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Zhao X, Yan F, Li X, Qu D, Xu Y. A systematic review of tea pigments: Prevention of major diseases, protection of organs, and potential mechanisms and applications. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6830-6844. [PMID: 37970420 PMCID: PMC10630803 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growing awareness of a healthy life, tea pigments (TPGs) are in focus for their health benefits. TPGs not only provide specific color to tea liquor but also possess health benefits such as anti-obesity, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidative, and bacteriostatic properties. Also, TPGs can benefit bone, liver, kidney, cardiovascular, gut microbiome, and sleep health. Based on previous reports, this review provides a brief introduction to the health benefits of TPGs, focusing on the prevention of human diseases and the protection of organs. Also, the latest research on the functional mechanism(s), practical application, and development strategies of TPGs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Qinba Black Tea Research Institute, Shaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
| | - Fei Yan
- Qinba Black Tea Research Institute, Shaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
- Shaanxi Bio‐Resources Key LaboratoryHanzhongChina
- Coordination and Innovation Center for Comprehensive Development of Qinba Biological ResourcesHanzhongChina
- College of Biological Science and EngineeringShaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
| | - Xin‐Sheng Li
- Qinba Black Tea Research Institute, Shaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
- Shaanxi Bio‐Resources Key LaboratoryHanzhongChina
- Coordination and Innovation Center for Comprehensive Development of Qinba Biological ResourcesHanzhongChina
- College of Biological Science and EngineeringShaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
| | - Dong Qu
- Shaanxi Bio‐Resources Key LaboratoryHanzhongChina
- Coordination and Innovation Center for Comprehensive Development of Qinba Biological ResourcesHanzhongChina
- College of Biological Science and EngineeringShaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
| | - Yue‐Ling Xu
- Qinba Black Tea Research Institute, Shaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
- College of Biological Science and EngineeringShaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
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Lai G, Wen M, Jiang Z, Zhou F, Huo HX, Zhu M, Han Z, Zhao Z, Ho CT, Zhang L. Novel Oxidation Oligomer of Chlorogenic Acid and (-)-Epigallocatechin and Its Quantitative Analysis during the Processing of Keemun Black Tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15745-15753. [PMID: 37816159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Not only do flavan-3-ols participate in the formation of chromogenic oxidation products such as theaflavins, but chlorogenic acid (3-caffeoylquinic acid, CQA) is also involved in the enzymatic oxidation during black tea processing. The critical oxidation product of CQA and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) were identified as an adduct containing benzobicyclo[3.2.2]nonenone structure, which was named as the dichlorogeniccatechin (DCGC) oligomer. It was composed of two molecules of CQA and one molecule of EGC. The effects of the initial reactant ratio and reaction time on the generation of DCGC were also analyzed. A high proportion of CQA promoted the production of DCGC, but a high proportion of EGC inhibited the DCGC formation. In addition, the content of DCGC in Keemun black tea during processing was determined. The content of DCGC highly increased after withering but decreased after drying. This study provides a new perspective for the investigation of other oxidation oligomers in black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mingchun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zongde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hui-Xia Huo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zisheng Han
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Zixin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Ultrasonication Effects on Quality of Tea-Based Beverages. BEVERAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tea is the most popular consumed drink after water. Teas and tea-based beverages have grown in popularity due to bioactive compounds. Tea-based beverages have started to take their place in the market. Extraction is a crucial step for the production of functional tea-based beverages. Compared to conventional methods, ultrasound is attractive due to its lower energy requirements, and shorter extraction time. This review aimed to discuss recent marketing aspects of tea-based beverages as well as the potential and challenges of a novel infusion technique. This review describes the health benefits and technological aspects of tea-based beverages in relation to how to best solve nutritional and microbial concerns. Current and future challenges and opportunities of the novel infusion technique and its scaling-up for the extraction of bioactive compounds are also covered in the present review.
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Liu F, Wang Y, Corke H, Zhu H. Dynamic changes in flavonoids content during congou black tea processing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reis RGD, Tedesco AC, Curylofo-Zotti FA, Cortez TV, Borges HS, Souza-Gabriel AE, Corona SAM. Longitudinal analyses of composite resin restoration on erosive lesions. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.20396/bjos.v22i00.8666839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the influence of the biomodification of erosive lesions with a chitosan nanoformulation containing green tea (NanoCsQ) on the clinical performance of a composite resin. Methods: The study was performed in a split-mouth, randomized and double-blinded model with 20 patients with 40 erosive lesions. The patient’s teeth were randomized into two groups (n=20) according to the surface treatment: 1) Without biomodification (control), and 2) Biomodification with NanoCsQ solution (experimental). The lesions were restored with adhesive (Tetric N-bond, Ivoclar) and composite resin (IPS Empress Direct, Ivoclar). The restorations were polished and 7 days (baseline), 6 months, and 12 months later were evaluated according to the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) modified criteria, using clinical exam and photographics. Data were analyzed by Friedman’s and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results: No significant differences were found between the control and experimental groups (p=0.423), and also among the follow-up periods (baseline, six months, and 12 months) (p=0.50). Regarding the retention criteria, 90% of the restoration had an alpha score in the control group. Only 10% of the restorations without biomodification (control) had a score charlie at the 12-month follow-up. None of the patients reported post-operatory sensitivity. Conclusion: The NanoCsQ solution did not negatively affect the performance of the composite resin restorations after 12 months.
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Repeated Oral Administration of Flavan-3-ols Induces Browning in Mice Adipose Tissues through Sympathetic Nerve Activation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124214. [PMID: 34959764 PMCID: PMC8707158 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found increases in uncoupling protein (Ucp)-1 transcription in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice following a single oral dose of flavan 3-ol (FL)s, a fraction of catechins and procyanidins. It was confirmed that these changes were totally reduced by co-treatment of adrenaline blockers. According to these previous results, FLs possibly activate sympathetic nervous system (SNS). In this study, we confirmed the marked increase in urinary catecholamine (CA) s projecting SNS activity following a single dose of 50 mg/kg FLs. In addition, we examined the impact of the repeated administration of 50 mg/kg FLs for 14 days on adipose tissues in mice. In BAT, FLs tended to increase the level of Ucp-1 along with significant increase of thermogenic transcriptome factors expressions, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC)-1α and PR domain-containing (PRDM)1. Expression of browning markers, CD137 and transmembrane protein (TMEM) 26, in addition to PGC-1α were increased in epididymal adipose (eWAT) by FLs. A multilocular morphology with cell size reduction was shown in the inguinal adipose (iWAT), together with increasing the level of Ucp-1 by FLs. These results exert that FLs induce browning in adipose, and this change is possibly produced by the activation of the SNS.
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Suzuki K, Hirashima N, Fujii Y, Fushimi T, Yamamoto A, Ueno T, Akagi R, Osakabe N. Theaflavins decrease skeletal muscle wasting in disuse atrophy induced by hindlimb suspension in mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 68:228-234. [PMID: 34025025 PMCID: PMC8129979 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously found that a single dose of theaflavins induced skeletal muscle metabolic changes. In this study, we examined the effect of theaflavins on disuse muscle atrophy model mice by hindlimb suspension. Mice were assigned to 4 groups; ground-vehicle, ground-theaflavins, suspension-vehicle, and suspension-theaflavins, dosed with theaflavins (250 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks. The peak of myotube size of cross sectional area was significantly moved to the smaller side in the suspension-vehicle group compared with the ground-vehicle group, and these shifts were significantly reduced by the treatment with theaflavins in both soleus and extensor digitorum longus. The level of phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein (4EBP)-1, located downstream of the Akt/mTOR pathway, was significantly different between suspension-vehicle and suspension-theaflavins in soleus. The ratio of forkhead box O (FoxO) 3a to phosphorylated FoxO3a significantly increased in soleus or tended to rise in extensor digitorum longus of suspension-vehicle group compared with ground-vehicle. In contrast, these changes were not observed in suspension-theaflavins group. These results suggested that theaflavins inhibited the progress of disuse muscle atrophy through modulation of protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Suzuki
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Nayuta Hirashima
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujii
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Taiki Fushimi
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yamamoto
- Division of Research and Development, Yaizu Suisankagaku Ind. Co. Ltd., 5-8-13 Kogawashinmachi, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-8570, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ueno
- Division of Research and Development, Yaizu Suisankagaku Ind. Co. Ltd., 5-8-13 Kogawashinmachi, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-8570, Japan
| | - Ryota Akagi
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Naomi Osakabe
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
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Fujii Y, Suzuki K, Hasegawa Y, Nanba F, Toda T, Adachi T, Taira S, Osakabe N. Single oral administration of flavan 3-ols induces stress responses monitored with stress hormone elevations in the plasma and paraventricular nucleus. Neurosci Lett 2018; 682:106-111. [PMID: 29902479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously confirmed that postprandial alterations in the circulation and metabolism after a single oral dose of flavan 3-ols (mixture of catechin and catechin oligomers) were involved in an increase in sympathetic nervous activity. However, it is well known that, in response to various stresses, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis occurs together with sympathetic nerve activity, which is associated with activation of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis. In this study, we examined whether the HPA axis was activated after a single dose of flavan 3-ols. We administered an oral dose of 10 or 50 mg/kg flavan 3-ols to male ICR mice, removed the brains, and fixed them in paraformaldehyde-phosphate buffer. Other animals that were treated similarly were decapitated, and blood was collected. In the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), c-fos mRNA expression increased significantly at 15 min after administration of either 10 or 50 mg/kg flavan 3-ols. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression levels significantly increased at 240 min after administration of 10 mg/kg flavan 3-ols, and at 60 min after administration of 50 mg/kg flavan 3-ols. Plasma corticosterone levels were also significantly increased at 240 min after ingestion of 50 mg/kg flavan 3-ols. In this experiment, we confirmed that the ingestion of flavan 3-ols acted as a stressor in mammals with activation both the SAM and HPA axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Fujii
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan
| | - Yahiro Hasegawa
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan
| | - Fumio Nanba
- Department of Research and Development, Fujicco Co. Ltd. Hyogo, 650-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiya Toda
- Department of Research and Development, Fujicco Co. Ltd. Hyogo, 650-8558, Japan
| | - Takahiro Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shu Taira
- Fukushima University, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Kanayagawa, Fukushima, 960-1248, Japan
| | - Naomi Osakabe
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan.
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Nakagawa Y, Ishimura K, Oya S, Kamino M, Fujii Y, Nanba F, Toda T, Ishii T, Adachi T, Suhara Y, Osakabe N. Comparison of the sympathetic stimulatory abilities of B-type procyanidins based on induction of uncoupling protein-1 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and increased plasma catecholamine (CA) in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201203. [PMID: 30059510 PMCID: PMC6066223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We previously found that elevated energy expenditure following a single oral dose of flavan 3-ols (FL), a mixture of catechins and B type procyanidins, is caused by sympathetic nerve activation. In the present study, we compared the activity of the FL components (-)-epicatechin (EC; monomer), procyanidin B2 (B2; dimer), procyanidin C1 (C1; trimer), cinnamtannin A2 (A2; tetramer), and more than pentamer fraction (P5). METHODS Male ICR mice were treated with a single oral dose of FL, EC, B2, C1, A2, or P5. The animals were sacrificed and blood and brown adipose tissue (BAT) sampled. The plasma catecholamine (CA) levels and BAT uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 mRNA expression were determined. RESULTS A single dose of 10 mg/kg FL significantly increased plasma CA and UCP-1 mRNA levels. B2, C1, and A2, but not EC and P5 (all at 1 mg/kg), significantly increased plasma adrenaline levels. Plasma noradrenaline was significantly elevated by B2 and A2, but not by EC, C1, or P5. UCP-1 mRNA levels were significantly increased by C1 and P5. In the dose response study of A2, 10-3 mg/kg A2 increased UCP-1 mRNA levels significantly, but not 10-2 and 10-1 mg/kg A2. In addition, combination treatment with 10-1 mg/kg A2 and yohimbine, an α2 adrenalin blocker, remarkably increased UCP-1 mRNA levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that FL and its components, except EC, increase UCP-1 mRNA and plasma CA with varying efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakagawa
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kana Ishimura
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satomi Oya
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaki Kamino
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujii
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Fumio Nanba
- Department of Research and Development, Fujicco. Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Toda
- Department of Research and Development, Fujicco. Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishii
- Department of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Suhara
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naomi Osakabe
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
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Passos VF, Melo MASD, Lima JPM, Marçal FF, Costa CAGDA, Rodrigues LKA, Santiago SL. Active compounds and derivatives of camellia sinensis responding to erosive attacks on dentin. Braz Oral Res 2018; 32:e40. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Guo X, Long P, Meng Q, Ho CT, Zhang L. An emerging strategy for evaluating the grades of Keemun black tea by combinatory liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics and inhibition effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Food Chem 2018; 246:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Osakabe N, Terao J. Possible mechanisms of postprandial physiological alterations following flavan 3-ol ingestion. Nutr Rev 2018; 76:174-186. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Kellogg J, Graf TN, Paine MF, McCune JS, Kvalheim OM, Oberlies NH, Cech NB. Comparison of Metabolomics Approaches for Evaluating the Variability of Complex Botanical Preparations: Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) as a Case Study. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1457-1466. [PMID: 28453261 PMCID: PMC5469520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A challenge that must be addressed when conducting studies with complex natural products is how to evaluate their complexity and variability. Traditional methods of quantifying a single or a small range of metabolites may not capture the full chemical complexity of multiple samples. Different metabolomics approaches were evaluated to discern how they facilitated comparison of the chemical composition of commercial green tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze] products, with the goal of capturing the variability of commercially used products and selecting representative products for in vitro or clinical evaluation. Three metabolomic-related methods-untargeted ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), targeted UPLC-MS, and untargeted, quantitative 1HNMR-were employed to characterize 34 commercially available green tea samples. Of these methods, untargeted UPLC-MS was most effective at discriminating between green tea, green tea supplement, and non-green-tea products. A method using reproduced correlation coefficients calculated from principal component analysis models was developed to quantitatively compare differences among samples. The obtained results demonstrated the utility of metabolomics employing UPLC-MS data for evaluating similarities and differences between complex botanical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua
J. Kellogg
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Tyler N. Graf
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Mary F. Paine
- College
of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Jeannine S. McCune
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Olav M. Kvalheim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Nadja B. Cech
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
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Kondo A, Narumi K, Ogura J, Sasaki A, Yabe K, Kobayashi T, Furugen A, Kobayashi M, Iseki K. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1 contributes to the cellular uptake of theaflavin. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:145-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hocker N, Wang C, Prochotsky J, Eppurath A, Rudd L, Perera M. Quantification of Antioxidant Properties in Popular Leaf and Bottled Tea by High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Spectrophotometry, and Voltammetry. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1242008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hocker
- School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Chaoqiuyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | | | - Atul Eppurath
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - Lydia Rudd
- School of Nursing, St Johns College, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Manori Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
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Saito A, Nakazato R, Suhara Y, Shibata M, Fukui T, Ishii T, Asanuma T, Mochizuki K, Nakayama T, Osakabe N. The impact of theaflavins on systemic-and microcirculation alterations: The murine and randomized feasibility trials. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 32:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Kudo N, Arai Y, Suhara Y, Ishii T, Nakayama T, Osakabe N. A Single Oral Administration of Theaflavins Increases Energy Expenditure and the Expression of Metabolic Genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137809. [PMID: 26375960 PMCID: PMC4574049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Theaflavins are polyphenols found in black tea, whose physiological activities are not well understood. This study on mice evaluated the influence of a single oral administration of theaflavins on energy metabolism by monitoring the initial metabolic changess in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Oxygen consumption (VO2) and energy expenditure (EE) were increased significantly in mice treated with theaflavin rich fraction (TF) compared with the group administered vehicle alone. There was no difference in locomotor activity. Fasting mice were euthanized under anesthesia before and 2 and 5, 20-hr after treatment with TF or vehicle. The mRNA levels of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in BAT were increased significantly 2-hr after administration ofTF. The levels of UCP-3 and PGC-1α in the gastrocnemius muscle were increased significantly 2 and 5-hr after administration of TF. The concentration of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 1α was also increased significantly in the gastrocnemius 2 and 5-hr after treatment with TF. These results indicate that TF significantly enhances systemic energy expenditure, as evidenced by an increase in expression of metabolic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Kudo
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama, 337–8570, Japan
| | - Yasunori Arai
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama, 337–8570, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Suhara
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama, 337–8570, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishii
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422–8526, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakayama
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashinoshi, Tokyo, 180–8602, Japan
| | - Naomi Osakabe
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Munumaku, Saitama, 337–8570, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Satoh T, Igarashi M, Yamada S, Takahashi N, Watanabe K. Inhibitory effect of black tea and its combination with acarbose on small intestinal α-glucosidase activity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 161:147-155. [PMID: 25523370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE It is said that black tea is effective against type 2 diabetes mellitus because it can help modulate postprandial hyperglycemia. However, the mechanism underlying its therapeutic and preventive effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus is unclear. In this study, we focused on the effect of black tea on the carbohydrate digestion and absorption process in the gastrointestinal tract. We examined whether black tea can modulate postprandial hyperglycemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The freeze-dried powder of the aqueous extract of black tea leaves (JAT) was used for in vitro studies of α-amylase activity, α-glucosidase activity, and glucose uptake by glucose transporters in Caco-2 cells; ex vivo studies of small intestinal α-glucosidase activity; and in vivo studies of oral sugar tolerance in GK rats, an animal model of nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS Half maximal inhibitory concentration values indicated that JAT significantly reduced α-glucosidase activity, but weakly reduced α-amylase activity. Kinetic studies of rat small intestinal α-glucosidase activity revealed that the combination of JAT and the α-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, showed a mixed-type inhibition. JAT had no effect on the uptake of 2'-deoxy-d-glucose by glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and the uptake of α-methyl-d-glucose by sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1). In the oral sucrose tolerance test in GK rats, JAT reduced plasma glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control group. The hypoglycemic action of JAT was also confirmed: JAT, in combination with acarbose, produced a synergistic inhibitory effect on plasma glucose levels in vivo. In contrast to the oral sucrose tolerance test, JAT showed no effect in the oral glucose tolerance test. CONCLUSIONS JAT was demonstrated to inhibit the degradation of disaccharides into monosaccharides by α-glucosidase in the small intestine. Thereby indirectly preventing the absorption of the dietary source of glucose mediated by SGLT1 and GLUT2 transporters localized at the apical side of enterocytes in the small intestine. The results indicate that black tea could be useful as a functional food in the dietary therapy for borderline type 2 diabetes mellitus that could modulate postprandial hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Satoh
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan.
| | - Masaki Igarashi
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
| | - Shogo Yamada
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
| | - Natsuko Takahashi
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
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Shimamura Y, Aoki N, Sugiyama Y, Nakayama T, Masuda S. Screening of Tea Extract and Theaflavins for Inhibitory Effects on the Biological Activity and Production of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A. J Food Sci 2014; 79:M2294-300. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; Univ. of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Natsumi Aoki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; Univ. of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Yuka Sugiyama
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; Univ. of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakayama
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Nippon Veterinary and Life Science Univ; 1-7-1 Kyonancho Musashino-shi Tokyo 180-8602 Japan
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; Univ. of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
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Yamazaki T, Sagisaka M, Ikeda R, Nakamura T, Matsuda N, Ishii T, Nakayama T, Watanabe T. The human bitter taste receptor hTAS2R39 is the primary receptor for the bitterness of theaflavins. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1753-6. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.930326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We purified several hundred mgs of four major theaflavins (theaflavin, theaflavin-3-O-gallate, theaflavin-3′-O-gallate, and theaflavin-3,3′-O-digallate). Among the 25 hTAS2Rs expressed in HEK293T cells, hTAS2R39 and hTAS2R14 were activated by theaflavins. Both hTAS2R39 and hTAS2R14 responded to theaflavin-3′-O-gallate. In addition, hTAS2R39 was activated by theaflavin and theaflavin-3,3′-O-gallate, but not by theaflavin-3-O-gallate. In contrast, hTAS2R14 responded to theaflavin-3-O-gallate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyomi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Sagisaka
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Riko Ikeda
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Matsuda
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishii
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakayama
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Watanabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Tanaka Y, Kirita M, Abe Y, Miyata S, Tagashira M, Kanda T, Maeda-Yamamoto M. Metabolic stability and inhibitory effect of O-methylated theaflavins on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in human HepG2 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1140-6. [PMID: 25229848 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.917268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Seven new O-methylated theaflavins (TFs) were synthesized by using O-methyltransferase from an edible mushroom. Using TFs and O-methylated TFs, metabolic stability in pooled human liver S9 fractions and inhibitory effect on H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage in human HepG2 cells were investigated. In O-methylation of theaflavin 3'-O-gallate (TF3'G), metabolic stability was potentiated by an increase in the number of introduced methyl groups. O-methylation of TF3,3'G did not affect metabolic stability, which was likely because of a remaining 3-O-galloyl group. The inhibitory effect on oxidative damage was assessed by measuring the viability of H(2)O(2)-damaged HepG2 cells treated with TFs and O-methylated TFs. TF3,3'G and O-methylated TFs increased cell viabilities significantly compared with DMSO, which was the compound vehicle (p < 0.05), and improved to approximately 100%. Only TF3'G did not significantly increase cell viability. It was suggested that the inhibitory effect on H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage was potentiated by O-methylation or O-galloylation of TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Tanaka
- a Research Laboratories for Fundamental Technology of Food, Asahi Group Holdings, Limited , Moriya-shi , Japan
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Daglia M, Antiochia R, Sobolev AP, Mannina L. Untargeted and targeted methodologies in the study of tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Analysis of naturally occurring 3″-Methyl-epigallocatechin gallate in 71 major tea cultivars grown in China and its processing characteristics. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Tanaka Y, Kirita M, Miyata S, Abe Y, Tagashira M, Kanda T, Maeda-Yamamoto M. O-methylated theaflavins suppress the intracellular accumulation of triglycerides from terminally differentiated human visceral adipocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:12634-12639. [PMID: 24308363 DOI: 10.1021/jf404446h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A known O-methylated theaflavin, theaflavin 3-O-(3-O-methyl)gallate (3MeTF3G), and the new theaflavin 3-O-(3,5-di-O-methyl)gallate (3,5diMeTF3G) were synthesized via the O-methylation of theaflavin 3-O-gallate (TF3G). Both 3MeTF3G and 3,5diMeTF3G are more stable than TF3G at pH 7.5 in the order 3,5diMeTF3G > 3MeTF3G > TF3G. The inhibitory effects of these compounds on the intracellular accumulation of triglycerides from terminally differentiated human visceral adipocytes were investigated. Compound 3MeTF3G exhibited an inhibitory effect similar to that of TF3G at 3 μM and a slightly lower effect than that of TF3G at 10 μM. The result suggested that the degradants and oxidatively polymerized products of TF3G may also have inhibitory effects. For cells treated with 3,5diMeTF3G at 3 and 10 μM, intracellular triglyceride accumulation was dose dependent and significantly lower compared with that for other compounds. It was suggested that the higher effect of 3,5diMeTF3G was due to its higher stability and likely improved absorption owing to di-O-methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Tanaka
- Research Laboratories for Fundamental Technology of Food, Asahi Group Holdings, Limited, 1-21 Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan
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26
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Yamazaki K, Murakami T, Okada N, Terai H, Miyase T, Sano M. Fluorescence Characteristics of Pu-erh Tea. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.60.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ishiyama K, Nishimura M, Deguchi M, Terasaka E, Miyase T, Sano M. Enzymatic Preparation of Methylated Theaflavins and their Antioxidant Activities. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.60.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Rana A, Singh HP. A RAPID HPLC-DAD METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF THEAFLAVINS USING C12 AS STATIONARY PHASE*. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.631257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Rana
- a Hill Area Tea Sciences Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , Himachal Pradesh , India
| | - Harsh Pratap Singh
- a Hill Area Tea Sciences Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , Himachal Pradesh , India
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Sirk TW, Friedman M, Brown EF. Molecular binding of black tea theaflavins to biological membranes: relationship to bioactivities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3780-3787. [PMID: 21417313 DOI: 10.1021/jf2006547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the interactions of three theaflavin compounds with lipid bilayers. Experimental studies have linked theaflavins to beneficial health effects, some of which are related to interactions with the cell membrane. The molecular interaction of theaflavins with membranes was explored by simulating the interactions of three theaflavin molecules (theaflavin, theaflavin-3-gallate, and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate) with a mixed bilayer composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE). The simulations show that the theaflavins evaluated have an affinity for the lipid bilayer surface via hydrogen bonding. The molecular structure of theaflavins influenced their configuration when binding to the bilayer surface, as well as their ability to form hydrogen bonds with the lipid headgroups. The theaflavin-bilayer interactions studied here help to define structure-function relationships of the theaflavins and provide a better understanding of the role of theaflavins in biological processes. The significance of the results are discussed in the context of black tea composition and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Sirk
- Macromolecular Science & Technology Branch, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, Maryland 21005-5069, United States.
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Wang Y, Yang X, Li K, Li C, Li L, Li J, Huang H, He Y, Ye C, Song X. Simultaneous determination of theanine, gallic acid, purine alkaloids, catechins, and theaflavins in black tea using HPLC. Int J Food Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Drynan JW, Clifford MN, Obuchowicz J, Kuhnert N. The chemistry of low molecular weight black tea polyphenols. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:417-62. [DOI: 10.1039/b912523j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Vermeer MA, Mulder TPJ, Molhuizen HOF. Theaflavins from black tea, especially theaflavin-3-gallate, reduce the incorporation of cholesterol into mixed micelles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:12031-12036. [PMID: 19049290 DOI: 10.1021/jf8022035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world and may be associated with reduced heart disease rates. Theaflavins, which are formed in the production of black tea, have been suggested being responsible for the blood-cholesterol-lowering (BCL) effects of tea. We hypothesized that the effect of theaflavins on BCL could be through interference in the formation of dietary mixed micelles, which could result in reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption. Micelles were produced by mixing oleic acid, bile acids, lyso-phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol. Theaflavin-treated micelles/particles were analyzed using electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, and light-scattering particle size measurements. A dose-dependent inhibitory effect of theaflavins on the incorporation of (14)C-labeled cholesterol into micelles and a theaflavin-dependent increase in particle size was found. These particles consisted of insoluble large multilamellar vesicles with onion-like structures. Ultracentrifugation and HPLC analysis revealed that the pellets contained mainly theaflavin-3-gallate, while the remaining theaflavins were found to be present in the supernatant. Using purified theaflavin subtypes confirmed that mainly theaflavin-3-gallate is responsible for multilamellar vesicle formation. These results show that theaflavins can play a role in decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption via inhibition of micelle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Vermeer
- Unilever Food and Health Research Institute, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, P. O. Box 114, 3130 AC, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
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Tsubaki S, Iida H, Sakamoto M, Azuma JI. Microwave heating of tea residue yields polysaccharides, polyphenols, and plant biopolyester. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11293-11299. [PMID: 18998700 DOI: 10.1021/jf802253s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microwave heating was used to produce aqueous-soluble components from green, oolong, and black tea residues. Heating at 200-230 degrees C for 2 min extracted 40-50% of polysaccharides and 60-70% of the polyphenols. Solubilization of arabinose and galactose by autohydrolysis occurred with heating above 170 degrees C, whereas heating above 200 degrees C was necessary to solubilize xylose. Catechins were soluble in water by heating at low temperature (110 degrees C); however, new polyphenols having strong antioxidant activity were produced above 200 degrees C. The amount of solubilized materials and antioxidant activity increased with increased fermentation of harvested tea leaves (green tea < oolong tea < black tea). Cutin, a plant biopolyester, remained in the residue after heating as did cellulose and lignin/tannin. The predominant cutin monomer that was recovered was 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, followed by dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid and 9,10,18-trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid.
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