1
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Dogruer Erkok S, Gallois R, Leegwater L, Gonzalez PC, van Asten A, McCord B. Combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) for illicit drug detection. Talanta 2024; 278:126414. [PMID: 38950500 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
There is an ongoing effort in the US illicit drug market to make new psychoactive compounds more potent and addictive. Due to continuous chemical modifications, many fentanyl analogs are developed and mixed with more traditional illicit drugs, such as cocaine and heroin. Detecting fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in these illicit drug mixtures has become more crucial because of the increased potency and associated health risks. Most confirmatory procedures require time-consuming and expensive, highly sophisticated laboratory equipment and experimental procedures, which can delay critical information that might save a victim or find a suspect. In this study, we propose miniaturizing and accelerating this process by combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analysis and paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). For this aim, dual-purposed paper substrates were developed through soaking in Au/Ag nanostars suspensions. These novel, in-house prepared paper SERS substrates showed stability for up to four weeks with and without the presence of drug compounds. Fentanyl analogs with similar SERS spectra were differentiated by coupling with PS-MS. The limit of detection (LOD) for fentanyl on the paper substrates is 34 μg/mL and 0.32 μg/mL for SERS and PS-MS, respectively. Fentanyl and fentanyl analogs show selective SERS enhancement that helped to detect trace amounts of these opioids in heroin and cocaine street samples. In short, we propose the combination of SERS/PS-MS by using modified paper substrates to develop cost-effective, sensitive, rapid, portable, reliable, and reproducible methods to detect illicit drugs, especially trace amounts of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in illicit drug mixtures. The combination of these two category A techniques allows for the identification of illicit drugs according to the SWGDRUG guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevde Dogruer Erkok
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Roxanne Gallois
- Department of Chemistry, L'Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon and Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
| | - Leon Leegwater
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Camoiras Gonzalez
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arian van Asten
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CLHC, Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruce McCord
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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2
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López-Juan A, Millán-Santiago J, Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Lucena R, Cárdenas S. Coupling Miniaturized Stir Bar Sorptive Dispersive Microextraction to Needle-Based Electrospray Ionization Emitters for Mass Spectrometry: Determination of Tetrahydrocannabinol in Human Saliva as a Proof of Concept. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9629-9635. [PMID: 38743697 PMCID: PMC11170552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Direct coupling of sample preparation with mass spectrometry (MS) can speed up analysis, enabling faster decision-making. In such combinations, where the analysis time is mainly defined by the extraction procedure, magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction emerges as a relevant technique because of its rapid workflow. The dispersion and retrieval of the magnetic sorbent are typically uncoupled stages, thus reducing the potential simplicity. Stir bar sorptive dispersive microextraction (SBSDME) is a novel technique that integrates both stages into a single device. Its miniaturization (mSBSDME) makes it more portable and compatible with low-availability samples. This article reports the direct combination of mSBSDME and MS using a needle-based electrospray ionization (NESI) emitter as the interface. This combination is applied to determine tetrahydrocannabinol in saliva samples, a relevant societal problem if the global consumption rates of cannabis are considered. The coupling requires only the transference of the magnet (containing the sorbent and the isolated analyte) from the mSBSDME to the hub of a hypodermic needle, where the online elution occurs. The application of 5 kV on the needle forms an electrospray on its tip, transferring the ionized analyte to the MS inlet. The excellent performance of mSBSDME-NESI-MS/MS relies on the sensitivity (limits of detection as low as 2.25 ng mL-1), the precision (relative standard deviation lower than 15%), and the accuracy (relative recoveries ranged from 87 to 127%) obtained. According to the results, the mSBSDME-NESI-MS/MS technique promises faster and more efficient chemical analysis in MS-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu
L. López-Juan
- GICAPC
Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot E-46100, Valencia, Spain
- Affordable
and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Analytical
Chemistry Department, Instituto Químico para la Energía
y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), University
of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Marie Curie Building, Córdoba E-14071, Spain
| | - Jaime Millán-Santiago
- Affordable
and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Analytical
Chemistry Department, Instituto Químico para la Energía
y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), University
of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Marie Curie Building, Córdoba E-14071, Spain
| | - Juan L. Benedé
- GICAPC
Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot E-46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Chisvert
- GICAPC
Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot E-46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Lucena
- Affordable
and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Analytical
Chemistry Department, Instituto Químico para la Energía
y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), University
of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Marie Curie Building, Córdoba E-14071, Spain
| | - Soledad Cárdenas
- Affordable
and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Analytical
Chemistry Department, Instituto Químico para la Energía
y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), University
of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Marie Curie Building, Córdoba E-14071, Spain
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3
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Zhang W, Han Z, Zhao Z, Shi J, Liu L, Wang D, Yu Z. Rapid detection of furanyl fentanyl in complex matrices using Leidenfrost desorption-assisted low-temperature arc plasma ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2024; 149:2762-2768. [PMID: 38567533 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00222a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The abuse of illicit drugs poses serious threats to the physical and mental health of users, as well as to the overall safety and welfare of society. In this work, we present a newly developed technique for drug detection based on mass spectrometry. This technique combines Leidenfrost desorption with low-temperature arc plasma ionization mass spectrometry. This method is applicable for detecting furanyl fentanyl in complex matrices. Key advantages of this technique include minimal sample fragmentation and high sensitivity for detection. The Leidenfrost desorption plays a pivotal role in this methodology, as it spontaneously concentrates analyte molecules during the gradual evaporation of the solvent. Eventually, these concentrated molecules are redistributed at their highest concentrations, resulting in exceptionally high sensitivity. In the course of our investigation, we achieved a remarkable detection limit of 10 pg mL-1 for furanyl fentanyl in pure water. Moreover, the characteristic ion peaks of furanyl fentanyl can be distinctly identified within complex matrices such as wine, beverages, urine, and lake water. This innovative drug detection technology offers several advantages, including a simple setup, cost-effectiveness, rapid detection, high sensitivity, and minimal sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zhongbao Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zhongyu Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jianjun Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China.
| | - Liyan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Narcotics Control and Public Order Studies, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang 110854, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zhan Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China.
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4
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Sun S, Hou M, Lai C, Yang Q, Gao J, Lu X, Wang X, Yu Q. Capillary self-aspirating electrospray ionization (CSESI) for convenient and versatile mass spectrometry analysis. Talanta 2024; 266:125008. [PMID: 37531883 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is one of the most widely used ionization techniques, and its simplification can benefit many interested users. In this study, sample introduction by capillary action was studied and used to develop a simple ESI source called capillary self-aspirating electrospray ionization (CSESI). A conventional CSESI source requires only a common capillary of appropriate diameter in addition to the support of high voltage (HV). No pumps and sample loading is needed because the solution can spontaneously climb across the capillary by capillary action. With the proper modification of the glass capillary, the operation of CSESI can be further simplified and efficient. Specifically, cold plasma processing of the capillary creates a more hydrophilic surface that can facilitate sample introduction. Moreover, sputtering a thin platinum layer on the capillary tip makes the application of HV more convenient, and it also eliminates the influence of air bubbles in the capillary to ensure a sustained and stable electrospray. Overall, CSESI exhibits multiple desirable features such as simple structure, self-aspiration ability, low sample consumption, and inherent physical filtration capability. Apart from the routine ESI-MS analysis, it has also been applied in real-time monitoring of the oxidative dimerization of 8-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, as well as direct analysis of muddy soil solutions without pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Sun
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mulang Hou
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chaoyang Lai
- Shenzhen Chin Instrument Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinqiong Lu
- Shenzhen Chin Instrument Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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5
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Jurisch M, Fantini C, Augusti R, Almeida MR. Combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and paper spray mass spectrometry for the identification and confirmation of psychotropic substances in alcoholic beverages. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e4997. [PMID: 38146219 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Criminal practices in which an individual becomes vulnerable and prone to sexual assault after ingesting drinks spiked with doping substances have become a social concern globally. As forensic protocols require a multi-tiered strategy for chemical evidentiary analysis, the backlog of evidence has become a significant problem in the community. Herein, a fast, sensible, and complementary dual analytical methodology was developed using a single commercial paper substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) analysis to identify psychotropic substances added to alcoholic beverages irrefutably. To study and investigate this criminal practice, pharmaceutical formulations containing distinct psychotropic substances (zolpidem, clonazepam, diazepam, and ketamine) were added to drinks typically consumed at parties and festivals (Pilsen beer, açaí Catuaba®, gin tonic, and vodka mixed with Coca-Cola Zero®). A simple liquid-liquid extraction with a low-temperature partitioning (LLE-LTP) procedure was applied to the drinks and effectively minimized matrix effects. As a preliminary analysis, SERS spectra combined with Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) provided sufficient information to investigate the samples further. The presence of the protonated species for the psychotropic substances in the spiked drinks was readily verified in the mass spectra and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. Finally, the results demonstrate the potential of this methodology to be easily implemented into the routine of forensic laboratories and to be further employed at harm reduction tends at parties and festivals to detect contaminated beverages promptly and irrefutably as an efficient tool to prevent such crimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Jurisch
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Fantini
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ramos Almeida
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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6
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Carlo MJ, Patrick AL. Further exploration of the collision-induced dissociation of select beta blockers: Acebutolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, carteolol, and labetalol. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2023; 58:e4985. [PMID: 37990768 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Beta blockers are a class of drugs commonly used to treat heart-related diseases; they are also regulated under the World Anti-Doping Agency. Tandem mass spectrometry is often used in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical analysis laboratory, and antidoping laboratory for detection and characterization of drugs and their metabolites. A deeper chemical understanding of dissociation pathways may eventually lead to an improved ability to predict tandem mass spectra of compounds based strictly on their chemical structure (or vice versa), which is especially important for characterization of unknowns such as emerging designer drugs or novel metabolites. In addition to providing insights into dissociation pathways, the use of energy-resolved breakdown curves can produce improved selectivity and lend insights into optimal fragmentation conditions for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS workflows. Here, we perform energy-resolved collision cell and multistage ion trap collision-induced dissociation-mass spectrometry (CID-MS) experiments, along with complementary density functional theory calculations, on five beta blockers (acebutolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, carteolol, and labetalol), to better understand the details of the pathways giving rise to the observed MS/MS patterns. Results from this work are contextualized within previously reported literature on these compounds. New insights into the formation of the characteristic product ion m/z 116 and the pathway leading to characteristic loss of 77 u are highlighted. We also present comparisons of breakdown curves obtained via qToF, quadrupole ion trap, and in-source CID, allowing for differences between the data to be noted and providing a step toward allowing for improved selectivity of breakdown curves to be realized on simple instruments such as single quadrupoles or ion traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Carlo
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Amanda L Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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7
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Arias A, Windham PE, Cheyne NA, Gilliland WM. Rapid fabrication of hydrophobic/hydrophilic patterns on paper substrates for paper spray mass spectrometry. Analyst 2023; 148:5496-5506. [PMID: 37782094 PMCID: PMC10849044 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid chemical coating and patterning method was developed and optimized for paper-based substrates for use in paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). A variety of chlorosilanes were explored for coating paper substrates, and their effectiveness in forming hydrophobic surfaces was characterized via contact angle goniometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Trichloromethylsilane was selected as the primary coating agent because of the short time required to produce a hydrophobic surface (contact angle > 130°), as well as the ease of patterning. Patterning was performed using 3D-printed masks and an oxygen/plasma cleaner. Optimal mask thickness and oxygen/plasma cleaning parameters were determined to produce channels varying from 0.5 to 2.5 mm in width. The effectiveness of the patterned substrates for PS-MS was determined via analysis of four antiretrovirals: emtricitabine, lamivudine, efavirenz, and dolutegravir. Calibration curves were made for each antiretroviral at varying channel widths, and the limits of detection and limits of quantification for each drug were determined. These results show that this patterning method results in an average 7.2-fold improvement in sensitivity and an average 190-fold improvement in limits of detection over uncoated paper substrates in a neat matrix. In a proof-of-concept experiment, calibration curves were generated for each antiretroviral in urine. A patterned paper substrate with a 2-mm channel resulted in an average 7.4-fold improvement in sensitivity and an average 18-fold improvement in limits of detection over uncoated paper substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Arias
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
| | - Peyton E Windham
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
| | - Natalie A Cheyne
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
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8
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Prunty S, Carmany D, Dhummakupt ES, Manicke NE. Pressure sensitive adhesives and paper spray-mass spectrometry for the collection and analysis of fentanyl-related compounds from shipping materials. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1615-1625. [PMID: 37493221 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The rise of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in the drug supply pose serious threats to public health. Much of these compounds enter the United States through shipping routes. Here we provide a method for fentanyl screening and analysis that utilizes pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) lined paper to recover drug residues from parcel-related surfaces. The paper used is commercially available repositionable notes (also called post-it or sticky notes). From this paper, mass spectra were obtained by paper spray-mass spectrometry (PS-MS), where PSA paper served as both a sampling and analysis substrate. Seven fentanyl-related compounds were analyzed: fentanyl, 4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine (4-ANPP), N,1-diphenethyl-N-phenylpiperidin-4-amine (phenethyl-4-ANPP), valerylfentanyl, 4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl (4-FIBF), carfentanil, and p-fluorofentanyl. These compounds were recovered by PSA paper and identified by PS-MS from packaging tape and plastic at 50 ng and from cardboard and shipping labels at 100 ng. The impact of cutting agents on PS-MS analysis of fentanyl analogs was explored. No trends of analyte suppression were found at high concentrations of the cutting agents caffeine, diphenhydramine, and lidocaine when recovered from surfaces. A cartridge that required no precise cutting of PSA paper prior to sampling or analysis was evaluated for use in PS-MS for fentanyl screening. Recovery and detection of fentanyl from plastic sheeting was demonstrated with this cut-free cartridge. The cut-free cartridge showed somewhat less consistency and lower analyte signal than the standard cartridge, but performance was suitable for potential screening applications. In combining PSA surface sampling with PS-MS for drug screening, both sampling and detection of fentanyl-related compounds is simple, rapid, and low-cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Prunty
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Nicholas E Manicke
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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9
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Cooman T, Ott CE, Arroyo LE. Evaluation and classification of fentanyl-related compounds using EC-SERS and machine learning. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1520-1526. [PMID: 37212602 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple analytical techniques for the screening of fentanyl-related compounds exist. High discriminatory methods such as GC-MS and LC-MS are expensive, time-consuming, and less amenable to onsite analysis. Raman spectroscopy provides a rapid, inexpensive alternative. Raman variants such as electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman scattering (EC-SERS) can provide signal enhancements with 1010 magnitudes, allowing for the detection of low-concentration analytes, otherwise undetected using conventional Raman. Library search algorithms embedded in instruments utilizing SERS may suffer from accuracy when multicomponent mixtures involving fentanyl derivatives are analyzed. The complexing of machine learning techniques to Raman spectra demonstrates an improvement in the discrimination of drugs even when present in multicomponent mixtures of various ratios. Additionally, these algorithms are capable of identifying spectral features difficult to detect by manual comparisons. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate fentanyl-related compounds and other drugs of abuse using EC-SERS and to process the acquired data using machine learning-convolutional neural networks (CNN). The CNN was created using Keras v 2.4.0 with Tensorflow v 2.9.1 backend. In-house binary mixtures and authentic adjudicated case samples were used to evaluate the created machine-learning models. The overall accuracy of the model was 98.4 ± 0.1% after 10-fold cross-validation. The correct identification for the in-house binary mixtures was 92%, while the authentic case samples were 85%. The high accuracies achieved in this study demonstrate the advantage of using machine learning to process spectral data when screening seized drug materials comprised of multiple components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travon Cooman
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Colby E Ott
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Luis E Arroyo
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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10
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Leary PE, Kizzire KL, Chan Chao R, Niedziejko M, Martineau N, Kammrath BW. Evaluation of portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the analysis of fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and other synthetic opioids. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1601-1614. [PMID: 37470264 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and its analogs are frequently encountered in the field and require detection and identification by first responders to maintain the safety of drug abusers, first responders, health-care providers, and the public at large. Due to the low concentration at which these substances may be encountered and the complicating matrices within which they may be dispersed, the use of portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for their identification in the field offers great potential value. This research established that portable GC-MS is a useful method for the detection and identification of a large number of synthetic opioids, especially fentanyl and its analogs. In this study, 250 synthetic opioids and related substances including 210 fentanyl analogs were analyzed using portable GC-MS. It was concluded that 225 of the 250 (90.0%) opioids analyzed were successfully detected onboard at the time of analysis and identified as either the substance (55.2%) or an analog (34.8%). These outcomes have equivalent benefit for the field analysis of illicit drugs due to both initiating the same subsequent actions by first responders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brooke W Kammrath
- University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic Science, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Zhai Y, Fu X, Xu W. Miniature mass spectrometers and their potential for clinical point-of-care analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 37610153 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a powerful technique for clinical applications with high sensitivity and specificity. Different from conventional MS diagnosis in laboratory, point-of-care (POC) analyses in clinics require mass spectrometers and analytical procedures to be friendly for novice users and applicable for on-site clinical diagnosis. The recent decades have seen the progress in the development of miniature mass spectrometers, providing a promising solution for clinical POC applications. In this review, we report recent advances of miniature mass spectrometers and their exploration in clinical applications, mainly including the rapid analysis of illegal drugs, on-site monitoring of therapeutic drugs, and detection of biomarkers. With improved analytical performance, miniature mass spectrometers are also expected to apply to more and more clinical applications. Some promising POC analyses that can be performed by miniature mass spectrometers in the future are discussed. Lastly, we also provide our perspectives on the challenges in technical development of miniature mass spectrometers for clinical POC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Zhai
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyan Fu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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12
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Musile G, Grazioli C, Fornasaro S, Dossi N, De Palo EF, Tagliaro F, Bortolotti F. Application of Paper-Based Microfluidic Analytical Devices (µPAD) in Forensic and Clinical Toxicology: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:743. [PMID: 37504142 PMCID: PMC10377625 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The need for providing rapid and, possibly, on-the-spot analytical results in the case of intoxication has prompted researchers to develop rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective methods and analytical devices suitable for use in nonspecialized laboratories and at the point of need (PON). In recent years, the technology of paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (μPADs) has undergone rapid development and now provides a feasible, low-cost alternative to traditional rapid tests for detecting harmful compounds. In fact, µPADs have been developed to detect toxic molecules (arsenic, cyanide, ethanol, and nitrite), drugs, and drugs of abuse (benzodiazepines, cathinones, cocaine, fentanyl, ketamine, MDMA, morphine, synthetic cannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol, and xylazine), and also psychoactive substances used for drug-facilitated crimes (flunitrazepam, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), ketamine, metamizole, midazolam, and scopolamine). The present report critically evaluates the recent developments in paper-based devices, particularly in detection methods, and how these new analytical tools have been tested in forensic and clinical toxicology, also including future perspectives on their application, such as multisensing paper-based devices, microfluidic paper-based separation, and wearable paper-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Musile
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Cristian Grazioli
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Stefano Fornasaro
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicolò Dossi
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Elio Franco De Palo
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomics Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Federica Bortolotti
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
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13
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Prunty S, Carmany D, Dhummakupt ES, Manicke NE. Combining presumptive color tests, pressure-sensitive adhesive-based collection, and paper spray-mass spectrometry for illicit drug detection. Analyst 2023. [PMID: 37377186 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00559c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drug trafficking and abuse is a significant public safety and health concern. Color tests are commonly used for drug screening, but their poor specificity results in false positives. This study demonstrates the combination of drug residue collection using pressure-sensitive adhesive paper, on-paper color testing, and post-reaction analysis by paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) on both portable and benchtop ion trap MS. All steps, including residue collection, color testing, and paper spray analysis, were performed on the same piece of paper. Three common color tests were investigated: the cobalt thiocyanate test for cocaine, the Simon test for methamphetamine, and the Marquis test for phenethylamine stimulants and opiates. The detection threshold for color tests ranged from 1.25 to 10 μg on paper. Drug residues were successfully confirmed by paper spray MS at the color test threshold in all cases, except for heroin after reaction with the Marquis reagent, when using the portable MS. In this case, the MS detection threshold was 4-fold higher than the color test threshold. The stability of the color test products was assessed through a time study. Drug residues could be detected by MS at least 24 hours after reaction. A series of realistic samples, including false positives, were analyzed to demonstrate the technique's utility in real-world scenarios. Overall, combining color tests with PS-MS offers a rapid, low-cost method for the collection and analysis of illicit drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Prunty
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | | | | | - Nicholas E Manicke
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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14
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Yan H, Li D, Xu W. A high resolution Fourier transform ion trap enabled by image current splicing: a theoretical study. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1345-1354. [PMID: 36815265 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay02034c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The relatively high work pressure within an ion trap has limited the implementation of the Fourier transform technique for high resolution mass analysis. The main reason is that high buffer gas pressure will cause the rapid decay of ion oscillations. In this study, an image current splicing method based on the filter diagonalization method (FDM) and the Hilbert transform was developed to increase the resolving power of nondestructive mass analysis in a linear ion trap. First, multiple repeated experiments (or ion trajectory simulations) were performed to collect multiple sets of data. Using the FDM, the frequency component distribution was extracted from short image current transients collected from each experiment. The Hilbert transform was then applied to calculate and normalize the decay envelope of each transient. The relative abundance was calculated by counting the envelopes. Finally, image current transients collected from these multiple experiments were spliced and merged into a whole signal with much longer duration and continuous phase. This splicing method could effectively increase the duration of the image current, and thus improve the mass resolution of the ion trap mass analyzer. The mass resolution (m/Δm) was improved from 183.5 to 5.8 × 103, and the average relative difference was 2.8%. The proposed method resolved 3 adjacent peaks which originally could not be resolved from the raw signal by the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Besides simulated data, this method was also applied to the experimental data collected from a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. The influence of electronic noise on the proposed method was also discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Yan
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Dayu Li
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Convergence Medical Engineering System and Healthcare Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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15
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Paulson AE, Premasiri WR, Ziegler LD, Lee YJ. Use of Nanoparticle Decorated Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Active Sol-Gel Substrates for SALDI-MS Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:273-278. [PMID: 36594588 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques are sometimes combined into the same analytical workflow to leverage each technique's analytical benefits. This combined workflow is especially useful in forensic and medical contexts where samples are often precious in nature. Here, we adopt metal nanoparticle (NP) doped sol-gel substrates, initially developed for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis, as surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) substrates. Using dried blood and sample protocols previously developed for SERS analysis, we observe heme-related spectral features on both silver and gold NP substrates by SALDI-MS, demonstrating dual functionality for these orthogonal techniques. Modifying the dried blood extraction procedures also allows for the observation of blood triacylglycerols by SALDI-MS. This is the first demonstration of a SERS/SALDI-MS substrate based on a sol-gel scaffold and the first demonstration of a gold NP sol-gel substrate for SALDI-MS which features lower substrate-related SALDI-MS background compared to the silver substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Paulson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - W Ranjith Premasiri
- Department of Chemistry and Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Lawrence D Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry and Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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16
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Weber A, Hoplight B, Ogilvie R, Muro C, Khandasammy SR, Pérez-Almodóvar L, Sears S, Lednev IK. Innovative Vibrational Spectroscopy Research for Forensic Application. Anal Chem 2023; 95:167-205. [PMID: 36625116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States.,SupreMEtric LLC, 7 University Pl. B210, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Bailey Hoplight
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Rhilynn Ogilvie
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Claire Muro
- New York State Police Forensic Investigation Center, Building #30, Campus Access Rd., Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Shelby R Khandasammy
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Luis Pérez-Almodóvar
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Samuel Sears
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States.,SupreMEtric LLC, 7 University Pl. B210, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- David Love
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
| | - Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA,70113th Street, N.W., Suite 750, Washington, DC, 20005-3967, USA,Corresponding author. RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA.
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18
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Investigations into fentanyl precursors method classification by handheld Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analysis. Forensic Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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19
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Luo W, Pan J, Chen B, Ma M. Rapid Determination of Clonidine in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Paper Spray Tandem Mass Spectrometry (PS-MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2159970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiaxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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20
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Vannoy KJ, Krushinski LE, Kong EF, Dick JE. Reagentless Voltammetric Identification of Cocaine from Complex Powders. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12638-12644. [PMID: 36066582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is one of the most commonly trafficked and abused drugs in the United States, and deployable field tests are important for rapid identification in nonlaboratory settings. At present, colorimetric tests exist for in-field determination, but these fundamentally suffer from interferent effects. Cocaine is an organic salt that is readily water soluble as a cation and almost insoluble in the deprotonated neutral form. Here, we take advantage of the electrochemical window of water to increase the pH at the electrode surface by driving water reduction, effectively electroprecipitating the cocaine base. The precipitate on the electrode surface is then electrochemically oxidized by a voltammetric sweep through sufficiently positive potentials. We demonstrate excellent selectivity to cocaine compared to common adulterants, such as procaine, lidocaine, benzocaine, caffeine, and levamisole. Finally, we detect cocaine on a carbon fiber microelectrode, demonstrating miniaturizability and allowing access to low-resistance media (e.g., tap water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lynn E Krushinski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Edgar F Kong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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21
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Ren J, Mao S, Lin J, Xu Y, Zhu Q, Xu N. Research Progress of Raman Spectroscopy and Raman Imaging in Pharmaceutical Analysis. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1445-1456. [PMID: 35593344 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220518145635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The analytical investigation of the pharmaceutical process monitors the critical process parameters of the drug, beginning from its development until marketing and postmarketing, and appropriate corrective action can be taken to change the pharmaceutical design at any stage of the process. Advanced analytical methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, are particularly suitable for use in the field of drug analysis, especially for qualitative and quantitative work, due to the advantages of simple sample preparation, fast, nondestructive analysis speed, and effective avoidance of moisture interference. Advanced Raman imaging techniques have gradually become a powerful alternative method for monitoring changes in polymorph distribution and active pharmaceutical ingredient distribution in drug processing and pharmacokinetics. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has also solved the inherent insensitivity and fluorescence problems of Raman, which has made good progress in the field of illegal drug analysis. This review summarizes the application of Raman spectroscopy and imaging technology, which are used in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of solid tablets, quality control of the production process, drug crystal analysis, illegal drug analysis, and monitoring of drug dissolution and release in the field of drug analysis in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Shijie Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Jidong Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
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22
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Jeromel L, Ogrinc N, Siketić Z, Vavpetič P, Rupnik Z, Bučar K, Jenčič B, Kelemen M, Vencelj M, Vogel-Mikuš K, Kovač J, Heeren RMA, Flinders B, Cuypers E, Barba Ž, Pelicon P. Molecular imaging of humain hair with MeV-SIMS: A case study of cocaine detection and distribution in the hair of a cocaine user. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263338. [PMID: 35333862 PMCID: PMC8956162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hair absorbs numerous biomolecules from the body during its growth. This can act as a fingerprint to determine substance intake of an individual, which can be useful in forensic studies. The cocaine concentration profile along the growth axis of hair indicates the time evolution of the metabolic incorporation of cocaine usage. It could be either assessed by chemical extraction and further analysis of hair bundels, or by direct single hair fibre analysis with mass spectroscopy imaging (MSI). Within this work, we analyzed the cocaine distribution in individual hair samples using MeV-SIMS. Unlike conventional surface analysis methods, we demonstrate high yields of nonfragmented molecular ions from the surface of biological materials, resulting in high chemical sensitivity and non-destructive characterisation. Hair samples were prepared by longitudinally cutting along the axis of growth, leaving half-cylindrical shape to access the interior structure of the hair by the probing ion beam, and attached to the silicon wafer. A focused 5.8 MeV 35Cl6+ beam was scanned across the intact, chemically pristine hair structure. A non-fragmented protonated [M+ H]+ cocaine molecular peak at m/z = 304 was detected and localized along the cross-section of the hair. Its intensity exhibits strong fluctuations along the direction of the hair’s growth, with pronounced peaks as narrow as 50 micrometres, corresponding to a metabolic incorporation time of approx. three hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Ogrinc
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Kovač
- Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bryn Flinders
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- KU Leuven Toxicology & Pharmacology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Žiga Barba
- Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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23
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Panneerselvam R, Sadat H, Höhn EM, Das A, Noothalapati H, Belder D. Microfluidics and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, a win-win combination? LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:665-682. [PMID: 35107464 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous development in nanoscience and nanotechnology, analytical techniques like surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) render structural and chemical information of a variety of analyte molecules in ultra-low concentration. Although this technique is making significant progress in various fields, the reproducibility of SERS measurements and sensitivity towards small molecules are still daunting challenges. In this regard, microfluidic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (MF-SERS) is well on its way to join the toolbox of analytical chemists. This review article explains how MF-SERS is becoming a powerful tool in analytical chemistry. We critically present the developments in SERS substrates for microfluidic devices and how these substrates in microfluidic channels can improve the SERS sensitivity, reproducibility, and detection limit. We then introduce the building materials for microfluidic platforms and their types such as droplet, centrifugal, and digital microfluidics. Finally, we enumerate some challenges and future directions in microfluidic SERS. Overall, this article showcases the potential and versatility of microfluidic SERS in overcoming the inherent issues in the SERS technique and also discusses the advantage of adding SERS to the arsenal of microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajapandiyan Panneerselvam
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India.
| | - Hasan Sadat
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Höhn
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anish Das
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hemanth Noothalapati
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Raman Project Center for Medical and Biological Applications, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Li X, Wang X, Liu J, Dai M, Zhang Q, Li Y, Huang JA. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection of organic molecules and in situ monitoring of organic reactions by ion-induced silver nanoparticle clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2826-2831. [PMID: 35043815 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04857k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) finds wide applications in the field of organic molecule detection. However, reliable SERS detection of organic molecules and in situ monitoring of organic reactions under natural conditions by metal colloids are still challenging due to the formation of unstable nanoparticle clusters in solution and the low solubility of the organic molecules. Here, we approach the problems by introducing calcium ions to aggregate silver nanoparticles to form stable hot spots and acetone to promote uniform distribution of organic molecules on the nanoparticle surface. Significantly, our method exhibits stable SERS detection of up to 6 types of organic molecules in liquid. With acetone signals as an internal standard, we are able to determine molecule concentrations as well as monitor 3 kinds of organic reactions in situ. Our method shows potential for biomedical analysis, environmental analysis, and organic catalysis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, No. 2708, South Section of Huaxi Avenue, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157, Health Road, Nangang District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157, Health Road, Nangang District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Miaomiao Dai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, No. 2708, South Section of Huaxi Avenue, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Qianjun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, No. 2708, South Section of Huaxi Avenue, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Yang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, No. 2708, South Section of Huaxi Avenue, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China. .,College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157, Health Road, Nangang District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 2125B, Aapistie 5A, 90220 Oulu, Finland.
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25
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Nguyen CB, Wichert WRA, Carmany DO, McBride EM, Mach PM, Dhummakupt ES, Glaros T, Manicke NE. Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Combined with Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry for Low-Cost Collection and Analysis of Drug Residues. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13467-13474. [PMID: 34582178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Illicit drug use causes over half a million deaths worldwide every year. Drugs of abuse are commonly smuggled through customs and border checkpoints and, increasingly, through parcel delivery services. Improved methods for detection of trace drug residues from surfaces are needed. Such methods should be robust, fieldable, sensitive, and capable of detecting a wide range of drugs. In this work, commercially produced paper with a pressure-sensitive adhesive coating was utilized for the collection and analysis of trace drug residues by paper spray mass spectrometry (MS). This modified substrate was used to combine sample collection of drug residues from surfaces with rapid detection using a single paper spray ticket. The all-in-one ticket was used to probe different surfaces commonly encountered in forensic work including clothing, cardboard, glass, concrete, asphalt, and aluminum. A total of 10 drugs (acetyl fentanyl, fentanyl, clonazolam, cocaine, heroin, ketamine, methamphetamine, methylone, U-47700, and XLR-11) were evaluated and found to be detectable in the picogram range using a benchtop mass spectrometer and in the low nanogram range using a portable ion trap MS. The novel approach demonstrates a simple yet effective sampling strategy, allowing for rapid identification from difficult surfaces via paper spray mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Bao Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - William R A Wichert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Daniel O Carmany
- DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 21010, United States
| | | | - Phillip M Mach
- DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Dhummakupt
- DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Trevor Glaros
- DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Nicholas E Manicke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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26
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Ha NS, de Raad M, Han LZ, Golini A, Petzold CJ, Northen TR. Faster, better, and cheaper: harnessing microfluidics and mass spectrometry for biotechnology. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1331-1351. [PMID: 34704041 PMCID: PMC8496484 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening technologies are widely used for elucidating biological activities. These typically require trade-offs in assay specificity and sensitivity to achieve higher throughput. Microfluidic approaches enable rapid manipulation of small volumes and have found a wide range of applications in biotechnology providing improved control of reaction conditions, faster assays, and reduced reagent consumption. The integration of mass spectrometry with microfluidics has the potential to create high-throughput, sensitivity, and specificity assays. This review introduces the widely-used mass spectrometry ionization techniques that have been successfully integrated with microfluidics approaches such as continuous-flow system, microchip electrophoresis, droplet microfluidics, digital microfluidics, centrifugal microfluidics, and paper microfluidics. In addition, we discuss recent applications of microfluidics integrated with mass spectrometry in single-cell analysis, compound screening, and the study of microorganisms. Lastly, we provide future outlooks towards online coupling, improving the sensitivity and integration of multi-omics into a single platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel S Ha
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
| | - Markus de Raad
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
| | - La Zhen Han
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA USA
| | - Amber Golini
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA USA
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27
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Musile G, Agard Y, Wang L, De Palo EF, McCord B, Tagliaro F. Paper-based microfluidic devices: On-site tools for crime scene investigation. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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28
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Lee S, Chintalapudi K, Badu-Tawiah AK. Clinical Chemistry for Developing Countries: Mass Spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:437-465. [PMID: 33979544 PMCID: PMC8932337 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091520-085936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Early disease diagnosis is necessary to enable timely interventions. Implementation of this vital task in the developing world is challenging owing to limited resources. Diagnostic approaches developed for resource-limited settings have often involved colorimetric tests (based on immunoassays) due to their low cost. Unfortunately, the performance/sensitivity of such simplistic tests are often limited and significantly hinder opportunities for early disease detection. A new criterion for selecting diagnostic tests in low- and middle-income countries is proposed here that is based on performance-to-cost ratio. For example, modern mass spectrometry (MS) now involves analysis of the native sample in the open laboratory environment, enabling applications in many fields, including clinical research, forensic science, environmental analysis, and agriculture. In this critical review, we summarize recent developments in chemistry that enable MS to be applied effectively in developing countries. In particular, we argue that closed automated analytical systems may not offer the analytical flexibility needed in resource-limited settings. Alternative strategies proposed here have potential to be widely accepted in low- and middle-income countries through the utilization of the open-source ambient MS platform that enables microsampling techniques such as dried blood spot to be coupled with miniature mass spectrometers in a centralized analytical platform. Consequently, costs associated with sample handling and maintenance can be reduced by >50% of the total ownership cost, permitting analytical measurements to be operated at high performance-to-cost ratios in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA;
| | - Kavyasree Chintalapudi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA;
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA;
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Guo X, Shang Y, Lv Y, Bai H, Ma Q. Suspect Screening of Fentanyl Analogs Using Matrix-Assisted Ionization and a Miniature Mass Spectrometer with a Custom Expandable Mass Spectral Library. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10152-10159. [PMID: 34254788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reliable identification of fentanyl and its analogs is of great significance for public security. However, with the growing prevalence of fentanyl compounds, current analytical strategies cannot fully meet the need for fast and high-throughput detection. In this study, a simple, rapid, and on-site analytical protocol was developed based on a miniature mass spectrometer. A dramatically simplified workflow was implemented using matrix-assisted ionization, bypassing complex sample pretreatment and chromatographic separation. The tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) capability afforded by the miniature ion trap mass spectrometer facilitated the investigation of fragmentation patterns for 49 fentanyl analogs during collision-induced dissociation, revealing valuable information on marker fragment ions and characteristic neutral loss. Calculations on Laplacian bond order values further verified the mass spectrometric behavior. A computation-assisted expandable mass spectral library was constructed in-house for fentanyl compounds. Smart suspect screening was carried out based on the full-scan MS and MS/MS data. The present study demonstrates an appealing potential for forensic applications, enabling streamlined screening for the presence of illicit fentanyl compounds at the point of seizures of suspect samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yuhan Shang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yueguang Lv
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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Brown HM, Fedick PW. Rapid, low-cost, and in-situ analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soils and sediments by ambient 3D-printed cone spray ionization mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129708. [PMID: 35534952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A rapid method to empirically determine the presence of trace per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in solid media, such as soils, sands, and sediments, without any sample preparation, through ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS), is described. 3D-printed cone spray ionization (3D-PCSI) is an ambient ionization technique that employs a 3D-printed conductive plastic cone to perform both sampling and ionization. The 3D-PCSI sources are fabricated in the shape of a hollowed square pyramid to hold bulk matrices, and consist of rigid walls to aid in the uniformity and consistency of sampling and ionization. Solid samples are placed within the hollowed pyramid and a solvent is added to perform an in-situ extraction, followed by spray-based ionization when a voltage is applied. The low cost of 3D-printing, its reproducibility at scale, and lack of sample preparation, enables 3D-PCSI-MS to rapidly and efficiently screen for trace PFAS, in-situ, in bulk samples. Demonstrated here is the detection of trace PFAS that were doped into six different soil and sediment matrices, by 3D-PCSI-MS, to validate the universality of the method, irrespective of matrix composition. All PFAS were identified by their indicative MS3 spectra and ranged in detection limits from 100 ppt to 10 ppb depending on the compound and soil classification. Legacy aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) were analyzed in soil by 3D-PCSI-MS, as were soil samples collected around an AFFF testing facility. The sampling rate for 3D-PCSI-MS was less than 2 min per sample, demonstrating the applicability to high-throughput mapping of a contaminated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Research Department, Chemistry Division, United States Navy - Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR). Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), 1900 N. Knox Road, China Lake, California, 93555, United States
| | - Patrick W Fedick
- Research Department, Chemistry Division, United States Navy - Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR). Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), 1900 N. Knox Road, China Lake, California, 93555, United States.
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31
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Brown HM, McDaniel TJ, Doppalapudi KR, Mulligan CC, Fedick PW. Rapid, in situ detection of chemical warfare agent simulants and hydrolysis products in bulk soils by low-cost 3D-printed cone spray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:3127-3136. [PMID: 33999086 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00255d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are toxic chemicals that have been used as disabling or lethal weapons in war, terrorist attacks, and assasinations. The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) has prohibited the use, development, production, and stockpiling of CWAs since its initiation in 1997, however, the threat of deployment still looms. Detection of trace CWAs post-deployment or post-remediation, in bulk matrices such as soil, often requires lengthy sample preparation steps or extensive chromatographic separation times. 3D-printed cone spray ionization (3D-PCSI), an ambient ionization mass spectrometric (MS) technique, provides a rapid, simple, and low-cost method for trace CWA analysis in soil matrices for both in-laboratory and in-field detection. Described here is the utilization of conductive 3D-printed cones to perform both rapid sampling and ionization for CWA simulants and hydrolysis products in eight solid matrices. The analysis of trace quantities of CWA simulants and hydrolysis products by 3D-PCSI-MS coupled to both a commercial benchtop system and a field-portable MS system is detailed. Empirical limits of detection (LOD) for CWA simulants on the benchtop MS ranged from 100 ppt to 750 ppb and were highly dependant on solid matrix composition, with the portable system yielding similar spectral data from alike matrices, albeit with lower sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
| | - Trevor J McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, USA.
| | - Karan R Doppalapudi
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
| | | | - Patrick W Fedick
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
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Rankin‐Turner S, Heaney LM. Applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry in 2020: An annual review. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 2:193-212. [PMID: 38716454 PMCID: PMC10989608 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Recent developments in mass spectrometry (MS) analyses have seen a concerted effort to reduce the complexity of analytical workflows through the simplification (or removal) of sample preparation and the shortening of run-to-run analysis times. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) is an exemplar MS-based technology that has swiftly developed into a popular and powerful tool in analytical science. This increase in interest and demonstrable applications is down to its capacity to enable the rapid analysis of a diverse range of samples, typically in their native state or following a minimalistic sample preparation approach. The field of AIMS is constantly improving and expanding, with developments of powerful and novel techniques, improvements to existing instrumentation, and exciting new applications added with each year that passes. This annual review provides an overview of applications of AIMS techniques over the past year (2020), with a particular focus on the application of AIMS in a number of key fields of research including biomedical sciences, forensics and security, food sciences, the environment, and chemical synthesis. Novel ambient ionization techniques are introduced, including picolitre pressure-probe electrospray ionization and fiber spray ionization, in addition to modifications and improvements to existing techniques such as hand-held devices for ease of use, and USB-powered ion sources for on-site analysis. In all, the information provided in this review supports the view that AIMS has become a leading approach in MS-based analyses and that improvements to existing methods, alongside the development of novel approaches, will continue across the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rankin‐Turner
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Liam M. Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
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Limitations of GC-QTOF-MS Technique in Identification of Odorous Compounds from Wastewater: The Application of GC-IMS as Supplement for Odor Profiling. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Odorous emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) cause negative impacts on the surrounding areas and possible health risks on nearby residents. However, the efficient and reliable identification of WWTPs’ odorants is still challenging. In this study, odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from domestic wastewater at different processing units were profiled and identified using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and gas chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS). The GC-QTOF-MS results confirmed the odor contribution of sulfur organic compounds in wastewater before primary sedimentation and ruled out the significance of most of the hydrocarbons in wastewater odor. The problems in odorous compounds analysis using GC-QTOF-MS were discussed. GC-IMS was developed for visualized analysis on composition characteristics of odorants. Varied volatile compounds were detected by GC-IMS, mainly oxygen-containing VOCs including alcohols, fatty acids, aldehydes and ketones with low odor threshold values. The fingerprint plot of IMS spectra showed the variation in VOCs’ composition, indicating the changes of wastewater quality during treatment process. The GC-IMS technique may provide an efficient profiling method for the changes of inlet water and performance of treatment process at WWTPs.
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Liyanage T, Masterson AN, Hati S, Ren G, Manicke NE, Rusyniak DE, Sardar R. Optimization of electromagnetic hot spots in surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates for an ultrasensitive drug assay of emergency department patients' plasma. Analyst 2020; 145:7662-7672. [PMID: 32969415 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01372b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the programmable preparation of ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based nanoplasmonic superlattice substrates to assay fentanyl and cocaine (detection and quantification) from 10 μL aliquots of emergency department patient plasma without the need for purification steps. Highly homogeneous three-dimensional (3D) nanoplasmonic superlattices are generated through the droplet evaporation-based self-assembly process of chemically-synthesized, polyethylene glycol thiolate-coated gold triangular nanoprisms (Au TNPs). Close-packed, solid-state 3D superlattice substrates produce electromagnetic hot spots due to near-field plasmonic coupling of Au TNPs, which display unique localized surface plasmonic resonance properties. These uniquely prepared superlattice substrates enable strong SERS enhancement to achieve a parts-per-quadrillion limit of detection using the label-free SERS-based technique. Our reported limit of detection is at least 100-fold better than any known SERS substrates for the drug assay. Importantly, our density functional theory calculations show that a specific electronic interaction between the drug molecule and novel nanoplasmonic superlattice substrates plays a critical role that may trigger achieving this unprecedentedly high sensitivity. Additionally, we show high selectivity of the superlattice substrate in the SERS-based detection of analytes from different patient samples, which do and do not contain target analytes (i.e., fentanyl and/or cocaine). The demonstrated sensitivity and selectivity of 3D superlattice substrates for SERS-based drug analysis in real toxicological samples are expected to advance the field of measurement science, and forensic and clinical toxicology by obviating the need for complicated sample processing steps, long assay times, and the low sensitivity of existing "gold standard" analytical techniques including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Taken together, we believe that this entirely new and reproducible superlattice substrate for the SERS analysis will aid scientific, forensic, and healthcare communities to battle the drug overdose epidemic in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thakshila Liyanage
- Department Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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35
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Rodrigues MF, Pereira I, Morais RL, Lobón GS, Gil EDS, Vaz BG. A New Strategy for the Analysis of Steroid Hormones in Industrial Wastewaters by Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2250-2257. [PMID: 32930580 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new approach using paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) for the analysis of steroid hormones in wastewater samples has been demonstrated. Triangular papers containing paraffin barriers as microfluidic channels were used to direct the sample solution to the paper tip, preventing the sample from spreading over the corners of the paper. The method was used to analyze the hormones levonorgestrel and algestone acetophenide in industrial wastewaters. Analytical curves presented a correlation coefficient (R2) above 0.99. Limits of quantification were below 2.3 ppm and limits of detection below 0.7 ppm. Values of precision (coefficient of variation) and accuracy (relative error) were less than 15% for all analyses. Recovery results ranged from 82% to 102%. Levonorgestrel was also analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in order to compare the analytical performance with PSI-MS. No statistically significant differences were found between both methods. This study demonstrates the usefulness of PSI-MS for rapid analysis of hormones in industrial wastewater samples and also indicates its potential to be employed as a simple and reliable analytical method in environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690900, Brazil
| | - Ruiter Lima Morais
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690900, Brazil
| | - Gérman Sanz Lobón
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690900, Brazil
| | - Eric de Souza Gil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690900, Brazil
| | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690900, Brazil
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Jager J, Gerssen A, Pawliszyn J, Sterk SS, Nielen MWF, Blokland MH. USB-Powered Coated Blade Spray Ion Source for On-Site Testing Using Transportable Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2243-2249. [PMID: 33086002 PMCID: PMC7659368 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
On-site testing in food analysis using mass spectrometry (MS) requires miniaturization of vacuum systems, mass analyzers, sample cleanup, and ionization sources. In this study, a simple coated blade spray (CBS) ion source was developed that enables high voltage generation on the blade by ubiquitous certified (micro-)USB On-The-Go devices like smartphones, tablets, and power banks. CBS is capable of performing both analyte enrichment by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) material coated on the metal substrate and direct-spray ionization. The USB-CBS device was used on two different MS systems, a transportable single-quadrupole and a benchtop triple-quadrupole tandem MS. Various characteristics of the USB-CBS device, including high voltage generation and angular positioning, were studied. The potential of the newly developed device for food safety applications is demonstrated by banned and regulated veterinary drugs such as β-agonists and sulfonamide antibiotics, covering a wide range of molecular weights and polarities. The results highlight the potential of the developed, simplified, inexpensive (less than 10 USD), and universal vendor-independent USB-powered CBS ion source coupled with MS(/MS) systems for semiquantitative applications, in laboratories, and in future on-site food quality and safety testing. Apart from that, most likely on-site environmental, biomedical, and forensic testing will also benefit from this USB-CBS instrumental development that is compatible with any atmospheric inlet MS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josha Jager
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen
University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Gerssen
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen
University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Saskia S. Sterk
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen
University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W. F. Nielen
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen
University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen
University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco H. Blokland
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen
University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Metwally H, Agrawal P, Smith R, Liu C, LeBlanc Y, Covey TR, Oleschuk R. Detection of Opioids on Mail/Packages Using Open Port Interface Mass Spectrometry (OPI-MS). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2370-2378. [PMID: 33079532 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Opioids (and their more potent synthetic analogues) are used therapeutically as effective pain killers; however, recreational use and consequent overdoses are implicated in the deaths of thousands of people across the world annually. Trafficking of opioids and other illegal drugs through international mail has become a significant challenge for law enforcement personnel. Hundreds of millions of letters are sorted by the U.S. and Canadian postal services every day. Chemical analysis of this immense volume of mail requires a very fast sampling/detection method. This work explores the use of real-time mass spectrometry analysis with the recently developed Open Port Interface (OPI) for acoustically dispensed nanoliter volume sample droplets, a type of liquid microjunction surface sampling probe, for rapid and easy non-intrusive detection of fentanyl, heroin, and oxycodone. The OPI coupled to mass spectrometry is a novel sample introduction method that allows the rapid analysis of sample surfaces without preparation or modification. Opioids on different packaging materials (e.g., paper, bubble wrap, Ziploc bags) were rapidly (<10 s) interrogated by the OPI, and the sensitivities of the method compared. Furthermore, an opioid surrogate (caffeine) could be facilely detected on envelopes after processing through postal services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidy Metwally
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Prashant Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Rachael Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4 V8, Canada
| | - Yves LeBlanc
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4 V8, Canada
| | - Thomas R Covey
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4 V8, Canada
| | - Richard Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Brown HM, McDaniel TJ, Fedick PW, Mulligan CC. The current role of mass spectrometry in forensics and future prospects. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3974-3997. [PMID: 32720670 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are highly prevalent in crime laboratories, particularly those coupled to chromatographic separations like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC). These methods are considered "gold standard" analytical techniques for forensic analysis and have been extensively validated for producing prosecutorial evidentiary data. However, factors such as growing evidence backlogs and problematic evidence types (e.g., novel psychoactive substance (NPS) classes) have exposed limitations of these stalwart techniques. This critical review serves to delineate the current role of MS methods across the broad sub-disciplines of forensic science, providing insight on how governmental steering committees guide their implementation. Novel, developing techniques that seek to broaden applicability and enhance performance will also be highlighted, from unique modifications to traditional hyphenated MS methods to the newer "ambient" MS techniques that show promise for forensic analysis, but need further validation before incorporation into routine forensic workflows. This review also expounds on how recent improvements to MS instrumental design, scan modes, and data processing could cause a paradigm shift in how the future forensic practitioner collects and processes target evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
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Szalwinski LJ, Holden DT, Morato NM, Cooks RG. 2D MS/MS Spectra Recorded in the Time Domain Using Repetitive Frequency Sweeps in Linear Quadrupole Ion Traps. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10016-10023. [PMID: 32578980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ion trap mass spectrometers have emerged as powerful on-site analytical platforms, in spite of limited mass resolution, due to their compatibility with ambient ionization methods and ready implementation of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). When operated at constant trapping voltage, ions can be activated at their secular frequencies and all MS/MS experiments can be performed, including the two-dimensional tandem mass scan (2D MS/MS scan) in which all precursor ions and their subsequent product ions are both identified and correlated. In the new method of performing this 2D MS/MS experiment presented here, the precursor ions are excited by a nonlinear (inverse Mathieu q) frequency sweep while the resulting product ions are identified by their ejection time within a repeating orthogonally applied nonlinear (inverse Mathieu q) frequency sweep. This resulting compact representation contains the total fragmentation behavior of a collection of ionized compounds and captures detailed chemical information efficiently (typically in 1 s). The approach is implemented using a simple single mass analyzer instrument. This methodology was tested on three different multicomponent mixtures: drugs of abuse, peptides, and fentanyl analogs. The data are compared with those obtained by more common MS/MS scan methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Szalwinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dylan T Holden
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nicolás M Morato
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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