen AG
| | - Jilin Fan
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen Germany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Groningen AG
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
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36
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Robo MT, Collias D, Zimmerman PM. Interplay Between Applied Force and Radical Attack in the Mechanochemical Chain Scission of Poly(acrylic acid). J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:521-528. [PMID: 35078315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sonication and radical attack are both known to contribute to breaking down polymers. Quantum chemical models show how the two can operate together, where radical attack is shown to reduce the effective tensile strength of the material. Using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as a model, hydrogen atom abstraction in PAA was found to improve the thermodynamics and kinetics of bond scission. The force needed for bond rupture was estimated to decrease from 4.7 to 2.5 nN. This occurs because hydrogen atom abstraction drastically alters the potential energy surface of the scissile bond. Bond activation was also found to decrease the magnitude of the changes in bond scission geometries and energetics in response to the applied force. While radical abstraction is overall beneficial for mechanical bond scission, the polymer also becomes less responsive to force than the unactivated polymer. This finding places upper limits on the efficacy of the synergy between radical attack and applied force. In addition, the importance of reaction pathway optimization is also shown, where comparisons to the COGEF method show the latter to be qualitatively incapable of describing chain scission after radical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Robo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, United States
| | - Dimitris Collias
- Corporate R&D, The Procter and Gamble Co., West Chester, Ohio 45069, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, United States
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37
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Sun Y, Neary WJ, Burke ZP, Qian H, Zhu L, Moore JS. Mechanically Triggered Carbon Monoxide Release with Turn-On Aggregation-Induced Emission. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1125-1129. [PMID: 35019277 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymers that release functional small molecules under mechanical stress potentially serve as next-generation materials for catalysis, sensing, and mechanochemical dynamic therapy. To further expand the function of mechanoresponsive materials, the discovery of chemistries capable of small molecule release are highly desirable. In this report, we detail a nonscissile bifunctional mechanophore (i.e., dual mechano-activated properties) based on a unique mechanochemical reaction involving norborn-2-en-7-one (NEO). One property is the release of carbon monoxide (CO) upon pulsed solution ultrasonication. A release efficiency of 58% is observed at high molecular weights (Mn = 158.8 kDa), equating to ∼154 molecules of CO released per chain. The second property is the bright cyan emission from the macromolecular product in its aggregated state, resulting in a turn-on fluorescence readout coincident with CO release. This report not only demonstrates a unique strategy for the release of small molecules in a nonscissile way but also guides future designs of force-responsive aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William J Neary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zachary P Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hai Qian
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lingyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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38
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Zou M, Zhao P, Huo S, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Activation of Antibiotic-Grafted Polymer Brushes by Ultrasound. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:15-19. [PMID: 35574800 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasound-mediated activation of drugs from macromolecular architectures using the principles of polymer mechanochemistry (sonopharmacology) is a promising strategy to gain spatiotemporal control over drug activity. Yet, conceptual challenges limit the applicability of this method. Especially low drug-loading content and low mechanochemical efficiency require the use of high carrier mass concentrations and prolonged exposure to ultrasound. Moreover, the activated drug is generally shielded by the hydrodynamic coil of the attached polymer fragment leading to a decreased drug potency. Here we present a carrier design for the ultrasound-induced activation of vancomycin, which is deactivated with its H-bond-complementary peptide target sequence. We show that the progression from mechanophore-centered linear chains to mechanophore-decorated polymer brushes increases drug-loading content, mechanochemical efficiency, and drug potency. These results may serve as a design guideline for future endeavors in the field of sonopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miancheng Zou
- DWI − Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pengkun Zhao
- DWI − Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- DWI − Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI − Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI − Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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39
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Nijem S, Song Y, Schwarz R, Diesendruck CE. Flex-activated CO mechanochemical production for mechanical damage detection. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00503d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New flex-activated mechanophore allows for mechanical damage in polymers using a simple household CO detectors, in addition to the formation of an extended and fluorescent π system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Nijem
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 320003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ying Song
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 320003, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, Nanning Normal University, 530001, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Rony Schwarz
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 320003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 320003, Haifa, Israel
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40
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Kim D, Kwon MS, Lee CW. Mechanochromic polymers with a multimodal chromic transition: mechanophore design and transduction mechanism. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00435f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the recent progress in multi-chromic polymers embedded with mechanophores concentrating on transduction mechanisms and design concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daewhan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Whan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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41
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Gao W, Tang R, Bai M, Yu H, Ruan Y, Zheng J, Chen Y, Weng W. Dynamic covalent polymer networks with mechanical and mechanoresponsive properties reinforced by strong hydrogen bonding. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic polymer materials with superior mechanical properties and mechanochromism are of great importance to a vast variety of applications including stress sensing, damage detecting, soft robot. Herein, mechanoresponsive dynamic covalent...
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42
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Versaw BA, Zeng T, Hu X, Robb MJ. Harnessing the Power of Force: Development of Mechanophores for Molecular Release. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21461-21473. [PMID: 34927426 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising materials for a variety of applications ranging from sensing and catalysis to targeted drug delivery. Within the rapidly growing field of polymer mechanochemistry, stress-sensitive molecules known as mechanophores are particularly attractive for enabling the release of covalently bound payloads with excellent selectivity and control. Here, we review recent progress in the development of mechanophore-based molecular release platforms and provide an optimistic, yet critical perspective on the fundamental and technological advancements that are still required for this promising research area to achieve significant impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Versaw
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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43
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Overholts AC, McFadden ME, Robb MJ. Quantifying Activation Rates of Scissile Mechanophores and the Influence of Dispersity. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Overholts
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Molly E. McFadden
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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44
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Diels–Alder Cycloadditions of Bio-Derived Furans with Maleimides as a Sustainable «Click» Approach towards Molecular, Macromolecular and Hybrid Systems. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review highlights the recent research trends in designing organic or organic-inorganic hybrid molecular, biomolecular and macromolecular systems employing intermolecular Diels–Alder cycloadditions of biobased, furan-containing substrates and maleimide dienophiles. The furan/maleimide Diels–Alder reaction is a well-known process that may proceed with high efficiency under non-catalytic and solvent-free conditions. Due to the simplicity, 100% atom economy and biobased nature of many furanic substrates, this type of [4+2]-cycloaddition may be recognized as a sustainable “click” approach with high potential for application in many fields, such as fine organic synthesis, bioorganic chemistry, material sciences and smart polymers development.
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45
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Abstract
AbstractThis Account covers the recent progress made on heterocyclic mechanophores in the field of polymer mechanochemistry. In particular, the types of such mechanophores as well as the mechanisms and applications of their force-induced structural transformations are discussed and related perspectives and future challenges proposed.1 Introduction2 Types of Mechanophores3 Methods to Incorporate Heterocycle Mechanophores into Polymer Systems4 Mechanochemical Reactions of Heterocyclic Mechanophores4.1 Three-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.2 Four-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.3 Six-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.4 Bicyclic Mechanophores5 Applications5.1 Cross-Linking of Polymer5.2 Degradable Polymer5.3 Mechanochromic Polymer6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
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46
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Hemmer JR, Rader C, Wilts BD, Weder C, Berrocal JA. Heterolytic Bond Cleavage in a Scissile Triarylmethane Mechanophore. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18859-18863. [PMID: 34735137 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Covalent mechanophores display the cleavage of a weak covalent bond when a sufficiently high mechanical force is applied. Three different covalent bond breaking mechanisms have been documented thus far, including concerted, homolytic, and heterolytic scission. Motifs that display heterolytic cleavage typically separate according to non-scissile reaction pathways that afford zwitterions. Here, we report a new mechanochromic triarylmethane mechanophore, which dissociates according to a scissile heterolytic pathway and displays a pronounced mechanochromic response. The mechanophore was equipped with two styrenylic handles that allowed its incorporation as a cross-linker into poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) and poly(methyl acrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) networks. These materials are originally colorless, but compression or tensile deformation renders the materials colored. By combining tensile testing and in situ transmittance measurements, we show that this effect is related to scissile cleavage leading to colored triarylmethane carbocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hemmer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Chris Rader
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - José Augusto Berrocal
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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47
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Tan M, Hu Z, Dai Y, Peng Y, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Li Y, Chen Y. A Simple Mechanochromic Mechanophore Based on Aminothiomaleimide. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1423-1428. [PMID: 35549011 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic mechanophores have promising applications in stress sensing and damage detection. Here we report a simple mechanofluorochromic mechanophore based on aminothiomaleimide (ATM). Poly(methyl acrylate) containing this mechanophore (ATM-PMA) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using an ATM-derived difunctional initiator. To investigate its mechanofluorochromism, the solution of ATM-PMA was subjected to ultrasonication, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and fluorescence spectroscopy were employed to monitor the changes in molecular weight and fluorescence emission. The results showed that the molecular weight of ATM-PMA decreased upon ultrasonication, accompanied by a shift of fluorescence emission from bright yellow to light blue. This mechanophore of a simple functional group of ATM has great potential to be used in mechanochromic polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhitao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunkai Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanling Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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48
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Qi Q, Sekhon G, Chandradat R, Ofodum NM, Shen T, Scrimgeour J, Joy M, Wriedt M, Jayathirtha M, Darie CC, Shipp DA, Liu X, Lu X. Force-Induced Near-Infrared Chromism of Mechanophore-Linked Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17337-17343. [PMID: 34586805 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A near-infrared (NIR) mechanophore was developed and incorporated into a poly(methyl acrylate) chain to showcase the first force-induced NIR chromism in polymeric materials. This mechanophore, based on benzo[1,3]oxazine (OX) fused with a heptamethine cyanine moiety, exhibited NIR mechanochromism in solution, thin-film, and bulk states. The mechanochemical activity was validated using UV-vis-NIR absorption/fluorescence spectroscopies, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), NMR, and DFT simulations. Our work demonstrates that NIR mechanochromic polymers have considerable potential in mechanical force sensing, damage detection, bioimaging, and biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tianruo Shen
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
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49
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Lu Y, Sugita H, Mikami K, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Mechanochemical Reactions of Bis(9-methylphenyl-9-fluorenyl) Peroxides and Their Applications in Cross-Linked Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17744-17750. [PMID: 34610739 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of mechanochemical reactions has brought new opportunities for the design of functional materials. We synthesized the novel organic peroxide mechanophore bis(9-methylphenyl-9-fluorenyl) peroxide (BMPF) and examined its mechanochromic properties. The mechanism behind its mechanofluorescence was clarified and harnessed in polymer networks that can release the small fluorescent molecule 9-fluorenone upon exposure to a mechanical stimulus. Additionally, polymer networks cross-linked with BMPF units are able to tolerate temperatures up to 110 °C without any change in optical properties or mechanical strength. As mechanophores based on organic peroxide have rarely been documented so far, these fascinating results suggest excellent potential for applications of BMPF in stress-responsive materials. The mechanochemical protocol demonstrated here may provide guiding principles to expand the field of mechanochromic peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hajime Sugita
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1193, Japan
| | - Koichiro Mikami
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1193, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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50
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Zeng T, Hu X, Robb MJ. 5-Aryloxy substitution enables efficient mechanically triggered release from a synthetically accessible masked 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11173-11176. [PMID: 34608472 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04886d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are attractive materials for a wide variety of applications. Here, we report a new mechanophore platform based on a masked 2-furylcarbinol derivative that incorporates a 5-aryloxy group, which serves as both an electron-rich substituent to accelerate molecular release and the position of polymer attachment proximal to the furan-maleimide junction. The mechanophore is readily synthesized and efficiently releases both phenol and arylamine payloads following mechanical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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