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Bénard C, Bernillon S, Biais B, Osorio S, Maucourt M, Ballias P, Deborde C, Colombié S, Cabasson C, Jacob D, Vercambre G, Gautier H, Rolin D, Génard M, Fernie AR, Gibon Y, Moing A. Metabolomic profiling in tomato reveals diel compositional changes in fruit affected by source-sink relationships. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3391-404. [PMID: 25873655 PMCID: PMC4449552 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study of the diurnal compositional changes was performed in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker) leaves and fruits. Plants were cultivated in a commercial greenhouse under two growth conditions: control and shaded. Expanding fruits and the closest mature leaves were harvested during two different day/night cycles (cloudy or sunny day). High-throughput robotized biochemical phenotyping of major compounds, as well as proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry metabolomic profiling, were used to measure the contents of about 70 metabolites in the leaves and 60 metabolites in the fruits, in parallel with ecophysiological measurements. Metabolite data were processed using multivariate, univariate, or clustering analyses and correlation networks. The shaded carbon-limited plants adjusted their leaf area, decreased their sink carbon demand and showed subtle compositional modifications. For source leaves, several metabolites varied along a diel cycle, including those directly linked to photosynthesis and photorespiration. These metabolites peaked at midday in both conditions and diel cycles as expected. However, transitory carbon storage was limited in tomato leaves. In fruits, fewer metabolites showed diel fluctuations, which were also of lower amplitude. Several organic acids were among the fluctuating metabolites. Diel patterns observed in leaves and especially in fruits differed between the cloudy and sunny days, and between the two conditions. Relationships between compositional changes in leaves and fruits are in agreement with the fact that several metabolic processes of the fruit appeared linked to its momentary supply of sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bénard
- INRA, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Benoît Biais
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mickaël Maucourt
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Patricia Ballias
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Catherine Deborde
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Daniel Jacob
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- INRA, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Hélène Gautier
- INRA, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Dominique Rolin
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Michel Génard
- INRA, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yves Gibon
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Annick Moing
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Biais B, Bénard C, Beauvoit B, Colombié S, Prodhomme D, Ménard G, Bernillon S, Gehl B, Gautier H, Ballias P, Mazat JP, Sweetlove L, Génard M, Gibon Y. Remarkable reproducibility of enzyme activity profiles in tomato fruits grown under contrasting environments provides a roadmap for studies of fruit metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1204-21. [PMID: 24474652 PMCID: PMC3938614 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.231241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To assess the influence of the environment on fruit metabolism, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum 'Moneymaker') plants were grown under contrasting conditions (optimal for commercial, water limited, or shaded production) and locations. Samples were harvested at nine stages of development, and 36 enzyme activities of central metabolism were measured as well as protein, starch, and major metabolites, such as hexoses, sucrose, organic acids, and amino acids. The most remarkable result was the high reproducibility of enzyme activities throughout development, irrespective of conditions or location. Hierarchical clustering of enzyme activities also revealed tight relationships between metabolic pathways and phases of development. Thus, cell division was characterized by high activities of fructokinase, glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, indicating ATP production as a priority, whereas cell expansion was characterized by enzymes involved in the lower part of glycolysis, suggesting a metabolic reprogramming to anaplerosis. As expected, enzymes involved in the accumulation of sugars, citrate, and glutamate were strongly increased during ripening. However, a group of enzymes involved in ATP production, which is probably fueled by starch degradation, was also increased. Metabolites levels seemed more sensitive than enzymes to the environment, although such differences tended to decrease at ripening. The integration of enzyme and metabolite data obtained under contrasting growth conditions using principal component analysis suggests that, with the exceptions of alanine amino transferase and glutamate and malate dehydrogenase and malate, there are no links between single enzyme activities and metabolite time courses or levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Biais
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- University of Bordeaux, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, F–33076 Bordeaux cedex, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., J.-P.M., Y.G.)
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique—Bordeaux, F–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, F–84914 Avignon cedex 9, France (C.B., H.G., M.G.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (B.G., L.S.)
| | - Camille Bénard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- University of Bordeaux, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, F–33076 Bordeaux cedex, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., J.-P.M., Y.G.)
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique—Bordeaux, F–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, F–84914 Avignon cedex 9, France (C.B., H.G., M.G.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (B.G., L.S.)
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- University of Bordeaux, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, F–33076 Bordeaux cedex, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., J.-P.M., Y.G.)
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique—Bordeaux, F–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, F–84914 Avignon cedex 9, France (C.B., H.G., M.G.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (B.G., L.S.)
| | - Sophie Colombié
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- University of Bordeaux, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, F–33076 Bordeaux cedex, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., J.-P.M., Y.G.)
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique—Bordeaux, F–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, F–84914 Avignon cedex 9, France (C.B., H.G., M.G.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (B.G., L.S.)
| | - Duyên Prodhomme
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- University of Bordeaux, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, F–33076 Bordeaux cedex, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., J.-P.M., Y.G.)
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique—Bordeaux, F–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, F–84914 Avignon cedex 9, France (C.B., H.G., M.G.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (B.G., L.S.)
| | - Guillaume Ménard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- University of Bordeaux, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, F–33076 Bordeaux cedex, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., J.-P.M., Y.G.)
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique—Bordeaux, F–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, F–84914 Avignon cedex 9, France (C.B., H.G., M.G.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (B.G., L.S.)
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- University of Bordeaux, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, F–33076 Bordeaux cedex, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., J.-P.M., Y.G.)
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique—Bordeaux, F–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, F–84914 Avignon cedex 9, France (C.B., H.G., M.G.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (B.G., L.S.)
| | - Bernadette Gehl
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- University of Bordeaux, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, F–33076 Bordeaux cedex, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., J.-P.M., Y.G.)
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique—Bordeaux, F–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, F–84914 Avignon cedex 9, France (C.B., H.G., M.G.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (B.G., L.S.)
| | - Hélène Gautier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- University of Bordeaux, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, F–33076 Bordeaux cedex, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., J.-P.M., Y.G.)
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique—Bordeaux, F–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, F–84914 Avignon cedex 9, France (C.B., H.G., M.G.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (B.G., L.S.)
| | - Patricia Ballias
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- University of Bordeaux, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, F–33076 Bordeaux cedex, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., J.-P.M., Y.G.)
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique—Bordeaux, F–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, F–84914 Avignon cedex 9, France (C.B., H.G., M.G.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (B.G., L.S.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Mazat
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- University of Bordeaux, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, F–33076 Bordeaux cedex, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., J.-P.M., Y.G.)
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique—Bordeaux, F–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, F–84914 Avignon cedex 9, France (C.B., H.G., M.G.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (B.G., L.S.)
| | - Lee Sweetlove
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- University of Bordeaux, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, F–33076 Bordeaux cedex, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., J.-P.M., Y.G.)
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique—Bordeaux, F–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, F–84914 Avignon cedex 9, France (C.B., H.G., M.G.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (B.G., L.S.)
| | - Michel Génard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- University of Bordeaux, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, F–33076 Bordeaux cedex, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., J.-P.M., Y.G.)
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique—Bordeaux, F–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France (B.Bi., C.B., B.Be., S.C., D.P., G.M., S.B., P.B., Y.G.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, F–84914 Avignon cedex 9, France (C.B., H.G., M.G.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (B.G., L.S.)
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