1
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Akhtar R, Gaurav K, Khan S. Applications of low-valent compounds with heavy group-14 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6150-6243. [PMID: 38757535 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the low-valent compounds of group-14 elements have received significant attention in several fields of chemistry owing to their unique electronic properties. The low-valent group-14 species include tetrylenes, tetryliumylidene, tetrylones, dimetallenes and dimetallynes. These low-valent group-14 species have shown applications in various areas such as organic transformations (hydroboration, cyanosilylation, N-functionalisation of amines, and hydroamination), small molecule activation (e.g. P4, As4, CO2, CO, H2, alkene, and alkyne) and materials. This review presents an in-depth discussion on low-valent group-14 species-catalyzed reactions, including polymerization of rac-lactide, L-lactide, DL-lactide, and caprolactone, followed by their photophysical properties (phosphorescence and fluorescence), thin film deposition (atomic layer deposition and vapor phase deposition), and medicinal applications. This review concisely summarizes current developments of low-valent heavier group-14 compounds, covering synthetic methodologies, structural aspects, and their applications in various fields of chemistry. Finally, their opportunities and challenges are examined and emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksana Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Kumar Gaurav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
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2
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Reichl S, Riesinger C, Yadav R, Timoshkin AY, Roesky PW, Scheer M. Reactivity of [Cp*Fe(η 5 -As 5 )] towards Carbenes, Silylenes and Germylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316117. [PMID: 37983682 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The reaction behavior of [Cp*Fe(η5 -As5 )] (I) (Cp*=C5 Me5 ) towards carbenes and their heavier analogs was investigated. The reaction of I with NHCs (NHCs=N-heterocyclic carbenes) results in the first substitution products of polyarsenic ligand complexes by NHCs [Cp*Fe(η4 -As5 NHC)] (1 a: NHC=IMe=1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazolin-2-ylidene, 1 b: NHC=IMes=1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene). In contrast, the reaction of I with Et CAAC (Et CAAC=2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,4-diethyl-2,2-dimethyl-pyrrolidin-5-ylidene) leads to a fragmentation and the formation of an unprecedented As6 -sawhorse-type compound [As2 (AsEt CAAC)4 ] (2). The reaction of (LE)2 (L=PhC(Nt Bu)2 ; E=Si, Ge) with I resulted in a rearrangement and an insertion of LE fragments, forming unique silicon- (4: [Cp*Fe(η4 -As4 SiL)], 5 a: [Cp*Fe(η4 -As6 SiL)) and germanium-containing (5 b: [Cp*Fe(η4 -As6 GeL)) cyclic polyarsenic ligand complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Reichl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Riesinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Chen H, Chen Y, Li T, Wang D, Xu L, Tan G. Synthesis and Reactivity of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Coordinated Formal Germanimidoyl-Phosphinidenes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20906-20912. [PMID: 38095884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligated germylidenylphosphinidene MsFluidtBu-GeP(NHCiPr) (where MsFluidtBu is a bulky hydrindacene substituent, and NHCiPr is 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene) with mesityl azide and 4-tertbutylphenyl azide afforded NHC coordinated formal germanimidoyl-phosphinidenes, which represent the first compounds bearing both Ge═N double bond and phosphinidene functionalities. Studies of the chemical properties revealed that the reactions preferred to occur at the Ge═N double bond, which underwent [2 + 2] cycloadditions with CO2 and ethyl isocyanate, and coordinated with coinage metals through the nitrogen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Chen
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganicand Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganicand Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tong Li
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Dongmin Wang
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganicand Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Data Engineering and Knowledge Service, Key Laboratory of Data Intelligence and Interdisciplinary Innovation, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganicand Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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4
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Kong D, Li J, Dai W, Jiang L, Zhao Y, Zhu H, Fu G, Roesky HW. Geometrically Compelled Silicon(II)/Silicon(IV) Donor-Acceptor Interaction Enables the Enamination of Nitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315249. [PMID: 37877345 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Discovering new bonding scenarios and subsequently exploring the reactivity contribute substantially to advance the main group element chemistry. Herein, we report on the isolation and characterization of an intriguing class of the hydrido-benzosiloles 2-4. These compounds exhibit a side arm of the amidinatosilylenyl group, featuring unidirectional silicon(II)/silicon(IV) donor-acceptor interaction on account of the geometric constraint. Furthermore, the reactions involving 2-4 with nitriles yield the tricyclic compounds that edge-fused of the Si-heteroimidazolidine-CN2 Si2 , silole-C4 Si, and phenyl-C6 -rings (5-13). These compounds are manifesting a unique reaction that the silicon(II)/silicon(IV) interaction enables the enamination of the α-H-bearing nitriles. The reaction mechanism involved in H-shift under oxidative addition at silylene followed by hydrosilylation of a ketenimine intermediate was revealed by density function theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Wen Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Liuying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Yiling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Gang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institüt für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Sun X, Hinz A, Schulz S, Zimmermann L, Scheer M, Roesky PW. Snapshots of sequential polyphosphide rearrangement upon metallatetrylene addition. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4769-4776. [PMID: 37181779 PMCID: PMC10171192 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00806a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Insertion and functionalization of gallasilylenes [LPhSi-Ga(Cl)LBDI] (LPh = PhC(NtBu)2; LBDI = [{2,6-iPr2C6H3NCMe}2CH]) into the cyclo-E5 rings of [Cp*Fe(η5-E5)] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5; E = P, As) are reported. Reactions of [Cp*Fe(η5-E5)] with gallasilylene result in E-E/Si-Ga bond cleavage and the insertion of the silylene in the cyclo-E5 rings. [(LPhSi-Ga(Cl)LBDI){(η4-P5)FeCp*}], in which the Si atom binds to the bent cyclo-P5 ring, was identified as a reaction intermediate. The ring-expansion products are stable at room temperature, while isomerization occurred at higher temperature, and the silylene moiety further migrates to the Fe atom, forming the corresponding ring-construction isomers. Furthermore, reaction of [Cp*Fe(η5-As5)] with the heavier gallagermylene [LPhGe-Ga(Cl)LBDI] was also investigated. All the isolated complexes represent rare examples of mixed group 13/14 iron polypnictogenides, which could only be synthesized by taking advantage of the cooperativity of the gallatetrylenes featuring low-valent Si(ii) or Ge(ii) and Lewis acidic Ga(iii) units/entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 Essen 45117 Germany
| | - Lisa Zimmermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 Regensburg 93040 Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 Regensburg 93040 Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
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Franz R, Szathmári B, Bruhn C, Kelemen Z, Pietschnig R. Gradual Donor Stabilization of a Transient Ferrocene Bridged Bisphosphanyl Phosphenium Cation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4341-4350. [PMID: 36827512 PMCID: PMC10015459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
A transient phosphenium cation embedded into a [3]ferrocenophane scaffold was formed via chloride abstraction. The cation has been trapped with phosphane, carbene, and silylene donors resulting in stable adducts or bond activation of the ferrocenophane bridge. In the absence of donors, dimerization of the phosphenium cation to the corresponding dication is observed or P-C bond activation with migration of a substituent leading to a putative phosphoniodiphosphene. Using 1,3-di-tert-butylimidazol-2-silylene as the donor, further reaction of the initially formed chlorosilane leads to activation of a P-P bond of the ferrocenophane scaffold with ring expansion of the ansa-bridge. The donor formation and bonding situation are investigated by density functional theory calculations as well as experimental methods (e.g., NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Franz
- Institute for Chemistry and CINSaT, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Balázs Szathmári
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem Rkp 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institute for Chemistry and CINSaT, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Zsolt Kelemen
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem Rkp 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Pietschnig
- Institute for Chemistry and CINSaT, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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7
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Yadav R, Sun X, Köppe R, Gamer MT, Weigend F, Roesky PW. Stimuli Responsive Silylene: Electromerism Induced Reversible Switching Between Mono- and Bis-Silylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211115. [PMID: 36161745 PMCID: PMC9828679 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electromerism is a very well-known phenomenon in transition metal chemistry. In main group chemistry, this concept has only started getting attention recently. We report stimuli responsive low-valent silicon compounds exhibiting electromerism. A mixed-valent silaiminyl-silylene 1, [LSi-Si(NDipp)L] (L=PhC(Nt Bu)2 ), was synthesized in a single step from amidinate-chlorosilylene. Compound 1 has two interconnected Si atoms in formally +I and +III oxidation states. Upon treatment with Lewis acidic CuI X (X=mesityl, Cl, Br, I), electron redistribution occurs resulting in the formation of [{LSi(NDipp)Si(L)}-CuX], in which both silicon atoms are in the +II formal oxidation state. Removal of the copper center from [{LSi(NDipp)Si(L)}-CuX] by using a Lewis basic carbene led to reformation of the precursor [LSi-Si(NDipp)L]. Thus, the process is fully reversible. This showcases the first example of Lewis acid/base-induced reversible electromerism in silicon chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Michael T. Gamer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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Ding Y, Sarkar SK, Nazish M, Ruth PN, Herbst-Irmer R, Muhammed S, Parameswaran P, Stalke D, Roesky HW. Insertion Reaction of Me 3SiN 3 with Bis(germylene). Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19067-19074. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Samir Kumar Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Mohd Nazish
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Paul Niklas Ruth
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Shahila Muhammed
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode 673601, India
| | - Pattiyil Parameswaran
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode 673601, India
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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9
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Petrov A, Conrad L, Coles NT, Weber M, Andrae D, Zagidullin A, Miluykov V, Müller C. Reactivity of Sodium Pentaphospholide Na[
cyclo
‐P
5
] towards C≡E (E=C, N, P) Triple Bonds. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202203056. [PMID: 36210344 PMCID: PMC10098531 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A diglyme solution of Na[cyclo-P5 ] (1) reacts with alkynes and isolobal nitriles and phosphaalkynes to afford the otherwise elusive (aza)phospholide anions 2 a-c, 4 a,b, and 6. The reaction of Na[cyclo-P5 ] with alkynes and nitriles was studied by means of DFT methods, which suggested a concerted mechanism for the formation of 2 a and 4 b. The anions 2 a-c, 4 a,b, and 6 coordinate in an η5 -fashion towards FeII to give the sandwich (aza)phosphametallocenes 3 a-c, 5 a,b and 7 in moderate to good yields. The new compounds were characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Petrov
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Lawrence Conrad
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Nathan T. Coles
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Weber
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Dirk Andrae
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Almaz Zagidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS Arbuzov Str. 8 Kazan Russia
| | - Vasili Miluykov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS Arbuzov Str. 8 Kazan Russia
| | - Christian Müller
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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10
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Kelly JA, Streitferdt V, Dimitrova M, Westermair FF, Gschwind RM, Berger RJF, Wolf R. Transition-Metal-Stabilized Heavy Tetraphospholide Anions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20434-20441. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Kelly
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Streitferdt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Franz F. Westermair
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Raphael J. F. Berger
- Department for Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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11
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Joshi G, Sreerag MN, Jemmis ED, Nixon JF. P n Ring Size Dependence on NHC-Induced Ring Contraction Reactions of [CoCp‴(η 4-P 4)], [Ta(CO) 2Cp″(η 4-P 4)], and [FeCp*(η 5-P 5)]: A DFT Study. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15822-15830. [PMID: 36169982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The facile ring contraction of [CoCp‴(η4-P4)] and [Ta(CO)2Cp″(η4-P4)] to [CoCp‴(η3-P3)][(MeNHC)2P] and [Ta(CO)2Cp″(η3-P3)] [(MeNHC)2P] induced by MeNHC and the absence of the ring contraction of [FeCp*(η5-P5)] under the same conditions are studied by density functional theory (DFT) computations. The latter is estimated to be thermodynamically the least favorable reaction and also has a very high energy barrier. The similar strain energies of P3 and P4 rings and the lower strain energy of the P5 ring play a decisive role in the ring contraction capability of these [TM-cyclo-Pn] complexes. Theoretical approaches involving NBO and IBO analysis have been employed to provide a qualitative picture of the overall reactions. The role of substituents and the nature of transition metals in determining the energetics of these reactions has also been studied and an isolobal perspective on these systems affords a simplified picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Joshi
- Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - John F Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ U.K
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12
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Sun X, Singh AK, Yadav R, Jin D, Haimerl M, Scheer M, Roesky PW. Triple-decker complexes incorporating three distinct deck architectures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:673-676. [PMID: 34919113 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06182h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the dilithioplumbole ([Li2(thf)2(μ,η5-LPb)], LPb = 1,4-bis-tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl-2,3-bis-phenyl-plumbolyl) towards the reactive pnictogen precursors P4, pentaphosphaferrocene, and pentaarsaferrocene ([Cp*Fe(η5-E5)] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5, E = P, As)) is reported. The reaction with P4 afforded a phospholyl lithium complex, via lead-phosphorus exchange, while the reactions with [Cp*Fe(η5-E5)] yielded the first examples of Pb-Fe-Li heterotrimetallic triple-decker polypnictogenides with three different deck motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany.
| | - Akhil Kumar Singh
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany.
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany.
| | - Da Jin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany.
| | - Maria Haimerl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany.
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13
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Riesinger C, Balázs G, Seidl M, Scheer M. Substituted aromatic pentaphosphole ligands - a journey across the p-block. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13037-13044. [PMID: 34745534 PMCID: PMC8513863 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04296c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalization of pentaphosphaferrocene [Cp*Fe(η5-P5)] (1) with cationic group 13-17 electrophiles is shown to be a general synthetic strategy towards P-E bond formation of unprecedented diversity. The products of these reactions are dinuclear [{Cp*Fe}2{μ,η5:5-(P5)2EX2}][TEF] (EX2 = BBr2 (2), GaI2 (3), [TEF]- = [Al{OC(CF3)3}4]-) or mononuclear [Cp*Fe(η5-P5E)][X] (E = CH2Ph (4), CHPh2 (5), SiHPh2 (6), AsCy2 (7), SePh (9), TeMes (10), Cl (11), Br (12), I (13)) complexes of hetero-bis-pentaphosphole ((cyclo-P5)2R) or hetero-pentaphosphole ligands (cyclo-P5R), the aromatic all-phosphorus analogs of prototypical cyclopentadienes. Further, modifying the steric and electronic properties of the electrophile has a drastic impact on its reactivity and leads to the formation of [Cp*Fe(μ,η5:2-P5)SbICp'''][TEF] (8) which possesses a triple-decker-like structure. X-ray crystallographic characterization reveals the slightly twisted conformation of the cyclo-P5R ligands in these compounds and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy confirms their integrity in solution. DFT calculations shed light on the bonding situation of these compounds and confirm the aromatic character of the pentaphosphole ligands on a journey across the p-block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Riesinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
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14
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Yadav R, Weber M, Singh AK, Münzfeld L, Gramüller J, Gschwind RM, Scheer M, Roesky PW. A Structural Diversity of Molecular Alkaline-Earth-Metal Polyphosphides: From Supramolecular Wheel to Zintl Ion. Chemistry 2021; 27:14128-14137. [PMID: 34403183 PMCID: PMC8518058 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of molecular group 2 polyphosphides has been synthesized by using air-stable [Cp*Fe(η5 -P5 )] (Cp*=C5 Me5 ) or white phosphorus as polyphosphorus precursors. Different types of group 2 reagents such as organo-magnesium, mono-valent magnesium, and molecular calcium hydride complexes have been investigated to activate these polyphosphorus sources. The organo-magnesium complex [(Dipp BDI-Mg(CH3 ))2 ] (Dipp BDI={[2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 NCMe]2 CH}- ) reacts with [Cp*Fe(η5 -P5 )] to give an unprecedented Mg/Fe-supramolecular wheel. Kinetically controlled activation of [Cp*Fe(η5 -P5 )] by different mono-valent magnesium complexes allowed the isolation of Mg-coordinated formally mono- and di-reduced products of [Cp*Fe(η5 -P5 )]. To obtain the first examples of molecular calcium-polyphosphides, a molecular calcium hydride complex was used to reduce the aromatic cyclo-P5 ring of [Cp*Fe(η5 -P5 )]. The Ca-Fe-polyphosphide is also characterized by quantum chemical calculations and compared with the corresponding Mg complex. Moreover, a calcium coordinated Zintl ion (P7 )3- was obtained by molecular calcium hydride mediated P4 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Martin Weber
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193040RegensburgGermany).
| | - Akhil K. Singh
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Luca Münzfeld
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Johannes Gramüller
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193040RegensburgGermany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193040RegensburgGermany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193040RegensburgGermany).
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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15
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Giusti L, Landaeta VR, Vanni M, Kelly JA, Wolf R, Caporali M. Coordination chemistry of elemental phosphorus. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Moussa ME, Fleischmann M, Balázs G, Virovets AV, Peresypkina E, Shelyganov PA, Seidl M, Reichl S, Scheer M. Versatile Coordination of Ag I and Cu I Ions towards cyclo-As 5 Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:9742-9747. [PMID: 33988892 PMCID: PMC8361777 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of the cyclo‐As5 complex [Cp*Fe(η5‐As5)] (B) with the AgI and CuI salts of the weakly coordinating anion (WCA) [FAl{OC6F10(C6F5)}3]− ([FAl]−) are studied. These reactions allow the synthesis of the mononuclear complexes [M(η5 : η2‐B)2][FAl] (M=Ag (1), Cu (2)) when a ratio of B/M(FAl) 2 : 1 is used. Compound 1 shows an unusual disorder of the central AgI cation between two π‐coordinating cyclo‐As5 ligands, which is absent in 2 pointing to a weak interaction of the Ag center towards the cyclo‐As5 ligands in B. When the ratio of B/Ag(FAl) is changed to 3 : 1 or 1 : 1, the respective coordination compounds [Ag(η2‐B)3][FAl] (3) and [Ag2(η2 : η2‐B)2][FAl]2 (4) are accessible. The coordination modes of the cyclo‐As5 units in 1, 3 and 4 are all different, reflecting the adaptive coordination behavior of B towards AgI ions. The optimized geometries in the gas phase of 1–4 are determined by DFT calculations to support the bonding situation observed in their solid‐state structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Elsayed Moussa
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fleischmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander V Virovets
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eugenia Peresypkina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pavel A Shelyganov
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Reichl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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17
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Nazish M, Legendre CM, Sarkar SK, Lücken J, Goffitzer DJ, Diefenbach M, Schwederski B, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D, Holthausen MC, Kaim W, Roesky HW. Selective Route to Stable Silicon-Boron Radicals and Their Corresponding Cations. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10100-10104. [PMID: 34213317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report on a facile and selective one-pot synthetic route to silicon-boron radicals. Reduction of Br2BTip (Tip = 2,4,6-iPrC6H2) with KC8 in the presence of LSi-R affords LSi(tBu)-B(Br)Tip (1) and LSi(N(TMS)2)-B(Br)Tip (2) [L = PhC(NtBu)2]. These first examples of silicon-boron isolated radical species feature spin density on the silicon and boron atoms. 1 and 2 exhibit extraordinary stability to high temperatures under inert conditions in solution and air stability in the solid state. Both radicals have been isolated and fully characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry, mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, single-crystal X-ray structure analysis, and density functional theory calculations. Moreover, compound 1 exhibits one-electron transfer when treated with 1 equiv of AgSO3CF3 and [Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]-, respectively, resulting in the corresponding cations [LSi(tBu)-B(Br)Tip]+[CF3SO3]- (3) and [LSi(tBu)-B(Br)Tip]+[B(C6F5)4]- (4). Compounds 3 and 4 have been characterized with multinuclear NMR and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nazish
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Christina M Legendre
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Samir Kumar Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Jana Lücken
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Daniel J Goffitzer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Martin Diefenbach
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Brigitte Schwederski
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kaim
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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18
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Piesch M, Reichl S, Seidl M, Balázs G, Scheer M. Synthese und mehrfache Folgereaktivität von anionischen
cyclo
‐E
3
‐Ligandkomplexen (E=P, As). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Piesch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Stephan Reichl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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19
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Piesch M, Reichl S, Seidl M, Balázs G, Scheer M. Synthesis and Multiple Subsequent Reactivity of Anionic cyclo-E 3 Ligand Complexes (E=P, As). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15101-15108. [PMID: 33961722 PMCID: PMC8251822 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic pathway for the synthesis of novel anionic sandwich complexes with a cyclo-E3 (E=P, As) ligand as an end deck was developed giving [Cp'''Co(η3 -E3 )]- (Cp'''=1,2,4-tri-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl, E=P ([5]), As ([6])) in good yields suitable for further reactivity studies. In the reaction with the chlorophosphanes R2 PCl (R=Ph, Cy, t Bu), neutral complexes with a disubstituted cyclo-E3 P (E=P, As) ligand in [Cp'''Co(η3 -E3 PR2 )] (E=P (7 a-c), As (9 a-c)) were obtained. These compounds can be partially or completely converted into complexes with a cyclo-E3 (E=P, As) ligand with an exocyclic {PR2 } unit in [Cp'''Co(η2 :η1 -E3 PR2 )] (E=P (8 a-c), As (10 a-c)). Additionally, the insertion of the chlorosilylene [LSiCl] (L=(t BuN)2 CPh) into the cyclo-E3 ligand of [5] and [6] was achieved and the novel heteroatomic complexes [Cp'''Co(η3 -E3 SiL)] (E=P (11), As (12)) could be isolated. The reaction pathway was elucidated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Piesch
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Stephan Reichl
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
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20
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21
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Haimerl M, Piesch M, Balázs G, Mastrorilli P, Kremer W, Scheer M. Reactivity of Cu(I) Nacnac Complexes Toward Polypnictogen Compounds. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5840-5850. [PMID: 33779149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nacnac Cu(I) compound [LCu(MeCN)] (2) (L = [{N(C6H3Me2-2,6)C(Me)}2CH]-) was reacted with complexes containing aromatic cyclo-E5 ([Cp*Fe(η5-E5)], E = P (1a), As (1b), Cp* = η5-C5Me5), cyclo-P4 ([Cp‴Co(η4-P4)] (3), Cp‴ = η5-C5H2tBu3) and cyclo-E3 ligands ([Cp‴Ni(η3-E3)], E = P (4a), As (4b)) yielding the heterometallic complexes [(Cp*Fe)(μ,η5:2-E5)(LCu)] (E = P (5a), As (5b)), [(Cp*Fe)(μ3,η5:2:1-E5)(LCu)2] (E = P (6a), As (6b)), [(Cp‴Co)(μ,η4:2-P4)(LCu)] (7), [(Cp‴Co)(μ3,η4:2:1-P4)(LCu)2] (8), and [(Cp‴Ni)(μ,η3:2-E3)(LCu)] (E = P (9a), As (9b)). These complexes are rare examples of the coordination of a group 11 metal to aromatic cyclo-En (E = P, As; n = 3-5) ligands. All products were comprehensively characterized by crystallographic and spectroscopic methods. Their dynamic behavior in solution was studied by VT (variable-temperature) NMR spectroscopy, and their electronic structures were elucidated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Haimerl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Piesch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Werner Kremer
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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22
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Sarkar D, Weetman C, Munz D, Inoue S. Reversible Activation and Transfer of White Phosphorus by Silyl-Stannylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3519-3523. [PMID: 33155395 PMCID: PMC7898380 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Use of a silyl supported stannylene (Mes TerSn(Sit Bu3 ) [Mes Ter=2,6-(2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 )2 C6 H3 ] enables activation of white phosphorus under mild conditions, which is reversible under UV light. The reaction of a silylene chloride with the activated P4 complex results in facile P-atom transfer. The computational analysis rationalizes the electronic features and high reactivity of the heteroleptic silyl-substituted stannylene in contrast to the previously reported bis(aryl)stannylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debotra Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748GarchingGermany
| | - Catherine Weetman
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748GarchingGermany
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Dominik Munz
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyGeneral and Inorganic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)Egerlandstraße 191058ErlangenGermany
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination ChemistrySaarland University, Geb. C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748GarchingGermany
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23
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Hoidn CM, Scott DJ, Wolf R. Transition-Metal-Mediated Functionalization of White Phosphorus. Chemistry 2021; 27:1886-1902. [PMID: 33135828 PMCID: PMC7894350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently there has been great interest in the reactivity of transition-metal (TM) centers towards white phosphorus (P4 ). This has ultimately been motivated by a desire to find TM-mediated alternatives to the current industrial routes used to transform P4 into myriad useful P-containing products, which are typically indirect, wasteful, and highly hazardous. Such a TM-mediated process can be divided into two steps: activation of P4 to generate a polyphosphorus complex TM-Pn , and subsequent functionalization of this complex to release the desired phosphorus-containing product. The former step has by now become well established, allowing the isolation of many different TM-Pn products. In contrast, productive functionalization of these complexes has proven extremely challenging and has been achieved only in a relative handful of cases. In this review we provide a comprehensive summary of successful TM-Pn functionalization reactions, where TM-Pn must be accessible by reaction of a TM precursor with P4 . We hope that this will provide a useful resource for continuing efforts that are working towards this highly challenging goal of modern synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Hoidn
- University of RegensburgInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Daniel J. Scott
- University of RegensburgInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Robert Wolf
- University of RegensburgInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry93040RegensburgGermany
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24
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Sarkar D, Weetman C, Munz D, Inoue S. Reversible Activation and Transfer of White Phosphorus by Silyl‐Stannylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debotra Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Catherine Weetman
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Dominik Munz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy General and Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry Saarland University, Geb. C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
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25
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Sun X, Simler T, Reiter K, Weigend F, Roesky PW. Synthesis and Reactivity of Bis(silylene)-Coordinated Calcium and Divalent Lanthanide Complexes. Chemistry 2020; 26:14888-14895. [PMID: 32744765 PMCID: PMC7756572 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Divalent lanthanide complexes of Eu (1) and Yb (2) coordinated by a chelating pyridine-based bis(silylene) ligand were isolated and fully characterized. Compared to the EuII complex 1, the YbII complex 2 presents a lower thermal stability, resulting in the activation of one SiII -N bond and formation of an YbIII complex (3), which features a unique silylene-pyridyl-amido ligand. The different thermal stability of 1 and 2 points towards reduction-induced cleavage of one SiII -N bond of the bis(silylene) ligand. Successful isolation of the corresponding redox-inert bis(silylene) CaII complex (5) was achieved at low temperature and thermal decomposition into a CaII complex (4) bearing the same silylene-pyridyl-amido ligand was identified. In this case, the thermolysis reaction proceeds through another, non-redox induced, mechanism. An alternative higher yielding route to 4 was developed through an in situ generated silylene-pyridyl-amine proligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Thomas Simler
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Kevin Reiter
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Str. 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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26
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Yadav R, Simler T, Goswami B, Schoo C, Köppe R, Dey S, Roesky PW. Regioselective Insertion of Aluminum(I) in the cyclo-P 5 Ring of Pentaphosphaferrocene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9443-9447. [PMID: 32187800 PMCID: PMC7318284 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A route to directly access mixed Al-Fe polyphosphide complexes was developed. The reactivity of pentaphosphaferrocene, [Cp*Fe(η5 -P5 )] (Cp*=C5 Me5 ), with two different low-valent aluminum compounds was investigated. The steric and electronic environment around the [AlI ] centre are found to be crucial for the formation of the resulting Al-Fe polyphosphides. Reaction with the sterically demanding [Dipp-BDIAlI ] (Dipp-BDI={[2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 NCMe]2 CH}- ) resulted in the first Al-based neutral triple-decker type polyphosphide complex. For [(Cp*AlI )4 ], an unprecedented regioselective insertion of three [Cp*AlIII ]2+ moieties into two adjacent P-P bonds of the cyclo-P5 ring of [Cp*Fe(η5 -P5 )] was observed. The regioselectivity of the insertion reaction could be rationalized by isolating an analogue of the reaction intermediate stabilized by a strong σ-donor carbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Thomas Simler
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Bhupendra Goswami
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Christoph Schoo
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Subhayan Dey
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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27
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Yadav R, Simler T, Goswami B, Schoo C, Köppe R, Dey S, Roesky PW. Regioselektive Insertion von Aluminium(I) in den
cyclo
‐P
5
‐Ring von Pentaphosphaferrocen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Thomas Simler
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Bhupendra Goswami
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Christoph Schoo
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Subhayan Dey
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
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28
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Yadav R, Goswami B, Simler T, Schoo C, Reichl S, Scheer M, Roesky PW. A bis(germylene) functionalized metal-coordinated polyphosphide and its isomerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10207-10210. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03920a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pentaphosphaferrocene, [Cp*Fe(η5-P5)], was used as an air-stable source of polyphosphorus units to synthesize a novel bis(germylene)-functionalized transition metal polyphosphide complex, which further undergoes a unique constitutional isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Bhupendra Goswami
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Thomas Simler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Christoph Schoo
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Stephan Reichl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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