1
|
Borredá C, Perez-Roman E, Talon M, Terol J. Comparative transcriptomics of wild and commercial Citrus during early ripening reveals how domestication shaped fruit gene expression. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:123. [PMID: 35300613 PMCID: PMC8928680 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interspecific hybridizations and admixtures were key in Citrus domestication, but very little is known about their impact at the transcriptomic level. To determine the effects of genome introgressions on gene expression, the transcriptomes of the pulp and flavedo of three pure species (citron, pure mandarin and pummelo) and four derived domesticated genetic admixtures (sour orange, sweet orange, lemon and domesticated mandarin) have been analyzed at color break. RESULTS Many genes involved in relevant physiological processes for domestication, such sugar/acid metabolism and carotenoid/flavonoid synthesis, were differentially expressed among samples. In the low-sugar, highly acidic species lemon and citron, many genes involved in sugar metabolism, the TCA cycle and GABA shunt displayed a reduced expression, while the P-type ATPase CitPH5 and most subunits of the vacuolar ATPase were overexpressed. The red-colored species and admixtures were generally characterized by the overexpression in the flavedo of specific pivotal genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis, including phytoene synthase, ζ-carotene desaturase, β-lycopene cyclase and CCD4b, a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. The expression patterns of many genes involved in flavonoid modifications, especially the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid O-methyltransferases showed extreme diversity. However, the most noticeable differential expression was shown by a chalcone synthase gene, which catalyzes a key step in the biosynthesis of flavonoids. This chalcone synthase was exclusively expressed in mandarins and their admixed species, which only expressed the mandarin allele. In addition, comparisons between wild and domesticated mandarins revealed that the major differences between their transcriptomes concentrate in the admixed regions. CONCLUSION In this work we present a first study providing broad evidence that the genome introgressions that took place during citrus domestication largely shaped gene expression in their fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Borredá
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Estela Perez-Roman
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Talon
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Terol
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma G, Zhang L, Kudaka R, Inaba H, Furuya T, Kitamura M, Kitaya Y, Yamamoto R, Yahata M, Matsumoto H, Kato M. Exogenous Application of ABA and NAA Alleviates the Delayed Coloring Caused by Puffing Inhibitor in Citrus Fruit. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020308. [PMID: 33546256 PMCID: PMC7913354 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined spraying of gibberellin (GA) and prohydrojasmon (PDJ) was an effective method to reduce peel puffing in Satsuma mandarins. However, in the GA-and-PDJ combined treatment, fruit color development was delayed during the ripening process. In the present study, to improve the coloration of the GA and PDJ-treated fruit, the effects of exogenous application of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) on chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation were investigated. The results showed that both ABA and NAA treatments accelerated the color changes from green to orange in the GA and PDJ-treated fruit during the ripening process. With the NAA and ABA treatments, chlorophylls contents were decreased rapidly, and the contents of β,β-xanthophylls were significantly enhanced in the GA and PDJ-treated fruit. In addition, gene expression results showed that the changes of the chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolisms in the NAA and ABA treatments were highly regulated at the transcriptional level. The results presented in this study suggested that the application of NAA and ABA could potentially be used for improving the coloration of the GA and PDJ-treated fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Lancui Zhang
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Rin Kudaka
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Hayato Inaba
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Takuma Furuya
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Minami Kitamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Yurika Kitaya
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Risa Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Masaki Yahata
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Hikaru Matsumoto
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science (NIFTS), National Agriculture and Bio-Oriented Research Organization (NARO), Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan;
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-54-238-4830
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luan Y, Wang S, Wang R, Xu C. Accumulation of red apocarotenoid β-citraurin in peel of a spontaneous mutant of huyou (Citrus changshanensis) and the effects of storage temperature and ethylene application. Food Chem 2020; 309:125705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
4
|
Lux PE, Carle R, Zacarías L, Rodrigo MJ, Schweiggert RM, Steingass CB. Genuine Carotenoid Profiles in Sweet Orange [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Navel] Peel and Pulp at Different Maturity Stages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13164-13175. [PMID: 31665598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The carotenogenesis in the endocarp and flavedo of Navel oranges over four consecutive maturity stages was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-multistage mass spectrometry. After optimization of the extraction method, 77 carotenoids, including 26 monoesters and 33 diesters of violaxanthin, β-citraurin, and antheraxanthin, were characterized. Whereas chloroplast-specific pigments, such as (all-E)-lutein and (all-E)-β-carotene, predominated in the flavedo of green-ripe fruit, a highly complex pattern of xanthophyll esters was found in the mature oranges. Total carotenoid contents of flavedo were approximately 9-fold higher [12 605 μg/100 g of fresh weight (FW)] than those in the endocarp (1354 μg/100 g of FW) at the fully mature stage. The mature endocarp abundantly contained violaxanthin mono- and diesters, in addition to diverse antheraxanthin esters, which were exclusively detected in this fruit fraction. Likewise, β-citraurin esters were found to be unique flavedo constituents of mature fruit. Therefore, they may support the detection of fraudulent use of peel fractions during orange juice production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Lux
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Chair Food Biofunctionality , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Post Office Box 80257, Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Catedrático Agustin Escardino 7 , 46980 Paterna , Valencia , Spain
| | - María-Jesús Rodrigo
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Catedrático Agustin Escardino 7 , 46980 Paterna , Valencia , Spain
| | - Ralf M Schweiggert
- Department of Beverage Research, Chair Analysis & Technology of Plant-Based Foods , Geisenheim University , Von-Lade-Straße 1 , 65366 Geisenheim , Germany
| | - Christof B Steingass
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
- Department of Beverage Research, Chair Analysis & Technology of Plant-Based Foods , Geisenheim University , Von-Lade-Straße 1 , 65366 Geisenheim , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ionic liquid associated with ultrasonic-assisted extraction: A new approach to obtain carotenoids from orange peel. Food Res Int 2019; 126:108653. [PMID: 31732025 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a new method for carotenoid extraction from orange peel, using ionic liquid (IL) to replace conventional organic solvents, assisted by ultrasound. Four different IL were tested: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM][Cl]), 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]), 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]), and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([HMIM][Cl]). Response surface methodology was applied in order to optimize the carotenoid extraction conditions, and Amberlite XAD-7HP resin was used to separate the carotenoids from the IL, allowing their recovery. Determination of carotenoids was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-DAD-MSn). Thermal stability at different temperatures (60 °C and 90 °C) and peroxyl radical scavenging activity of the carotenoid extracts obtained with acetone and IL were evaluated. [BMIM][Cl] was the most effective IL, leading to a total carotenoid content of 32.08 ± 2.05 μg/g, while 7.88 ± 0.59 μg/g of dry matter was obtained by acetone extraction. IL and carotenoid recoveries using XAD-7HP resin were in the range of 59.5-63.8% and 52.2-58.7%, respectively. A carotenoid extract was successfully obtained with IL, finally isolated just by using ethanol, besides being more stable and presenting higher antioxidant activity than that obtained with acetone.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ikoma Y, Matsumoto H, Kato M. Diversity in the carotenoid profiles and the expression of genes related to carotenoid accumulation among citrus genotypes. BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:139-47. [PMID: 27069398 PMCID: PMC4780797 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are not only important to the plants themselves but also are beneficial to human health. Since citrus fruit is a good source of carotenoids for the human diet, it is important to study carotenoid profiles and the accumulation mechanism in citrus fruit. Thus, in the present paper, we describe the diversity in the carotenoid profiles of fruit among citrus genotypes. In regard to carotenoids, such as β-cryptoxanthin, violaxanthin, lycopene, and β-citraurin, the relationship between the carotenoid profile and the expression of carotenoid-biosynthetic genes is discussed. Finally, recent results of quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses of carotenoid contents and expression levels of carotenoid-biosynthetic genes in citrus fruit are shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Ikoma
- Citrus Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science,
485-6 Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 424-0292,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Hikaru Matsumoto
- Citrus Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science,
485-6 Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 424-0292,
Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University,
836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529,
Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Carotenoids are recognized as the main pigments in most fruit crops, providing colours that range from yellow and pink to deep orange and red. Moreover, the edible portion of widely consumed fruits or their derived products represent a major dietary source of carotenoids for animals and humans. Therefore, these pigments are crucial compounds contributing to fruit aesthetic and nutritional quality but may also have protecting and ecophysiological functions in coloured fruits. Among plant organs, fruits display one of the most heterogeneous carotenoids patterns in terms of diversity and abundance. In this chapter a comprehensive list of the carotenoid content and profile in the most commonly cultivated fleshy fruits is reported. The proposed fruit classification systems attending to carotenoid composition are revised and discussed. The regulation of carotenoids in fruits can be rather complex due to the dramatic changes in content and composition during ripening, which are also dependent on the fruit tissue and the developmental stage. In addition, carotenoid accumulation is a dynamic process, associated with the development of chromoplasts during ripening. As a general rule, carotenoid accumulation is highly controlled at the transcriptional level of the structural and accessory proteins of the biosynthetic and degradation pathways, but other mechanisms such as post-transcriptional modifications or the development of sink structures have been recently revealed as crucial factors in determining the levels and stability of these pigments. In this chapter common key metabolic reactions regulating carotenoid composition in fruit tissues are described in addition to others that are restricted to certain species and generate unique carotenoids patterns. The existence of fruit-specific isoforms for key steps such as the phytoene synthase, lycopene β-cyclases or catabolic carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases has allowed an independent regulation of the pathway in fruit tissues and a source of variability to create novel activities or different catalytic properties. Besides key genes of the carotenoid pathway, changes in carotenoid accumulation could be also directly influenced by differences in gene expression or protein activity in the pathway of carotenoid precursors and some relevant examples are discussed. The objective of this chapter is to provide an updated review of the main carotenoid profiles in fleshy fruits, their pattern of changes during ripening and our current understanding of the different regulatory levels responsible for the diversity of carotenoid accumulation in fruit tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lado
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
- Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agropecuaria (INIA), Camino a la Represa s/n, Salto, Uruguay.
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lado J, Zacarías L, Gurrea A, Page A, Stead A, Rodrigo MJ. Exploring the diversity in Citrus fruit colouration to decipher the relationship between plastid ultrastructure and carotenoid composition. PLANTA 2015. [PMID: 26202736 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of new and characteristic plastid ultrastructures during ripening of citrus fruits in both peel and pulp appears to be strongly correlated with the content and complement of carotenoids. Most of the species of the Citrus genus display a wide range in fruit colouration due to differences in carotenoids; however, how this diversity is related and may contribute to plastid differentiation and ultrastructure is currently unknown. To that end, carotenoid profile and plastid ultrastructure were compared in peel and pulp of three sweet oranges: the ordinary orange-coloured Navel, rich in β,β-xanthophylls, the yellow Pinalate mutant with an elevated content of colourless carotenes and reduced β,β-xanthophylls, and the red-fleshed Cara Cara with high concentration of colourless carotenes and lycopene in the pulp; and two grapefruits: the white Marsh, with low carotenoid content, and the red Star Ruby, accumulating upstream carotenes and lycopene. The most remarkable differences in plastid ultrastructure among varieties were detected in the pulp at full colour, coinciding with major differences in carotenoid composition. Accumulation of lycopene in Cara Cara and Star Ruby pulp was associated with the presence of needle-like crystals in the plastids, while high content of upstream carotenes in Pinalate pulp was related to the development of a novel plastid type with numerous even and round vesicles. The presence of plastoglobuli was linked to phytoene and xanthophyll accumulation, suggesting these structures as the main sites for the accumulation of these pigments. Peel chromoplasts were richer in membranes compared to pulp chromoplasts, reflecting their different biogenesis. In summary, differences in carotenoid composition and accumulation of unusual carotenoids are mirrored by the development of diverse and novel chromoplast types, revealing the plasticity of these organelles to rearrange carotenoids inside different structures to allow massive accumulation and thus contributing to the chemical stability of the carotenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lado
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rodrigo MJ, Alquézar B, Alós E, Medina V, Carmona L, Bruno M, Al-Babili S, Zacarías L. A novel carotenoid cleavage activity involved in the biosynthesis of Citrus fruit-specific apocarotenoid pigments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4461-78. [PMID: 24006419 PMCID: PMC3808326 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is the first tree crop in terms of fruit production. The colour of Citrus fruit is one of the main quality attributes, caused by the accumulation of carotenoids and their derivative C30 apocarotenoids, mainly β-citraurin (3-hydroxy-β-apo-8'-carotenal), which provide an attractive orange-reddish tint to the peel of oranges and Mandarins. Though carotenoid biosynthesis and its regulation have been extensively studied in Citrus fruits, little is known about the formation of C30 apocarotenoids. The aim of this study was to the identify carotenoid cleavage enzyme(s) [CCD(s)] involved in the peel-specific C30 apocarotenoids. In silico data mining revealed a new family of five CCD4-type genes in Citrus. One gene of this family, CCD4b1, was expressed in reproductive and vegetative tissues of different Citrus species in a pattern correlating with the accumulation of C30 apocarotenoids. Moreover, developmental processes and treatments which alter Citrus fruit peel pigmentation led to changes of β-citraurin content and CCD4b1 transcript levels. These results point to the involvement of CCD4b1 in β-citraurin formation and indicate that the accumulation of this compound is determined by the availability of the presumed precursors zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin. Functional analysis of CCD4b1 by in vitro assays unequivocally demonstrated the asymmetric cleavage activity at the 7',8' double bond in zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin, confirming its role in C30 apocarotenoid biosynthesis. Thus, a novel plant carotenoid cleavage activity targeting the 7',8' double bond of cyclic C40 carotenoids has been identified. These results suggest that the presented enzyme is responsible for the biosynthesis of C30 apocarotenoids in Citrus which are key pigments in fruit coloration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María J. Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Berta Alquézar
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Alós
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Medina
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Carmona
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mark Bruno
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ma G, Zhang L, Matsuta A, Matsutani K, Yamawaki K, Yahata M, Wahyudi A, Motohashi R, Kato M. Enzymatic formation of β-citraurin from β-cryptoxanthin and Zeaxanthin by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase4 in the flavedo of citrus fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:682-95. [PMID: 23966550 PMCID: PMC3793050 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.223297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the pathway of β-citraurin biosynthesis, carotenoid contents and the expression of genes related to carotenoid metabolism were investigated in two varieties of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu), Yamashitabeni-wase, which accumulates β-citraurin predominantly, and Miyagawa-wase, which does not accumulate β-citraurin. The results suggested that CitCCD4 (for Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase4) was a key gene contributing to the biosynthesis of β-citraurin. In the flavedo of Yamashitabeni-wase, the expression of CitCCD4 increased rapidly from September, which was consistent with the accumulation of β-citraurin. In the flavedo of Miyagawa-wase, the expression of CitCCD4 remained at an extremely low level during the ripening process, which was consistent with the absence of β-citraurin. Functional analysis showed that the CitCCD4 enzyme exhibited substrate specificity. It cleaved β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin at the 7,8 or 7',8' position. But other carotenoids tested in this study (lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene, all-trans-violaxanthin, and 9-cis-violaxanthin) were not cleaved by the CitCCD4 enzyme. The cleavage of β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin by CitCCD4 led to the formation of β-citraurin. Additionally, with ethylene and red light-emitting diode light treatments, the gene expression of CitCCD4 was up-regulated in the flavedo of Yamashitabeni-wase. These increases in the expression of CitCCD4 were consistent with the accumulation of β-citraurin in the two treatments. These results might provide new strategies to improve the carotenoid contents and compositions of citrus fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asami Matsuta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Kazuki Matsutani
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Masaki Yahata
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Anung Wahyudi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Reiko Motohashi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alferez F, Pozo LV, Rouseff RR, Burns JK. Modification of carotenoid levels by abscission agents and expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in 'valencia' sweet orange. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3082-3089. [PMID: 23451824 DOI: 10.1021/jf305359x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (CMNP) and ethephon on peel color, flavedo carotenoid gene expression, and carotenoid accumulation was investigated in mature 'Valencia' orange ( Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) fruit flavedo at three maturation stages. Abscission agent application altered peel color. CMNP was more effective than ethephon in promoting green-to-red (a) and blue-to-yellow (b) color at the middle and late maturation stages and total carotenoid changes at all maturation stages. Altered flow of carotenoid precursors during maturation due to abscission agents was suggested by changes in phytoene desaturase (Pds) and ζ-carotene desaturase (Zds) gene expression. However, each abscission agent affected downstream expression differentially. Ethephon application increased β-carotene hydroxilase (β-Chx) transcript accumulation 12-fold as maturation advanced from the early to middle and late stages. CMNP markedly increased β- and ε-lycopene cyclase (Lcy) transcript accumulation 45- and 15-fold, respectively, at midmaturation. Patterns of carotenoid accumulation in flavedo were supported in part by gene expression changes. CMNP caused greater accumulation of total flavedo carotenoids at all maturation stages when compared with ethephon or controls. In general, CMNP treatment increased total red carotenoids more than ethephon or the control but decreased total yellow carotenoids at each maturation stage. In control fruit flavedo, total red carotenoids increased and yellow carotenoids decreased as maturation progressed. Trends in total red carotenoids during maturation were consistent with measured a values. Changes in carotenoid accumulation and expression patterns in flavedo suggest that regulation of carotenoid accumulation is under transcriptional, translational, and post-translational control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alferez
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida , IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850-2299, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tao N, Wang C, Xu J, Cheng Y. Carotenoid accumulation in postharvest "Cara Cara" navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) fruits stored at different temperatures was transcriptionally regulated in a tissue-dependent manner. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1667-1676. [PMID: 22562781 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The main objective of this work was to investigate the effect of storage temperature (4 and 20 °C) on carotenoid accumulation and on the expression levels of seven carotenoid biosynthetic genes (Psy, Pds, Zds, Lcyb, Lcye, Hyb and Zep) in postharvest 'Cara Cara' navel orange (C. sinensis Osbeck) fruits. Storage at 20 °C rapidly increased the carotenoid content in the peel, whereas the content remained unchanged in the pulp before 35 days of storage. By contrast, storage at 4 °C maintained the carotenoid content in the peel before 35 days of storage, after which it slightly increased as time progressed. However, the content in the pulp gradually increased over the entire storage period. In the peel, the gene expressions of Psy and Lcyb were up-regulated at 20 °C but remained unchanged at 4 °C. In addition, the gene expressions of Zds, Hyb, and Zep were repressed at both temperatures before the early storage, followed by a rapid increase only at 20 °C. Then the expressions remained constant level at both temperatures, with the expression level at 20 °C higher than that at 4 °C. Low temperature (4 °C) apparently induced the expression of all the test carotenoid biosynthetic genes in the pulp, in contrast to the nearly stable level at 20 °C. Our present study suggests that the carotenoid biosynthesis in postharvest 'Cara Cara' fruits is transcriptionally regulated, and storage temperature affects the carotenoid accumulation and gene expression in a tissue-dependent manner. KEY MESSAGE Temperature could affect the carotenoid biosynthesis in postharvest 'Cara Cara' fruits in a tissue-dependent manner. The carotenoid biosynthesis in postharvest 'Cara Cara' fruits was transcriptionally regulated by correlated genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nengguo Tao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, 411105, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ríos G, Naranjo MA, Rodrigo MJ, Alós E, Zacarías L, Cercós M, Talón M. Identification of a GCC transcription factor responding to fruit colour change events in citrus through the transcriptomic analyses of two mutants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:276. [PMID: 21159189 PMCID: PMC3014968 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND External ripening in Citrus fruits is morphologically characterized by a colour shift from green to orange due to the degradation of chlorophylls and the accumulation of carotenoid pigments. Although numerous genes coding for enzymes involved in such biochemical pathways have been identified, the molecular control of this process has been scarcely studied. In this work we used the Citrus clementina mutants 39B3 and 39E7, showing delayed colour break, to isolate genes potentially related to the regulation of peel ripening and its physiological or biochemical effects. RESULTS Pigment analyses revealed different profiles of carotenoid and chlorophyll modification in 39B3 and 39E7 mutants. Flavedo from 39B3 fruits showed an overall delay in carotenoid accumulation and chlorophyll degradation, while the flavedo of 39E7 was devoid of the apocarotenoid β-citraurin among other carotenoid alterations. A Citrus microarray containing about 20,000 cDNA fragments was used to identify genes that were differentially expressed during colour change in the flavedo of 39B3 and 39E7 mutants respect to the parental variety. The results highlighted 73 and 90 genes that were respectively up- and down-regulated in both mutants. CcGCC1 gene, coding for a GCC type transcriptional factor, was found to be down-regulated. CcGCC1 expression was strongly induced at the onset of colour change in the flavedo of parental clementine fruit. Moreover, treatment of fruits with gibberellins, a retardant of external ripening, delayed both colour break and CcGCC1 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS In this work, the citrus fruit ripening mutants 39B3 and 39E7 have been characterized at the phenotypic, biochemical and transcriptomic level. A defective synthesis of the apocarotenoid β-citraurin has been proposed to cause the yellowish colour of fully ripe 39E7 flavedo. The analyses of the mutant transcriptomes revealed that colour change during peel ripening was strongly associated with a major mobilization of mineral elements and with other previously known metabolic and photosynthetic changes. The expression of CcGCC1 was associated with peel ripening since CcGCC1 down-regulation correlated with a delay in colour break induced by genetic, developmental and hormonal causes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabino Ríos
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain
| | - Miguel A Naranjo
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain
| | - María-Jesús Rodrigo
- Departamento de Ciencia de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)-CSIC, Apartado de Correos 73, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Enriqueta Alós
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Departamento de Ciencia de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)-CSIC, Apartado de Correos 73, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Manuel Cercós
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain
| | - Manuel Talón
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Research of the (E/Z)-isomerization of carotenoids in Pécs since the 1970s. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 483:156-64. [PMID: 19000648 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Geometrical configuration of the polyene chain of approximately 40 mono- and di-cis carotenoids was determined from 1970 through 1990. Subsequently, the kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic parameters (k, K, A, E(A), DeltaH(#), DeltaG(#), DeltaS(#)) of the reversible thermal isomerization of several symmetrical and unsymmetrical carotenoids were calculated. The rate of the iodine-catalyzed photoisomerization of (all-E)-, (9Z)- and (13Z)-zeaxanthin was compared and the 'specific rate' (per unit light energy at given wavelengths) of the iodine-catalyzed photoisomerization for several (13Z)-carotenoids was investigated. As the missing links of the biosynthetic pathway of paprika-carotenoids, carotenoids containing new end groups were isolated; their sterically unhindered mono-cis isomers were also prepared and their geometrical configuration was determined. The investigation concentrated on the substrate specificity of the enzyme violaxanthin-deepoxidase, the light-induced formation of (13Z)-violaxanthin in green leaves, the binding of xanthophylls to the bulk light-harvesting complex (LHC) of photosystem II in higher plants, the biochemical basis of color as an aesthetic quality in Citrus-fruits and the (9Z)-epoxycarotenoid cleavage enzyme activity for ABA biosynthesis. Recently (9Z)-capsanthin-5,6-epoxide and capsoneoxanthin, two novel carotenoids have been isolated from natural sources.
Collapse
|
15
|
Iglesias DJ, Cercós M, Colmenero-Flores JM, Naranjo MA, Ríos G, Carrera E, Ruiz-Rivero O, Lliso I, Morillon R, Tadeo FR, Talon M. Physiology of citrus fruiting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202007000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Citrus is the main fruit tree crop in the world and therefore has a tremendous economical, social and cultural impact in our society. In recent years, our knowledge on plant reproductive biology has increased considerably mostly because of the work developed in model plants. However, the information generated in these species cannot always be applied to citrus, predominantly because citrus is a perennial tree crop that exhibits a very peculiar and unusual reproductive biology. Regulation of fruit growth and development in citrus is an intricate phenomenon depending upon many internal and external factors that may operate both sequentially and simultaneously. The elements and mechanisms whereby endogenous and environmental stimuli affect fruit growth are being interpreted and this knowledge may help to provide tools that allow optimizing production and fruit with enhanced nutritional value, the ultimate goal of the Citrus Industry. This article will review the progress that has taken place in the physiology of citrus fruiting during recent years and present the current status of major research topics in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Cercós
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
| | | | | | - Gabino Ríos
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
| | | | | | - Ignacio Lliso
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
| | - Raphael Morillon
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Dévelopement, France
| | | | - Manuel Talon
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Matsumoto H, Ikoma Y, Kato M, Kuniga T, Nakajima N, Yoshida T. Quantification of carotenoids in citrus fruit by LC-MS and comparison of patterns of seasonal changes for carotenoids among citrus varieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:2356-68. [PMID: 17300198 DOI: 10.1021/jf062629c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To quantify the 18 carotenoids on the basic routes of the carotenoid biosynthesis in plants simultaneously, a method for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was developed. With this method, the seasonal changes of carotenoids in the flavedo and juice sacs of 39 citrus varieties were analyzed. On the basis of the patterns of seasonal changes of carotenoids in both flavedo and juice sacs, 39 citrus varieties were classified. In flavedo, 39 varieties were classified into 5 clusters, in which the carotenoid profiles were carotenoid-poor, phytoene-abundant, violaxanthin-abundant, violaxanthin- and beta-cryptoxanthin-abundant, and phytoene-, violaxanthin-, and beta-cryptoxanthin-abundant, respectively. In juice sacs, they were classified into 4 clusters, in which the carotenoid profiles were carotenoid-poor, violaxanthin-abundant, violaxanthin- and phytoene-abundant, and violaxanthin-, phytoene-, and beta-cryptoxanthin-abundant, respectively. In flavedo, many citrus varieties, except for the carotenoid-poor and phytoene-abundant varieties, massively accumulated beta,epsilon-carotenoids (e.g., lutein), beta,beta-carotenoids (e.g., beta-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin), and phytoene, in that order. In juice sacs, the accumulation order among beta,beta-carotenoids was observed. Violaxanthin accumulation preceded beta-cryptoxanthin accumulation in violaxanthin-, phytoene-, and beta-cryptoxanthin-abundant varieties. In each variety, the carotenoid profiles of the flavedo and juice sacs on the basis of the concentration in violaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin were similar, with the exception of a few varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Matsumoto
- Okitsu Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Shimizu-okitsunakacho, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Xu CJ, Fraser PD, Wang WJ, Bramley PM. Differences in the carotenoid content of ordinary citrus and lycopene-accumulating mutants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:5474-81. [PMID: 16848534 DOI: 10.1021/jf060702t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with photodiode array detection, was used to analyze the carotenoid composition of peel and juice vesicle tissues of ordinary and lycopene-accumulating mutants (referred to as red mutants in this article) of orange, pummelo, and grapefruit. Thirty-six major carotenoids, including some cis-trans isomers, were separated on a C30 reversed phase column, and 23 of them were identified on the basis of retention times and spectral characteristics with authentic standards. Carotenoid profiles varied with tissue types, citrus species, and mutations. beta-Citraurin occurred in the peel of oranges but not in juice vesicles, whereas the reverse was found for violaxanthin, 9-cis-violaxanthin, and luteoxanthin. The diversity of carotenoids in peel and juice vesicle tissues and the fact that there was over 250 times higher content of total carotenoids in peels of Yuhuan pummelo than juice vesicles suggested that the biosynthesis of carotenoids in these two tissues was independent and exchange of carotenoids between the tissues was not likely. Lutein was observed in peels of pummelos and grapefruits and juice vesicles of ordinary pummelo but not in orange tissues. Accumulation of lycopene and beta-carotene was observed in red mutant citrus, except for the peel of Cara Cara red orange. Additionally, phytoene accumulated in all tissues except for the peel of Chuzhou Early Red pummelo. No obvious change in the total content of xanthophylls was observed in the Cara Cara red orange. Ordinary grapefruit (Marsh) tissues and pummelo (Yuhuan) juice vesicles were almost devoid of carotenoids, and in red mutants, the content of total carotenoids increased dramatically up to 790-fold. The different changes in carotenoid content and profiles in mutant(s) of different citrus species suggest that the underlying mechanisms for the mutations might be different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jie Xu
- Department of Horticulture/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alós E, Cercós M, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarías L, Talón M. Regulation of color break in citrus fruits. Changes in pigment profiling and gene expression induced by gibberellins and nitrate, two ripening retardants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:4888-95. [PMID: 16787044 DOI: 10.1021/jf0606712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Citrus clementina fruits were repeatedly treated on-tree from mature green until breaker stages with either nitrate or gibberellin, two retardants of external ripening. The natural color break was characterized by a reduction in chlorophyll concentration, a decrease in beta,epsilon-carotenoids, beta-carotene, neoxanthin, and all-E-violaxanthin, and an increase in beta,beta-xanthophylls [mainly (9Z)-violaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin]. The two retardants delayed both chlorophyll depletion and total carotenoid accumulation and in addition altered carotenoid composition. Treated fruits maintained longer the typical carotenoid composition of green fruits and reduced beta,beta-xanthophyll accumulation. Natural degreening was accompanied by a marked decrease in transcript levels of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and geranylgeranyl reductase (CHL P) while, conversely, pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO) and phytoene synthase (PSY) gene expression increased. Gibberellin and nitrate delayed the reduction of DXS expression and the induction of PaO and PSY transcript accumulation, while no differences in CHL P were observed. The data indicate that both ripening retardants repressed natural PaO and PSY expression, suggesting a mechanistic basis for the elevated levels of chlorophyll and lower carotenoid concentration resulting from the gibberellin and nitrogen treatments and the consequent color break delay in citrus fruit peels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enriqueta Alós
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Molnár P, Ősz E, Tóth G, Zsila F, Deli J. Preparation and Spectroscopic Characterization of (9Z,9′Z)-Lutein (Neolutein C). Helv Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200690067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
21
|
Rodrigo MJ, Marcos JF, Zacarías L. Biochemical and molecular analysis of carotenoid biosynthesis in flavedo of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) during fruit development and maturation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:6724-31. [PMID: 15506808 DOI: 10.1021/jf049607f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in carotenoid content and composition and expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes were analyzed in the flavedo of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, cv. Navelate) fruit during development and maturation. Lutein and all-E-violaxanthin were the major carotenoids in chloroplast-containing tissues. During fruit coloration, phytoene, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and mainly (9Z)-violaxanthin progressively accumulated, and a large proportion of apocarotenoids was also found in the flavedo of full-colored fruits. We have cloned partial and full-length cDNAs corresponding to genes involved in early condensation and desaturase reactions [phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS), and zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS)], coupled redox reaction (plastid terminal oxidase), cyclizations [beta-lycopene cyclase (beta-LCY) and epsilon-lycopene cyclase (epsilon-LCY)], hydroxylation [beta-carotene hydroxylase (beta-CHX)], and epoxidation [zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP)] and analyzed their mRNA accumulation in the flavedo of fruits during development and ripening as compared with those of leaves. Collectively, the results indicated that PDS gene expression correlated with carotenoid content in developing fruit and that up-regulation of PSY and ZDS genes at the onset of fruit coloration would enhance the production of linear carotenes and the flux into the pathway. The shift from the beta,epsilon-branch to the beta,beta-branch of the pathway that originates the changes in carotenoid composition during fruit coloration may be explained by a down-regulation of epsilon-LCY and by the increase of the beta-CHX transcript.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María-Jesús Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Apartado Postal 73, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|