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Yao K, Jiang R, Wang P, Zhang J, Shao B, Ding X. Comparison of aqueous and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for the determination of four benzalkonium chloride homologues in compound chemical disinfectants. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31797. [PMID: 38845926 PMCID: PMC11154611 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A new method was established for the simultaneous analysis of four homologous benzalkonium chlorides (dodecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, tetradecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, hexadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, and octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride) in compound chemical disinfectants using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (CE) based on a micellar electrokinetic chromatography mode with direct ultraviolet detection. The separation was performed on an uncoated fused quartz capillary with a total length of 60.2 cm and a diameter of 25 μm. The separation buffer consisted of a mixture of methanol/acetonitrile (60:40, v/v) containing 70 mmol/L sodium acetate, 60 mmol/L trifluoroacetic acid and 20 mmol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate. The sample buffer was a methanol solution containing only 2 mmol/L trifluoroacetic acid. The separation voltage was set at 8 kV with a working current of approximately 2.3 μA. The detection wavelength was 214 nm. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantification for these four benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) were 1.0 mg/L and 5.0 mg/L, respectively. Good linearities were observed in the concentration ranges from 5.0 to 100.0 mg/L, with correlation coefficients above 0.999 for all compounds. The recoveries of these four BACs ranged from 92.5 % to 109.1 % with relative standard deviations below 4.7 %. With the new method, all four BACs could be analyzed in a single injection. In contrast, the aqueous CE method in the National Standard GB/T 26369-2020 only allowed for the simultaneous analysis of the first three homologous. The new method demonstrated the improved peak shape compared to the aqueous CE method and then was successfully applied to the analysis of 19 commercially available samples, such as object table disinfectants, hand sanitizers, and disinfectant wipes, which claimed to contain quaternary ammonium compound. The results obtained using the new method were compared with those of the aqueous CE of the National Standard Method, and no statistically significant differences were observed. The new method is simple in pre-treatment and provides accurate results, making it highly suitable for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Xiaojing Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
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2
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Lopez VA, Lim JL, Seguin RP, Dempsey JL, Kunzman G, Cui JY, Xu L. Oral Exposure to Benzalkonium Chlorides in Male and Female Mice Reveals Sex-Dependent Alteration of the Gut Microbiome and Bile Acid Profile. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.593991. [PMID: 38798482 PMCID: PMC11118417 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.593991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are commonly used disinfectants in a variety of consumer and food-processing settings, and the COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased usage of BACs. The prevalence of BACs raises the concern that BAC exposure could disrupt the gastrointestinal microbiota, thus interfering with the beneficial functions of the microbes. We hypothesize that BAC exposure can alter the gut microbiome diversity and composition, which will disrupt bile acid homeostasis along the gut-liver axis. In this study, male and female mice were exposed orally to d 7 -C12- and d 7 -C16-BACs at 120 µg/g/day for one week. UPLC-MS/MS analysis of liver, blood, and fecal samples of BAC-treated mice demonstrated the absorption and metabolism of BACs. Both parent BACs and their metabolites were detected in all exposed samples. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing was carried out on the bacterial DNA isolated from the cecum intestinal content. For female mice, and to a lesser extent in males, we found that treatment with either d 7 -C12- or d 7 -C16-BAC led to decreased alpha diversity and differential composition of gut bacteria with notably decreased actinobacteria phylum. Lastly, through a targeted bile acid quantitation analysis, we observed decreases in secondary bile acids in BAC-treated mice, which was more pronounced in the female mice. This finding is supported by decreases in bacteria known to metabolize primary bile acids into secondary bile acids, such as the families of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Together, these data signify the potential impact of BACs on human health through disturbance of the gut microbiome and gut-liver interactions.
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Murgia M, Pani SM, Sanna A, Marras L, Manis C, Banchiero A, Coroneo V. Antimicrobial Activity of Grapefruit Seed Extract on Edible Mushrooms Contaminations: Efficacy in Preventing Pseudomonas spp. in Pleurotus eryngii. Foods 2024; 13:1161. [PMID: 38672835 PMCID: PMC11049546 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus eryngii is an edible mushroom that suffers significant losses due to fungal contamination and bacteriosis. The Pseudomonadaceae family represents one of the most frequent etiologic agents. Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is a plant extract that contains different bioactive components, such as naringin, and exhibits a strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Over the last decade, GSE use as an alternative to chemical treatments in the food sector has been tested. However, to our knowledge, its application on mushroom crops has never been investigated. This study focuses on evaluating GSE efficacy in preventing P. eryngii yellowing. GSE antibiotic activity, inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, and antibiofilm activity against several microorganisms were tested with the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay, the broth microdilution susceptibility test, and the Crystal violet assay, respectively. In vitro, the extract exhibited antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus 6538 and MRSA (wild type), Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and Pseudomonas spp. (Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027, P. fluorescens (wild type)). GSE application in vivo, in pre- and post-sprouting stages, effectively prevented bacterial infections and subsequent degradation in the mushroom crops: none of the P. eryngii treated manifested bacteriosis. Our findings support the use of GSE as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to chemical treatments for protecting P. eryngii crops from bacterial contamination, consequently ensuring food safety and preventing financial losses due to spoilage. Furthermore, GSE's potential health benefits due to its content in naringin and other bioactive components present new possibilities for its use as a nutraceutical in food fortification and supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Murgia
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato-S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy (V.C.)
| | - Sara Maria Pani
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato-S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy (V.C.)
| | - Adriana Sanna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato-S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy (V.C.)
| | - Luisa Marras
- Analysis Laboratory, ASL Cagliari, Via Piero della Francesca, 1, 09047 Su Planu, CA, Italy
| | - Cristina Manis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Blocco A, Room 13, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato-S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Alessandro Banchiero
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato-S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy (V.C.)
| | - Valentina Coroneo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato-S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy (V.C.)
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4
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Nguyen R, Seguin RP, Ross DH, Chen P, Richardson S, Liem J, Lin YS, Xu L. Development and Application of a Multidimensional Database for the Detection of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Their Phase I Hepatic Metabolites in Humans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6236-6249. [PMID: 38534032 PMCID: PMC11008582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significantly increased human exposure to the widely used disinfectants quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). Xenobiotic metabolism serves a critical role in the clearance of environmental molecules, yet limited data are available on the routes of QAC metabolism or metabolite levels in humans. To address this gap and to advance QAC biomonitoring capabilities, we analyzed 19 commonly used QACs and their phase I metabolites by liquid chromatography-ion mobility-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-IM-MS/MS). In vitro generation of QAC metabolites by human liver microsomes produced a series of oxidized metabolites, with metabolism generally occurring on the alkyl chain group, as supported by MS/MS fragmentation. Discernible trends were observed in the gas-phase IM behavior of QAC metabolites, which, despite their increased mass, displayed smaller collision cross-section (CCS) values than those of their respective parent compounds. We then constructed a multidimensional reference SQLite database consisting of m/z, CCS, retention time (rt), and MS/MS spectra for 19 parent QACs and 81 QAC metabolites. Using this database, we confidently identified 13 parent QACs and 35 metabolites in de-identified human fecal samples. This is the first study to integrate in vitro metabolite biosynthesis with LC-IM-MS/MS for the simultaneous monitoring of parent QACs and their metabolites in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Nguyen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ryan P. Seguin
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dylan H. Ross
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Pengyu Chen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sean Richardson
- Department
of Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jennifer Liem
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yvonne S. Lin
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Roy S, Zhang W, Biswas D, Ramakrishnan R, Rhim JW. Grapefruit Seed Extract-Added Functional Films and Coating for Active Packaging Applications: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020730. [PMID: 36677788 PMCID: PMC9865371 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, consumers have been increasingly inclined towards natural antimicrobials and antioxidants in food processing and packaging. Several bioactive compounds have originated from natural sources, and among them, grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is widely accepted and generally safe to use in food. GSE is a very commonly used antimicrobial in food; lately, it has also been found very effective as a coating material or in edible packaging films. A lot of recent work reports the use of GSE in food packaging applications to ensure food quality and safety; therefore, this work intended to provide an up-to-date review of GSE-based packaging. This review discusses GSE, its extraction methods, and their use in manufacturing food packaging film/coatings. Various physical and functional properties of GSE-added film were also discussed. This review also provides the food preservation application of GSE-incorporated film and coating. Lastly, the opportunities, challenges, and perspectives in the GSE-added packaging film/coating are also debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Roy
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (J.-W.R.)
| | - Wanli Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Deblina Biswas
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India
| | - Rejish Ramakrishnan
- Department of Printing Technology, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-Ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (J.-W.R.)
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6
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Sanidad KZ, Wang G, Panigrahy A, Zhang G. Triclosan and triclocarban as potential risk factors of colitis and colon cancer: Roles of gut microbiota involved. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156776. [PMID: 35724794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestinal tissues and a major risk factor of developing colon cancer. While accumulating evidence supports that the rapid increase of IBD is mainly caused by exposure to environmental risk factors, the identities of the risk factors, as well as the mechanisms connecting environmental exposure with IBD, remain largely unknown. Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are high-volume chemicals that are used as antimicrobial ingredients in consumer and industrial products. They are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment and are frequently detected in human populations. Recent studies showed that exposure to TCS/TCC, at human exposure-relevant doses, increases the severity of colitis and exacerbates colon tumorigenesis in mice, suggesting that they could be risk factors of IBD and associated diseases. The gut toxicities of these compounds require the presence of gut microbiota, since they fail to induce colonic inflammation in mice lacking the microbiota. Regarding the functional roles of the microbiota involved, gut commensal microbes and specific microbial β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes mediate colonic metabolism of TCS, leading to metabolic reactivation of TCS in the colon and contributing to its subsequent gut toxicity. Overall, these results support that these commonly used compounds could be environmental risk factors of IBD and associated diseases through gut microbiota-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Z Sanidad
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Guangqiang Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Anand Panigrahy
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Polyphenol-Rich Larix decidua Bark Extract with Antimicrobial Activity against Respiratory-Tract Pathogens: A Novel Bioactive Ingredient with Potential Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070789. [PMID: 34203520 PMCID: PMC8300756 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Larch (Larix decidua) bark is a sawmill waste, traditionally used for antiseptic, expectorant and dermatological (wound healing, eczema, psoriasis) purposes. In this work, we developed a food-grade dry larch bark extract (LBE) from sawmill by-products using hydro-alcoholic extraction. The antibacterial activity of LBE was evaluated against respiratory-tract pathogens, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenza, and it was compared to that of grapefruit seed extract (GSE), a commercially available raw material commonly proposed as antibacterial ingredient for over-the-counter products. Procyanidins (PACs) and other polyphenols contents in LBE were determined by HPLC-FLD-MS and HPLC-DAD-MSn, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of LBE and GSE was assessed using the micro-plate dilution technique in concentration range of 2-200 µg/mL, and the safety of these dosages was assessed in cellular and animal models. LBE showed considerable contents of PACs (15% w/w; especially B-type) and other polyphenols (3.8% w/w), among which the characteristic spiropolyphenols larixinol and epilarixinol were identified, together with the flavonoids isoquercitrin and rutin, already reported as growth inhibitors of different respiratory-tract pathogens. LBE showed higher antimicrobial activity compared to GSE, demonstrated by a growth inhibition range of 10-40% towards five of six strains tested, compared to 10-15% of GSE. These results suggest that LBE may represent a natural and sustainable source of active compounds with antibacterial activity for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
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Zayed A, Badawy MT, Farag MA. Valorization and extraction optimization of Citrus seeds for food and functional food applications. Food Chem 2021; 355:129609. [PMID: 33799261 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Valorization of food byproducts has attracted recently considerable attention. Citrus fruits provide considerable non-edible residues reach 80% in juice production. They are considered agri-wastes to comprise peel, pulp and seeds. Previous investigations have focused on peel and pulp to recover value-added products. The review presents for the first-time phytochemical composition of Citrus seeds' products, i.e., oil and extracts. Fatty acids, phytosterols and tocopherols amounted as the major bioactives in Citrus seeds, in addition to limonoids, dietary fibers and flavonoids. Besides their nutritional values, these chemicals have promising applications including production of biodiesel, food enhancers and antioxidants, especially from mandarin and grapefruit seeds. Optimum conditions of the different Citrus seeds' valorization are discussed to improve extraction yield and lessen environmental hazards of solvent extraction. This review presents the best utilization practices for one of the largest cultivated fruit seeds worldwide and its different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, El-guish Street, 31527 Tanta, Egypt; Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Marwa T Badawy
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562 Cairo, Egypt; Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
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10
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Seguin RP, Herron JM, Lopez V, Dempsey JL, Xu L. Metabolism of Benzalkonium Chlorides by Human Hepatic Cytochromes P450. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2466-2478. [PMID: 31730751 PMCID: PMC7269367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are widely used as disinfectants in cleaning products, medical products, and the food processing industry. Despite a wide range of reported toxicities, limited studies have been conducted on the metabolism of these compounds in animal models and none in human-derived cells or tissues. In this work, we report on the metabolism of BACs in human liver microsomes (HLM) and by recombinant human hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. BAC metabolism in HLM was NADPH-dependent and displayed apparent half-lives that increased with BAC alkyl chain length (C10 < C12 < C14 < C16), suggesting enhanced metabolic stability of the more lipophilic, longer chain BACs. Metabolites of d7-benzyl labeled BAC substrates retained all deuteriums and there was no evidence of N-dealkylation. Tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation of BAC metabolites confirmed that oxidation occurs on the alkyl chain region. Major metabolites of C10-BAC were identified as ω-hydroxy-, (ω-1)-hydroxy-, (ω, ω-1)-diol-, (ω-1)-ketone-, and ω-carboxylic acid-C10-BAC by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry comparison with synthetic standards. In a screen of hepatic CYP isoforms, recombinant CYP2D6, CYP4F2, and CYP4F12 consumed substantial quantities of BAC substrates and produced the major microsomal metabolites. The use of potent pan-CYP4 inhibitor HET0016, the specific CYP2D6 inhibitor quinidine, or both confirmed major contributions of CYP4- and CYP2D6-mediated metabolism in the microsomal disappearance of BACs. Kinetic characterization of C10-BAC metabolite formation in HLM demonstrated robust Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters for ω-hydroxylation (Vmax = 380 pmol/min/mg, Km = 0.69 μM) and (ω-1)-hydroxylation (Vmax = 126 pmol/min/mg, Km = 0.13 μM) reactions. This work illustrates important roles for CYP4-mediated ω-hydroxylation and CYP2D6/CYP4-mediated (ω-1)-hydroxylation during the hepatic elimination of BACs, an environmental contaminant of emerging concern. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CYP-mediated oxidation of C10-BAC mitigates the potent inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis exhibited by this short-chain BAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Seguin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Josi M. Herron
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
98195
| | - Vanessa Lopez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Joseph L. Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
98195
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
98195
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11
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Herron JM, Hines KM, Tomita H, Seguin RP, Cui JY, Xu L. Multi-omics investigation reveals benzalkonium chloride disinfectants alter sterol and lipid homeostasis in the mouse neonatal brain. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:32-45. [PMID: 31199489 PMCID: PMC6736422 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are critical for neurodevelopment; therefore, disruption of lipid homeostasis by environmental chemicals is expected to have detrimental effects on this process. Previously, we demonstrated that the benzalkonium chlorides (BACs), a class of commonly used disinfectants, alter cholesterol biosynthesis and lipid homeostasis in neuronal cell cultures in a manner dependent on their alkyl chain length. However, the ability of BACs to reach the neonatal brain and alter sterol and lipid homeostasis during neurodevelopment in vivo has not been characterized. Therefore, the goal of this study was to use targeted and untargeted mass spectrometry and transcriptomics to investigate the effect of BACs on sterol and lipid homeostasis, and to predict the mechanism of toxicity of BACs on neurodevelopmental processes. After maternal dietary exposure to 120 mg BAC/kg body weight/day, we quantified BAC levels in the mouse neonatal brain, demonstrating for the first time that BACs can cross the blood-placental barrier and enter the developing brain. Transcriptomic analysis of neonatal brains using RNA sequencing revealed alterations in canonical pathways related to cholesterol biosynthesis, liver X receptor-retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) signaling, and glutamate receptor signaling. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed decreases in total sterol levels and downregulation of triglycerides and diglycerides, which were consistent with the upregulation of genes involved in sterol biosynthesis and uptake as well as inhibition of LXR signaling. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that BACs target sterol and lipid homeostasis and provide new insights for the possible mechanisms of action of BACs as developmental neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josi M Herron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Hideaki Tomita
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ryan P Seguin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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12
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Komura M, Suzuki M, Sangsriratanakul N, Ito M, Takahashi S, Alam MS, Ono M, Daio C, Shoham D, Takehara K. Inhibitory effect of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on avian pathogens. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:466-472. [PMID: 30713281 PMCID: PMC6451896 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory activities of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Salmonella Infantis (SI) and Escherichia coli (EC) were evaluated. Original GSE contained 0.24% benzalkonium chloride (BZC), however, 0.0025% BZC solution could not inactivate bacteria. The activity of diluted GSE (×100, ×500 and ×1,000 with redistilled water) against selected viruses and bacteria was evaluated in this study. The GSE solutions were incubated with the pathogens over a period of time after which the remaining viruses were titrated and the bacterial colonies were counted. In the presence of organic material-5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), the test solutions were sprayed at 1 cm and 30 cm distances to test the efficacy of GSE in a spray form. Furthermore, the efficacy of GSE against bacteria on clothes was tested using non-woven cloth. GSE×100 reduced the viral titer of both AIV and NDV even in 5% FBS condition. IBDV showed high resistance to GSE. GSE×1,000 inactivated both SI and EC within 5 sec, even in the presence of 5% FBS. The disinfectant was able to maintain its efficacy in the spray form at 30 cm distance. GSE was also effective against SI and EC inoculated on fabric. GSE is a potential novel disinfectant against viruses and bacteria, effective even within a short contact time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Komura
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mayuko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Natthanan Sangsriratanakul
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mariko Ito
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Md Shahin Alam
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mizuki Ono
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Chisato Daio
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Dany Shoham
- Bar-Ilan University, Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Kazuaki Takehara
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Ncama K, Magwaza LS, Mditshwa A, Tesfay SZ. Plant-based edible coatings for managing postharvest quality of fresh horticultural produce: A review. Food Packag Shelf Life 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kočevar Glavač N, Lunder M. Preservative efficacy of selected antimicrobials of natural origin in a cosmetic emulsion. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:276-284. [PMID: 29729020 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of 13 antimicrobial substances (11 substances of natural origin and two conventional preservatives as controls) at two concentrations in an o/w cosmetic emulsion. METHODS Cosmetic formulations were analysed for total aerobic bacterial count and total combined yeast count according to the European Pharmacopoeia 8.0. Challenge tests were performed according to the ISO 11930 standard. RESULTS The total aerobic bacterial count, the total combined yeast count and the total aerobic mesophilic microorganisms were below the acceptable limit for all cosmetic formulations. Challenge test criterion A was fulfilled by all antimicrobials of natural origin, except levulinic acid in the challenge test with Candida albicans, Lactobacillus ferment in the challenge test with C. albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and grapefruit seed extract in the challenge test with C. albicans. Phenoxyethanol and the combination of methylparaben and propylparaben were inefficient at the minimum studied concentrations. CONCLUSION The results offer important comparative data on the level of preservative efficacy within the group of antimicrobials of natural origin and in reference to some typical, widely used conventional preservatives. Further research must be encouraged regarding cosmetic over-preservation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kočevar Glavač
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Lunder
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Sanidad KZ, Yang H, Wang W, Ozay EI, Yang J, Gu M, Karner E, Zhang J, Kim D, Minter LM, Xiao H, Zhang G. Effects of Consumer Antimicrobials Benzalkonium Chloride, Benzethonium Chloride, and Chloroxylenol on Colonic Inflammation and Colitis-Associated Colon Tumorigenesis in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Z Sanidad
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Haixia Yang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 710061
| | - Weicang Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - E Ilker Ozay
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Min Gu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Emmet Karner
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Daeyoung Kim
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Hang Xiao
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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LeBouf RF, Virji MA, Ranpara A, Stefaniak AB. Air and Surface Sampling Method for Assessing Exposures to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Ann Work Expo Health 2017; 61:724-736. [PMID: 28927165 PMCID: PMC5826613 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This method was designed for sampling select quaternary ammonium (quat) compounds in air or on surfaces followed by analysis using ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Target quats were benzethonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium bromide, benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride, benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride, and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride. For air sampling, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters are recommended for 15-min to 24-hour sampling. For surface sampling, Pro-wipe® 880 (PW) media was chosen. Samples were extracted in 60:40 acetonitrile:0.1% formic acid for 1 hour on an orbital shaker. Method detection limits range from 0.3 to 2 ng/ml depending on media and analyte. Matrix effects of media are minimized through the use of multiple reaction monitoring versus selected ion recording. Upper confidence limits on accuracy meet the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 25% criterion for PTFE and PW media for all analytes. Using PTFE and PW analyzed with multiple reaction monitoring, the method quantifies levels among the different quats compounds with high precision (<10% relative standard deviation) and low bias (<11%). The method is sensitive enough with very low method detection limits to capture quats on air sampling filters with only a 15-min sample duration with a maximum assessed storage time of 103 days before sample extraction. This method will support future exposure assessment and quantitative epidemiologic studies to explore exposure-response relationships and establish levels of quats exposures associated with adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F. LeBouf
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Mohammed Abbas Virji
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Anand Ranpara
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Herron J, Reese RC, Tallman KA, Narayanaswamy R, Porter NA, Xu L. Identification of Environmental Quaternary Ammonium Compounds as Direct Inhibitors of Cholesterol Biosynthesis. Toxicol Sci 2016; 151:261-70. [PMID: 26919959 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aim to identify environmental molecules that can inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, potentially leading to the same biochemical defects as observed in cholesterol biosynthesis disorders, which are often characterized by congenital malformations and developmental delay. Using the Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity (DSSTox) Database Network developed by EPA, we first carried out in silico screening of environmental molecules that display structures similar to AY9944, a known potent inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ(7)-reductase (DHCR7)-the last step of cholesterol biosynthesis. Molecules that display high similarity to AY9944 were subjected to test in mouse and human neuroblastoma cells for their effectiveness in inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis by analyzing cholesterol and its precursor using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found that a common disinfectant mixture, benzalkonium chlorides (BACs), exhibits high potency in inhibiting DHCR7, as suggested by greatly elevated levels of the cholesterol precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Subsequent structure-activity studies suggested that the potency of BACs as Dhcr7 inhibitors decrease with the length of their hydrocarbon chain: C10 > C12 ≫ C14 > C16. Real-time qPCR analysis revealed upregulation of the genes related to cholesterol biosynthesis and downregulation of the genes related to cholesterol efflux, suggesting a feedback response to the inhibition. Furthermore, an oxidative metabolite of 7-DHC that was previously identified as a biomarker in vivo was also found in cells exposed to BACs by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our findings suggest that certain environmental molecules could potently inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, which could be a new link between environment and developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josi Herron
- *Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rosalyn C Reese
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Keri A Tallman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Libin Xu
- *Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;
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Evaluation of Quantification Methods to Compensate for Matrix Effects in the Analysis of Benzalkonium Chloride and Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride in Fruits and Vegetables by LC-ESI-MS/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sánchez-Ortega I, García-Almendárez BE, Santos-López EM, Amaro-Reyes A, Barboza-Corona JE, Regalado C. Antimicrobial edible films and coatings for meat and meat products preservation. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:248935. [PMID: 25050387 PMCID: PMC4094707 DOI: 10.1155/2014/248935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal origin foods are widely distributed and consumed around the world due to their high nutrients availability but may also provide a suitable environment for growth of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Nowadays consumers demand high quality food with an extended shelf life without chemical additives. Edible films and coatings (EFC) added with natural antimicrobials are a promising preservation technology for raw and processed meats because they provide good barrier against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. This review gathers updated research reported over the last ten years related to antimicrobial EFC applied to meat and meat products. In addition, the films gas barrier properties contribute to extended shelf life because physicochemical changes, such as color, texture, and moisture, may be significantly minimized. The effectiveness showed by different types of antimicrobial EFC depends on meat source, polymer used, film barrier properties, target microorganism, antimicrobial substance properties, and storage conditions. The perspective of this technology includes tailoring of coating procedures to meet industry requirements and shelf life increase of meat and meat products to ensure quality and safety without changes in sensory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irais Sánchez-Ortega
- DIPA, PROPAC, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, 76010 Querétaro, QRO, Mexico
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5 Col Carboneras, 42184 Mineral de la Reforma, HGO, Mexico
| | | | - Eva María Santos-López
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5 Col Carboneras, 42184 Mineral de la Reforma, HGO, Mexico
| | - Aldo Amaro-Reyes
- DIPA, PROPAC, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, 76010 Querétaro, QRO, Mexico
| | - J. Eleazar Barboza-Corona
- División Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, 36500 Irapuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - Carlos Regalado
- DIPA, PROPAC, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, 76010 Querétaro, QRO, Mexico
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Sakr SA, Zoil MES, El-Shafey SS. Ameliorative effect of grapefruit juice on amiodarone-induced cytogenetic and testicular damage in albino rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:573-9. [PMID: 23836512 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ameliorative role of grapefruit juice on the cytogenetic and testicular damage induced by the antiarrythmic drug amiodarone in albino rats. METHODS Animals were divided into four groups. Group I was considered as control. Group II was given grapefruit juice at a dose level of 27 mL/kg body weight. Group III was orally administered amiodarone (18 mg/kg body weight) daily for 5 weeks. Animals were sacrificed after 5 weeks of treatment. Bone marrow was collected from the femurs for analysis of chromosomal aberrations and mitotic indices. Testes were removed and stained with H&E for histological examination. Sperms were collected from epidedymis for detection of sperm head abnormalities. Comet assay was used to detect DNA damage. RESULTS Amiodarone treatment caused a significant increase in the percentage of chromosomal aberrations, decreased the mitotic index and increased DNA damage. The testis showed many histopathological alterations, inhibition of spermatogenesis and morphometric changes. The number of sperm head abnormalities was increased. Treating animals with amiodarone and grapefruit juice caused a reduction in chromosomal aberrations, mitotic index, DNA damage and testicular alterations caused by amiodarone. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicated that grapefruit juice ameliorates the cytotoxicty and testicular alterations induced by amiodarone in albino rats and this is may be due to the potent antioxidant effects of its components.
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Combining poly(dimethyldiphenylsiloxane) and nitrile phases for improving the separation and quantitation of benzalkonium chloride homologues: In-tube solid phase microextraction–capillary liquid chromatography–diode array detection-mass spectrometry for analyzing industrial samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1297:226-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lipid analysis of flat-mounted eye tissue by imaging mass spectrometry with identification of contaminants in preservation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:103-13. [PMID: 21556752 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry was used to analyze donor eye tissue specimens for phospholipid content to evaluate lipid distribution. Phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins were detected in the positive ion mode using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as the matrix. During this study, unknown ion signals in the lower m/z region (less than m/z 400) were detected, mainly in the far periphery of human flat-mounted tissue but not in age-matched rhesus monkey tissue prepared in a similar manner. The unknown ion signals occurred at m/z 304, 332, 360, and 388. These ions were subjected to tandem mass spectrometry directly from the tissue sample, and exact mass measurements of extracts were prepared for further identification. These ions were identified as alkyl dimethylbenzylammonium surfactants (benzalkonium chlorides (BACs)). The classification of these species was verified by comparing an eye tissue extract to an over-the-counter eye-care product containing BACs.
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Ferreira C, Pereira AM, Pereira MC, Melo LF, Simoes M. Physiological changes induced by the quaternary ammonium compound benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride on Pseudomonas fluorescens. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1036-43. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Yang HJ, Park KH, Kim HS, Kim J. Characterization of unknown compounds from stainless steel plates in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:2000-2004. [PMID: 20850343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Peaks originating from unknown compounds on stainless steel plates used in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometers are observed around m/z 304.3, 332.3, 360.4, and 388.4 regardless of the matrix and/or solvent, and are even observed with bare plates. These peaks were characterized using three different types of MALDI-MS instrumentation: MALDI-TOF MS, MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, and MALDI-FTMS. The fragmentation data from MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and accurate mass determination by MALDI-FTMS enabled identification of the chemical formulae and structures. The unknown compounds are, in fact, likely benzylalkylmethylammonium salts, as confirmed by closely matching fragmentation patterns with a commercially available benzalkonium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jik Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Iwasawa A, Niwano Y, Mokudai T, Kohno M. Antiviral activity of proanthocyanidin against feline calicivirus used as a surrogate for noroviruses, and coxsackievirus used as a representative enteric virus. Biocontrol Sci 2009; 14:107-11. [PMID: 19785283 DOI: 10.4265/bio.14.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidin, which consists of (+) catechin, (-) epicatechin and their gallates (15%), (-) epicatechin gallate-dimers, -trimers, and -tetramers (80%), and (-) epicatechin gallate-pentamers, -hexamers, and -heptamers (5%), was evaluated for its antiviral activity against feline calicivirus F9 strain (FCV/F9), which is thought to be a surrogate for noroviruses, and coxsackievirus A7 strain (Cox.A7), which was selected as a representative enteric virus. To achieve a viral inactivation rate of 99% or greater after contact for 10 sec., at least 1 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml of proanthocyanidin were required against FCV/F9 and Cox.A7, respectively. Although the antiviral mechanism of proanthocyanidin is not clear at present, proanthocyanidin may be an effective disinfectant against enteroviruses such as noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Iwasawa
- Tissue Culture Laboratory, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30, Fujigaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8501, Japan
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Riedel CT, Brøndsted L, Rosenquist H, Haxgart SN, Christensen BB. Chemical decontamination of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin and meat. J Food Prot 2009; 72:1173-80. [PMID: 19610327 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.6.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of 11 chemical compounds to reduce Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin and meat samples dipped in chemical solutions. Treatment of skin samples for 1 min using tartaric acid (2%) and caprylic acid sodium salt (5%) caused reductions of C. jejuni NCTC11168, which were not significantly different from the reduction obtained by sterile water (0.95 log). Statistically larger reductions (1.57 to 3.81 log) were caused by formic acid (2%), lactic acid (2.5%), trisodium phosphate (10%), capric acid sodium salt (5%), grapefruit seed extract (1.6%), and chlorhexidine diacetate salt hydrate (1%). The most effective compounds were cetylpyridinium chloride (0.5%) and benzalkonium chloride (1%) (>4.2 log). However, when these treated samples were stored for 24 h at 5 degrees C, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, and grapefruit seed extract were less effective, indicating that some cells may recover after a 1-min treatment with these chemicals. An increase in treatment time to 15 min resulted in higher effectiveness of trisodium phosphate and formic acid. Interestingly, when reduction of the C. jejuni population was compared on chicken skin and meat, sterile water and lactic acid caused considerably larger reductions on skin than on meat, whereas the opposite was seen for caprylic acid sodium salt. In conclusion, this study has identified chemicals with substantial reduction effects on C. jejuni. The analysis has further emphasized that treatment time and food matrix affect the outcome in an unpredictable manner and, therefore, detailed studies are needed to evaluate the reduction effectiveness of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Tandrup Riedel
- Department of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 26, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
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Sugimoto N, Tada A, Kuroyanagi M, Yoneda Y, Yun YS, Kunugi A, Sato K, Yamazaki T, Tanamoto KI. [Survey of synthetic disinfectants in grapefruit seed extract and its compounded products]. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2008; 49:56-62. [PMID: 18344660 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.49.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Grapefruit seed extract (GSE), derived from the seeds of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi MCAF.), is listed as a natural food additive in Japan. Products containing GSE are used as disinfectants made from only natural sources, especially after Japanese researchers found that GSE prevents the growth of norovirus. On the other hand, recent overseas studies indicated that synthetic disinfectants, such as benzalkonium and benzethonium chlorides, were present in some commercial GSE products. To confirm the quality of commercial GSE products available in Japanese markets, we carried out comprehensive research to identify the major constituents of commercial GSE products which are used as food additives (13 products from 6 manufacturers), dietary supplements (5 products from 4 manufacturers), cosmetic materials (16 products from 10 manufacturers) and disinfectant or deodorant sprays (7 products from 7 manufacturers). By means of NMR and LC/MS analysis, synthetic disinfectants such as benzethonium or benzalkonium salts were detected in most of the commercial GSE products.
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