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Kim SCJ, Friedman TC. A New Ingenious Enemy: Heat-Not-Burn Products. Tob Use Insights 2022; 15:1179173X221076419. [PMID: 35237081 PMCID: PMC8883376 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x221076419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While cigarette smoking is still a major source of morbidity and mortality, e-cigarette usage is skyrocketing, and the tobacco industry is finding new ways to market nicotine. With updated published research highlighting the dangers of cigarette smoking and now vaping, the industry has been developing new techniques and devices that circumvent this research to hook users on tobacco and nicotine. The FDA allowed Philip Morris International (PMI) to sell their heat not burn tobacco products known as iQOS in 2019. By 2019, 49 countries had permitted the sale of iQOS. This commentary summarizes the recent research on heat not burn cigarettes, also known as heated tobacco products and their effects on public policy. We urge policy makers to consider the research published regarding these new products and prevent the widespread use of these products that will harm public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel CJ Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Friends Research Institute, Cerritos, CA, USA
| | - Theodore C Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Friends Research Institute, Cerritos, CA, USA
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Edwards SH, Hassink MD, Taylor KM, Watson CH, Kuklenyik P, Kimbrell B, Wang L, Chen P, Valentín-Blasini L. Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of Commercial Little Cigars. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1034-1045. [PMID: 33667338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cigars are among the broad variety of tobacco products that have not been as extensively studied and characterized as cigarettes. Small cigars wrapped in a tobacco-containing sheet, commonly referred to as little cigars, are a subcategory that are similar to conventional cigarettes with respect to dimensions, filters, and overall appearance. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are carcinogens in the tobacco used in both little cigars and cigarettes. This study uses a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to measure the TSNAs 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) in the tobacco filler and the nonintense International Organization for Standardization smoking regimen, ISO 3308, and the newer ISO 20778 Cigarette Intensive (CI) smoking regimen mainstream smoke of 60 commercial little cigars. Tobacco filler NNK and NNN quantities ranged from 26 to 2950 and 1440 to 12 100 ng/g tobacco, respectively. NNK and NNN by the ISO nonintense smoking regimen ranged from 89 to 879 and 200 to 1540 ng/cigar, respectively; by the CI regimen, NNK and NNN ranged from 138 to 1570 and 445 to 2780 ng/cigar, respectively. The average transfer (%) for NNK and NNN from tobacco filler to mainstream smoke was 24% and 36% by the ISO nonintense and CI smoking regimens, respectively. By the ISO nonintense and CI smoking regimens, mainstream smoke NNK and NNN yields showed a moderate to strong correlation (ISO nonintense, R2 = 0.60-0.68, p < 0.0001; CI, R2 = 0.78-0.81, p < 0.0001) with tobacco filler NNK and NNN quantities. In addition, the mainstream smoke NNK and NNN yields of little cigars were determined to be 3- to 5-fold higher compared to previously tested commercial cigarettes. The mainstream smoke NNK and NNN yields have wide variation among commercial little cigars and suggest that, despite design similarities to cigarettes, machine-smoke yields of carcinogenic TSNAs are higher in little cigars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin H Edwards
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Matthew D Hassink
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Kenneth M Taylor
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Peter Kuklenyik
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Brett Kimbrell
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Liqun Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Patrick Chen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Liza Valentín-Blasini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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Farsalinos KE, Yannovits N, Sarri T, Voudris V, Poulas K. Nicotine Delivery to the Aerosol of a Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Product: Comparison With a Tobacco Cigarette and E-Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos E Farsalinos
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Kallithea, Greece
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio-Patras, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Yannovits
- Skylab-Med Laboratories of Applied Industrial Research and Analysis S.A., Marousi, Greece
| | - Theoni Sarri
- Skylab-Med Laboratories of Applied Industrial Research and Analysis S.A., Marousi, Greece
| | - Vassilis Voudris
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Kallithea, Greece
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Schramm S, Carré V, Scheffler JL, Aubriet F. Analysis of Mainstream and Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Particulate Matter by Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 83:133-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1019842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Schramm
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse et de chimie laser, Université Paul Verlaine - Metz, Institut de Chimie, Physique et Matériau, Institut Jean Barriol Fédération de Recherche 2843, 1 Boulevard Arago, F-57078 Metz cedex 03, France, and Ascal, Parc d’activités Forbach Ouest F-57600 Forbach, France
| | - Vincent Carré
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse et de chimie laser, Université Paul Verlaine - Metz, Institut de Chimie, Physique et Matériau, Institut Jean Barriol Fédération de Recherche 2843, 1 Boulevard Arago, F-57078 Metz cedex 03, France, and Ascal, Parc d’activités Forbach Ouest F-57600 Forbach, France
| | - Jean-Luc Scheffler
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse et de chimie laser, Université Paul Verlaine - Metz, Institut de Chimie, Physique et Matériau, Institut Jean Barriol Fédération de Recherche 2843, 1 Boulevard Arago, F-57078 Metz cedex 03, France, and Ascal, Parc d’activités Forbach Ouest F-57600 Forbach, France
| | - Frédéric Aubriet
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse et de chimie laser, Université Paul Verlaine - Metz, Institut de Chimie, Physique et Matériau, Institut Jean Barriol Fédération de Recherche 2843, 1 Boulevard Arago, F-57078 Metz cedex 03, France, and Ascal, Parc d’activités Forbach Ouest F-57600 Forbach, France
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Stepanov I, Carmella SG, Briggs A, Hertsgaard L, Lindgren B, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS. Presence of the carcinogen N'-nitrosonornicotine in the urine of some users of oral nicotine replacement therapy products. Cancer Res 2009; 69:8236-40. [PMID: 19843845 PMCID: PMC2783463 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) is a strong carcinogen present in unburned tobacco and cigarette smoke. We here analyze data obtained in two studies, in which a biomarker of exposure to NNN--the sum of NNN and its pyridine-N-glucuronide, called total NNN--was quantified in the urine of people who had stopped smoking and used various nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products. In 13 of 34 nicotine gum or lozenge users from both studies, total NNN at one or more time points after biochemically confirmed smoking cessation was comparable with, or considerably higher than, the baseline levels. For most of the subjects who used the nicotine patch as a smoking cessation aid, urinary total NNN at all post-quit time points was <37% of their mean baseline levels. These results indicate that endogenous formation of significant amounts of NNN may occur sporadically in some users of oral NRT. Given the carcinogenicity of NNN and the frequent use of nicotine gum as a smoking cessation aid, further studies are needed so that preventive measures can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center and Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Lupascu T, Gonta M, Gladchi V. The School of Ecological Chemistry Founded by Academician Gheorghe Duca. CHEMISTRY JOURNAL OF MOLDOVA 2009. [DOI: 10.19261/cjm.2009.04(1).13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This review details the most important achievements in the fi eld of ecological chemistry and environmental protection, obtained at the State University of Moldova and Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. The main research directions are described, as well as main scientific laboratories and centres of these two institutions.
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Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Edmonds A, Murphy SE, Stepanov I, Luo X, Hatsukami DK. Exposure to nicotine and a tobacco-specific carcinogen increase with duration of use of smokeless tobacco. Tob Control 2008; 17:128-31. [PMID: 18375734 PMCID: PMC3889131 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2007.023242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless tobacco is an efficient delivery vehicle for nicotine and can contain significant amounts of carcinogens. However, few studies have examined factors that might moderate levels of nicotine or carcinogen exposure. AIMS To determine the effect of duration of smokeless tobacco use on the uptake of nicotine and a tobacco-specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). METHODS Questionnaires on use of smokeless tobacco were administered, and urine samples from 212 smokeless tobacco users were analysed for biomarkers of uptake of nicotine and NNK. The biomarkers were cotinine and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). Male smokeless tobacco users were recruited for studies designed to investigate methods of reducing smokeless tobacco use. The questionnaire and biomarker data were obtained at baseline, prior to reduction. RESULTS Levels of cotinine (p<0.001) and total NNAL (p<0.001) were significantly correlated with duration (in years) of use of smokeless tobacco products. Median cotinine and total NNAL were 2.4 and 2.1 times higher, respectively, in the > or = 21 years of use than in the 0-5 years of use category. CONCLUSIONS Smokeless tobacco users adjust their intensity of use with experience in order to increase their nicotine dose, resulting in a corresponding increase in exposure to NNK, a powerful carcinogen. These results indicate the importance of educating smokeless tobacco users about the effects of prolonged use of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Hecht
- Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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