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Kuang R, Levinthal DJ, Ghaffari AA, Del Aguila de Rivers CR, Tansel A, Binion DG. Nightshade Vegetables: A Dietary Trigger for Worsening Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome? Dig Dis Sci 2023:10.1007/s10620-023-07955-9. [PMID: 37202602 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-07955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Solanaceae family of plants, commonly known as Nightshade vegetables or Nightshades, contains a diverse range of crops of over 2000 members with significant culinary, economic, and cultural importance. Familiar edible Nightshades include tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, and white potatoes. Many pharmacologically active compounds used in traditional medicine, including atropine and hyoscyamine, are derived from Nightshades. In addition to these beneficial pharmacologic agents, Nightshade-derived glycoalkaloid compounds, a key defense mechanism against predation, have been shown to disrupt intestinal epithelium and to potentially activate mast cells in the gut mucosa, leading to adverse symptoms in humans. There is a new appreciation that mast cell activation is an allergic inflammatory mechanism contributing both to pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and to gut inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Given their ubiquity in Western diets and their shared glycoalkaloid active compounds, edible Nightshades are attracting new interest as a potential trigger for worsening gut symptoms in functional and inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders. Here, we review the limited existing literature on the adverse effects of Nightshade consumption, including the effects of Nightshade-derived glycoalkaloids on IBD gut inflammation, and the under-recognized contribution of Nightshades to food allergies and allergic cross-reactivity. We then highlight new evidence on the contributions of mast cell activation to GI disorder pathogenesis, including potential linkages between Nightshade antigens, intestinal mast cells, and GI dysfunction in IBS and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kuang
- UPMC Department of Internal Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David J Levinthal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Amir A Ghaffari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Claudia Ramos Del Aguila de Rivers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Aylin Tansel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - David G Binion
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Zhang Z, Fu F, Bian Y, Zhang H, Yao S, Zhou C, Ge Y, Luo H, Chen Y, Ji W, Tian K, Yue M, Du W, Jin H, Tong P, Wu C, Ruan H. α-Chaconine Facilitates Chondrocyte Pyroptosis and Nerve Ingrowth to Aggravate Osteoarthritis Progression by Activating NF-κB Signaling. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5873-5888. [PMID: 36263144 PMCID: PMC9574566 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s382675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the rapid growth of the elderly population, the incidence of osteoarthritis (OA) increases annually, which has attracted extensive attention in public health. The roles of dietary intake in controlling joint disorders are perhaps one of the most frequently posed questions by OA patients, while the information about the interaction between dietary intake and OA based on scientific research is limited. α-Chaconine is the richest glycoalkaloid in eggplants such as potatoes. Previous evidence suggests that α-Chaconine is a toxic compound to nervous and digestive systems with potentially severe and fatal consequences for humans and farm animals, but its effect on OA development remains obscure. OBJECTIVE To determine whether α-Chaconine deteriorates OA progression through sensory innervation and chondrocyte pyroptosis via regulating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, providing evidence for a possible linkage between α-Chaconine and OA progression. METHODS We established a mouse OA model by destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM) surgery and then intra-articular injection of 20 or 100 μM α-Chaconine into the OA mice for 8 and 12 weeks. The severity of OA progression was evaluated by histological staining and radiographic analyses. The expressions of matrix metabolic indicators, Col2, Mmp3, and Mmp13, as well as pyroptosis-related proteins, Nlrp3, Caspase-1, Gsdmd, IL-1β, IL-18, were determined by immunohistochemistry. And the changes in sensory nerve ingrowth and activity of NF-κB signaling were determined by immunofluorescence. RESULTS We found that α-Chaconine could exacerbate mouse OA progression, resulting in subchondral sclerosis, osteophyte formation, and higher OARSI scores. Specifically, α-Chaconine could augment cartilage matrix degradation and induce chondrocyte pyroptosis and nerve ingrowth. Mechanistical analysis revealed that α-Chaconine stimulated NF-κB signaling by promoting I-κB α phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings raise the possibility that α-Chaconine intake can boost chondrocyte pyroptosis and nerve ingrowth to potentiate OA progression by activating NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhang
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangda Fu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yishan Bian
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihao Zhang
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sai Yao
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengcong Zhou
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuying Ge
- The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuying Chen
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Ji
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Tian
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Yue
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weibin Du
- Research Institute of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongting Jin
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peijian Tong
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengliang Wu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongfeng Ruan
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Hongfeng Ruan; Chengliang Wu, Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, People’s Republic of China, Fax +86 571 86613684, Email ;
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He Y, Chen J, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Wang L, Chen X, Molenaar AJ, Sun X. α-Chaconine Affects the Apoptosis, Mechanical Barrier Function, and Antioxidant Ability of Mouse Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:673774. [PMID: 34177990 PMCID: PMC8220139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.673774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
α-Chaconine is the most abundant glycoalkaloid in potato and toxic to the animal digestive system, but the mechanisms underlying the toxicity are unclear. In this study, mouse small intestinal epithelial cells were incubated with α-chaconine at 0, 0.4, and 0.8 μg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 h to examine apoptosis, mechanical barrier function, and antioxidant ability of the cells using a cell metabolic activity assay, flow cytometry, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed that α-chaconine significantly decreased cell proliferation rate, increased apoptosis rate, decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) value, and increased alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, and there were interactions between α-chaconine concentration and incubation time. α-Chaconine significantly reduced the relative and mRNA expressions of genes coding tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, decreased total glutathione (T-GSH) content, reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) and the mRNA expressions of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and γ-GCS genes. In conclusion, α-chaconine disrupts the cell cycle, destroys the mechanical barrier and permeability of mucosal epithelium, inhibits cell proliferation, and accelerates cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Qiyue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Jialong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Lulai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Adrian J. Molenaar
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Xuezhao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
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Almeida TS, Arantes MR, Lopes Neto JJ, Souza TM, Pessoa IP, Medeiros JL, Tabosa PMS, Moreira TB, Farias DF, Carvalho AFU. Evaluation of seeds ethanolic extracts of Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. using in vitro and in vivo toxicological methods. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:135-152. [PMID: 32114934 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1731035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. is a tree used in folk medicine to treat venereal diseases and inflammation as well as a source of biological compounds with antioxidant capacity. In order to assess the safety of these bioactive compounds, the present study aimed to determine the toxicity of an ethanolic extract of T. gardneriana, (EETg). Toxicological tests included hemolytic activity, toxicity toward the brine shrimp Artemia, cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (MCF7) and acute oral toxicity in rodents. In addition, toxicogenomics techniques were used to determine genome expression in MCF7 cells exposed to EETg. The results showed that the extract exhibits approximately 60% of hemolytic activity at the highest tested concentration (64 µg/ml) and toxicity against nauplii of Artemia sp. (LC50 of 67.85 µg/ml). Further, EETg appears to be cytotoxic to MCF7 (cell viability reduced to 40% at 250 µg/ml after 24 hr). Genomic data demonstrated differential expression of 14 genes. Data analysis indicated possible altered pathways (e.g., xenobiotic metabolism), possible adverse health risks (e.g., hepatotoxicity), and drugs with similar gene expression profile (e.g., antimicrobials). The investigation provides important information on potentially adverse aspects of EETg, which need to be considered prior to the therapeutic utilization of this plant.Abbreviations: EETg: ethanolic extract of T. gardneriana seeds; MCF7: michigan cancer foundation-7 which refers to a human breast cell line (adenocarcinoma); NGS: next-generation sequencing; edgeR: empirical analysis of digital gene expression data in R; Consensus: consensus path database; FDR: false discovery rate; NCBI: national center for biotechnology information; KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; Ingenuity: ingenuity pathway analysis software; CMAP: connectivity map; OECD: organization for economic co-operation and development; HL-60: human promyelocytic leukemia cells; PC3: prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago S Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Arantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - José J Lopes Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Terezinha M Souza
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Igor P Pessoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jackeline L Medeiros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Pedro M S Tabosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Thais B Moreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Davi F Farias
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Ana F U Carvalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Abstract
More understanding of the risk-benefit effect of the glycoalkaloid tomatine is required to be able to estimate the role it might play in our diet. In this work, we focused on effects towards intestinal epithelial cells based on a Caco-2 model in order to analyze the influence on the cell monolayer integrity and on the expression levels of genes involved in cholesterol/sterol biosynthesis (LDLR), lipid metabolism (NR2F2), glucose and amino acid uptake (SGLT1, PAT1), cell cycle (PCNA, CDKN1A), apoptosis (CASP-3, BMF, KLF6), tight junctions (CLDN4, OCLN2) and cytokine-mediated signaling (IL-8, IL1β, TSLP, TNF-α). Furthermore, since the bioactivity of the compound might vary in the presence of a food matrix and following digestion, the influence of both pure tomatine and in vitro digested tomatine with and without tomato fruit matrix was studied. The obtained results suggested that concentrations <20 µg/mL of tomatine, either undigested or in vitro digested, do not compromise the viability of Caco-2 cells and stimulate cytokine expression. This effect of tomatine, in vitro digested tomatine or in vitro digested tomatine with tomato matrix differs slightly, probably due to variations of bioactivity or bioavailability of the tomatine. The results lead to the hypothesis that tomatine acts as hormetic compound that can induce beneficial or risk toxic effects whether used in low or high dose.
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Shin JS, Lee KG, Lee HH, Lee HJ, An HJ, Nam JH, Jang DS, Lee KT. α-Solanine Isolated FromSolanum TuberosumL. cv Jayoung Abrogates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses Via NF-κB Inactivation in RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Endotoxin-Induced Shock Model in Mice. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2327-39. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Reactive Oxygen Species Medical Research Center; School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jun Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Oriental Medicine; Sangji University; Wonju-si Gangwon-do 220-702 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Nam
- Highland Agriculture Research Center; NICS, RDA; Pyeongchang 232-955 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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Zuber T, Holm D, Byrne P, Ducreux L, Taylor M, Kaiser M, Stushnoff C. Optimization of in vitro inhibition of HT-29 colon cancer cell cultures by Solanum tuberosum L. extracts. Food Funct 2014; 6:72-83. [PMID: 25338312 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00649f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites in potato have been reported to possess bioactive properties, including growth inhibition of cancer cells. Because potatoes are widely consumed globally, potential health benefits may have broad application. Thus we investigated growth inhibition of HT-29 colon cancer cell cultures by extracts from 13 diverse genetic breeding clones. Extracts from three pigmented selections (CO97226-2R/R, CO97216-1P/P, CO04058-3RW/RW) inhibited growth of in vitro HT-29 cell cultures more effectively than other clones tested. While inhibition was highest from pigmented selections and pigmented tuber tissue sectors, not all pigmented breeding lines tested had appreciable inhibitory properties. Thus, inhibition was not uniquely linked to pigmentation. Immature tubers had the highest inhibitory properties, and in most cases mature tubers retained very low inhibition properties. Flowers and skins inhibited strongly at lower extract concentrations. An extract consisting of 7.2 mg mL⁻¹ cell culture medium was the lowest effective concentration. While raw tuber extracts inhibited most effectively, a few clones at higher concentrations retained inhibition after cooking. Heated whole tubers retained higher inhibition than heated aqueous extracts. While all aqueous extracts from the two tuber selections (CO97216-1P/P and CO97226-2R/R) inhibited HT-29 cell cultures, inhibition was significantly enhanced in purple pigmented tubers of CO97216-1P/P prepared cryogenically as liquid nitrogen powders compared to extracts from freeze dried samples. Upregulation of caspase-3 protease activity, indicative of apoptosis, was highest among the most inhibitory clone samples. The unique sectorial red pigment expressing selection (CO04058-3RW/RW) provided a model system that isolated expression in pigmented sectors, and thus eliminated developmental, environmental and genetic confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zuber
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA.
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Milner SE, Brunton NP, Jones PW, O'Brien NM, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Bioactivities of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones from Solanum species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3454-3484. [PMID: 21401040 DOI: 10.1021/jf200439q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Potatoes, tomatoes, and aubergines are all species of the Solanum genus and contain a vast array of secondary metabolites including calystegine alkaloids, phenolic compounds, lectins, and glycoalkaloids. Glycoalkaloids have been the subject of many literature papers, occur widely in the human diet, and are known to induce toxicity. Therefore, from a food safety perspective further information is required regarding their analysis, toxicity, and bioavailability. This is especially important in crop cultivars derived from wild species to prevent glycoalkaloid-induced toxicity. A comprehensive review of the bioactivity of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones of the Solanum species, particularly focused on comparison of their bioactivities including their anticancer, anticholesterol, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic effects, toxicity, and synergism of action of the principal Solanum glycoalkaloids, correlated to differences of their individual molecular structures is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Eileen Milner
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Vreeburg RAM, Bastiaan-Net S, Mes JJ. Normalization genes for quantitative RT-PCR in differentiated Caco-2 cells used for food exposure studies. Food Funct 2010; 2:124-9. [PMID: 21779557 DOI: 10.1039/c0fo00068j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of food products to small-intestinal-like Caco-2 cells, combined with a gene expression based response analysis can be a valuable tool to classify potential bioactive effects of food homogenates. In order to study changes in gene expression upon food exposure, a robust set of stably expressed genes is required for normalization. Here we present a set of reference genes suitable for RT-qPCR that has been validated for exposure studies with the intestinal-like Caco-2 cell line. This study identified ribosomal phosphoprotein P0 (RPLP0) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as best reference genes. The set can be extended with β-2-microglobulin (B2M), splicing factor 3A, subunit 1 (SF3A1), and mitochondrial ribosomal protein L19 (MRPL19). Food homogenates did provoke responses in the Caco-2 cells, as was demonstrated by changed expression of NAD(P)H Quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), Claudin 4 (CLDN4), Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 (NOS2), and ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 1 (ABCB1) in the same experiment. Results indicate that: i) natural food homogenates can exert effects in Caco-2 cells, and ii) stability in expression of the reference genes is not due to a lack of response of the Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A M Vreeburg
- Wageningen University and Research centre, Food & Biobased Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Naturally occurring glycoalkaloids in potatoes aggravate intestinal inflammation in two mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:3078-85. [PMID: 20198430 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be initiated following disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier. This disruption, in turn, permits luminal antigens unfettered access to the mucosal immune system and leads to an uncontrolled inflammatory response. Glycoalkaloids, which are found in potatoes, disrupt cholesterol-containing membranes such as those of the intestinal epithelium. Glycoalkaloid ingestion through potatoes may play a role in the initiation and/or perpetuation of IBD. AIM To determine if commercial and high glycoalkaloids containing fried potato skins aggravate intestinal inflammation using two different animal models of IBD. METHODS Fried potato skins from commercial potatoes containing low/medium glycoalkaloid levels and high glycoalkaloids potatoes were fed for 20 days to interleukin 10 gene-deficient mice and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitic mice. Intestinal permeability, mucosal cytokine and myeloperoxidase levels and body weight were determined to assess intestinal injury. RESULTS Deep frying potato skins markedly increased glycoalkaloid content. Interleukin 10 gene-deficient mice fed fried commercial potato skins with medium glycoalkaloid content exhibited significantly elevated levels of ileal IFN-γ relative to controls. Mice in the dextran sodium sulfate colitis model that were fed the same strain of potatoes demonstrated significantly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 in the colon in addition to an enhanced colonic permeability. Inflammatory response was intensified when the mice were fed potatoes with higher glycoalkaloid contents. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that consumption of potato skins containing glycoalkaloids can significantly aggravate intestinal inflammation in predisposed individuals.
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Peijnenburg A, Riethof-Poortman J, Baykus H, Portier L, Bovee T, Hoogenboom R. AhR-agonistic, anti-androgenic, and anti-estrogenic potencies of 2-isopropylthioxanthone (ITX) as determined by in vitro bioassays and gene expression profiling. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1619-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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12
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Masotti A, Da Sacco L, Bottazzo GF, Alisi A. Microarray Technology: A Promising Tool in Nutrigenomics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50:693-8. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390903044156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Pattanayak P, Pratihar JL, Patra D, Mitra S, Bhattacharyya A, Man Lee H, Chattopadhyay S. Synthesis, structure and reactivity of azosalophen complexes of vanadium(IV): studies on cytotoxic properties. Dalton Trans 2009:6220-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b903352a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mandimika T, Baykus H, Poortman J, Garza C, Kuiper H, Peijnenburg A. PI3K/AKT, JNK, and ERK pathways are not crucial for the induction of cholesterol biosynthesis gene transcription in intestinal epithelial cells following treatment with the potato glycoalkaloid alpha-chaconine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8745-8752. [PMID: 18729378 DOI: 10.1021/jf800911m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that exposure of the intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell line to noncytotoxic concentrations of potato glycoalkaloids resulted in increased expression of cholesterol biosynthesis genes. Genes involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue (AKT) pathways and their downstream effectors such as Jun, c-Myc, and Fos also were induced. MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways have been described to regulate the activity of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factors (SREBPs) and consequently the expression of cholesterol biosynthesis genes. In this study, to understand the mechanism of induction of cholesterol biosynthesis upon alpha-chaconine treatment, its effect on SREBP-2 protein levels was investigated. We also examined whether MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways are required for the observed induction of these genes following exposure of cells to alpha-chaconine. Differentiated Caco-2 cells were pretreated with LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor), PD98059 (MEK1 inhibitor), or SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) or a combination of all inhibitors for 24 h prior to coincubation with 10 microM alpha-chaconine for 6 h. Significant increases in precursor and mature protein levels of SREBP-2 were observed after alpha-chaconine exposure. We also observed that alpha-chaconine treatment resulted in significant phosphorylation of AKT, extracellular signal related protein kinase (ERK), and c-jun N terminal protein kinase (JNK) but not that of p38. In general, the kinase inhibitor experiments revealed that phosphorylation of kinases of PI3K/AKT, ERK, and JNK pathways was not crucial for the induction of expression of cholesterol biosynthesis genes, with the exception of SC5DL. The transcription of this later gene was reduced when all three pathways were inhibited. On the basis of these results, it can be postulated that other mechanisms, which may be independent of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, including possibly post-translational activation of SREBP-2, may be more pivotal for the induction of cholesterol biosynthesis genes following exposure of intestinal cells to alpha-chaconine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafadzwa Mandimika
- RIKILTInstitute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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