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Singh R, Shukla A, Kaur G, Girdhar M, Malik T, Mohan A. Systemic Analysis of Glyphosate Impact on Environment and Human Health. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6165-6183. [PMID: 38371781 PMCID: PMC10870391 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
With a growing global population, agricultural scientists are focusing on crop production management and the creation of new strategies for a higher agricultural output. However, the growth of undesirable plants besides the primary crop poses a significant challenge in agriculture, necessitating the massive application of herbicides to eradicate this problem. Several synthetic herbicides are widely utilized, with glyphosate emerging as a potential molecule for solving this emerging issue; however, it has several environmental and health consequences. Several weed species have evolved resistance to this herbicide, therefore lowering agricultural yield. The persistence of glyphosate residue in the environment, such as in water and soil systems, is due to the misuse of glyphosate in agricultural regions, which causes its percolation into groundwater via the vertical soil profile. As a result, it endangers many nontarget organisms existing in the natural environment, which comprises both soil and water. The current Review aims to provide a systemic analysis of glyphosate, its various effects on the environment, its subsequent impact on human health and animals, which will lead us toward a better understanding of the issues about herbicide usage and aid in managing it wisely, as in the near the future glyphosate market is aiming for a positive forecast until 2035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reenu Singh
- School
of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely
Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Akanksha Shukla
- School
of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely
Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Gurdeep Kaur
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Madhuri Girdhar
- School
of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely
Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Tabarak Malik
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma 00000, Ethiopia
| | - Anand Mohan
- School
of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely
Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
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2
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Wang M, Rivenbark KJ, Phillips TD. Kinetics of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid sorption onto montmorillonite clays in soil and their translocation to genetically modified corn. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:669-680. [PMID: 37778837 PMCID: PMC10542765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of glyphosate (GLP) and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in contaminated water, soil, sediment and plants is a cause for concern due to potential threats to the ecosystem and human health. A major route of exposure is through contact with contaminated soil and consumption of crops containing GLP and AMPA residues. However, clay-based sorption strategies for mixtures of GLP and AMPA in soil, plants and garden produce have been very limited. In this study, in vitro soil and in vivo genetically modified corn models were used to establish the proof of concept that the inclusion of clay sorbents in contaminated soils will reduce the bioavailability of GLP and AMPA in soils and their adverse effects on plant growth. Effects of chemical concentration (1-10 mg/kg), sorbent dose (0.5%-3% in soil and 0.5%-1% in plants) and duration (up to 28 days) on sorption kinetics were studied. The time course results showed a continuous GLP degradation to AMPA. The inclusion of calcium montmorillonite (CM) and acid processed montmorillonite (APM) clays at all doses significantly and consistently reduced the bioavailability of both chemicals from soils to plant roots and leaves in a dose- and time-dependent manner without detectable dissociation. Plants treated with 0.5% and 1% APM inclusion showed the highest growth rate (p ≤ 0.05) and lowest chemical bioavailability with up to 76% reduction in roots and 57% reduction in leaves. Results indicated that montmorillonite clays could be added as soil supplements to reduce hazardous mixtures of GLP and AMPA in soils and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Wang
- Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX 77845, USA
| | - Kelly J Rivenbark
- Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX 77845, USA
| | - Timothy D Phillips
- Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX 77845, USA.
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Cornish CM, Bergholz P, Schmidt K, Sweetman J. How Benthic Sediment Microbial Communities Respond to Glyphosate and Its Metabolite: a Microcosm Experiment. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:2949-2958. [PMID: 37674014 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most commonly used agricultural herbicide in the world. In aquatic ecosystems, glyphosate often adsorbs to benthic substrates or is metabolized and degraded by microorganisms. The effects of glyphosate on microbial communities vary widely as microorganisms respond differently to exposure. To help understand the impacts of glyphosate on the sediment microbiome, we conducted a microcosm experiment examining the responses of benthic sediment microbial communities to herbicide treatments. Sediments from a prairie pothole wetland were collected, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to analyze community composition 2-h and 14-days after a single treatment of low (0.07 ppm), medium (0.7 ppm), or high (7 ppm) glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (glyphosate metabolite), or a glyphosate-based commercial formula. We found no significant differences in microbial community composition across treatments, concentration levels, or day of sampling. These findings suggest that microbial species in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America may be tolerant to glyphosate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Cornish
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA.
| | - Peter Bergholz
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences & Engineering, Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Kaycie Schmidt
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Jon Sweetman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Li Z, Fantke P. Including the bioconcentration of pesticide metabolites in plant uptake modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1708-1717. [PMID: 37772314 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00266g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Although several models of pesticide uptake into plants are available, there are few modeling studies on the bioconcentration of metabolites in plants. Ignoring metabolites in plant uptake models can result in an underestimation of the parent compound's overall impacts on human health associated with pesticide residues in harvested food crops. To address this limitation, we offer a metabolite-based plant uptake model to predict the bioconcentration of the parent compound and its metabolites in plants. We used the uptake of glyphosate and its major metabolite (aminomethylphosphonic acid, AMPA) into potato as an example. The analysis of variability revealed that soil properties (affecting the soil sorption coefficient), dissipation half-life in soil, and metabolic half-life in the potato had a significant impact on the simulated AMPA concentration in the potato, indicating that regional variability could be generated in the plant bioconcentration process of metabolites. The proposed model was further compared using the non-metabolite model. The findings of the comparison suggested that the non-metabolite model, which is integrated with the AMPA bioconcentration process, can predict the AMPA concentration in the potato similarly to the proposed model. In conclusion, we provide insight into the bioconcentration process of metabolites in tuber plants from a modeling viewpoint, with some crucial model inputs, such as biotransformation and metabolic rate constants, requiring confirmation in future studies. The modeling demonstration emphasizes that it is relevant to consider bioaccumulation of metabolites, which can propagate further into increased overall residues of harmful compounds, especially in cases where metabolites have higher toxicity effect potency than their respective parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Zampiroli R, da Cunha JPAR, de Alvarenga CB. Simulated Drift of Dicamba and Glyphosate on Coffee Crop. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3525. [PMID: 37895989 PMCID: PMC10610131 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Weed management in areas adjacent to coffee plantations makes herbicide drift a constant concern, especially with the use of nonselective products such as dicamba. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of the herbicide dicamba alone and mixed with glyphosate as a result of simulated drift in a coffee-producing area. The study was conducted in duplicate at two different coffee cherry development stages. The study was performed with a randomized block design and a 2 × 5 + 1 factorial scheme with four replications using two herbicide spray solutions (dicamba and dicamba + glyphosate) and five low doses (0.25; 1; 5; 10; and 20%). Additionally, a control treatment without herbicide application was also employed. In this study, we evaluated the phytotoxic damage and biometric and productive parameters. Visual damages were observed with the use of dicamba and dicamba + glyphosate doses reduced by 0.25% to 5% in the first days after application. The main symptoms were new leaf epinasty, changes in the internodal distance, and plagiotropic branch curvature. Low doses led to reduced plant height and branch length. The treatments did not reduce productivity and performance but altered the physical classifications of grains.
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Lucia RM, Liao X, Huang WL, Forman D, Kim A, Ziogas A, Norden-Krichmar TM, Goodman D, Alvarez A, Masunaka I, Pathak KV, McGilvrey M, Hegde AM, Pirrotte P, Park HL. Urinary glyphosate and AMPA levels in a cross-sectional study of postmenopausal women: Associations with organic eating behavior and dietary intake. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 252:114211. [PMID: 37393842 PMCID: PMC10503538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal and epidemiologic studies suggest that there may be adverse health effects from exposure to glyphosate, the most highly used pesticide in the world, and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Meanwhile, consumption of organic foods (presumably grown free of chemical pesticides) has increased in recent years. However, there have been limited biomonitoring studies assessing the levels of human glyphosate and AMPA exposure in the United States. We examined urinary levels of glyphosate and AMPA in the context of organic eating behavior in a cohort of healthy postmenopausal women residing in Southern California and evaluated associations with demographics, dietary intake, and other lifestyle factors. 338 women provided two first-morning urine samples and at least one paired 24-h dietary recall reporting the previous day's dietary intake. Urinary glyphosate and AMPA were measured using LC-MS/MS. Participants reported on demographic and lifestyle factors via questionnaires. Potential associations were examined between these factors and urinary glyphosate and AMPA concentrations. Glyphosate was detected in 89.9% of urine samples and AMPA in 67.2%. 37.9% of study participants reported often or always eating organic food, 30.2% sometimes, and 32.0% seldom or never. Frequency of organic food consumption was associated with several demographic and lifestyle factors. Frequent organic eaters had significantly lower urinary glyphosate and AMPA levels, but not after adjustment for covariates. Grain consumption was significantly associated with higher urinary glyphosate levels, even among women who reported often or always eating organic grains. Soy protein and alcohol consumption as well as high frequency of eating fast food were associated with higher urinary AMPA levels. In conclusion, in the largest study to date examining paired dietary recall data and measurements of first-void urinary glyphosate and AMPA, the vast majority of subjects sampled had detectable levels, and significant dietary sources in the American diet were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Lucia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiyue Liao
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Wei-Lin Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Forman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Deborah Goodman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Alvarez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Irene Masunaka
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Khyatiben V Pathak
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Marissa McGilvrey
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Apurva M Hegde
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Hannah Lui Park
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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7
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Chen R, Wang S, Sun Y, Li H, Wan S, Lin F, Xu H. Comparison of Glyphosate-Degradation Ability of Aldo-Keto Reductase (AKR4) Proteins in Maize, Soybean and Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043421. [PMID: 36834831 PMCID: PMC9966811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes that participate in the degradation or isolation of glyphosate in plants are promising, for they endow crops with herbicide tolerance with a low glyphosate residue. Recently, the aldo-keto reductase (AKR4) gene in Echinochloa colona (EcAKR4) was identified as a naturally evolved glyphosate-metabolism enzyme. Here, we compared the glyphosate-degradation ability of theAKR4 proteins from maize, soybean and rice, which belong to a clade containing EcAKR4 in the phylogenetic tree, by incubation of glyphosate with AKR proteins both in vivo and in vitro. The results indicated that, except for OsALR1, the other proteins were characterized as glyphosate-metabolism enzymes, with ZmAKR4 ranked the highest activity, and OsAKR4-1 and OsAKR4-2 exhibiting the highest activity among the AKR4 family in rice. Moreover, OsAKR4-1 was confirmed to endow glyphosate-tolerance at the plant level. Our study provides information on the mechanism underlying the glyphosate-degradation ability of AKR proteins in crops, which enables the development of glyphosate-resistant crops with a low glyphosate residue, mediated by AKRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fei Lin
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (H.X.); Tel.: +86-20-85285127 (H.X.)
| | - Hanhong Xu
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (H.X.); Tel.: +86-20-85285127 (H.X.)
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8
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Zioga E, White B, Stout JC. Glyphosate used as desiccant contaminates plant pollen and nectar of non-target plant species. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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9
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Vennapusa AR, Agarwal S, Rao Hm H, Aarthy T, Babitha KC, Thulasiram HV, Kulkarni MJ, Melmaiee K, Sudhakar C, Udayakumar M, S Vemanna R. Stacking herbicide detoxification and resistant genes improves glyphosate tolerance and reduces phytotoxicity in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 189:126-138. [PMID: 36084528 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate residues retained in the growing meristematic tissues or in grains of glyphosate-resistant crops affect the plants physiological functions and crop yield. Removing glyphosate residues in the plants is desirable with no penalty on crop yield and quality. We report a new combination of scientific strategy to detoxify glyphosate that reduces the residual levels and improve crop resistance. The glyphosate detoxifying enzymes Aldo-keto reductase (AKR1) and mutated glycine oxidase (mGO) with different modes of action were co-expressed with modified EPSPS, which is insensitive to glyphosate in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). The transgenic tobacco plants expressing individual PsAKR1, mGO, CP4-EPSPS, combinations of PsAKR1:CP4EPSPS, PsAKR1:mGO, and multigene with PsAKR1: mGO: CP4EPSPS genes were developed. The bio-efficacy studies of in-vitro leaf regeneration on different concentrations of glyphosate, seedling bioassay, and spray on transgenic tobacco plants demonstrate that glyphosate detoxification with enhanced resistance. Comparative analysis of the transgenic tobacco plants reveals that double and multigene expressing transgenics had reduced accumulation of shikimic acid, glyphosate, and its primary residue AMPA, and increased levels of sarcosine were observed in all PsAKR1 expressing transgenics. The multigene expressing rice transgenics showed improved glyphosate resistance with yield maintenance. In summary, results suggest that stacking genes with two different detoxification mechanisms and insensitive EPSPS is a potential approach for developing glyphosate-resistant plants with less residual content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaranatha Reddy Vennapusa
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065, India; Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515001, India; Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA.
| | - Subham Agarwal
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Hanumanth Rao Hm
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | | | - K C Babitha
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | | | | | - Kalpalatha Melmaiee
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA
| | - Chinta Sudhakar
- Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515001, India
| | - M Udayakumar
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Ramu S Vemanna
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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da Silva VEC, Tadayozzi YS, Putti FF, Santos FA, Forti JC. Degradation of commercial glyphosate-based herbicide via advanced oxidative processes in aqueous media and phytotoxicity evaluation using maize seeds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 840:156656. [PMID: 35709990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a herbicide that acts as a broad-spectrum, non-selective, post-emergence systemic pest controller. Its continuing, increasing, and excessive use in many countries in recent years poses a significant threat to the environment and human health due to the prevalence of this herbicide in water bodies and its impact on non-target organisms. In this context, it is essential to develop processes aimed at the non-selective degradation of glyphosate and its by-products. In this study, various advanced oxidative processes were applied: Fenton, electro-Fenton, photoelectro-oxidation, and photoelectro-Fenton, with the objective of oxidizing glyphosate in the commercial product Roundup®. The resultant oxidation products and the phytotoxicological effect on maize seed germination were also analyzed. Following each treatment, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), glyphosate degradation, and oxidation by-product formation were analyzed. The treated solutions were used to germinate maize seeds for 7 days in a germination chamber applying a photoperiod of 12 h at 24 °C. The % of germination, protein and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, lipid peroxidation extent (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities were determined. The photoelectro-Fenton treatment was the most effective in degrading glyphosate, operating synergistically to break glyphosate bonds, thereby generating non-toxic short-chain molecules. Maize seed germination was satisfactory (> 50 %), but the persistent formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) led to increased antioxidant activities of SOD, CAT, and POD enzymes acting in a compensatory manner against ROS, thus sustaining the photosynthetic apparatus. Hormesis, a stimulatory effect of glyphosate, was also observed in the presence of low concentrations of glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E C da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Biosystems Engineering Department, 17602-496 Tupã, SP, Brazil
| | - Yasmin S Tadayozzi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Biosystems Engineering Department, 17602-496 Tupã, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando F Putti
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Biosystems Engineering Department, 17602-496 Tupã, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Biosystems Engineering Department, 17602-496 Tupã, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliane C Forti
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Biosystems Engineering Department, 17602-496 Tupã, SP, Brazil.
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Costas-Ferreira C, Durán R, Faro LRF. Toxic Effects of Glyphosate on the Nervous System: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4605. [PMID: 35562999 PMCID: PMC9101768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate, a non-selective systemic biocide with broad-spectrum activity, is the most widely used herbicide in the world. It can persist in the environment for days or months, and its intensive and large-scale use can constitute a major environmental and health problem. In this systematic review, we investigate the current state of our knowledge related to the effects of this pesticide on the nervous system of various animal species and humans. The information provided indicates that exposure to glyphosate or its commercial formulations induces several neurotoxic effects. It has been shown that exposure to this pesticide during the early stages of life can seriously affect normal cell development by deregulating some of the signaling pathways involved in this process, leading to alterations in differentiation, neuronal growth, and myelination. Glyphosate also seems to exert a significant toxic effect on neurotransmission and to induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, processes that lead to neuronal death due to autophagy, necrosis, or apoptosis, as well as the appearance of behavioral and motor disorders. The doses of glyphosate that produce these neurotoxic effects vary widely but are lower than the limits set by regulatory agencies. Although there are important discrepancies between the analyzed findings, it is unequivocal that exposure to glyphosate produces important alterations in the structure and function of the nervous system of humans, rodents, fish, and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lilian R. F. Faro
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (C.C.-F.); (R.D.)
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Bortolheiro FPDAP, Brunelli-Nascentes MC, Nascentes RF, Silva MDA. Glyphosate at low doses changes the physiology and increases the productivity of common bean as affected by sowing seasons. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:458-469. [PMID: 35422183 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2064669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate applied at low doses can stimulate photosynthesis and yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of low doses of glyphosate and sowing seasons in physiological characteristics and grain yield of common bean of early cycle. Two experiments were conducted in the field, the first in winter season and the second in wet season. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, consisting of five and seven low doses of glyphosate and one period of application, with four replications. Glyphosate low dose of 108.0 g a.e. ha-1 impaired net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant and number of grains per pod. Glyphosate dose of 7.2 g a.e. ha-1 provided a 23% increase in grain yield in winter season, and the dose of 36.0 g a.e. ha-1 provided a 109% increase in grain yield in wet season. To our knowledge, this is the first report on effect of glyphosate at low doses and sowing season to obtain yield increases in common bean of early cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renan Fonseca Nascentes
- Laboratory of Weed Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Almeida Silva
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology Applied to Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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13
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New Methods for Testing/Determining the Environmental Exposure to Glyphosate in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Plants. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is still the subject of much debate, as several studies report its effects on the environment. Sunflower (GK Milia CL) was set up as an experimental plant and treated with glyphosate concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm in two treatments. Glyphosate was found to be absorbed from the soil into the plant organism through the roots, which was also detectable in the leaf and root. Glyphosate was also significantly detected in the plant 5 weeks after treatment and in plants that did not receive glyphosate treatment directly, so it could be taken up through the soil. Based on the morphological results, treatment with higher concentrations (1000 ppm) of glyphosate increased the dried mass and resulted in shorter, thicker roots. Histological results also showed that basal and transporter tissue distortions were observed in the glyphosate-treated plants compared to the control group. Cells were distorted with increasing concentration, vacuoles formed, and the cell wall was weakened in both the leaf-treated and inter-row-treated groups. In the future, it will be worth exploring alternative agricultural technologies that can reduce the risk of glyphosate while increasing economic outcomes. This may make the use of glyphosate more environmentally conscious.
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Mendes EJ, Malage L, Rocha DC, Kitamura RSA, Gomes SMA, Navarro-Silva MA, Gomes MP. Isolated and combined effects of glyphosate and its by-product aminomethylphosphonic acid on the physiology and water remediation capacity of Salvinia molesta. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:125694. [PMID: 34229404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the isolated and combined effects of glyphosate and its by-product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and the potential of the aquatic macrophyte Salvinia molesta to remove these chemicals from contaminated water. Plants were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg l-1) or AMPA (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 µg l-1) for seven days. Then, based on the effective concentrations of glyphosate found to reduce photosynthetic rates by 10% (EC10) and 50% (EC50), the plants were exposed to combinations of 0, 16 and 63.5 µg glyphosate l-1 and 0, 5, 15, 25 µg AMPA l-1. The EC(10) and EC(50) were lower for AMPA (6.1 µg l-1 and 28.4 µg l-1 respectively) than for glyphosate (16 and 63.5 µg glyphosate l-1 respectively). When occurring together, the deleterious effects of those chemicals to plants increased. S. molesta plants removed up to 74.15% of glyphosate and 71.34% of AMPA from culture water. Due to its high removal efficiency, S. molesta can be used in phytoremediation programs. It will be important to evaluate the combined effects of glyphosate and AMPA in any toxicological studies of the herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Joslin Mendes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Laura Malage
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daiane Cristina Rocha
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael Shinji Akiyama Kitamura
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Alvarenga Gomes
- Laboratório de Anatomia e Biomecânica Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mario Antônio Navarro-Silva
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Fisiologia de Culicidae e Chironomidae. Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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da Costa YKS, Ribeiro NM, de Moura GCP, Oliveira AR, Bianco S, Alcántara-de la Cruz R, de Carvalho LB. Effect of glyphosate and P on the growth and nutrition of Coffea arabica cultivars and on weed control. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8095. [PMID: 33854106 PMCID: PMC8047001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the phosphorus (P) and glyphosate interactions on the growth and nutrition of Arabica coffee cultivars (Coffea arabica), as well as on the control of Ipomoea grandifolia and Urochloa decumbens, was evaluated. Catuaí-Amarelo/IAC-62 and Catuaí-Vermelho/IAC-144 cultivars did not show glyphosate poisoning, regardless of the soil P content. However, glyphosate reduced the growth of Catuaí-Vermelho/IAC-144. In addition, the soil P content influenced the height, leaf area and dry matter of Catuaí-Amarelo/IAC-62, and the absorption of P and Ca in both cultivars. On the other hand, glyphosate efficiently controlled U. decumbens but not I. grandifolia. Glyphosate effectiveness on I. grandifolia decreased as the soil P content increased. In addition, the soil P content and the glyphosate influenced the P content in I. grandifolia and U. decumbens plants. The soil P content influenced the growth and absorption of other nutrients by coffee plants as well as glyphosate effectiveness on weed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Karoline Santos da Costa
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Nagilla Moraes Ribeiro
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Artur Rodrigues Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Silvano Bianco
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Bianco de Carvalho
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
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Duke SO. Glyphosate: Uses Other Than in Glyphosate-Resistant Crops, Mode of Action, Degradation in Plants, and Effects on Non-target Plants and Agricultural Microbes. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 255:1-65. [PMID: 33895876 DOI: 10.1007/398_2020_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most used herbicide globally. It is a unique non-selective herbicide with a mode of action that is ideal for vegetation management in both agricultural and non-agricultural settings. Its use was more than doubled by the introduction of transgenic, glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops. All of its phytotoxic effects are the result of inhibition of only 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), but inhibition of this single enzyme of the shikimate pathway results in multiple phytotoxicity effects, both upstream and downstream from EPSPS, including loss of plant defenses against pathogens. Degradation of glyphosate in plants and microbes is predominantly by a glyphosate oxidoreductase to produce aminomethylphosphonic acid and glyoxylate and to a lesser extent by a C-P lyase to produce sarcosine and phosphate. Its effects on non-target plant species are generally less than that of many other herbicides, as it is not volatile and is generally sprayed in larger droplet sizes with a relatively low propensity to drift and is inactivated by tight binding to most soils. Some microbes, including fungal plant pathogens, have glyphosate-sensitive EPSPS. Thus, glyphosate can benefit GR crops by its activity on some plant pathogens. On the other hand, glyphosate can adversely affect some microbes that are beneficial to agriculture, such as Bradyrhizobium species, although GR crop yield data indicate that such an effect has been minor. Effects of glyphosate on microbes of agricultural soils are generally minor and transient, with other agricultural practices having much stronger effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Duke
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
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Baek Y, Bobadilla LK, Giacomini DA, Montgomery JS, Murphy BP, Tranel PJ. Evolution of Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 255:93-128. [PMID: 33932185 DOI: 10.1007/398_2020_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Widespread adoption of glyphosate-resistant crops and concomitant reliance on glyphosate for weed control set an unprecedented stage for the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds. There are now 48 weed species that have evolved glyphosate resistance. Diverse glyphosate-resistance mechanisms have evolved, including single, double, and triple amino acid substitutions in the target-site gene, duplication of the gene encoding the target site, and others that are rare or nonexistent for evolved resistance to other herbicides. This review summarizes these resistance mechanisms, discusses what is known about their evolution, and concludes with some of the impacts glyphosate-resistant weeds have had on weed management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousoon Baek
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lucas K Bobadilla
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Darci A Giacomini
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Brent P Murphy
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patrick J Tranel
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Meyer CJ, Peter F, Norsworthy JK, Beffa R. Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of glyphosate, glufosinate, and dicamba mixtures in Echinochloa crus-galli and Amaranthus palmeri. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3078-3087. [PMID: 32281195 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats are two common and problematic weeds prevalent across the Midsouth of the USA. Herbicide absorption, translocation, and metabolism were investigated as potential sources of herbicide antagonism on A. palmeri and E. crus-galli using 14 C-labeled herbicides. Three 14 C-labeled herbicides, glyphosate, glufosinate, and dicamba, were utilized individually in separate experiments. RESULTS Uptake of 14 C-glyphosate in E. crus-galli was 15% of the total applied radioactivity for glyphosate/glufosinate (897 + 595 g a.i./a.e. ha-1 ) compared to 25% for glyphosate alone. Similarly, uptake of 14 C-glyphosate in A. palmeri reduced by 10% when applied with glufosinate. Applying glyphosate/dicamba (897/560 g a.e. ha-1 ) reduced 14 C-glyphosate uptake in both species. In the 14 C-glufosinate experiment, both species absorbed less 14 C-glufosinate when mixed with glyphosate compared to glufosinate alone. No metabolic degradation of glyphosate was observed in either species. E. crus-galli metabolized dicamba 23 times faster than A. palmeri. When glufosinate was applied with dicamba, metabolic degradation of 14 C-dicamba was limited in both species. For example, 99.9% of the applied radioactivity was recovered in A. palmeri as the parent compound when 14 C-glufosinate dicamba was applied with glufosinate, compared to 95.7% for dicamba alone. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate absorption, translocation, or metabolism of dicamba, glufosinate, and glyphosate can be affected by mixing with another herbicide. As mixing two herbicides is often a critical component of resistance management, careful investigation into the performance of these mixtures in the field is needed. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Meyer
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Falco Peter
- Bayer AG, Division CropScience, Weed Resistance Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jason K Norsworthy
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Roland Beffa
- Bayer AG, Division CropScience, Weed Resistance Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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de Castilhos Ghisi N, Zuanazzi NR, Fabrin TMC, Oliveira EC. Glyphosate and its toxicology: A scientometric review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139359. [PMID: 32446085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (Gly) is a broad-spectrum herbicide and currently one of the most studied pesticides. New Gly-related data are published daily worldwide. Despite the large number of publications, there is no published scientometric revision that presently addresses this issue systematically. We aimed to scientometrically analyze the publication patterns of main topics related to Gly research. Web of Science data was obtained searching the topic "Glyphosate" (10,069 publications). Toxicology was the most influential area, and a subset was delimited containing the categories "Environmental Sciences", "Toxicology" and "Ecology" (2077 publications). The datasets were analyzed using Citespace. The publications number presented a high correlation with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in both datasets. USA was the leader of general publication about Gly, followed by Brazil, Canada and China. USA, Canada, Argentina, China and Brazil were the main countries in Gly toxicology. This subset was related with data of the GDP spending on Research & Developing and with the number of researchers by country. Thus, we ranked the main countries interested in the Gly and its toxicology and that invest their economic and human resources in these researches. Based on a keyword analysis by CiteSpace of the Gly toxicology, it was highlighted the "glyphosate-induced habitat alteration", that reflected the concern about Gly impact on agricultural and natural ecosystems. The researchers are also focused in studies involving AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid), the main Gly degradation product, the genotoxicity, herbicides mixture and in its presence in drinking water. More researches about Gly genotoxicity and carcinogenicity to humans are needed and more studies to compile the results of independent researches, such as meta-analytical reviews. Our study can support decisions and future efforts about Gly impacts and use, since more sustainable agriculture with less environment impact is important to the maintenance of ecosystem services and consequently the human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Brazil.
| | - Natana Raquel Zuanazzi
- Graduate Program in Agroecosystems (PPGSIS), Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Brazil.
| | - Thomaz Mansini Carrenho Fabrin
- Research Nucleus in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquiculture (NUPELIA) and Postgraduate Program in Ecology of Inland Water Ecosystems, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco G90, sala 16, Laboratório de Genética, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - Elton Celton Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Agroecosystems (PPGSIS), Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Brazil.
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20
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Finley JW, Duke SO. Agnes Rimando, a Pioneer in the Fate of Glyphosate and Its Primary Metabolite in Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5623-5630. [PMID: 32330026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most used herbicide on the planet because of its excellent efficacy on almost all weed species and due to the large-scale adoption of transgenic, glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops. Agnes Rimando became an expert in glyphosate analysis almost 20 years ago to support research on GR crop safety and on mechanisms of evolved glyphosate resistance by weeds. Her work was the first to show that the amount of glyphosate and its primary metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) that accumulates in GR soybean seed from plants treated with approved glyphosate doses can approach their legal limits. However, she later found that only trace amounts of these compounds accumulate in the seed of GR maize treated with recommended glyphosate doses. She showed that GR canola, the only transgenic crop with a transgene encoding an enzyme for degradation of glyphosate, metabolizes glyphosate to AMPA very rapidly. Her work was instrumental in providing support for the view that "yellow flash" symptoms sometimes observed in field-grown GR soybeans are due to accumulation of enough AMPA to cause mild phytotoxicity. She did the chemical analyses in the only paper to survey the capacity of an array of plant species to metabolize glyphosate to AMPA. She found a wide range in this capacity, with grasses with little or no metabolism of glyphosate to AMPA and with legumes readily metabolizing glyphosate. Lastly, she found no evidence of enhanced degradation of glyphosate to be a mechanism of evolved resistance to glyphosate by two weed species but that it might be involved in natural tolerance to glyphosate of some weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Finley
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Stephen O Duke
- National Center for Natural Products Research School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi University, Mississippi 38677-8048, United States
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Agostini LP, Dettogni RS, Dos Reis RS, Stur E, Dos Santos EVW, Ventorim DP, Garcia FM, Cardoso RC, Graceli JB, Louro ID. Effects of glyphosate exposure on human health: Insights from epidemiological and in vitro studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135808. [PMID: 31972943 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY) is a broad-spectrum, post-emergent, non-selective and synthetic universal herbicide, whose commercial formulations are referred to as glyphosate-based-herbicides (GBHs). These chemicals and their metabolites can be found in soil, air, water, as well as groundwater and food products. This review summarizes to summarize current in vitro and epidemiological studies investigating the effects of GLY exposure on human health. Recent human cell studies have reported several GLY and GBH toxicological effects and have contributed to a better understanding of the deleterious consequences associated with their exposure. However, these detrimental effects are dependent on the cell type, chemical composition, as well as magnitude and time of exposure, among other factors. Moreover, the deleterious effects of GLY exposure on human health were observed in epidemiological studies; however, most of these studies have not determined the GLY dosage to confirm a direct effect. While GLY toxicity is clear in human cells, epidemiological studies investigating individuals exposed to different levels of GLY have reported contradictory data. Therefore, based on currently available in vitro and epidemiological data, it is not possible to confirm the complete safety of GLY use, which will require additional comprehensive studies in animal models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane P Agostini
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Dettogni
- Endocrinology and Cell Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.
| | - Raquel S Dos Reis
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Elaine Stur
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Eldamária V W Dos Santos
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Diego P Ventorim
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Garcia
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo C Cardoso
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, United States of America
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Endocrinology and Cell Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Iúri D Louro
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
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Barbosa EA, Silva IMD, França AC, Silva EDB, Matos CDCD. Evaluation of leaf and root absorptions of glyphosate in the growth of coffee plants. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000762018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Intoxication by dispersion of glyphosate droplets in coffee seedlings is common and, in addition to the problem of drift, there are reports of contamination of this herbicide to a nontarget plant via the rhizosphere. Hydroponics allows the comparison of the translocation of the glyphosate absorbed by the foliage or the roots and avoids the interaction with the soil, which could hamper the achievement of more accurate conclusions when it is absorbed by the root. Thus, the toxicity of glyphosate sublethal dosages in the initial growth of coffee plants in hydroponics was evaluated by applying four sublethal dosages in two different locations (solution and leaf). Fifty days after the application of the herbicide, the intoxication percentage and the growth of the coffee seedlings were evaluated. From the reduced dose of 115.2 g·ha-1 of glyphosate, height reductions, root length; number of leaves, dry mass of leaf, roots and total, leaf area, and leaf mass ratio were observed. The first two parameters were observed only in leaf application and the others via leaf and solution. The aerial part–root ratio system had an increase in herbicide sublethal dosages when applied to leaves and the ratio of leaf area and specific leaf area increased in both applications. Sublethal dosages of glyphosate applied to young coffee plants under hydroponic conditions impair their growth, and it is more accentuated with increasing doses and when the leaves, instead of the roots, absorb the herbicide.
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Wilson CE, Takano HK, Van Horn CR, Yerka MK, Westra P, Stoltenberg DE. Physiological and molecular analysis of glyphosate resistance in non-rapid response Ambrosia trifida from Wisconsin. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:150-160. [PMID: 31087487 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified a glyphosate-resistant A. trifida phenotype from Wisconsin USA that showed a non-rapid response to glyphosate. The mechanism of glyphosate resistance in this phenotype has yet to be elucidated. We conducted experiments to investigate non-target-site resistance and target-site resistance mechanisms. The roles of glyphosate absorption, translocation, and metabolism in resistance of this phenotype have not been reported previously, nor have EPSPS protein abundance or mutations to the full-length sequence of EPSPS. RESULTS Whole-plant dose-response results confirmed a 6.5-level of glyphosate resistance for the resistant (R) phenotype compared to a susceptible (S) phenotype. Absorption and translocation of 14 C-glyphosate were similar between R and S phenotypes over 72 h. Glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in leaf tissue did not differ between R and S phenotypes over 96 h. In vivo shikimate leaf disc assays confirmed that glyphosate EC50 values were 4.6- to 5.4-fold greater for the R than S phenotype. Shikimate accumulation was similar between phenotypes at high glyphosate concentrations (>1000 μM), suggesting that glyphosate entered chloroplasts and inhibited EPSPS. This finding was supported by results showing that EPSPS copy number and EPSPS protein abundance did not differ between R and S phenotypes, nor did EPSPS sequence at Gly101, Thr102, and Pro106 positions. Comparison of full-length EPSPS sequences found five nonsynonymous polymorphisms that differed between R and S phenotypes. However, their locations were distant from the glyphosate target site and, therefore, not likely to affect enzyme-glyphosate interaction. CONCLUSION The results suggest that a novel mechanism confers glyphosate resistance in this A. trifida phenotype. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Wilson
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hudson K Takano
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher R Van Horn
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Melinda K Yerka
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Philip Westra
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Takano HK, Fernandes VN, Adegas FS, Oliveira RS, Westra P, Gaines TA, Dayan FE. A novel TIPT double mutation in EPSPS conferring glyphosate resistance in tetraploid Bidens subalternans. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:95-102. [PMID: 31251461 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bidens subalternans (greater beggarticks) is a tetraploid and troublesome weed infesting annual crops in most tropical regions of the world. A glyphosate-resistant (GR) B. subalternans biotype was detected in a soybean field from Paraguay. A series of physiological and molecular analyses were conducted to elucidate its resistance mechanisms. RESULTS The GR biotype had a high level of resistance (> 15-fold LD50 ), relative to a glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotype. Shikimate accumulation was up to ten-fold greater for GS compared with GR. We found no differences in sensitivity when plants were treated and kept under lower (10/4 °C) or higher temperatures (25/20 °C). GS and GR had the same relative EPSPS gene copy number, and similar glyphosate absorption and translocation rates. Neither biotype metabolized glyphosate. A double amino acid substitution (TIPT - Thr102Ile and Pro106Thr) was found in only one EPSPS allele from one of the two EPSPS homoeologs present in tetraploid GR B. subalternans. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a TIPT double mutation conferring high levels of glyphosate resistance in a weed species. The presence of both wild-type and TIPT mutant EPSPS on the polyploid genome of GR B. subalternans may offset a potential fitness cost, requiring additional research to confirm the absence of deleterious effects. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson K Takano
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Vanessa Na Fernandes
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Rubem S Oliveira
- Agronomy Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Philip Westra
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Todd A Gaines
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Smedbol É, Lucotte M, Maccario S, Gomes MP, Paquet S, Moingt M, Mercier LLC, Sobarzo MRP, Blouin MA. Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid Content in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean Leaves, Stems, and Roots and Associated Phytotoxicity Following a Single Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Application. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6133-6142. [PMID: 31067046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) applications were reported to induce physiological damages to glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean, which were mainly attributed to aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). In order to study glyphosate and AMPA dynamics in plants and associated phytotoxic effects, a greenhouse experiment was set where GR soybeans were exposed to GBH (0.7 to 4.5 kg glyphosate ha-1) and sampled over time (2, 7, 14, and 28 days after treatment (DAT)). Hydrogen peroxide content increased 2 DAT, while a decrease was observed for the effective quantum yield (2, 7, 14 DAT), stomatal conductance (2 DAT), and biomass (14 DAT). Glyphosate content was higher in leaves, followed by stems, and then roots. AMPA content tended to increase with time, especially in roots, and the amount of AMPA in roots was negatively correlated to mostly all phytotoxicity indicators. This finding is important since AMPA residues are measured in agricultural soils several months after GBH applications, which could impact productivity in GR crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élise Smedbol
- Université du Québec à Montréal , GEOTOP & Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement , 201 Avenue du Président-Kennedy , H2X 3Y7 Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Marc Lucotte
- Université du Québec à Montréal , GEOTOP & Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement , 201 Avenue du Président-Kennedy , H2X 3Y7 Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Sophie Maccario
- Université du Québec à Montréal , GEOTOP & Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement , 201 Avenue du Président-Kennedy , H2X 3Y7 Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes
- Universidade Federal do Paraná , Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas , 80050-540 Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Serge Paquet
- Université du Québec à Montréal , Département des Sciences Biologiques , 141 Avenue du Président-Kennedy , H2X 1Y4 Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Matthieu Moingt
- Université du Québec à Montréal , GEOTOP & Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement , 201 Avenue du Président-Kennedy , H2X 3Y7 Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Lila Lucero Celis Mercier
- Université du Québec à Montréal , Département des Sciences Biologiques , 141 Avenue du Président-Kennedy , H2X 1Y4 Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Millaray Rayen Perez Sobarzo
- Université du Québec à Montréal , Département de Chimie , 2101 rue Jeanne-Mance , H2X 2J6 Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Marc-André Blouin
- Université du Québec à Montréal , Département de Chimie , 2101 rue Jeanne-Mance , H2X 2J6 Montréal , Québec , Canada
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Barker AL, Dayan FE. Fate of Glyphosate during Production and Processing of Glyphosate-Resistant Sugar Beet ( Beta vulgaris). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2061-2065. [PMID: 30694061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide in commercial crop production for both conventional and herbicide-resistant crops. Herbicide-resistant crops, like glyphosate-resistant sugar beet, are often exposed to multiple applications of glyphosate during the growing season. The fate of this herbicide in resistant crops has not been publicly documented. We investigated the fate of glyphosate and main metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid in glyphosate-resistant sugar beet grown in northern Colorado. Glyphosate residues were measured via directed ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of sugar beet shoots and roots throughout the growing season, from samples collected at various steps during sugar beet processing, and from flow-through samples of greenhouse-grown beets. Sugar beet rapidly absorbed glyphosate after foliar application, and subsequently translocated the herbicide to its roots, with between 2 and 3 μg/g fresh weight measured in both tissue types within 1 week of application. However, only trace amounts of glyphosate remained in either the shoots or the roots 2 weeks after application. Analysis of irrigation flow-through in pot assays confirmed that the herbicide readily exuded out of the roots. Processing of the beets removed glyphosate and herbicide levels were below the limit of detection in the crystalline sugar final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Barker
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management , Colorado State University , 1177 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management , Colorado State University , 1177 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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Reddy KN, Cizdziel JV, Williams MM, Maul JE, Rimando AM, Duke SO. Glyphosate Resistance Technology Has Minimal or No Effect on Maize Mineral Content and Yield. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10139-10146. [PMID: 30203974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Controversy continues to exist regarding whether the transgene for glyphosate resistance (GR) and/or glyphosate applied to GR crops adversely affect plant mineral content. Field studies were conducted in 2013 and 2014 in Stoneville, MS and Urbana, IL to examine this issue in maize. At each location, the experiment was conducted in fields with no history of glyphosate application and fields with several years of glyphosate use preceding the study. Neither glyphosate nor the GR transgene affected yield or mineral content of leaves or seed, except for occasional (<5%) significant effects that were inconsistent across minerals, treatments, and environments. Glyphosate and AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid), a main degradation product of glyphosate, were found in leaves from treated plants, but little or no glyphosate and no AMPA was found in maize seeds. These results show that the GR transgene and glyphosate application, whether used for a single year or several years, have no deleterious effect on mineral nutrition or yield of GR maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna N Reddy
- Crop Production Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS , P.O. Box 350, Stoneville , Mississippi 38776 , United States
| | - James V Cizdziel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Mississippi , 222 Coulter Hall , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Martin M Williams
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research unit , USDA-ARS, 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Jude E Maul
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, USDA-ARS , 10300 Baltimore Avenue , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Agnes M Rimando
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS , P.O. Box 1848, University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Stephen O Duke
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS , P.O. Box 1848, University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
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Heap I, Duke SO. Overview of glyphosate-resistant weeds worldwide. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1040-1049. [PMID: 29024306 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used and successful herbicide discovered to date, but its utility is now threatened by the occurrence of several glyphosate-resistant weed species. Glyphosate resistance first appeared in Lolium rigidum in an apple orchard in Australia in 1996, ironically the year that the first glyphosate-resistant crop (soybean) was introduced in the USA. Thirty-eight weed species have now evolved resistance to glyphosate, distributed across 37 countries and in 34 different crops and six non-crop situations. Although glyphosate-resistant weeds have been identified in orchards, vineyards, plantations, cereals, fallow and non-crop situations, it is the glyphosate-resistant weeds in glyphosate-resistant crop systems that dominate the area infested and growing economic impact. Glyphosate-resistant weeds present the greatest threat to sustained weed control in major agronomic crops because this herbicide is used to control weeds with resistance to herbicides with other sites of action, and no new herbicide sites of action have been introduced for over 30 years. Industry has responded by developing herbicide resistance traits in major crops that allow existing herbicides to be used in a new way. However, over reliance on these traits will result in multiple-resistance in weeds. Weed control in major crops is at a precarious point, where we must maintain the utility of the herbicides we have until we can transition to new weed management technologies. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Heap
- International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stephen O Duke
- USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
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29
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Moretti ML, Van Horn CR, Robertson R, Segobye K, Weller SC, Young BG, Johnson WG, Douglas Sammons R, Wang D, Ge X, d' Avignon A, Gaines TA, Westra P, Green AC, Jeffery T, Lespérance MA, Tardif FJ, Sikkema PH, Christopher Hall J, McLean MD, Lawton MB, Schulz B. Glyphosate resistance in Ambrosia trifida: Part 2. Rapid response physiology and non-target-site resistance. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1079-1088. [PMID: 28276187 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glyphosate-resistant rapid response (GR RR) resistance mechanism in Ambrosia trifida is not due to target-site resistance (TSR) mechanisms. This study explores the physiology of the rapid response and the possibility of reduced translocation and vacuolar sequestration as non-target-site resistance (NTSR) mechanisms. RESULTS GR RR leaf discs accumulated hydrogen peroxide within minutes of glyphosate exposure, but only in mature leaf tissue. The rapid response required energy either as light or exogenous sucrose. The combination of phenylalanine and tyrosine inhibited the rapid response in a dose-dependent manner. Reduced glyphosate translocation was observed in GR RR, but only when associated with tissue death caused by the rapid response. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies indicated that glyphosate enters the cytoplasm and reaches chloroplasts, and it is not moved into the vacuole of GR RR, GR non-rapid response or glyphosate-susceptible A. trifida. CONCLUSION The GR RR mechanism of resistance is not associated with vacuole sequestration of glyphosate, and the observed reduced translocation is likely a consequence of rapid tissue death. Rapid cell death was inhibited by exogenous application of aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. The mechanism by which these amino acids inhibit rapid cell death in the GR RR phenotype remains unknown, and it could involve glyphosate phytotoxicity or other agents generating reactive oxygen species. Implications of these findings are discussed. The GR RR mechanism is distinct from the currently described glyphosate TSR or NTSR mechanisms in other species. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Moretti
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christopher R Van Horn
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - Renae Robertson
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kabelo Segobye
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stephen C Weller
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bryan G Young
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - William G Johnson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Xia Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - André d' Avignon
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Todd A Gaines
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Philip Westra
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amanda C Green
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Taylor Jeffery
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - François J Tardif
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Peter H Sikkema
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J Christopher Hall
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D McLean
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Burkhard Schulz
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Batista PF, Costa AC, Megguer CA, Lima JS, Silva FB, Guimarães DS, Almeida GM, Nascimento KJT. Pouteria torta: a native species of the Brazilian Cerrado as a bioindicator of glyphosate action. BRAZ J BIOL 2018; 78:296-305. [PMID: 29069161 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.07416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, the expansion of agricultural activity and the associated indiscriminate use of herbicides such as glyphosate is directly related to the loss of biodiversity in the Cerrado. The identification of plant species as bioindicators of herbicide action, especially species native to the area, can help in monitoring the impacts of xenobiotics in the remaining Cerrado. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the possible use of the native Cerrado species Pouteria torta as a bioindicator of glyphosate action via changes in physiological performance. At 16 months after sowing, the effect of glyphosate was evaluated by applying the following doses: 0 (control), 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1200 g a.e. ha-1. In response to glyphosate, P. torta exhibited reductions in photosynthesis and chloroplastid pigment content, as well as accumulation of shikimic acid and the occurrence of chlorosis and necrosis. These changes demonstrate the high sensitivity of P. torta to glyphosate and its potential for use as a bioindicator of this herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Batista
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Plant Productivity, Department of Agronomy, Instituto Federal Goiano - IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, CEP 75901-970, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
| | - A C Costa
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Plant Productivity, Department of Agronomy, Instituto Federal Goiano - IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, CEP 75901-970, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
| | - C A Megguer
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Instituto Federal Goiano - IF Goiano, Campus Morrinhos, Morrinhos, CEP 75650-000, GO, Brazil
| | - J S Lima
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Plant Productivity, Department of Agronomy, Instituto Federal Goiano - IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, CEP 75901-970, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
| | - F B Silva
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Plant Productivity, Department of Agronomy, Instituto Federal Goiano - IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, CEP 75901-970, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
| | - D S Guimarães
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Plant Productivity, Department of Agronomy, Instituto Federal Goiano - IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, CEP 75901-970, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
| | - G M Almeida
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Plant Productivity, Department of Agronomy, Instituto Federal Goiano - IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, CEP 75901-970, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
| | - K J T Nascimento
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Plant Productivity, Department of Agronomy, Instituto Federal Goiano - IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, CEP 75901-970, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
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Barroso AA, de S Costa MG, Neto NJ, Dos Santos JI, Balbuena TS, Carbonari CA, Alves PL. Protein identification before and after glyphosate exposure in Lolium multiflorum genotypes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1125-1133. [PMID: 29250898 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weeds reduce crop yields, and among the methods used to control these plants, the use of chemicals is preferred. However, the repeated application of herbicides with the same mechanism of action selects for resistant populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate glyphosate resistance in Lolium multiflorum (Lam.) and relate the resistance to protein expression in the absence and presence of the herbicide using a metabolic-proteomic approach. RESULTS Glyphosate resistance was confirmed, with a sevenfold difference in resistance between susceptible and resistant genotypes. Among the possible mechanisms affecting resistance, mutations in the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), herbicide differential translocation and overexpression of EPSPS are suggested. Susceptible plants had higher growth than did resistant plants in the absence of the herbicide, in addition to greater expression of protein groups related to photosynthesis and to tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. With application of glyphosate, resistant plants maintained their metabolism and began to express EPSPS and other candidate proteins related to herbicide resistance. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of glyphosate, the susceptible plants would replace the resistant plants over time, and abiotic or biotic stresses would accelerate this process. Resistance in plants resulted from a combination of target-site and non-target-site resistance mechanisms. We identified several candidate proteins that could be investigated in future studies on glyphosate resistance. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Am Barroso
- Department of Biology Applied to Agriculture, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Marilia G de S Costa
- Department of Technology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Nelson J Neto
- Department of Biology Applied to Agriculture, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Juciléia I Dos Santos
- Department of Biology Applied to Agriculture, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Tiago S Balbuena
- Department of Technology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Caio A Carbonari
- Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Pedro Lca Alves
- Department of Biology Applied to Agriculture, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Wang Y, Ezemaduka AN, Li Z, Chen Z, Song C. Joint Toxicity of Arsenic, Copper and Glyphosate on Behavior, Reproduction and Heat Shock Protein Response in Caenorhabditis elegans. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:465-471. [PMID: 28224177 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was used in 24-h acute exposures to arsenic (As), copper (Cu) and glyphosate (GPS) and to mixtures of As/Cu and As/GPS to investigate the effects of mixture exposures in the worms. A synergistic type of interaction was observed for acute toxicity with the As/Cu and As/GPS mixtures. Sublethal 24-h exposures of 1/1000, 1/100 and 1/10 of the LC50 concentrations for As, Cu and GPS individually and for As/Cu and As/GPS mixtures were conducted to observe responses in locomotory behavior (head thrashing), reproduction, and heat shock protein expression. Head thrash frequency and reproduction exhibited concentration dependent decreases in both individual and combined exposures to the tested chemical stressors, and showed synergistic interactions even at micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, the HSP70 protein level was significantly increased following exposure to individual and combined chemical stressors in wild-type C. elegans. Our findings establish for the first time the effects of exposure to As/GPS and As/Cu mixtures in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China.
| | - Anastasia N Ezemaduka
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Zhuheng Li
- Jilin Provincial Institute of Education, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhanyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Chuantao Song
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
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Bai SH, Ogbourne SM. Glyphosate: environmental contamination, toxicity and potential risks to human health via food contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:18988-9001. [PMID: 27541149 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate has been the most widely used herbicide during the past three decades. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies glyphosate as 'practically non-toxic and not an irritant' under the acute toxicity classification system. This classification is based primarily on toxicity data and due to its unique mode of action via a biochemical pathway that only exists in a small number of organisms that utilise the shikimic acid pathway to produce amino acids, most of which are green plants. This classification is supported by the majority of scientific literature on the toxic effects of glyphosate. However, in 2005, the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) reported that glyphosate and its major metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), are of potential toxicological concern, mainly as a result of accumulation of residues in the food chain. The FAO further states that the dietary risk of glyphosate and AMPA is unlikely if the maximum daily intake of 1 mg kg(-1) body weight (bw) is not exceeded. Research has now established that glyphosate can persist in the environment, and therefore, assessments of the health risks associated with glyphosate are more complicated than suggested by acute toxicity data that relate primarily to accidental high-rate exposure. We have used recent literature to assess the possible risks associated with the presence of glyphosate residues in food and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Hosseini Bai
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia.
| | - Steven M Ogbourne
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
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Corrêa EA, Dayan FE, Owens DK, Rimando AM, Duke SO. Glyphosate-Resistant and Conventional Canola (Brassica napus L.) Responses to Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA) Treatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3508-13. [PMID: 27092715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) canola contains two transgenes that impart resistance to the herbicide glyphosate: (1) the microbial glyphosate oxidase gene (gox) encoding the glyphosate oxidase enzyme (GOX) that metabolizes glyphosate to aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and (2) cp4 that encodes a GR form of the glyphosate target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase. The objectives of this research were to determine the phytotoxicity of AMPA to canola, the relative metabolism of glyphosate to AMPA in GR and conventional non-GR (NGR) canola, and AMPA pool sizes in glyphosate-treated GR canola. AMPA applied at 1.0 kg ha(-1) was not phytotoxic to GR or NGR. At this AMPA application rate, NGR canola accumulated a higher concentration of AMPA in its tissues than GR canola. At rates of 1 and 3.33 kg ae ha(-1) of glyphosate, GR canola growth was stimulated. This stimulatory effect is similar to that of much lower doses of glyphosate on NGR canola. Both shikimate and AMPA accumulated in tissues of these glyphosate-treated plants. In a separate experiment in which young GR and NGR canola plants were treated with non-phytotoxic levels of [(14)C]-glyphosate, very little glyphosate was metabolized in NGR plants, whereas most of the glyphosate was metabolized to AMPA in GR plants at 7 days after application. Untreated leaves of GR plants accumulated only metabolites (mostly AMPA) of glyphosate, indicating that GOX activity is very high in the youngest leaves. These data indicate that more glyphosate is transformed to AMPA rapidly in GR canola and that the accumulated AMPA is not toxic to the canola plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elza Alves Corrêa
- UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Campus de Registro/SP, Rua Nelson Brihi Badur 430, 11900-000 Registro, SP, Brazil
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 1848, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Daniel K Owens
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 1848, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Agnes M Rimando
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 1848, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Stephen O Duke
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 1848, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Gomes MP, Le Manac'h SG, Moingt M, Smedbol E, Paquet S, Labrecque M, Lucotte M, Juneau P. Impact of phosphate on glyphosate uptake and toxicity in willow. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:269-79. [PMID: 26561751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (PO4(3-)) has been shown to increase glyphosate uptake by willow, a plant species known for its phytoremediation potential. However, it remains unclear if this stimulation of glyphosate uptake can result in an elevated glyphosate toxicity to plants (which could prevent the use of willows in glyphosate-remediation programs). Consequently, we studied the effects of PO4(3-) on glyphosate uptake and toxicity in a fast growing willow cultivar (Salix miyabeana SX64). Plants were grown in hydroponic solution with a combination of glyphosate (0, 0.001, 0.065 and 1 mg l(-1)) and PO4(3-) (0, 200 and 400 mg l(-1)). We demonstrated that PO4(3-) fertilization greatly increased glyphosate uptake by roots and its translocation to leaves, which resulted in increased shikimate concentration in leaves. In addition to its deleterious effects in photosynthesis, glyphosate induced oxidative stress through hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Although it has increased glyphosate accumulation, PO4(3-) fertilization attenuated the herbicide's deleterious effects by increasing the activity of antioxidant systems and alleviating glyphosate-induced oxidative stress. Our results indicate that in addition to the glyphosate uptake, PO4(3-) is involved in glyphosate toxicity in willow by preventing glyphosate induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Department of Biological Sciences, TOXEN, Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Succ. Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada; Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Gingras Le Manac'h
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Department of Biological Sciences, TOXEN, Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Succ. Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthieu Moingt
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elise Smedbol
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Paquet
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Labrecque
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Montreal Botanical Garden, 4101 Sherbrooke East, H1X 2B2, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Lucotte
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Juneau
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Department of Biological Sciences, TOXEN, Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Succ. Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada; Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Koskinen WC, Marek LJ, Hall KE. Analysis of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in water, plant materials and soil. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:423-32. [PMID: 26454260 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for simple, fast, efficient and sensitive methods of analysis for glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in diverse matrices such as water, plant materials and soil to facilitate environmental research needed to address the continuing concerns related to increasing glyphosate use. A variety of water-based solutions have been used to extract the chemicals from different matrices. Many methods require extensive sample preparation, including derivatization and clean-up, prior to analysis by a variety of detection techniques. This review summarizes methods used during the past 15 years for analysis of glyphosate and AMPA in water, plant materials and soil. The simplest methods use aqueous extraction of glyphosate and AMPA from plant materials and soil, no derivatization, solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns for clean-up, guard columns for separation and confirmation of the analytes by mass spectrometry and quantitation using isotope-labeled internal standards. They have levels of detection (LODs) below the regulatory limits in North America. These methods are discussed in more detail in the review.
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Vannini A, Guarnieri M, Bačkor M, Bilová I, Loppi S. Uptake and toxicity of glyphosate in the lichen Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:193-7. [PMID: 26247898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated if treatment of the lichen Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. with glyphosate caused uptake of this herbicide as well as physiological alterations. Samples were treated with Glifene SL®, a common commercial glyphosate-based herbicide, at the lowest recommended doses (3.6g/L) as well as with doses slightly higher than the highest suggested (36 g/L). The results clearly showed glyphosate uptake in X. parietina proportionally to the dose provided. Adverse physiological effects were evident on the photosynthetic apparatus (photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll degradation) as well as on the fungal respiration rates and cell membrane integrity (ergosterol content, dehydrogenase activity) already after 24h from treatment, also at the low application dose. It is concluded that lichens are suitable organisms for monitoring unwanted biological effects from the application of glyphosate-based herbicides, as well as for detecting the accumulation of this compound in the biota, thus screening for its environmental fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vannini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Massimo Guarnieri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Martin Bačkor
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, P.J. Šafárik University, Manesova 23, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Bilová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, P.J. Šafárik University, Manesova 23, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Stefano Loppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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Alarcón-Reverte R, García A, Watson SB, Abdallah I, Sabaté S, Hernández MJ, Dayan FE, Fischer AJ. Concerted action of target-site mutations and high EPSPS activity in glyphosate-resistant junglerice (Echinochloa colona) from California. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:996-1007. [PMID: 25115401 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinochloa colona is an annual weed affecting field crops and orchards in California. An E. colona population carrying a mutation in the EPSPS gene endowing resistance to glyphosate, the most widely used non-selective herbicide, was recently identified in the Northern Sacramento Valley of California. Plants from this population, from a suspected glyphosate-resistant (GR) population, and from one susceptible (S) population collected in the Northern Sacramento Valley of California, were used to generate three GR and one S selfed lines to study possible mechanisms involved in glyphosate resistance. RESULTS Based on the amount of glyphosate required to kill 50% of the plants (LD50 ), GR lines were 4-9-fold more resistant than S plants and accumulated less shikimate after glyphosate treatment. GR and S lines did not differ in glyphosate absorption, translocation or metabolism. A different target-site mutation was found in each of two of the GR lines corresponding to Pro106Thr and Pro106Ser substitutions; the mutations were found in different homoeologous EPSPS genes. No mutation was found in the third GR line, which exhibited 1.4-fold higher basal EPSPS activity and a fivefold greater LD50 than S plants. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that GR lines had similar or lower EPSPS expression than S plants. CONCLUSION It is demonstrated that individuals with different glyphosate resistance mechanisms can coexist in the same population, individuals from different populations may carry different resistance mechanisms and different mechanisms can act in concert within single E. colona plants. However, other plant factors or resistance mechanisms appear to modulate plant expression of EPSPS sensitivity to glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro García
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Susan B Watson
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University, MS, USA
| | - Ibrahim Abdallah
- Department of Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sebastián Sabaté
- Estación Experimental Agroindustrial 'Obispo Colombres', Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María J Hernández
- Departmento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University, MS, USA
| | - Albert J Fischer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Huang Y, Reddy KN, Thomson SJ, Yao H. Assessment of soybean injury from glyphosate using airborne multispectral remote sensing. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:545-52. [PMID: 24889377 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate drift onto off-target sensitive crops can reduce growth and yield and is of great concern to growers and pesticide applicators. Detection of herbicide injury using biological responses is tedious, so more convenient and rapid detection methods are needed. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of glyphosate on biological responses of non-glyphosate-resistant (non-GR) soybean and to correlate vegetation indices (VIs) derived from aerial multispectral imagery. RESULTS Plant height, shoot dry weight and chlorophyll (CHL) content decreased gradually with increasing glyphosate rate, regardless of weeks after application (WAA). Accordingly, soybean yield decreased by 25% with increased rate from 0 to 0.866 kg AI ha(-1) . Similarly to biological responses, the VIs derived from aerial imagery - normalized difference vegetation index, soil adjusted vegetation index, ratio vegetation index and green NDVI - also decreased gradually with increasing glyphosate rate, regardless of WAA. CONCLUSION The VIs were highly correlated with plant height and yield but poorly correlated with CHL, regardless of WAA. This indicated that indices could be used to determine soybean injury from glyphosate, as indicated by the difference in plant height, and to predict the yield reduction due to crop injury from glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Huang
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Crop Production Systems Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, USA
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Ribeiro DN, Nandula VK, Dayan FE, Rimando AM, Duke SO, Reddy KN, Shaw DR. Possible glyphosate tolerance mechanism in pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1689-97. [PMID: 25625294 DOI: 10.1021/jf5055722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural tolerance of Ipomoea lacunosa to glyphosate has made it problematic in the southeastern U.S. since the adoption of glyphosate-resistant crops. Experiments were conducted to determine (i) the variability in tolerance to glyphosate among accessions, (ii) if there is any correlation between metabolism of glyphosate to aminomethylphosponic acid (AMPA) or sarcosine and the level of tolerance, and (iii) the involvement of differential translocation in tolerance to glyphosate. Fourteen I. lacunosa accessions had GR50 values ranging from 58 to 151 grams of acid equivalent per hectare (ae/ha) glyphosate, a 2.6-fold variability in tolerance to glyphosate. There was no evidence of the most tolerant (MT) accession metabolizing glyphosate to AMPA more rapidly than the least tolerant (LT) accession. Metabolism to sarcosine was not found. (14)C-glyphosate absorption was similar in the two accessions. LT accession translocated more (14)C-glyphosate than MT accession at 24 and 48 h after treatment. Differential translocation partly explains glyphosate tolerance in MT accession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela N Ribeiro
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University , P.O. Box 9555, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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Ascolani Yael J, Fuhr JD, Bocan GA, Daza Millone A, Tognalli N, Dos Santos Afonso M, Martiarena ML. Abiotic degradation of glyphosate into aminomethylphosphonic acid in the presence of metals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9651-6. [PMID: 25226508 DOI: 10.1021/jf502979d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate [N-phosphono-methylglycine (PMG)] is the most used herbicide worldwide, particularly since the development of transgenic glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops. Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is the main glyphosate metabolite, and it may be responsible for GR crop damage upon PMG application. PMG degradation into AMPA has hitherto been reckoned mainly as a biological process, produced by soil microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) and plants. In this work, we use density functional calculations to identify the vibrational bands of PMG and AMPA in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra experiments. SERS shows the presence of AMPA after glyphosate is deposited from aqueous solution on different metallic surfaces. AMPA is also detected in ATR-FTIR experiments when PMG interacts with metallic ions in aqueous solution. These results reveal an abiotic degradation process of glyphosate into AMPA, where metals play a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ascolani Yael
- Instituto Balseiro, Centro Atómico Bariloche (CNEA), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , Avenida Exequiel Bustillo 9500, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
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Schrübbers LC, Valverde BE, Sørensen JC, Cedergreen N. Glyphosate spray drift in Coffea arabica - sensitivity of coffee plants and possible use of shikimic acid as a biomarker for glyphosate exposure. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 115:15-22. [PMID: 25307461 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is widely used in coffee plantations to control weeds. Lacking selectivity, glyphosate spray drift is suspected to cause adverse effects in coffee plants. Symptoms caused by glyphosate can be similar to those produced by other stress factors. However, shikimic acid accumulation should be a useful biomarker for glyphosate exposure as shown for other crops. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of coffee plants towards glyphosate on different biological response variables and to evaluate the use of shikimic acid as biomarker. Dose-response experiments yielded ED50 values (50% effect dose) in the range of 38-550 ga.e.ha(-1) depending on the quantitative or qualitative variable monitored. The frequency of plants showing symptoms was the most sensitive variable. The best sampling time for shikimic acid accumulation was 1-2 weeks after glyphosate application, depending on experimental conditions. The highest shikimic acid accumulation was observed in young leaves. Shikimic acid is a suitable biomarker for a glyphosate exposure in coffee, using only young leaves for the analysis. Young coffee plants are susceptible to glyphosate damage. If symptoms are absent the risk of severe crop damage or yield loss is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars C Schrübbers
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Bernal E Valverde
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Investigación y Desarrollo en Agricultura Tropical S.A. (IDEA Tropical), Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Jens C Sørensen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Sammons RD, Gaines TA. Glyphosate resistance: state of knowledge. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1367-77. [PMID: 25180399 PMCID: PMC4260172 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies of mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate have increased current understanding of herbicide resistance mechanisms. Thus far, single-codon non-synonymous mutations of EPSPS (5-enolypyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) have been rare and, relative to other herbicide mode of action target-site mutations, unconventionally weak in magnitude for resistance to glyphosate. However, it is possible that weeds will emerge with non-synonymous mutations of two codons of EPSPS to produce an enzyme endowing greater resistance to glyphosate. Today, target-gene duplication is a common glyphosate resistance mechanism and could become a fundamental process for developing any resistance trait. Based on competition and substrate selectivity studies in several species, rapid vacuole sequestration of glyphosate occurs via a transporter mechanism. Conversely, as the chloroplast requires transporters for uptake of important metabolites, transporters associated with the two plastid membranes may separately, or together, successfully block glyphosate delivery. A model based on finite glyphosate dose and limiting time required for chloroplast loading sets the stage for understanding how uniquely different mechanisms can contribute to overall glyphosate resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd A Gaines
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
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Nicolia A, Ferradini N, Molla G, Biagetti E, Pollegioni L, Veronesi F, Rosellini D. Expression of an evolved engineered variant of a bacterial glycine oxidase leads to glyphosate resistance in alfalfa. J Biotechnol 2014; 184:201-8. [PMID: 24905148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The main strategy for resistance to the herbicide glyphosate in plants is the overexpression of an herbicide insensitive, bacterial 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). A glyphosate resistance strategy based on the ability to degrade the herbicide can be useful to reduce glyphosate phytotoxicity to the crops. Here we present the characterization of glyphosate resistance in transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) expressing a plant-optimized variant of glycine oxidase (GO) from Bacillus subtilis, evolved in vitro by a protein engineering approach to efficiently degrade glyphosate. Two constructs were used, one with (GO(TP+)) and one without (GO(TP-)) the pea rbcS plastid transit peptide. Molecular and biochemical analyses confirmed the stable integration of the transgene and the correct localization of the plastid-imported GO protein. Transgenic alfalfa plants were tested for glyphosate resistance both in vitro and in vivo. Two GO(TP+) lines showed moderate resistance to the herbicide in both conditions. Optimization of expression of this GO variant may allow to attain sufficient field resistance to glyphosate herbicides, thus providing a resistance strategy based on herbicide degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nicolia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - N Ferradini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - G Molla
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Biotecnologie Proteiche The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - E Biagetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - L Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Biotecnologie Proteiche The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - F Veronesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - D Rosellini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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Antonio Carbonari C, Gomes GLGC, Domingues Velini E, Fernandes Machado R, Simões PS, Castro Macedo GD. Glyphosate Effects on Sugarcane Metabolism and Growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.524374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bernal J, Martin MT, Soto ME, Nozal MJ, Marotti I, Dinelli G, Bernal JL. Development and application of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to evaluate the glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid dissipation in maize plants after foliar treatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4017-25. [PMID: 22480367 DOI: 10.1021/jf3006504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple and fast method has been developed and validated to measure glyphosate (GLYP) and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), which were previously derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC-Cl), in maize plants using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to fluorescence (FLD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection. The method has shown to be consistent, reliable, precise, and efficient. Moreover, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) reached with the proposed method for GLYP and AMPA are lower than the established maximum residue levels (MRLs). The validated method was applied to quantify GLYP and AMPA in genetically modified (GM) maize foliar treated with the herbicide. It has been found that the GLYP dissipation was mainly due to the progressive dilution effect after herbicide treatment. Finally, it was also observed that the GLYP residue dissipation trend in maize shoot (leaves and stem) tissue determined by LC-ESI-MS matched that determined by liquid scintillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Bernal
- I U CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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Kleter GA, Unsworth JB, Harris CA. The impact of altered herbicide residues in transgenic herbicide-resistant crops on standard setting for herbicide residues. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2011; 67:1193-210. [PMID: 21898904 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The global area covered with transgenic (genetically modified) crops has rapidly increased since their introduction in the mid-1990s. Most of these crops have been rendered herbicide resistant, for which it can be envisaged that the modification has an impact on the profile and level of herbicide residues within these crops. In this article, the four main categories of herbicide resistance, including resistance to acetolactate-synthase inhibitors, bromoxynil, glufosinate and glyphosate, are reviewed. The topics considered are the molecular mechanism underlying the herbicide resistance, the nature and levels of the residues formed and their impact on the residue definition and maximum residue limits (MRLs) defined by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and national authorities. No general conclusions can be drawn concerning the nature and level of residues, which has to be done on a case-by-case basis. International residue definitions and MRLs are still lacking for some herbicide-crop combinations, and harmonisation is therefore recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs A Kleter
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Holland.
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Daňhel A, Moreira JC, Jacob S, Barek J. Influence of the soil organic matter content on voltammetric determination of derivatised glyphosate in herbicide contaminated soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2011086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The method for monitoring of Glyphosate (GP) in soil samples containing different organic matter content based on differential pulse voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode was developed to reach higher sample preparation efficiency, its repeatability and sufficient limits of detection. The soil samples with three different organic matter contents (evaluated as total organic carbon contents 30.7, 13.0 and 6.3 g kg–1) were tested. The decreasing content of organic matter resulted in a decreasing recoveries (86, 78 and 68%, respectively), with RSD around 10%. The GP derivatised to N-nitrosoglyphosate (NO-GP) can be determined using the adopted method with limits of detection around 2 ppm in the soil samples. This method might be further utilized for routine monitoring of the GP in soil samples during investigation of its effect on the soil biota.
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Duke SO. Glyphosate degradation in glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible crops and weeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5835-41. [PMID: 20919737 DOI: 10.1021/jf102704x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High levels of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), the main glyphosate metabolite, have been found in glyphosate-treated, glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean, apparently due to plant glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX)-like activity. AMPA is mildly phytotoxic, and under some conditions the AMPA accumulating in GR soybean correlates with glyphosate-caused phytotoxicity. A bacterial GOX is used in GR canola, and an altered bacterial glyphosate N-acetyltransferase is planned for a new generation of GR crops. In some weed species, glyphosate degradation could contribute to natural resistance. Neither an isolated plant GOX enzyme nor a gene for it has yet been reported in plants. Gene mutation or amplification of plant genes for GOX-like enzyme activity or horizontal transfer of microbial genes from glyphosate-degrading enzymes could produce GR weeds. Yet, there is no evidence that metabolic degradation plays a significant role in evolved resistance to glyphosate. This is unexpected, considering the extreme selection pressure for evolution of glyphosate resistance in weeds and the difficulty in plants of evolving glyphosate resistance via other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Duke
- NPURU, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 8048, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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Ding W, Reddy KN, Zablotowicz RM, Bellaloui N, Arnold Bruns H. Physiological responses of glyphosate-resistant and glyphosate-sensitive soybean to aminomethylphosphonic acid, a metabolite of glyphosate. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:593-8. [PMID: 21190714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is formed in glyphosate-treated glyphosate-resistant (GR) and glyphosate-sensitive (GS) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants and is known to cause yellowing in soybean. Although, AMPA is less phytotoxic than glyphosate, its mode of action is different from that of glyphosate and is still unknown. Greenhouse studies were conducted at Stoneville, MS to determine the effects of AMPA on plant growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, nodulation, nitrogenase activity, nitrate reductase activity, and shoot nitrogen content in GR and GS soybeans. AMPA was applied to one- to two-trifoliolate leaf stage soybeans at 0.1 and 1.0 kg ha(-1), representing a scenario of 10% and 100% degradation of glyphosate (1.0 kg ae ha(-1) use rate) to AMPA, respectively. Overall, AMPA effects were more pronounced at 1.0 kg ha(-1) than at 0.1 kg ha(-1) rate. Visual plant injury (18-27%) was observed on young leaves within 3d after treatment (DAT) with AMPA at the higher rate regardless of soybean type. AMPA injury peaked to 46-49% at 14 DAT and decreased to 17-18% by 28 DAT, in both soybean types. AMPA reduced the chlorophyll content by 37%, 48%, 66%, and 23% in GR soybean, and 17%, 48%, 57%, and 22% in GS soybean at 3, 7, 14, and 28 DAT, respectively. AMPA reduced the photosynthesis rate by 65%, 85%, and 77% in GR soybean and 59%, 88%, and 69% in GS soybean at 3, 7, and 14 DAT, respectively, compared to non-treated plants. Similarly, AMPA reduced stomatal conductance to water vapor and transpiration rates at 3, 7, and 14 DAT compared to non-treated plants in both soybean types. Photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate recovered to the levels of non-treated plants by 28 DAT. Plant height and shoot dry weight at 28 DAT; nodulation, nitrogenase activity at 10 DAT, and nitrate reductase activity at 3 and 14 DAT were unaffected by AMPA. AMPA reduced root respiration and shoot nitrogen content at 10 DAT. These results suggest that a foliar application of AMPA could indirectly reduce photosynthesis through decreased chlorophyll content in GR and GS soybean up to 14 DAT, but affected plants can recover to normal growth by 28 DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Production Systems Research Unit, P.O. Box 350, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
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