1
|
Olivares-Vicente M, Sánchez-Marzo N, Herranz-López M, Micol V. Analysis of Lemon Verbena Polyphenol Metabolome and Its Correlation with Oxidative Stress under Glucotoxic Conditions in Adipocyte. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9768-9781. [PMID: 38629896 PMCID: PMC11066870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Lemon verbena has been shown to ameliorate obesity-related oxidative stress, but the intracellular final effectors underlying its antioxidant activity are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to correlate the antioxidant capacity of plasma metabolites of lemon verbena (verbascoside, isoverbascoside, hydroxytyrosol, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, homoprotocatechuic acid, and luteolin-7-diglucuronide) with their uptake and intracellular metabolism in hypertrophic adipocytes under glucotoxic conditions. To this end, intracellular ROS levels were measured, and the intracellular metabolites were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS). The results showed that the plasma metabolites of lemon verbena are absorbed by adipocytes and metabolized through phase II reactions and that the intracellular appearance of these metabolites correlates with the decrease in the level of glucotoxicity-induced oxidative stress. It is postulated that the biotransformation and accumulation of these metabolites in adipocytes contribute to the long-term antioxidant activity of the extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariló Olivares-Vicente
- Instituto
de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología
Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández
(UMH), Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Noelia Sánchez-Marzo
- Instituto
de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología
Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández
(UMH), Elche 03202, Spain
| | - María Herranz-López
- Instituto
de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología
Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández
(UMH), Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Vicente Micol
- Instituto
de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología
Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández
(UMH), Elche 03202, Spain
- CIBER:
CB12/03/30038, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición,
CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
(ISCIII), Madrid 28029, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Charoenwoodhipong P, Holt RR, Keen CL, Hedayati N, Sato T, Sone T, Hackman RM. The Effect of Hokkaido Red Wines on Vascular Outcomes in Healthy Adult Men: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4054. [PMID: 37764837 PMCID: PMC10535196 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate red wine intake has been associated with lower cardiovascular mortality, due in part to the intake of polyphenols and anthocyanins, whose content can vary from varietal and year of harvest. This study assessed the vascular effects in response to a single intake of 2015 and 2018 Zweigelt red wines from Hokkaido, Japan. Healthy men were randomly assigned to consume 240 mL each of a red wine, or a sparkling white grape juice as a control in a randomized three-arm cross-over design with a 7 day washout between arms. The augmentation index (AI; a measure of arterial stiffness) and AI at 75 beats/min (AI75), reactive hyperemia index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), and platelet reactivity were assessed at baseline and two and four hours after each beverage intake. Changes from the baseline were analyzed using a linear mixed model. Significant treatment effects (p = 0.02) were observed, with AI 13% lower after the intake of the 2015 or 2018 vintages compared to the control. Intake of the 2018 vintage reduced SBP and DBP (-4.1 mmHg and -5.6 mmHg, respectively; p = 0.02) compared to the 2015 wine and the control drink. The amount of hydroxytyrosol in the 2018 wine was almost twice the amount as in the 2015 wine, which may help explain the variable blood pressure results. Future studies exploring the vascular effects of the same red wine from different vintage years and different phenolic profiles are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta R. Holt
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.C.)
| | - Carl L. Keen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Nasim Hedayati
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Sato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Teruo Sone
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Robert M. Hackman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lgaz H, Lee HS. Computational Exploration of Phenolic Compounds in Corrosion Inhibition: A Case Study of Hydroxytyrosol and Tyrosol. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6159. [PMID: 37763437 PMCID: PMC10532989 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The corrosion of materials remains a critical challenge with significant economic and infrastructural impacts. A comprehensive understanding of adsorption characteristics of phytochemicals can facilitate the effective design of high-performing environmentally friendly inhibitors. This study conducted a computational exploration of hydroxytyrosol (HTR) and tyrosol (TRS) (potent phenolic compounds found in olive leaf extracts), focusing on their adsorption and reactivity on iron surfaces. Utilizing self-consistent-charge density-functional tight-binding (SCC-DFTB) simulations, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and quantum chemical calculations (QCCs), we investigated the molecules' structural and electronic attributes and interactions with iron surfaces. The SCC-DFTB results highlighted that HTR and TRS coordinated with iron atoms when adsorbed individually, but only HTR maintained bonding when adsorbed alongside TRS. At their individual adsorption, HTR and TRS had interaction energies of -1.874 and -1.598 eV, which became more negative when put together (-1.976 eV). The MD simulations revealed parallel adsorption under aqueous and vacuum conditions, with HTR demonstrating higher adsorption energy. The analysis of quantum chemical parameters, including global and local reactivity descriptors, offered crucial insights into molecular reactivity, stability, and interaction-prone atomic sites. QCCs revealed that the fraction of transferred electron ∆N aligned with SCC-DFTB results, while other parameters of purely isolated molecules failed to predict the same. These findings pave the way for potential advancements in anticorrosion strategies leveraging phenolic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Lgaz
- Innovative Durable Building and Infrastructure Research Center, Center for Creative Convergence Education, Hanyang University ERICA, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Han-seung Lee
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Giusepponi D, Barola C, Bucaletti E, Moretti S, Paoletti F, Valiani A, Branciari R, Galarini R. Occurrence of Hydroxytyrosol, Tyrosol and Their Metabolites in Italian Cheese. Molecules 2023; 28:6204. [PMID: 37687033 PMCID: PMC10488946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosol (T) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) are phenyl alcohol polyphenols with well-recognized health-promoting properties. They are widely diffused in several vegetables, especially in olive products (leaves, fruits and oil). Therefore, they could be present in food produced from herbivorous animals such as in milk and cheese. In this study, an analytical method to determine T, HT and some of their phase II metabolites (sulphates and glucuronides) in cheese was developed and validated. Samples were extracted with an acidic mixture of MeOH/water 80/20 (v/v) and, after a low temperature clean-up, the extracts were evaporated and injected in a liquid-chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-Orbitrap). A validation study demonstrated satisfactory method performance characteristics (selectivity, linearity, precision, recovery factors, detection and quantification limits). The developed protocol was then applied to analyze 36 Italian cheeses made from ewe, goat and cow milk. The sum of detected compounds (T, tyrosol sulfate, hydroxytyrosol-3-O-sulfate and hydroxytyrosol-4-O-sulfate) reached as high as 2300 µg kg-1 on a dry weight basis, although in about 45% of cow cheeses it did not exceed 50 µg kg-1. Ewe cheeses were significantly richer of polyphenols (sum) as well as HT sulfate metabolites than cow cheeses. In conclusion, results shows that cheese cannot be considered an important dietary source of these valuable compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Giusepponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.G.); (C.B.); (E.B.); (S.M.); (F.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Carolina Barola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.G.); (C.B.); (E.B.); (S.M.); (F.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Elisabetta Bucaletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.G.); (C.B.); (E.B.); (S.M.); (F.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Simone Moretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.G.); (C.B.); (E.B.); (S.M.); (F.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Fabiola Paoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.G.); (C.B.); (E.B.); (S.M.); (F.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrea Valiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.G.); (C.B.); (E.B.); (S.M.); (F.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Raffaella Branciari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.G.); (C.B.); (E.B.); (S.M.); (F.P.); (A.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Terholsen H, Meyer JRH, Zhang Z, Deuss PJ, Bornscheuer UT. Chemoenzymatic Cascade Reaction for the Valorization of the Lignin Depolymerization Product G-C2-Dioxolane Phenol. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300168. [PMID: 36826410 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Combining solid acid catalysts with enzyme reactions in aqueous environments is challenging because either very acidic conditions inactivate the enzymes, or the solid acid catalyst is neutralized. In this study, Amberlyst-15 encapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane (Amb-15@PDMS) is used to deprotect the lignin depolymerization product G-C2 dioxolane phenol in a buffered system at pH 6.0. This reaction is directly coupled with the biocatalytic reduction of the released homovanillin to homovanillyl alcohol by recombinant horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, which is subsequently acylated by the promiscuous acyltransferase/hydrolase PestE_I208A_L209F_N288A in a one-pot system. The deprotection catalyzed with Amb-15@PDMS attains up to 97 % conversion. Overall, this cascade enables conversions of up to 57 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Terholsen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jule R H Meyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chemical Technology, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter J Deuss
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chemical Technology, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Razali RA, Yazid MD, Saim A, Idrus RBH, Lokanathan Y. Approaches in Hydroxytyrosol Supplementation on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in TGFβ1-Induced Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043974. [PMID: 36835384 PMCID: PMC9967984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is an olive polyphenol with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HT treatment on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in primary human respiratory epithelial cells (RECs) isolated from human nasal turbinate. HT dose-response study and growth kinetic study on RECs was performed. Several approaches on HT treatment and TGFβ1 induction with varying durations and methods was studied. RECs morphology and migration ability were evaluated. Vimentin and E-cadherin immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting [E-cadherin, vimentin, SNAIL/SLUG, AKT, phosphorylated (p)AKT, SMAD2/3 and pSMAD2/3] were performed after 72-h treatment. In silico analysis (molecular docking) of HT was performed to evaluate the potential of HT to bind with the TGFβ receptor. The viability of the HT-treated RECs was concentration-dependent, where the median effective concentration (EC50) was 19.04 μg/mL. Testing of the effects of 1 and 10 µg/mL HT revealed that HT suppressed expression of the protein markers vimentin and SNAIL/SLUG while preserving E-cadherin protein expression. Supplementation with HT protected against SMAD and AKT pathway activation in the TGFβ1-induced RECs. Furthermore, HT demonstrated the potential to bind with ALK5 (a TGFβ receptor component) in comparison to oleuropein. TGFβ1-induced EMT in RECs and HT exerted a positive effect in modulating the effects of EMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabiatul Adawiyah Razali
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Dain Yazid
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Aminuddin Saim
- Graduate School of Medicine, KPJ Healthcare University College, Kota Seriemas, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Yogeswaran Lokanathan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9145-9590; Fax: +60-3-9145-7678
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Antioxidant and DNA-Protective Activity of an Extract Originated from Kalamon Olives Debittering. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020333. [PMID: 36829892 PMCID: PMC9952268 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Table olives are a major component of the Mediterranean diet and are associated with many beneficial biological activities, which are mainly related to their phenolic compounds. Olive fruit debittering process defines the quantitative and qualitative composition of table olives in biophenols. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant capacity and DNA-protective activity of an extract originated from brine samples, according to the Greek style debbitering process of Kalamon olive fruits. The main phenolic components determined in the brine extract were hydroxytyrosol (HT), verbascoside (VERB) and tyrosol (T). The in vitro cell-free assays showed strong radical scavenging capacity from the extract, therefore antioxidant potential. At cellular level, human endothelial cells (EA.hy296) and murine myoblasts (C2C12) were treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of the brine extract and the redox status was assessed by measuring glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS). Our results show cell type specific response, exerting a hormetic reflection at endothelial cells. Finally, in both cell lines, pre-treatment with brine extract protected from H2O2-induced DNA damage. In conclusion, this is the first holistic approach highlighted table olive wastewaters from Kalamon- Greek style debittering process, as valuable source of bioactive compounds, which could have interesting implications for the development of new products in food or other industries.
Collapse
|
8
|
Nikou T, Sakavitsi ME, Kalampokis E, Halabalaki M. Metabolism and Bioavailability of Olive Bioactive Constituents Based on In Vitro, In Vivo and Human Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:3773. [PMID: 36145149 PMCID: PMC9504511 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of olive products has been established as a health-promoting dietary pattern due to their high content in compounds with eminent pharmacological properties and well-described bioactivities. However, their metabolism has not yet been fully described. The present critical review aimed to gather all scientific data of the past two decades regarding the absorption and metabolism of the foremost olive compounds, specifically of the phenylalcohols hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) and tyrosol (Tyr) and the secoiridoids oleacein (Olea), oleocanthal (Oleo) and oleuropein (Oleu). A meticulous record of the in vitro assays and in vivo (animals and humans) studies of the characteristic olive compounds was cited, and a critical discussion on their bioavailability and metabolism was performed taking into account data from their gut microbial metabolism. The existing critical review summarizes the existing knowledge regarding the bioavailability and metabolism of olive-characteristic phenylalchohols and secoiridoids and spotlights the lack of data for specific chemical groups and compounds. Critical observations and conclusions were derived from correlating structure with bioavailability data, while results from in vitro, animal and human studies were compared and discussed, giving significant insight to the future design of research approaches for the total bioavailability and metabolism exploration thereof.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sakavitsi ME, Breynaert A, Nikou T, Lauwers S, Pieters L, Hermans N, Halabalaki M. Availability and Metabolic Fate of Olive Phenolic Alcohols Hydroxytyrosol and Tyrosol in the Human GI Tract Simulated by the In Vitro GIDM-Colon Model. Metabolites 2022; 12:391. [PMID: 35629895 PMCID: PMC9144922 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) and tyrosol (Tyr) are the most well studied phenolic alcohols of olive oil and olive products demonstrating numerous and significant beneficial health effects. However, their activity in the human organism as food bioactives is strongly associated with their bioavailability and metabolism, while manifested through their metabolites. Nevertheless, there are limited studies investigating their biotransformation and mainly catabolism by gut microflora under a holistic interpretation close to the human organism. Thus, in the present study, the GastroIntestinal Dialysis (GIDM)-colon model, a continuous flow in vitro dialysis system mimicking physiological conditions during human gastrointestinal digestion, was used to explore the metabolism of HTyr and Tyr as pure compounds. The GIDM-colon model simulates absorption from the lumen to the mucosa, followed by the colon phase using pooled human fecal suspensions. Samples were collected at different time points and analyzed via LC-Orbitrap MS. An integrated approach combining Multivariate Data Analysis (MVA) and thorough dereplication procedures led to the identification of HTyr and Tyr metabolites in different phases (gastric, small intestine, and colon), yielding also valuable information about metabolites kinetics. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting full spectrometric data of HTyr and Tyr metabolites along with possible transformation mechanisms in the GI tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Sakavitsi
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.E.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Annelies Breynaert
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.B.); (S.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Theodora Nikou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.E.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Stef Lauwers
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.B.); (S.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.B.); (S.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Nina Hermans
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.B.); (S.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.E.S.); (T.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Potential of olive oil and its phenolic compounds as therapeutic intervention against colorectal cancer: a comprehensive review. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1257-1273. [PMID: 34338174 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521002919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major causes of death across the world and incidence rate of CRC increasing alarmingly each passing year. Diet, genomic anomalies, inflammation and deregulated signalling pathways are among the major causes of CRC. Because of numerous side effects of CRC therapies available now, researchers all over the world looking for alternative treatment/preventive strategy with lesser/no side effects. Olive oil which is part of Mediterranean diet contains numerous phenolic compounds that fight against free radicals and inflammation and also well-known for protective role against CRC. The current review focused on the recent evidences where olive oil and its phenolic compounds such as hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein and oleocanthal showed activities against CRC as well to analyse the cellular and molecular signalling mechanism through which these compounds act on. These compounds shown to combat CRC by reducing proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis through regulation of numerous signalling pathways including MAPK pathway, PI3K-Akt pathway and Wnt/β-catenin pathway and at the same time, induce apoptosis in different CRC model. However, further research is an absolute necessity to establish these compounds as nutritional supplements and develop therapeutic strategy in CRC.
Collapse
|
11
|
Strategies to Broaden the Applications of Olive Biophenols Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol in Food Products. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030444. [PMID: 33805715 PMCID: PMC8000085 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleuropein (OLE) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) are olive-derived phenols recognised as health-promoting agents with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antifungal, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities, providing a wide range of applications as functional food ingredients. HT is Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), whereas OLE is included in EFSA daily consumptions recommendations, albeit there is no official GRAS status for its pure form. Their application in food, however, may be hindered by challenges such as degradation caused by processing conditions and undesired sensorial properties (e.g., the astringency of OLE). Among the strategies to overcome such setbacks, the encapsulation in delivery systems and the covalent and non-covalent complexation are highlighted in this review. Additionally, the synthesis of OLE and HT derivatives are studied to improve their applicability. All in all, more research needs however to be carried out to investigate the impact of these approaches on the sensory properties of the final food product and its percussions at the gastrointestinal level, as well as on bioactivity. At last limitations of these approaches at a scale of the food industry must also be considered.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lozano-Castellón J, López-Yerena A, Rinaldi de Alvarenga JF, Romero Del Castillo-Alba J, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Escribano-Ferrer E, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Health-promoting properties of oleocanthal and oleacein: Two secoiridoids from extra-virgin olive oil. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2532-2548. [PMID: 31423808 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1650715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) polyphenols, including the secoiridoids oleocanthal (OLC) and oleacein (OLE), are attracting attention because of their beneficial effects on health. Data on OLC and OLE bioavailability are scarce, as most research on EVOO polyphenols has concentrated on hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and oleuropein. Consequently, relevant goals for future research are the elucidation of OLC and OLE bioavailability and finding evidence for their beneficial effects through pre-clinical and clinical studies. The aim of this review is to shed light on OLC and OLE, focusing on their precursors in the olive fruit and the impact of agronomic and processing factors on their presence in EVOO. Also discussed are their bioavailability and absorption, and finally, their bioactivity and health-promoting properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Lozano-Castellón
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anallely López-Yerena
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Fernando Rinaldi de Alvarenga
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Romero Del Castillo-Alba
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Escribano-Ferrer
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Pharmacy and Food Sciences School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Lamuela-Raventós
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Karković Marković A, Torić J, Barbarić M, Jakobušić Brala C. Hydroxytyrosol, Tyrosol and Derivatives and Their Potential Effects on Human Health. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24102001. [PMID: 31137753 PMCID: PMC6571782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet and olive oil as its quintessential part are almost synonymous with a healthy way of eating and living nowadays. This kind of diet has been highly appreciated and is widely recognized for being associated with many favorable effects, such as reduced incidence of different chronic diseases and prolonged longevity. Although olive oil polyphenols present a minor fraction in the composition of olive oil, they seem to be of great importance when it comes to the health benefits, and interest in their biological and potential therapeutic effects is huge. There is a growing body of in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as intervention-based clinical trials, revealing new aspects of already known and many new, previously unknown activities and health effects of these compounds. This review summarizes recent findings regarding biological activities, metabolism and bioavailability of the major olive oil phenolic compounds—hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, oleocanthal and oleacein—the most important being their antiatherogenic, cardioprotective, anticancer, neuroprotective and endocrine effects. The evidence presented in the review concludes that these phenolic compounds have great pharmacological potential, however, further studies are still required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karković Marković
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A.Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jelena Torić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A.Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Monika Barbarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A.Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Cvijeta Jakobušić Brala
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A.Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
López-Jiménez A, Gallardo E, Espartero JL, Madrona A, Quesada AR, Medina MÁ. Comparison of the anti-angiogenic potential of hydroxytyrosol and five derivatives. Food Funct 2018; 9:4310-4316. [PMID: 30040093 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01140k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol is a phenolic compound present in extra virgin olive oil, either in free form or as derivatives, and related to some of the health benefits described for olive oil intake. We have demonstrated previously that hydroxytyrosol inhibits angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we evaluate the anti-angiogenic potential of five hydroxytyrosol derivatives. Three of these derivatives contain a nitro group and they exhibit a much weaker effect than hydroxytyrosol in the tubule formation assay on Matrigel and therefore were not studied further. In contrast, both hydroxytyrosyl acetate and ethyl hydroxytyrosyl ether show more potent inhibitory effects than hydroxytyrosol in both the in vitro tubule formation assay on Matrigel and the in vivo chorioallantoic membrane assay. Additionally, these three compounds had slight pro-apoptotic effects and decreased matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels in cell extracts.
Collapse
|
15
|
Silva S, Garcia-Aloy M, Figueira ME, Combet E, Mullen W, Bronze MR. High Resolution Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Secoiridoids and Metabolites as Biomarkers of Acute Olive Oil Intake-An Approach to Study Interindividual Variability in Humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Silva
- iBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Oeiras Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa); Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory; Department of Nutrition; Food Sciences and Gastronomy; Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA); Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA); Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria Eduardo Figueira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa); Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Emilie Combet
- Human Nutrition; School of Medicine; Dentistry and Nursing; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - William Mullen
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Maria Rosário Bronze
- iBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Oeiras Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa); Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Navarro M, Morales FJ, Ramos S. Olive leaf extract concentrated in hydroxytyrosol attenuates protein carbonylation and the formation of advanced glycation end products in a hepatic cell line (HepG2). Food Funct 2017; 8:944-953. [PMID: 28229142 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01738j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycation takes place both at the cellular level and at the extracellular matrix level and generates, consequently, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) associated with chronic diseases and the aging process. Two olive leaf extracts concentrated in (i) oleuropein (OLE-A; 93.9 mg oleuropein g-1) and (ii) hydroxytyrosol (OLE-B; 54.5 mg hydroxytyrosol g-1) were evaluated according to their antiglycative and antioxidant capacity in vitro. OLE-B exerted the highest anti-AGE effect in different glycation models (IC50: 0.25-0.29 mg mL-1). OLE-B showed the highest antioxidant capacity and methylglyoxal-trapping capacity (IC50 0.16 mg mL-1). OLE-B showed a significant inhibitory effect against protein carbonylation (21%) and generation of argpyrimidine (26%) in a hepatocyte cellular carbonyl stress model evoked by methylglyoxal (MGO). OLE-B was further fractionated by solid phase-extraction, and the protective effect against protein carbonylation was only exerted by the fraction containing hydroxytyrosol. However, hydroxytyrosol standard, at the same concentration in the extract, inhibited the protein carbonylation below 10% but not significantly. The results indicate that the antiglycative activity of OLE in cells could be due to a synergic effect of hydroxytyrosol and other minor compounds with similar polarity. The research of the antiglycative activity in vivo could confirm these promising results and to propose OLE as a natural anti-AGE agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Navarro
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Morales
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonia Ramos
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Peyrol J, Riva C, Amiot MJ. Hydroxytyrosol in the Prevention of the Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders. Nutrients 2017; 9:E306. [PMID: 28335507 PMCID: PMC5372969 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virgin olive oil (VOO) constitutes the main source of fat in the Mediterranean diet. VOO is rich in oleic acid, displaying health-promoting properties, but also contains minor bioactive components, especially phenolic compounds. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), the main polyphenol of olive oil, has been reported to be the most bioactive component. This review aims to compile the results of clinical, animal and cell culture studies evaluating the effects of HT on the features of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) (body weight/adiposity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia/insulin resistance) and associated complications (oxidative stress and inflammation). HT was able to improve the lipid profile, glycaemia, and insulin sensitivity, and counteract oxidative and inflammatory processes. Experimental studies identified multiple molecular targets for HT conferring its beneficial effect on health in spite of its low bioavailability. However, rodent experiments and clinical trials with pure HT at biologically relevant concentrations are still lacking. Moreover, the roles of intestine and its gut microbiota have not been elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Peyrol
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharm-Ecology EA4278, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Avignon University, F-84000 Avignon, France.
| | - Catherine Riva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharm-Ecology EA4278, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Avignon University, F-84000 Avignon, France.
| | - Marie Josèphe Amiot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France.
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Markets, Organisations, Institutions, Stakeholder Strategies, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
- Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
- Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Division of Nutrtition, Chemical Food Safety and Consumer Behaviour, F-75015 Paris, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75015 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hydroxytyrosol ameliorates metabolic, cardiovascular and liver changes in a rat model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome: Pharmacological and metabolism-based investigation. Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Mawalagedera SMMR, Ou ZQ, McDowell A, Gould KS. Effects of boiling and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the antioxidant activity of Sonchus oleraceus leaves. Food Funct 2016; 7:1515-22. [PMID: 26891707 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Leaves of Sonchus oleraceus L. are especially rich in phenolic compounds and have potent extractable antioxidants. However, it is not known how their antioxidant activity changes after cooking and gastrointestinal digestion. We recorded the profile of phenolics and their associated antioxidant activity in both raw and boiled S. oleraceus leaf extracts after in vitro gastric and intestinal digestion, and quantified their antioxidant potentials using Caco-2 and HepG2 cells. Boiling significantly diminished the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and concentrations of ascorbate and chicoric acid in the soluble fractions. In contrast, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and concentrations of caftaric and chlorogenic acids were unaffected. Phenolics in the soluble fraction were absorbed into cultured human cells and exerted antioxidant activity. Only chlorogenic acid content remained stable during gastrointestinal digestion. S. oleraceus appears to be an excellent dietary source of phenolic antioxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M M R Mawalagedera
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Zong-Quan Ou
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9015, New Zealand
| | - Arlene McDowell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9015, New Zealand
| | - Kevin S Gould
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
D'Antuono I, Garbetta A, Ciasca B, Linsalata V, Minervini F, Lattanzio VMT, Logrieco AF, Cardinali A. Biophenols from Table Olive cv Bella di Cerignola: Chemical Characterization, Bioaccessibility, and Intestinal Absorption. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5671-5678. [PMID: 27355793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the naturally debittered table olives cv Bella di Cerignola were studied in order to (i) characterize their phenolic composition; (ii) evaluate the polyphenols bioaccessibility; (iii) assess their absorption and transport, across Caco2/TC7. LC-MS/MS analysis has confirmed the presence of hydroxytyrosol acetate, caffeoyl-6'-secologanoside, and comselogoside. In vitro bioaccessibility ranged from 7% of luteolin to 100% of tyrosol, highlighting the flavonoids sensitivity to the digestive conditions. The Caco2/TC7 polyphenols accumulation was rapid (60 min) with an efficiency of 0.89%; the overall bioavailability was 1.86% (120 min), with hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol the highest bioavailables, followed by verbascoside and luteolin. In the cells and basolateral side, caffeic and coumaric acids metabolites, probably derived from esterase activities, were detected. In conclusion, the naturally debittered table olives cv Bella di Cerignola can be considered as a source of bioaccessible, absorbable, and bioavailable polyphenols that, for their potential health promoting effect, permit inclusion of table olives as a functional food suitable for a balanced diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella D'Antuono
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Garbetta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Linsalata
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Minervini
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Veronica M T Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Cardinali
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gallardo E, Sarria B, Espartero JL, Gonzalez Correa JA, Bravo-Clemente L, Mateos R. Evaluation of the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Nitroderivatives of Hydroxytyrosol Using Caco-2 and HepG2 Human Cell Models. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2289-2297. [PMID: 26915652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Considering that nitrocatechols present putative effects against Parkinson's disease, the absorption and metabolism of nitroderivatives of hydroxytyrosol (HT) were assessed using human cell model systems. The test compounds nitrohydroxytyrosol (NO2HT), nitrohydroxytyrosyl acetate (NO2HT-A), and ethyl nitrohydroxytyrosyl ether (NO2HT-E) were efficiently transferred across human Caco-2 cell monolayers as an intestinal barrier model, NO2HT-A and NO2HT-E being better (p < 0.05) absorbed (absorption rate (AR) = 1.4 ± 0.1 and 1.5 ± 0.2, respectively) than their precursor, NO2HT (AR = 1.1 ± 0.1). A significant amount of the absorbed compounds remained unconjugated (81, 70, and 33% for NO2HT, NO2HT-A, and NO2HT-E, respectively) after incubation in Caco-2 cells, being available for hepatic metabolism. Nitrocatechols were extensively taken up and metabolized by human hepatoma HepG2 cells as a model of the human liver. Both studies revealed extensive hydrolysis of NO2HT-A into NO2HT, whereas NO2HT-E was not hydrolyzed. Glucuronide (75-55%), methylglucuronide (25-33%), and methyl derivatives (0-12%) were the main nitrocatechol metabolites detected after metabolism in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells. In conclusion, NO2HT, NO2HT-A, and NO2HT-E show high in vitro bioavailability and are extensively metabolized by hepatic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gallardo
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC , Madrid, Spain
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Malaga , Malaga, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sarria
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC , Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Espartero
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Laura Bravo-Clemente
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC , Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Mateos
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC , Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee DH, Kim YJ, Kim MJ, Ahn J, Ha TY, Lee SH, Jang YJ, Jung CH. Pharmacokinetics of Tyrosol Metabolites in Rats. Molecules 2016; 21:E128. [PMID: 26805800 PMCID: PMC6273429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosol is considered a potential antioxidant; however, little is known regarding the pharmacokinetics of its metabolites. To study the pharmacokinetics of tyrosol-derived metabolites after oral administration of a single dose of tyrosol, we attempted to identify tyrosol metabolites in rat plasma by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Two tyrosol metabolites (M1 and M2) were detected in the plasma. M1 was identified as tyrosol-4-sulfate (T4S) with an [M − H]− ion at m/z 217. While M2 showed an [M − H]− ion at m/z 151.0, its metabolite was not identified. Pharmacokinetic analysis of T4S and M2 showed rapid uptake after oral administration of tyrosol within 1 h. The metabolites were rapidly distributed in most organs and tissues and eliminated within 4 h. The greatest T4S deposition by tissue weight was observed in the liver, followed by the kidney and spleen, while M2 was most concentrated in the kidney followed by the liver and spleen. These findings indicate that T4S and M2 were distributed mainly in tissues with an abundant blood supply and were rapidly excreted in urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Lee
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Yang-Ji Kim
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Tae-Youl Ha
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Young Jin Jang
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sarna LK, Sid V, Wang P, Siow YL, House JD, O K. Tyrosol Attenuates High Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Oxidative Stress: Potential Involvement of Cystathionine β-Synthase and Cystathionine γ-Lyase. Lipids 2015; 51:583-90. [PMID: 26518313 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet is known for its cardioprotective effects. Recently, its protective qualities have also been reported in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Oxidative stress is one of the important factors responsible for the development and progression of NAFLD. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a multifaceted gasotransmitter, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in NAFLD. Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) are major enzymes responsible for endogenous H2S synthesis. Since oxidative stress contributes to NAFLD pathogenesis, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tyrosol, a major compound in olive oil and white wine, on high fat diet-induced hepatic oxidative stress and the mechanisms involved. Mice (C57BL/6) were fed for 5 weeks with a control diet (10 % kcal fat), a high fat diet (60 % kcal fat, HFD) or a HFD supplemented with tyrosol. High fat diet feeding induced hepatic oxidative stress, as indicated by the significant increase in lipid peroxidation and NADPH oxidase activity. Tyrosol supplementation significantly increased hepatic CBS and CSE expression and H2S synthesis in high fat diet-fed mice. Such effects were associated with the attenuation of high fat diet-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation and the restoration of the redox equilibrium of the antioxidant glutathione. Tyrosol also inhibited palmitic acid-induced oxidative stress in hepatocytes (HepG2 cells). These results suggest that the antioxidant properties of tyrosol may be mediated through functional changes in CBS and CSE activity, which might contribute to the hepatoprotective effect of the Mediterranean diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsei K Sarna
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada.,Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Victoria Sid
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Pengqi Wang
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada.,Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yaw L Siow
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - James D House
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Human Nutritional Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Karmin O
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada. .,Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hu Z, Wang Z, Liu Y, Wu Y, Han X, Zheng J, Yan X, Wang Y. Metabolite Profile of Salidroside in Rats by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole-Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8999-9005. [PMID: 26461036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the salidroside metabolite profile in rat urine was investigated, and subsequently the metabolic pathways of salidroside were proposed. After administrations of salidroside at an oral dose of 100 or 500 mg/kg, rat urine samples were collected and pretreated with methanol to precipitate the proteins. The pretreated samples were analyzed by an Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with an HSS T3 column and detected by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/Q-trap-MS). A total of eight metabolites were detected and identified on the basis of the characteristics of their protonated ions in the urine samples. The results elucidated that salidroside was metabolized via glucuronidation, sulfation, deglycosylation, hydroxylation, methylation, and dehydroxylation pathways in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hu
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education , Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ziming Wang
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education , Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education , Harbin 150040, China
- Heilongjiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Heilongjiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xuejiao Han
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education , Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education , Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiufeng Yan
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education , Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education , Harbin 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Catalán Ú, López de las Hazas MC, Rubió L, Fernández-Castillejo S, Pedret A, de la Torre R, Motilva MJ, Solà R. Protective effect of hydroxytyrosol and its predominant plasmatic human metabolites against endothelial dysfunction in human aortic endothelial cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2523-36. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Catalán
- Functional Nutrition; Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut); Unit of Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research (URLA); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); Hospital Universitari Sant Joan; IISPV; Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| | | | - Laura Rubió
- Functional Nutrition; Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut); Unit of Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research (URLA); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); Hospital Universitari Sant Joan; IISPV; Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
- Food Technology Department; Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO Center; Lleida Lleida Spain
| | - Sara Fernández-Castillejo
- Functional Nutrition; Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut); Unit of Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research (URLA); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); Hospital Universitari Sant Joan; IISPV; Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| | - Anna Pedret
- Functional Nutrition; Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut); Unit of Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research (URLA); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); Hospital Universitari Sant Joan; IISPV; Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Facultat de Ciencies de la Salut i de la Vida; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF); Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM); Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria-José Motilva
- Food Technology Department; Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO Center; Lleida Lleida Spain
| | - Rosa Solà
- Functional Nutrition; Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut); Unit of Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research (URLA); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); Hospital Universitari Sant Joan; IISPV; Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
New perspectives on bioactivity of olive oil: evidence from animal models, human interventions and the use of urinary proteomic biomarkers. Proc Nutr Soc 2015; 74:268-81. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665115002323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Olive oil (OO) is the primary source of fat in the Mediterranean diet and has been associated with longevity and a lower incidence of chronic diseases, particularly CHD. Cardioprotective effects of OO consumption have been widely related with improved lipoprotein profile, endothelial function and inflammation, linked to health claims of oleic acid and phenolic content of OO. With CVD being a leading cause of death worldwide, a review of the potential mechanisms underpinning the impact of OO in the prevention of disease is warranted. The current body of evidence relies on mechanistic studies involving animal and cell-based models, epidemiological studies of OO intake and risk factor, small- and large-scale human interventions, and the emerging use of novel biomarker techniques associated with disease risk. Although model systems are important for mechanistic research nutrition, methodologies and experimental designs with strong translational value are still lacking. The present review critically appraises the available evidence to date, with particular focus on emerging novel biomarkers for disease risk assessment. New perspectives on OO research are outlined, especially those with scope to clarify key mechanisms by which OO consumption exerts health benefits. The use of urinary proteomic biomarkers, as highly specific disease biomarkers, is highlighted towards a higher translational approach involving OO in nutritional recommendations.
Collapse
|
27
|
Total phenolic compounds in milk from different species. Design of an extraction technique for quantification using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Food Chem 2015; 176:480-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
28
|
Tabernero M, Sarriá B, Largo C, Martínez-López S, Madrona A, Espartero JL, Bravo L, Mateos R. Comparative evaluation of the metabolic effects of hydroxytyrosol and its lipophilic derivatives (hydroxytyrosyl acetate and ethyl hydroxytyrosyl ether) in hypercholesterolemic rats. Food Funct 2015; 5:1556-63. [PMID: 24855654 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60677e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a virgin olive oil phenolic phytochemical with proven health benefits, has been used to generate new lipophilic antioxidants to preserve fats and oils against autoxidation. The aim of this work is to comparatively evaluate the physiological effects of HT and its lipophilic derivatives, hydroxytyrosyl acetate (HT-Ac) and ethyl hydroxytyrosyl ether (HT-Et), in high-cholesterol fed animals. Male Wistar rats (n = 8) were fed a standard diet (C group), a cholesterol-rich diet (Chol group) or a cholesterol-rich diet supplemented with phenolic compounds (HT group, HT-Ac group and HT-Et group) for 8 weeks. Body and tissue weights, the lipid profile, redox status, and biochemical, hormonal, and inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated. Plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, glucose, insulin and leptin, as well as malondialdehyde in serum increased in Chol compared to C (p < 0.05). Rats fed the test diets had improved glucose, insulin, leptin and MDA levels and antioxidant capacity status, with HT-Ac being the most effective compound. The studied phenolic compounds also modulated TNF-α and IL-1β plasma levels compared to Chol. HT-Ac and HT-Et improved adipose tissue distribution and adipokine production, decreasing MCP-1 and IL-1β levels. Our results confirm the metabolic effects of HT, which are maintained and even improved by hydrophobic derivatives, particularly HT-Ac.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Tabernero
- Hospital La Paz Health Research Institute (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Giordano E, Dangles O, Rakotomanomana N, Baracchini S, Visioli F. 3-O-Hydroxytyrosol glucuronide and 4-O-hydroxytyrosol glucuronide reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress in vitro. Food Funct 2015; 6:3275-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00562k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is important for atherosclerosis development and is mediated by the unfolded protein response (UPR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Giordano
- Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) – Food
- UAM+CSIC
- Madrid
- Spain
| | | | | | - Silvia Baracchini
- Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) – Food
- UAM+CSIC
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) – Food
- UAM+CSIC
- Madrid
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fernández-Ávila C, Montes R, Castellote AI, Chisaguano AM, Fitó M, Covas MI, Muñoz-Aguallo D, Nyyssönen K, Zunft HJ, López-Sabater MC. Fast determination of virgin olive oil phenolic metabolites in human high-density lipoproteins. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:1035-41. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Fernández-Ávila
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - R. Montes
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Madrid Spain
| | - A. I. Castellote
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Madrid Spain
| | - A. M. Chisaguano
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Madrid Spain
| | - M. Fitó
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit; Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM); Barcelona Spain
| | - M. I. Covas
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit; Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM); Barcelona Spain
| | - D. Muñoz-Aguallo
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit; Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM); Barcelona Spain
| | - K. Nyyssönen
- Research Institute of Public Health; University of Kuopio; Kuopio Finland
| | - H. J. Zunft
- German Institute of Human Nutrition; Postdam-Rehbruecke; Germany
| | - M. C. López-Sabater
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Trujillo M, Gallardo E, Madrona A, Bravo L, Sarriá B, González-Correa JA, Mateos R, Espartero JL. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of nitrohydroxytyrosol and its acyl derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10297-10303. [PMID: 25264851 DOI: 10.1021/jf503543x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of nitroderivatives has been synthesized from hydroxytyrosol, the natural olive oil phenol, to increase the assortment of compounds with putative effects against Parkinson's disease. Nitrohydroxytyrosyl esters were obtained from nitrohydroxytyrosol using a chemoselective one-step, high-yield, transesterification procedure. The antioxidant activity of these new series of nitrocatechols was evaluated using FRAP, ABTS, and ORAC assays and compared to that of free hydroxytyrosol. The nitro functional group induced a significant increase in the antioxidant activity of nitrohydroxytyrosol compared to hydroxytyrosol. Regarding nitroester derivatives, variable antioxidant activity was observed depending on the acyl side-chain length; shorter chains maintained or even enhanced the antioxidant activity compared to nitrohydroxytyrosol, decreasing the activity with longer side chains in keeping with their lipophilic nature. Therefore, it may be concluded that nitroester derivatives of hydroxytyrosol, which may be obtained by a simple, high-yield reaction, have elevated antioxidant activity and thus present potential bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Trujillo
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville , Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rubió L, Macià A, Castell-Auví A, Pinent M, Blay MT, Ardévol A, Romero MP, Motilva MJ. Effect of the co-occurring olive oil and thyme extracts on the phenolic bioaccesibility and bioavailability assessed by in vitro digestion and cell models. Food Chem 2014; 149:277-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
33
|
Pérez AG, León L, Pascual M, Romero-Segura C, Sánchez-Ortiz A, de la Rosa R, Sanz C. Variability of virgin olive oil phenolic compounds in a segregating progeny from a single cross in Olea europaea L. and sensory and nutritional quality implications. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92898. [PMID: 24651694 PMCID: PMC3961445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Virgin olive oil phenolic compounds are responsible for its nutritional and sensory quality. The synthesis of phenolic compounds occurs when enzymes and substrates meet as olive fruit is crushed during the industrial process to obtain the oil. The genetic variability of the major phenolic compounds of virgin olive oil was studied in a progeny of the cross of Picual x Arbequina olive cultivars (Olea europaea L.). They belong to four different groups: compounds that included tyrosol or hydroxytyrosol in their molecules, lignans, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Data of phenolics in the oils showed that the progeny displayed a large degree of variability, widely transgressing the genitor levels. This high variability can be of interest on breeding programs. Thus, multivariate analysis allowed to identify genotypes within the progeny particularly interesting in terms of phenolic composition and deduced organoleptic and nutritional quality. The present study has demonstrated that it is possible to obtain enough degree of variability with a single cross of olive cultivars for compounds related to the nutritional and organoleptic properties of virgin olive oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana G. Pérez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Lorenzo León
- IFAPA, Centro Alameda del Obispo, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Mar Pascual
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Romero-Segura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Araceli Sánchez-Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Sanz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Giordano E, Davalos A, Nicod N, Visioli F. Hydroxytyrosol attenuates tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in human hepatocarcinoma cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:954-62. [PMID: 24347345 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a phenolic compound peculiarly abundant in olives and it is being recognized as a protector of LDL from oxidation. In addition to lipid oxidation, one emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease is ER stress. We tested the effect of HT on the modulation of ER stress in HepG2 cells. METHODS AND RESULTS HepG2 cells were treated with 1 μM and 5 μM of HT and 100 μM lipoic acid (LA) and glutathione-ethyl ester (GSH), for 24 h. Induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) was initiated by treatment with 2 μg/mL tunicamycin for 4 h. Real time RT-PCR analyses followed by Western blot and ELISA of different ER stress markers revealed that the protective activities of HT were superior to those of two known thiolic antioxidants, i.e., LA and GSH. CONCLUSION Mounting evidence indicates the ER as an important target of dietary or pharmacological intervention. In this paper, we report the modulatory activities of physiological concentrations of HT toward ER stress and we shed some light on pathways alternative to the well-known antioxidant mechanisms, through which olive oil phenolics modulate cell signaling and could impact cardiovascular health and degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Giordano
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Drira R, Sakamoto K. Modulation of adipogenesis, lipolysis and glucose consumption in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes by hydroxytyrosol acetate: A comparative study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:576-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
36
|
Auñon-Calles D, Giordano E, Bohnenberger S, Visioli F. Hydroxytyrosol is not genotoxic in vitro. Pharmacol Res 2013; 74:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
37
|
Bondia-Pons I, Barri T, Hanhineva K, Juntunen K, Dragsted LO, Mykkänen H, Poutanen K. UPLC-QTOF/MS metabolic profiling unveils urinary changes in humans after a whole grain rye versus refined wheat bread intervention. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:412-22. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bondia-Pons
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; Clinical Nutrition; Food and Health Research Centre; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Campus; Kuopio Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland; Tietotie Espoo Finland
| | - Thaer Barri
- Institute of Human Nutrition; Exercise and Sports; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; Clinical Nutrition; Food and Health Research Centre; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Campus; Kuopio Finland
| | - Katri Juntunen
- Health Care Unit; City of Kuopio Health Care Services; Suokatu Kuopio Finland
| | - Lars O. Dragsted
- Institute of Human Nutrition; Exercise and Sports; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Hannu Mykkänen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; Clinical Nutrition; Food and Health Research Centre; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Campus; Kuopio Finland
| | - Kaisa Poutanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; Clinical Nutrition; Food and Health Research Centre; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Campus; Kuopio Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland; Tietotie Espoo Finland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bulotta S, Corradino R, Celano M, Maiuolo J, D'Agostino M, Oliverio M, Procopio A, Filetti S, Russo D. Antioxidant and antigrowth action of peracetylated oleuropein in thyroid cancer cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 51:181-9. [PMID: 23718964 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The olive tree phenolic component oleuropein (OLE) and its derivatives have shown many biological properties, thus representing promising novel therapeutics for the treatment of several diseases, including neoplasia. In this study, we evaluated the activities of OLE and its peracetylated derivative (peracetylated oleuropein, Ac-OLE) against two thyroid tumor cell lines that host genotypic alterations detected in human papillary thyroid cancer. TPC-1 and BCPAP cells were treated with OLE and Ac-OLE, and the effects on viability were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, cell counting, and trypan blue exclusion assays. Antioxidant effects were analyzed by measuring the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in basal conditions and after treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Activity of MAP kinase and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways was evaluated by examining the levels of phosphorylated ERK and Akt by western blot. We found that OLE significantly inhibited the proliferation of both cell lines. This effect was paralleled by a reduction of basal phospho-Akt and phospho-ERK levels and H2O2-induced ROS levels. A stronger effect was elicited by Ac-OLE either in inhibiting cell growth or as an antioxidant, in particular on BCPAP cells. Our results demonstrate that OLE and especially Ac-OLE inhibit in vitro thyroid cancer cell proliferation acting on growth-promoting signal pathways, as well as exerting antioxidant effects. Further studies will reveal the potential application as novel targeted therapeutics in thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Germaneto, Campus S. Venuta, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
León-González AJ, Mateos R, Ramos S, Martín MÁ, Sarriá B, Martín-Cordero C, López-Lázaro M, Bravo L, Goya L. Chemo-protective activity and characterization of phenolic extracts from Corema album. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
40
|
Sarriá B, Mateos R, Gallardo E, Ramos S, Martín MÁ, Bravo L, Goya L. Nitroderivatives of olive oil phenols protect HepG2 cells against oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3752-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
41
|
Phloroglucinol: Antioxidant properties and effects on cellular oxidative markers in human HepG2 cell line. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2886-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
42
|
Tan SA, Ramos S, Martin MA, Mateos R, Harvey M, Ramanathan S, Najimudin N, Alam M, Bravo L, Goya L. Protective effects of papaya extracts on tert-butyl hydroperoxide mediated oxidative injury to human liver cells (An in-vitro study). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5530/ax.2012.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
43
|
Rodríguez-Gutiérrez G, Duthie GG, Wood S, Morrice P, Nicol F, Reid M, Cantlay LL, Kelder T, Horgan GW, Fernández-Bolaños Guzmán J, de Roos B. Alperujo extract, hydroxytyrosol, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol are bioavailable and have antioxidant properties in vitamin E-deficient rats-a proteomics and network analysis approach. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1137-47. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Rodríguez-Gutiérrez
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen United Kingdom
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC); Sevilla Spain
| | - Garry G. Duthie
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Wood
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen United Kingdom
| | - Phil Morrice
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen United Kingdom
| | - Fergus Nicol
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen United Kingdom
| | - Martin Reid
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen United Kingdom
| | - Louise L. Cantlay
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Kelder
- TNO; Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology; Zeist The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Baukje de Roos
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Uptake and metabolism of olive oil polyphenols in human breast cancer cells using nano-liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 898:69-77. [PMID: 22608806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), a main component of the Mediterranean diet, have demonstrated repeatedly anti-tumor activity in several in vitro and in vivo studies. However, little is known about the efficiency of the absorption process and metabolic conversion of these compounds at cellular level. In this study, a nano liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (nanoLC-ESI-TOF MS) method was developed to study the cellular uptake and metabolism of olive oil phenols in JIMT-1 human breast cancer cells. After incubation for different time periods with EVOO-derived phenolic extracts, culture media, cytosolic fraction and solid particles fraction were separated and analyzed. Most of the free phenols, mainly hydroxytyrosol, its secoiridoid derivatives, and the flavonoid luteolin, disappeared in the culture media in different ways and at different times. Besides, several metabolites were detected in the culture media, fact that may indicate absorption and intracellular metabolism followed by rapid cellular export. Low intracellular accumulation was observed with only traces of some compounds detected in the cytosolic and solid particles fractions. Methylated conjugates were the major metabolites detected, suggesting a catalytic action of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) in cancer cells.
Collapse
|
45
|
Hydroxytyrosyl acetate contributes to the protective effects against oxidative stress of virgin olive oil. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
46
|
Bulotta S, Corradino R, Celano M, D’Agostino M, Maiuolo J, Oliverio M, Procopio A, Iannone M, Rotiroti D, Russo D. Antiproliferative and antioxidant effects on breast cancer cells of oleuropein and its semisynthetic peracetylated derivatives. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
47
|
Khymenets O, Farré M, Pujadas M, Ortiz E, Joglar J, Covas MI, de la Torre R. Direct analysis of glucuronidated metabolites of main olive oil phenols in human urine after dietary consumption of virgin olive oil. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
48
|
Mateos R, Pereira-Caro G, Saha S, Cert R, Redondo-Horcajo M, Bravo L, Kroon P. Acetylation of hydroxytyrosol enhances its transport across differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
49
|
Pereira-Caro G, Mateos R, Saha S, Madrona A, Espartero JL, Bravo L, Kroon PA. Transepithelial transport and metabolism of new lipophilic ether derivatives of hydroxytyrosol by enterocyte-like Caco-2/TC7 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11501-11509. [PMID: 20929254 DOI: 10.1021/jf101963b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal transport and metabolism of a series of ether derivatives of the natural antioxidant hydroxytyrosol with differing alkyl chain lengths (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl) were evaluated at 1, 2, and 4 h using a two-compartment transwell system containing human enterocyte (differentiated Caco-2/TC7) monolayers, which simulates the small intestinal barrier. All four ether derivatives were transferred across the enterocyte monolayers with Papp(apical-basolateral) values between 32.6 and 43.5 cm/s × 10(-6). One hour after apical loading, the predominant forms of the compounds on the basolateral side were unmodified molecules. Glucuronides and methylated metabolites were also present in both the apical and basolateral compartments, with conjugated metabolites preferentially transported to the basolateral side. The rate of metabolism increased according to the lipohilicity of the ether derivative (butyl > propyl > ethyl > methyl). In conclusion, hydroxytyrosyl ethers are rapidly absorbed across, and partially metabolized by, Caco-2/TC7 cell monolayers, in keeping with their lipophilic nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gema Pereira-Caro
- Institute of Food Research, Plant Natural Products and Health, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hydroxytyrosol Acyl Esters: Biosynthesis and Activities. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 163:592-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-9065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|