1
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Casado-Hidalgo G, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sierra I. Design and Optimisation of Sustainable Sample Treatments Based on Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Strong Cation-Exchange Purification with Functionalised SBA-15 for Opium Alkaloids in Ground Poppy Seeds. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:672. [PMID: 38133176 PMCID: PMC10747185 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An analysis methodology was optimised and validated for the quantification of opium alkaloids (OAs) in ground poppy seeds. This involved ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification before analysis using a high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry detector (HPLC-MS/MS). UAE was optimised through the design of experiments with three factors and a three-level full factorial design. For SPE optimisation, a commercial material was compared with a previously synthesised material of SBA-15 silica functionalised with sulfonic groups (SBA-15-SO3-). The synthesised material demonstrated superior efficiency with only 25 mg and proved to be reusable for up to four cycles. The methodology was properly validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection and quantification, and selectivity. Matrix effects were negligible; adequate recovery values (85-100%) and inter-day and intra-day precision (≤15%) were obtained. The greenness of the method was evaluated with the AGREEprep metric scale, being more environmentally friendly compared to OA analysis methods. Finally, the method was applied to different samples of ground poppy seeds and revealed a concentration of 140 mg/kg of morphine equivalents in one of the samples, surpassing the legislatively established limits by sevenfold. This highlights the need to analyse these types of samples to mitigate potential public health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Sierra
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, E.S.C.E.T, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (G.C.-H.); (S.M.-Z.); (D.P.-Q.)
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2
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Avula B, Katragunta K, Adams SJ, Wang YH, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. Applicability of LC-QToF and Microscopical Tools in Combating the Sophisticated, Economically Motivated Adulteration of Poppy Seeds. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071510. [PMID: 37048333 PMCID: PMC10094636 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphine and codeine are the two principal opiates found in the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and are therapeutically used for pain management. Poppy seeds with low opiates are primarily used for culinary purposes due to their nutritional and sensory attributes. Intentional adulteration of poppy seeds is common, often combined with immature, less expensive, exhausted, or substituted with morphologically similar seeds, viz., amaranth, quinoa, and sesame. For a safer food supply chain, preventive measures must be implemented to mitigate contamination or adulteration. Moreover, the simultaneous analysis of P. somniferum and its adulterants is largely unknown. Pre- and post-processing further complicate the alkaloid content and may pose a significant health hazard. To address these issues, two independent methods were investigated with eight botanically verified and fifteen commercial samples. Microscopical features were established for the authenticity of raw poppy seeds. Morphine, codeine, and thebaine quantities ranged from 0.8-223, 0.2-386, and 0.1-176 mg/kg, respectively, using LC-QToF. In most cases, conventional opiates have a higher content than papaverine and noscapine. The analytical methodology provided a chemical profile of 47 compounds that can be effectively applied to distinguish poppy seeds from their adulterants and may serve as an effective tool to combat ongoing adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Kumar Katragunta
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Sebastian John Adams
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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3
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Pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by purification with SBA-15 for the control of opium alkaloids in biscuits and sponge cakes. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Evaluation of Thermal Degradation of Tropane and Opium Alkaloids in Gluten-Free Corn Breadsticks Samples Contaminated with Stramonium Seeds and Baked with Poppy Seeds under Different Conditions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152196. [PMID: 35892780 PMCID: PMC9330423 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the thermal degradation of tropane and opium alkaloids was studied in samples of breadsticks prepared with corn flour, contaminated with seeds of Datura stramonium, and containing seeds of Papaver somniferum L. A total of seven different samples were prepared and eight alkaloids were studied, three tropane (atropine, scopolamine, and anisodamine) and five opium (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, and noscapine) alkaloids. For this purpose, a fast, easy and efficient method based on solid-liquid extraction (SLE) prior to the analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was developed and validated. Thermal degradation studies showed a decrease in the TAs and OAs content under baking (180 °C for 20 min) that was between 7–65% for atropine, depending on the preparation conditions used, between 35–49% for scopolamine and anisodamine, up to 100% for morphine and codeine and between 14–58% for thebaine, papaverine, and noscapine. Results also evidenced that degradation of morphine and codeine was higher when the seeds were added as topping to the breadsticks.
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5
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Casado-Hidalgo G, Martínez-García G, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sierra I. New Validated Method for the Determination of Six Opium Alkaloids in Poppy Seed-Containing Bakery Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry after Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7594-7606. [PMID: 35674269 PMCID: PMC9228061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bakery products containing poppy seeds are increasingly being commercialized. These seeds may be contaminated with latex from the Papaver somniferum L. plant rich in opium alkaloids (OAs). Therefore, health authorities demand the development of analytical methods to control them. In this study, an efficient and simple method was developed and validated for the first time to analyze six OAs in bakery products by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. For this purpose, a solid-liquid extraction was optimized, and then a magnetic material [magnetite surface-modified with Fe(III) terephthalate, denoted as Fe3O4@TPA-Fe] was used for a fast magnetic solid-phase extraction. The method has been validated with adequate recoveries (70-110%) and relative standard deviations (<20%) and without matrix effects. Nine bakery samples (five breadsticks and four sliced bread) were analyzed; breadsticks showed low amounts of OAs, but two sliced bread showed higher amounts of OAs than the new amount (1.5 mg/kg) set by the Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/2142.
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Zhang X, Wang J, Liang J, Liu Z, Shen X, Liu Y, Li X, Xu Z, Lei Y, Lei H. A novel self-aggregated gold nanoparticles based on sensitive immunochromatographic assays for highly detection of opium poppy in herbal teas. Food Chem 2022; 390:133188. [PMID: 35567969 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Opium poppy abused in food has aroused public concerns due to its serious side effects. Effective monitoring is essential to fight the abuse crisis. Herein, we synthesized an easily prepared, affordable, accessible highly aggregated gold nanoparticles (AGNPs) performing in lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for detection opium poppy in herbal teas. Simultaneously, a LFIA based ontime-resolved fluorescent microspheres (TRFMs) was developed as contrastive method. In this study, morphine (MOR), codeine (COD) and thebaine (THE) were as the specific recognition markers of opium poppy. Results demonstrated the quantitative limits of detection were 0.0049/0.0053/0.084, 0.034/0.037/0.37 ng mL-1 for AGNPs/TRFMs-LFIA, respectively. The recoveries were 95%-107.5%/91%-106.7% with coefficient of variation was 1.6%-6.6%/1.8%-7.2%, indicating excellent accuracy and precision. Parallel experiments among AGNPs/TRFMs-LFIA and LC-MS/MS analysis showed good correlation. Overall, AGNPs-LFIA executed quantitative analysis within 15 min on the basis of simple treatment while providing a rapid and sensitive analysis strategy for illegal drugs abused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianhao Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xing Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingju Liu
- Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiangmei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenlin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection, Guangzhou 510435, China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Shetge SA, Redan BW. Assessment of Dry Heating, Water Rinsing, and Baking on Concentrations of the Opium Alkaloid Noscapine in Poppy Seeds. ACS FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 2:541-547. [PMID: 35558138 PMCID: PMC9087206 DOI: 10.1021/acsfoodscitech.1c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Limited information is available on methods to reduce concentrations of the opium alkaloid noscapine in poppy seeds. A series of experiment were conducted using poppy seeds to evaluate the impact of thermal treatments, water rinsing, and baking on noscapine concentrations. A sample set of commercially available poppy seeds (n=15) was screened for noscapine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The mean and median noscapine concentrations for poppy seed samples above the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 89.9 and 28.4 mg kg-1, respectively. Six out of 15 samples were less than the LOQ. Poppy seed samples containing a mean noscapine concentration of 121 mg kg-1 were subjected to dry heat treatments ranging from 120-200 °C and a 5 min rinse with water. Baking experiments were also done by incorporating the poppy seeds into a muffin batter and baking in an oven at 200 °C. The dry heat treatment experiments showed that noscapine degraded at 160-200 °C, with a 50% loss of noscapine observed after 3.44 ± 0.46 min at 200 °C. Although the mean concentration of noscapine decreased when a muffin containing poppy seeds was baked at 200 °C for 16 min, these changes were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Rinsing the poppy seeds with water did not have a significant effect on noscapine concentrations. Together, these data allow for better characterization of potential dietary exposure to noscapine and indicate that certain thermal treatments can be effective for reduction of noscapine in poppy seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka A. Shetge
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL
| | - Benjamin W. Redan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, Bedford Park, IL,To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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8
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Determination of morphine, codeine, and thebaine concentrations from poppy seed tea using magnetic carbon nanotubes facilitated dispersive micro-solid phase extraction and GC-MS analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 329:111052. [PMID: 34688186 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With tightening enforcement and restrictions amid the opioid epidemic, poppy seed tea is consumed as an alternative to mitigate the withdrawal symptoms or as a home remedy to relieve pain and stress. Previously published studies suggested the potential danger of consuming tea brewed with a moderate to a large amount of poppy seed. In this study, the effects of small quantity and repeat brewing on opiate concentrations were evaluated. A dispersive-micro solid phase extraction facilitated by magnetic carbon nanotubes (Mag-CNTs/d-µSPE) was developed, optimized, successfully validated, and applied to ten poppy seed tea samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A total of ten poppy seed samples were evaluated in this work. Two grams of bulk poppy seeds were brewed with 6 mL of heated and acidified DI water three times. The brewed tea samples were subjected to the validated Mag-CNTs/d-µSPE/GC-MS analysis. The total mean opiate concentrations obtained from three brews were 1.1-1926, 20.2-311, and 9.0-100 mg/kg for morphine, codeine, and thebaine, respectively. The total opiate yields obtained from the small quantity brewing, i.e., 6 g seed in 18 mL tea, in this study may provide minimal analgesic and euphoric effects. Over 80% of the total opiate yield was extracted in the first brew with acidified deionized water from the 10 min brewing period, and opiate yields from the second and third brew were minimal. However, potential overdose could occur for some tea samples when scaled up to the starter quantity of seed suggested for new users.
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9
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Fleischman GJ, Kleinmeier D, Lunzer J, Redan BW. Differences in Experimental Outcomes from Thermal Processing: The Case of Poppy Seeds and Opium Alkaloids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7499-7500. [PMID: 34197107 PMCID: PMC9082582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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10
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Casado-Hidalgo G, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Morante-Zarcero S, Sierra I. Mesostructured Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles to Extract Six Opium Alkaloids in Poppy Seeds Prior to Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Foods 2021; 10:1587. [PMID: 34359458 PMCID: PMC8307897 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, health authorities have become increasingly concerned about preventing consumer exposure to opium alkaloids present in Papaver somniferum L. poppy seeds. In this study, a simple, rapid and efficient method has been optimised to determine all main opioids in poppy seeds (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, noscapine and oripavine) by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. For this purpose, solid-liquid extraction (SLE) of samples was optimised and six magnetic adsorbent materials with a core of Fe3O4 coated with amorphous and mesostructured silica, both functionalised with octadecyl-silane or octyl-silane were characterised and evaluated for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). The material with the best results was non-functionalised mesostructured silica and, with it, the MSPE procedure was optimised. This method was validated and used to quantify six opioids in 14 edible seed samples (eleven poppy seeds and three seed mixes). Considerable amounts were found (1.5-249.0 mg/kg morphine, <0.2 µg/kg-45.8 mg/kg codeine, <2.4 µg/kg-136.2 mg/kg thebaine, <0.2 µg/kg-27.1 mg/kg papaverine, <0.2 µg/kg-108.7 mg/kg noscapine and <240 µg/kg-33.4 mg/kg oripavine), exceeding maximum limits established in some EU countries and the reference level of morphine in the EU. Furthermore, in some commercial samples for human consumption, inadequate labelling was found because significant amounts of alkaloids were detected even though Papaver rhoeas L. seeds were declared on the product label.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Sierra
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, E.S.C.E.T., Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (G.C.-H.); (D.P.-Q.); (S.M.-Z.)
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11
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Kuntz M, Golombek P, Lachenmeier DW. Reduction of Morphine During Baking? Response: Commentary: Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds. Front Chem 2021; 9:692045. [PMID: 34041228 PMCID: PMC8141706 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.692045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Kuntz
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patricia Golombek
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
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12
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Kleinmeier D, Pettengill E, Redan BW. Commentary: Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds. Front Chem 2021; 8:622488. [PMID: 33553107 PMCID: PMC7856138 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.622488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kleinmeier
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Bedford Park, IL, United States
| | - Emily Pettengill
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Bedford Park, IL, United States
| | - Benjamin W Redan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Bedford Park, IL, United States
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13
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Pratiwi R, Noviana E, Fauziati R, Carrão DB, Gandhi FA, Majid MA, Saputri FA. A Review of Analytical Methods for Codeine Determination. Molecules 2021; 26:800. [PMID: 33557168 PMCID: PMC7913935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Codeine is derived from morphine, an opioid analgesic, and has weaker analgesic and sedative effects than the parent molecule. This weak opioid is commonly used in combination with other drugs for over-the-counter cough relief medication. Due to the psychoactive properties of opioid drugs, the easily obtained codeine often becomes subject to misuse. Codeine misuse has emerged as a concerning public health issue due to its associated adverse effects such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and hemorrhage. Thus, it is very important to develop reliable analytical techniques to detect codeine for both quality control of pharmaceutical formulations and identifying drug misuse in the community. This review aims to provide critical outlooks on analytical methods applicable to the determination of codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimadani Pratiwi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Eka Noviana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - Rizky Fauziati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Daniel Blascke Carrão
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil;
| | - Firas Adinda Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Mutiara Aini Majid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Febrina Amelia Saputri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
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14
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Casado-Hidalgo G, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sierra I. Opium alkaloids in food products: Current and future perspectives. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Yin Q, Wang M, Fang D, Zhu Y, Yang L. Novel N,Cl-doped deep eutectic solvents-based carbon dots as a selective fluorescent probe for determination of morphine in food. RSC Adv 2021; 11:16805-16813. [PMID: 35479173 PMCID: PMC9031561 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00886b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, new N,Cl co-doped carbon dots (N,Cl-CDs) based on deep eutectic solvent (DES) were fabricated by a facile hydrothermal process. This fluorescent probe exhibited a good quantum yield of 14% and was applied for the sensitive and selective quantification of morphine in foods. In addition, the influence of solution pH, interaction time, system temperature, interfering substances and analogues on the determination was also investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the luminescence intensity of carbon dots increased linearly with the addition of morphine in the concentration range of (0.15–280.25) μg mL−1 (R2 > 0.9969) and the limit of detection (LOD) of 46.5 ng mL−1. Based on these results, it is suggested that N,Cl-CDs is a promising fluorescent probe for sensitive and selective quantification of morphine in foods. A schematic illustrating the synthesis and morphine detection of N,Cl-CDs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhong Yin
- Faculty of Drug Control
- Yunnan Police College
- Kunming 650223
- China
| | - Mengtao Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- China
| | - Dong Fang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- China
| | - Yanqin Zhu
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming 650093
- China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Faculty of Drug Control
- Yunnan Police College
- Kunming 650223
- China
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16
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Bishop-Freeman SC, Fox L, Winecker RE, Hudson JS. Death from Poppy Tea Consumption. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:734-740. [PMID: 33043985 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The historical practice of brewing poppy tea for its opioid-like effects is reoccurring with modern-day substance users. We present four postmortem cases with toxicology results that serve as case studies for the potential hazards of poppy tea ingestion. There is limited information regarding the risks of this practice due to the variability of the morphine content of the opium exuded from the plant. While internet tea recipes offer guidance, differences in poppy cultivation, washing, and infusing time are some of the reasons why the beverage may contain inconsistent and clinically significant alkaloid concentrations for each preparation. Variability in opioid tolerance along with additional drugs taken will impact the overall degree of toxicity experienced from the opiates in the tea. Advancements in the genetic modification of the poppy plant could greatly alter the ratio of alkaloids seen in biological fluids and will be highly dependent on the source of the poppy product. The blood concentrations of free morphine and free codeine in cases 1-3 where the toxicity from the tea was considered the primary cause of death were 0.94 and 0.11 mg/L, 0.62 and 0.034 mg/L, and 0.16 and 0.010 mg/L, respectively. The urine concentrations of morphine and codeine were 13 and 0.94 mg/L in case 1 and 16 and 1.6 mg/L in case 2, respectively. The opium alkaloids thebaine and laudanosine were identified qualitatively by our routine organic base/neutral drug detection procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Bishop-Freeman
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 4312 District Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,UNC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 160 Medical Dr., Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA
| | - Lauren Fox
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 4312 District Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Ruth E Winecker
- Center for Forensic Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jason S Hudson
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 4312 District Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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17
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Carlin MG, Dean JR, Ames JM. Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds. Front Chem 2020; 8:737. [PMID: 33195013 PMCID: PMC7482649 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, and papaverine) have been detected on poppy seeds; they are widely used by the food industry for decoration and flavor but can introduce opium alkaloids into the food chain. Of the opium alkaloids found on poppy seeds, morphine, and codeine are the most pharmacologically active and have been detected in biological matrices collected in workplace and roadside drug testing resulting in positive opiate results. The European Food Safety Authority introduced an acute reference dose of 10 μg morphine/kg of body weight as a safe level for morphine in food products. In this work, it was found that in harvested poppy seeds, and thermally processed poppy seeds (with and without a food matrix), if used in normal levels would not exceed the recommended acute reference dose. It was also shown that the levels of all alkaloids reduce when thermally processed, in comparison with harvested, untreated seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Carlin
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John R Dean
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M Ames
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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18
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Shetge SA, Dzakovich MP, Cooperstone JL, Kleinmeier D, Redan BW. Concentrations of the Opium Alkaloids Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine in Poppy Seeds are Reduced after Thermal and Washing Treatments but are Not Affected when Incorporated in a Model Baked Product. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5241-5248. [PMID: 32302121 PMCID: PMC9087216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Limited information exists on the effectiveness of potential treatments to reduce levels of opium alkaloids that may be present in seeds from poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Poppy seeds containing morphine at relatively lower (14.7 mg kg-1) and higher (210.0 mg kg-1) concentrations were subjected to dry heat and steam treatments, water washing, and baking. Sample extracts were then analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the opium alkaloids morphine, codeine, and thebaine. The results indicated that thermal treatment promoted opium alkaloid degradation in poppy seed samples, with a 50% loss of morphine observed after 30-40 min at 200 °C. Water washing reduced concentrations of opium alkaloids in poppy seeds by approximately 50-80%, while steam treatment resulted in reduction of morphine in only one sample type. Importantly, baking had no significant effect on concentrations of opium alkaloids. Overall, these results indicate that opium alkaloids may not be significantly affected by baking or steam application and that poppy seeds may require water washing or extended thermal treatment to promote reduction of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka A. Shetge
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL
| | - Michael P. Dzakovich
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jessica L. Cooperstone
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Daria Kleinmeier
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Division of Plant Products and Beverages, College Park, MD
| | - Benjamin W. Redan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, Bedford Park, IL
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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19
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Montgomery MT, Conlan XA, Theakstone AG, Purcell SD, Barnett NW, Smith ZM. Extraction and Determination of Morphine Present on the Surface of Australian Food Grade Poppy Seeds Using Acidic Potassium Permanganate Chemiluminescence Detection. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Skopikova M, Hashimoto M, Richomme P, Schinkovitz A. Matrix-Free Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry as an Efficient Tool for the Rapid Detection of Opiates in Crude Extracts of Papaver somniferum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:884-891. [PMID: 31825610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Having a long history of traditional medicinal applications, Papaver somniferum is also known as a source of various pharmacologically highly active opiates. Consequently, their detection from plant extracts is an important analytical task and generally addressed by methods of GC-MS and LC-MS. However, opiates do also show structural similarities to matrix molecules used in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (LDI) and may therefore ionize upon simple laser irradiation. Following this analytical approach, the present work thoroughly evaluated the direct detection of opiates by matrix-free LDI in crude extracts of P. somniferum. The method facilitated the identification of 10 reported opiates by their molecular formulas without any chromatographic prepurification. Moreover, a principal component analysis based on LDI-MS data permitted the correct grouping of all extracts according to their inherent chemistry. Concluding experiments on serial dilutions of thebaine further evaluated potential quantitative applications of the method. Overall results highlight the promising potential of LDI-MS for the swift detection of opiates in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Skopikova
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , 16 Bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | | | - Pascal Richomme
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , 16 Bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Andreas Schinkovitz
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , 16 Bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
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21
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Garcia MR, Swortwood MJ, Aune CN, Ahmad KA. Maternal Poppy Seed Tea Ingestion and Ensuing Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Neonatology 2020; 117:529-531. [PMID: 32629445 DOI: 10.1159/000508446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome has been rising in the USA. Nonpharmacological treatments resulting in similar withdrawal states in the newborn have also been described. We report an infant with neonatal abstinence syndrome born to a mother with daily poppy seed tea ingestion for the self-treatment of nausea. A sample of poppy seed tea was replicated using the mother's self-reported recipe. The sample was analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. This recipe produced a result of approximately 7.8 mg of morphine per serving which she reported to have drank 5-6 days per week, for an estimated 7 months during the course of her pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rae Garcia
- San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Madeleine J Swortwood
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, USA
| | - Christine Nicole Aune
- Pediatrix Medical Group, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Kaashif Aqeeb Ahmad
- Pediatrix Medical Group, San Antonio, Texas, USA, .,Baylor College of Medicine, San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA,
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22
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Opium poisoning in modern times. An overview. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109848. [PMID: 31336283 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Opium is a substance extracted from Papaver somniferum L that is chronically abused specially in the traditional production regions. Reports on opium poisoning has largely disappeared from the occidental literature on drug problems but recent scientific articles show cases of death related to opium in industrialized countries. This fact led us to consider the interest of knowing the state of the art of acute opium intoxication in modern times. This work shows a compilation of these uncommon cases occurred in different settings and circumstances. Data were obtained by a computer assisted search of the literature using the key words "opium poisoning", "poppy", "poppy seeds", and "papaver somniferum" in PubMed, accompanied by a hand search of the reference lists of all articles for any relevant studies not included in the database. In addition, Google Scholar, government reports, and cases adequately documented on websites were reviewed. Type 1 cases, Accidental opium intoxications when it is used as a recreational drug: Reported cases came mainly from industrialized countries. They were mostly male with a range age of 17-64 years. Many had antecedents of alcoholism or drug abuse and opium tea was used as a substitute of heroin. Rachacha has caused poisonings in France and has been detected in a stash in Spain. Toxicological analysis was documented in forensic cases. The danger of this renewed interest in opium is exemplified in that many of the poisoning cases resulted in fatalities. Type 2 cases, Accidental opium intoxications in children or adults when it used as folk remedy: Pediatric intoxication after the use of opium as folk remedy are mainly published in traditional opium-producing areas with a long history of use or ethnic communities in England or USA. Addiction to opium was common among relatives. Type 3 cases, Opium intoxications with poppy seeds consumed as food: Due to excessive consumption of opium seeds as food, sporadic cases of mild toxicity had been reported and morphine contents were documented. Type 4 cases: Accidental opium intoxications when using the abdominal or pelvic cavity for concealing the drug: Accidental opium body packer intoxications are seen in patients who traveled from illegal opium areas of production. Type 5 cases: Suicides by opium: Opium was a prevalent agent among cases of suicides in Iran but data are scarce.
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23
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Özbunar E, Aydoğdu M, Döğer R, Bostancı Hİ, Koruyucu M, Akgür SA. Morphine Concentrations in Human Urine Following Poppy Seed Paste Consumption. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 295:121-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Alkaloid Content, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Various Parts of Papaver somniferum. Pharm Chem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-018-1839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Straightforward analytical method to determine opium alkaloids in poppy seeds and bakery products. Food Chem 2018; 242:443-450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Powers D, Erickson S, Swortwood MJ. Quantification of Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine in Home-Brewed Poppy Seed Tea by LC-MS/MS. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:1229-1235. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Powers
- Department of Forensic Science; Sam Houston State University, Chemistry & Forensic Science Bldg, Rm 224, 1003 Bowers. Blvd, Box 2525; Huntsville TX 77341
| | - Stephen Erickson
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Arkansas State Crime Lab, 3 Natural Resources Dr.; Little Rock AR 72215
| | - Madeleine J. Swortwood
- Department of Forensic Science; Sam Houston State University, Chemistry & Forensic Science Bldg, Rm 224, 1003 Bowers. Blvd, Box 2525; Huntsville TX 77341
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27
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Maas A, Madea B, Hess C. Confirmation of recent heroin abuse: Accepting the challenge. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:54-71. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Maas
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; University Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine; Bonn Germany
| | - Burkhard Madea
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; University Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine; Bonn Germany
| | - Cornelius Hess
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; University Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine; Bonn Germany
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28
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Schuppener LM, Corliss RF. Death Due to Complications of Bowel Obstruction Following Raw Poppy Seed Ingestion. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:614-618. [PMID: 28543087 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eating poppy seeds can cause a positive urine drug screen, but it is unknown whether ingesting large quantities can result in opiate intoxication or toxicity. A 54-year-old woman with intractable vomiting was found unresponsive at home and later pronounced dead. At autopsy, a cast-like large bowel obstruction composed of poppy seeds was identified. Postmortem blood morphine level was < 10 ng/mL. Cause of death was determined to be complications of a bowel obstruction secondary to poppy seed ingestion. Deaths related to eating poppy seeds have not been described in the literature. This case illustrates that consuming raw poppy seeds in large quantities did not cause lethal opiate toxicity. However, overdose deaths associated with ingesting poppy seed tea (PST) have been described. Poppy seed derivatives should be considered a potential source in cases of opiate toxicity without evidence of prescription or street drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Schuppener
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI
| | - Robert F Corliss
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI
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29
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Zhang C, Han Y, Lin L, Deng N, Chen B, Liu Y. Development of Quantum Dots-Labeled Antibody Fluorescence Immunoassays for the Detection of Morphine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1290-1295. [PMID: 28132500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs)-labeled antibody fluorescence immunoassays (FLISA) for the detection of morphine were developed. Quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS), which contained carboxyl, were used to label antimorphine antibody by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoprophyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide, which were used as coupling reagents. The CdSe/ZnS QDs labeled antimorphine antibody (QDs labeled Ab) was characterized by fluorescence spectrum and gel electrophoresis. Plate-based FLISA and nitrocellulose membrane-based flow-through FLISA were developed and applied to quantitative and qualitative detection of morphine. Under the optimal conditions for plate-based FLISA, the linear range spanned from 3.2 × 10-4 to 1 mg/L (R2 = 0.9905), and the detection limit was 2.7 × 10-4 mg/L. The visual detection limit for morphine by membrane-based flow-through FLISA was 0.01 mg/L. These results demonstrated that the developed fluorescence immunoassays could be applied as highly sensitive and convenient tools for rapid detection of morphine, which make it ideally suited for on-site screening of poppy shell added illegally in hot pot soup base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Han
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Deng
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Zhenjiang Institute for Drug Control, Zhenjiang 212000, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Zhenjiang Institute for Drug Control, Zhenjiang 212000, P. R. China
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30
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Maas A, Krämer M, Sydow K, Chen PS, Dame T, Musshoff F, Diehl BW, Madea B, Hess C. Urinary excretion study following consumption of various poppy seed products and investigation of the new potential street heroin marker ATM4G. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:470-478. [PMID: 27565444 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Maas
- University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine; Department of Forensic Toxicology; Germany
| | - Michael Krämer
- University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine; Department of Forensic Toxicology; Germany
| | - Konrad Sydow
- University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine; Department of Forensic Toxicology; Germany
| | - Pai-Shan Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei 100 Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Burkhard Madea
- University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine; Department of Forensic Toxicology; Germany
| | - Cornelius Hess
- University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine; Department of Forensic Toxicology; Germany
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31
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Samano KL, Clouette RE, Rowland BJ, Sample RHB. Concentrations of Morphine and Codeine in Paired Oral Fluid and Urine Specimens Following Ingestion of a Poppy Seed Roll and Raw Poppy Seeds. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:655-61. [PMID: 26378141 PMCID: PMC4570939 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpretation of opiate drug test results can be challenging due to casual dietary consumption of poppy seeds, which may contain variable opiate content. Opiate concentrations in paired oral fluid (OF), collected with the Oral-Eze(®) Oral Fluid Collection System, and urine were analyzed after ingestion of poppy seeds from the same source, consumed raw or contained in a roll. In Part 1, 12 individuals consumed equal portions of a poppy seed roll. For Part 2, the same individuals consumed an equivalent quantity of raw poppy seeds, containing ∼3.2 mg of morphine and 0.6 mg of codeine. Specimens were analyzed both by enzyme immunoassay (opiates) and by GC-MS (morphine/codeine). Urinary morphine was between 155-1,408 (roll) and 294-4,213 ng/mL (raw), measured at 2, 4, 6 and 20 h post-ingestion. Urinary codeine concentrations between 140-194 (roll) and 121-664 ng/mL (raw) were observed up to 6 h post-ingestion. Following consumption of raw poppy seeds, OF specimens were positive, above LOQ, from 0.25 to 3.0 h with morphine ranging from 7 to 600 ng/mL and codeine from 8 to 112 ng/mL. After poppy seed roll consumption, morphine concentrations of 7-143 ng/mL were observed up to 1.5 h with codeine detected in only 5.5% of OF specimens and ranging from 8 to 28 ng/mL. Combined with the existing poppy seed literature, these results support previous findings and provide guidance for interpretation of OF opiate testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Samano
- Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, Employer Solutions, 10101 Renner Boulevard, Lenexa, KS 66219, USA
| | - Randal E Clouette
- Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, Employer Solutions, 10101 Renner Boulevard, Lenexa, KS 66219, USA
| | - Barbara J Rowland
- Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, Employer Solutions, 10101 Renner Boulevard, Lenexa, KS 66219, USA
| | - R H Barry Sample
- Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, Employer Solutions, 10101 Renner Boulevard, Lenexa, KS 66219, USA
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32
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Hertzsch R, Emmerich IU, Lachenmeier DW, Sproll C, Monakhova YB, Aboling S, Bachmann U, Vervuert I. [Alimentary intake of opioid alkaloids by horses. Hazards due to poppy-containing feeds]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2015; 43:35-43. [PMID: 25624174 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-140638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Opioid alkaloids were identified in the urine of horses during an anti-doping control and in a case of intoxication. In both cases, it was suspected that the horses had ingested poppy-contaminated feed. To verify this suspicion, possible opioid alkaloid sources in Germany were identified through a literature research. Additionally, the contaminated feed was botanically and chemically analysed. The results indicated that both cases were most probably caused by the poppy in the feed. This highlights the previously underestimated risk of an intake of poppy-contaminated feed in horses. Recommendations are formulated for the prevention of positive doping-test results and intoxications by poppy-contaminated feeds in horses. Furthermore, a threshold for morphine in urine samples in competing horses is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hertzsch
- Robert Hertzsch, Institut für Pharmakologie, Pharmazie und Toxikologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 39, 04103 Leipzig, E-Mail:
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33
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Concheiro M, Newmeyer MN, da Costa JL, Flegel R, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA. Morphine and codeine in oral fluid after controlled poppy seed administration. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:586-91. [PMID: 25345619 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Opiates are an important drug class in drug testing programmes. Ingestion of poppy seeds containing morphine and codeine can yield positive opiate tests and mislead result interpretation in forensic and clinical settings. Multiple publications evaluated urine opiate concentrations following poppy seed ingestion, but only two addressed oral fluid (OF) results; neither provided the ingested morphine and codeine dosage. We administered two 45 g raw poppy seed doses, each containing 15.7 mg morphine and 3.1 mg codeine, 8 h apart to 17 healthy adults. All OF specimens were screened by on-site OF immunoassay Draeger DrugTest 5000, and confirmed with OF collected with Oral-Eze® device and quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (1 µg/L morphine and codeine limits of quantification). Specimens (n = 459) were collected before and up to 32 h after the first dose. All specimens screened positive 0.5 h after dosing and remained positive for 0.5-13 h at Draeger 20 µg/L morphine cut-off. Maximum OF morphine and codeine concentrations (Cmax ) were 177 and 32.6 µg/L, with times to Cmax (Tmax ) of 0.5-1 h and 0.5-2.5 h post-dose, respectively. Windows of detection after the second dose extended at least 24 h for morphine and to 18 h for codeine. After both doses, the last morphine positive OF result was 1 h with 40 µg/L 2004 proposed US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration cut-off, and 0.5 h with 95 µg/L cut-off, recently recommended by the Driving under the Influence of Drugs and Medicines project. Positive OF morphine results are possible 0.5-1 h after ingestion of 15.7 mg of morphine in raw poppy seeds, depending on the cut-off employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Concheiro
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew N Newmeyer
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jose Luiz da Costa
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Laboratory, Criminalistics Institute of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ron Flegel
- Division of Workplace Programs, Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David A Gorelick
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Acevska J, Stefkov G, Petkovska R, Kulevanova S, Dimitrovska A. Chemometric approach for development, optimization, and validation of different chromatographic methods for separation of opium alkaloids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1117-29. [PMID: 22318699 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The excessive and continuously growing interest in the simultaneous determination of poppy alkaloids imposes the development and optimization of convenient high-throughput methods for the assessment of the qualitative and quantitative profile of alkaloids in poppy straw. Systematic optimization of two chromatographic methods (gas chromatography (GC)/flame ionization detector (FID)/mass spectrometry (MS) and reversed-phase (RP)-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/diode array detector (DAD)) for the separation of alkaloids from Papaver somniferum L. (Papaveraceae) was carried out. The effects of various conditions on the predefined chromatographic descriptors were investigated using chemometrics. A full factorial linear design of experiments for determining the relationship between chromatographic conditions and the retention behavior of the analytes was used. Central composite circumscribed design was utilized for the final method optimization. By conducting the optimization of the methods in very rational manner, a great deal of excessive and unproductive laboratory research work was avoided. The developed chromatographic methods were validated and compared in line with the resolving power, sensitivity, accuracy, speed, cost, ecological aspects, and compatibility with the poppy straw extraction procedure. The separation of the opium alkaloids using the GC/FID/MS method was achieved within 10 min, avoiding any derivatization step. This method has a stronger resolving power, shorter analysis time, better cost/effectiveness factor than the RP-HPLC/DAD method and is in line with the "green trend" of the analysis. The RP-HPLC/DAD method on the other hand displayed better sensitivity for all tested alkaloids. The proposed methods provide both fast screening and an accurate content assessment of the six alkaloids in the poppy samples obtained from the selection program of Papaver strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Acevska
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
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Zentai A, Sali J, Szeitzné-Szabó M, Szabó IJ, Ambrus Á. Exposure of consumers to morphine from poppy seeds in Hungary. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 29:403-14. [PMID: 22165856 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.636762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Poppy seed-containing foods are popular dishes in Hungary and some other Central European countries. The alkaloids of poppy are used in the production of medicines. Poppy seeds used as food may also contain considerable amounts of alkaloids, which raises the question of food safety. Morphine, codeine, thebaine and noscapine concentrations of poppy seed samples from the period 2001-2010 and consumption data from two Hungarian surveys, carried out in 2003 and 2009, were evaluated. Exposure calculations were made for morphine intake by both point estimate and probabilistic methods, and the uncertainty of the calculated values was estimated. The point estimate for the acute consumer exposure, calculated using the 97.5th percentiles of morphine concentration and of poppy seed consumption and taking into account the reduction of morphine content by processing, was 78.64 µg (kg bw)⁻¹ day⁻¹ for adults, and 116.90 µg (kg bw)⁻¹ day⁻¹ for children. Based on probabilistic estimations, the 97.5th and 99th percentile exposures ranged between 18.3-25.4 and 25.6-47.4 µg (kg bw)⁻¹ day⁻¹ for adults, and between 32.9 and 66.4 µg (kg bw)⁻¹ day⁻¹ for children, respectively. As a no observed effect level (NOEL) had not been established, the significance of exposure could not be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zentai
- Hungarian Food Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary.
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Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of opium alkaloids in poppy seeds. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Mol H, Van Dam R, Zomer P, Mulder P. Screening of plant toxins in food, feed and botanicals using full-scan high-resolution (Orbitrap) mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1405-23. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.603704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Abstract
Seeds of the opium poppy plant are legally sold and widely consumed as food. Due to contamination during harvesting, the seeds can contain morphine and other opiate alkaloids. The objective of this study is to review the toxicology of poppy seed foods regarding influence on opiate drug tests. Computer-assisted literature review resulted in 95 identified references. Normal poppy seed consumption is generally regarded as safe. During food processing, the morphine content is considerably reduced (up to 90%). The possibility of false-positive opiate drug tests after poppy food ingestion exists. There are no unambiguous markers available to differentiate poppy food ingestion from heroin or pharmaceutical morphine use. This is also a problem in heroin-assisted maintenance programs. A basic requirement in such substitution programs is the patients' abstinence from any other drugs, including additional illicit heroin. Also a lack of forensic ingestion trials was detected that consider all factors influencing the morphine content in biologic matrices after consumption. Most studies did not control for the losses during food processing, so that the initial morphine dosage was overestimated. The large reduction of the morphine content during past years raises questions about the validity of the "poppy seed defence." However, a threshold of food use that would not lead to positive drug tests with certainty is currently unavailable. Research is needed to prove if the morphine contents in today's foods still pose the possibility of influencing drug tests. Future trials should consider processing-related morphine losses.
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Musshoff F, Trafkowski J, Lichtermann D, Madea B. Comparison of urine results concerning co-consumption of illicit heroin and other drugs in heroin and methadone maintenance programs. Int J Legal Med 2009; 124:499-503. [PMID: 19672612 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-009-0361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Urine samples of patients from a heroin maintenance program (HMP) and a methadone maintenance program (MMP) were chromatographically analyzed 1 month before and 6 and 12 months into treatment for the presence of classical markers of heroin use as well as for the presence of markers for illicit heroin abuse. Furthermore, the samples were immunochemically tested for cannabinoids, cocaine metabolites, amphetamine, methylendioxyamphetamines and benzodiazepines. A co-consumption of illicit heroin (HER) in the HMP was determined to be 50% but was significantly lower compared to the MMP with a co-use of 71%. The incidence was high because not only acetylcodeine (AC) as a very specific marker was considered but also other marker substances for illicit HER use. Amphetamines played only a minor part in both collectives, and the proportion of HER and methadone patients using cocaine was similar and decreased during treatment. Also, the benzodiazepine use decreased, and cannabis use was high in both collectives during treatment. Considering only the AC in the present study, a co-use of illicit HER in the HMP was similar to previous reports concerning HER-assisted treatment programs. If additional marker substances were examined, the suspicion of a co-use of illicit HER is markedly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
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Hansen SH. Sample preparation and separation techniques for bioanalysis of morphine and related substances. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:825-34. [PMID: 19219840 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In present time the use or misuse of morphine and its derivatives are monitored by assaying the presence of the drug and its metabolites in biofluids. In the present review, focus is placed on the sample preparation and on the separation techniques used in the current best practices of bioanalysis of morphine and its major metabolites. However, as methods for testing the misuse of heroin, a morphine derivative, often involve bioanalytical methods that cover a number of other illicit drug substances, such methods are also included in the review. Furthermore, the review also includes bioanalysis in a broader perspective as analysis of plant materials, cell cultures and environmental samples. The review is not intended to cover all publications that include bioanalysis of morphine but is more to be considered a view into the current best practices of bioanalysis of morphine, its metabolites and other related substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen Honoré Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemsitry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:547-558. [PMID: 17385794 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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