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Decros G, Dussarrat T, Baldet P, Cassan C, Cabasson C, Dieuaide-Noubhani M, Destailleur A, Flandin A, Prigent S, Mori K, Colombié S, Jorly J, Gibon Y, Beauvoit B, Pétriacq P. Enzyme-based kinetic modelling of ASC-GSH cycle during tomato fruit development reveals the importance of reducing power and ROS availability. New Phytol 2023; 240:242-257. [PMID: 37548068 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The ascorbate-glutathione (ASC-GSH) cycle is at the heart of redox metabolism, linking the major redox buffers with central metabolism through the processing of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pyridine nucleotide metabolism. Tomato fruit development is underpinned by changes in redox buffer contents and their associated enzyme capacities, but interactions between them remain unclear. Based on quantitative data obtained for the core redox metabolism, we built an enzyme-based kinetic model to calculate redox metabolite concentrations with their corresponding fluxes and control coefficients. Dynamic and associated regulations of the ASC-GSH cycle throughout the whole fruit development were analysed and pointed to a sequential metabolic control of redox fluxes by ASC synthesis, NAD(P)H and ROS availability depending on the developmental phase. Furthermore, we highlighted that monodehydroascorbate reductase and the availability of reducing power were found to be the main regulators of the redox state of ASC and GSH during fruit growth under optimal conditions. Our kinetic modelling approach indicated that tomato fruit development displayed growth phase-dependent redox metabolism linked with central metabolism via pyridine nucleotides and H2 O2 availability, while providing a new tool to the scientific community to investigate redox metabolism in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Decros
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
| | - Thomas Dussarrat
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
| | - Cédric Cassan
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | | | - Alice Destailleur
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
| | - Amélie Flandin
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Sylvain Prigent
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Kentaro Mori
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Joana Jorly
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
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2
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Moing A, Berton T, Roch L, Diarrassouba S, Bernillon S, Arrivault S, Deborde C, Maucourt M, Cabasson C, Bénard C, Prigent S, Jacob D, Gibon Y, Lemaire-Chamley M. Multi-omics quantitative data of tomato fruit unveils regulation modes of least variable metabolites. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:365. [PMID: 37479985 PMCID: PMC10362748 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of ripe fruits depends on various metabolites which content evolves greatly throughout fruit development and may be influenced by the environment. The corresponding metabolism regulations have been widely described in tomato during fruit growth and ripening. However, the regulation of other metabolites that do not show large changes in content have scarcely been studied. RESULTS We analysed the metabolites of tomato fruits collected on different trusses during fruit development, using complementary analytical strategies. We identified the 22 least variable metabolites, based on their coefficients of variation. We first verified that they had a limited functional link with the least variable proteins and transcripts. We then posited that metabolite contents could be stabilized through complex regulations and combined their data with the quantitative proteome or transcriptome data, using sparse partial-least-square analyses. This showed shared regulations between several metabolites, which interestingly remained linked to early fruit development. We also examined regulations in specific metabolites using correlations with individual proteins and transcripts, which revealed that a stable metabolite does not always correlate with proteins and transcripts of its known related pathways. CONCLUSIONS The regulation of the least variable metabolites was then interpreted regarding their roles as hubs in metabolic pathways or as signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Moing
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
| | - Thierry Berton
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
| | - Léa Roch
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
| | - Salimata Diarrassouba
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
- Present Address: Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546 UPS/CNRS, Auzeville- Tolosane, F-31320 France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
- Present Address: INRAE, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, UR 1264, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, am Muehlenberg 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Catherine Deborde
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
- Present Address: INRAE, UR1268 BIA, Centre INRAE Pays de Loire – Nantes, Nantes, F-44000 France
- Present address: INRAE, BIBS Facility, Centre INRAE Pays de Loire – Nantes, Nantes, F-44000 France
| | - Mickaël Maucourt
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
| | - Camille Bénard
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
| | - Sylvain Prigent
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
| | - Daniel Jacob
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
| | - Yves Gibon
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
| | - Martine Lemaire-Chamley
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33140 France
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3
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Poucet T, Beauvoit B, González‐Moro MB, Cabasson C, Pétriacq P, Flandin A, Gibon Y, Marino D, Dieuaide‐Noubhani M. Impaired cell growth under ammonium stress explained by modeling the energy cost of vacuole expansion in tomato leaves. Plant J 2022; 112:1014-1028. [PMID: 36198049 PMCID: PMC9828129 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4 + )-based fertilization efficiently mitigates the adverse effects of nitrogen fertilization on the environment. However, high concentrations of soil NH4 + provoke growth inhibition, partly caused by the reduction of cell enlargement and associated with modifications of cell composition, such as an increase of sugars and a decrease in organic acids. Cell expansion depends largely on the osmotic-driven enlargement of the vacuole. However, the involvement of subcellular compartmentation in the adaptation of plants to ammonium nutrition has received little attention, until now. To investigate this, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants were cultivated under nitrate and ammonium nutrition and the fourth leaf was harvested at seven developmental stages. The vacuolar expansion was monitored and metabolites and inorganic ion contents, together with intracellular pH, were determined. A data-constrained model was constructed to estimate subcellular concentrations of major metabolites and ions. It was first validated at the three latter developmental stages by comparison with subcellular concentrations obtained experimentally using non-aqueous fractionation. Then, the model was used to estimate the subcellular concentrations at the seven developmental stages and the net vacuolar uptake of solutes along the developmental series. Our results showed ammonium nutrition provokes an acidification of the vacuole and a reduction in the flux of solutes into the vacuoles. Overall, analysis of the subcellular compartmentation reveals a mechanism behind leaf growth inhibition under ammonium stress linked to the higher energy cost of vacuole expansion, as a result of alterations in pH, the inhibition of glycolysis routes and the depletion of organic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Poucet
- Department of Plant Biology and EcologyUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)E‐48940LeioaSpain
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon33140France
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon33140France
| | | | - Cécile Cabasson
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon33140France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUBPHENOME‐EMPHASISVillenave d'Ornon33140France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon33140France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUBPHENOME‐EMPHASISVillenave d'Ornon33140France
| | - Amélie Flandin
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon33140France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUBPHENOME‐EMPHASISVillenave d'Ornon33140France
| | - Yves Gibon
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon33140France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUBPHENOME‐EMPHASISVillenave d'Ornon33140France
| | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and EcologyUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)E‐48940LeioaSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for ScienceE‐48011BilbaoSpain
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4
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Destailleur A, Poucet T, Cabasson C, Alonso AP, Cocuron JC, Larbat R, Vercambre G, Colombié S, Petriacq P, Andrieu MH, Beauvoit B, Gibon Y, Dieuaide-Noubhani M. The Evolution of Leaf Function during Development Is Reflected in Profound Changes in the Metabolic Composition of the Vacuole. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120848. [PMID: 34940606 PMCID: PMC8707551 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During its development, the leaf undergoes profound metabolic changes to ensure, among other things, its growth. The subcellular metabolome of tomato leaves was studied at four stages of leaf development, with a particular emphasis on the composition of the vacuole, a major actor of cell growth. For this, leaves were collected at different positions of the plant, corresponding to different developmental stages. Coupling cytology approaches to non-aqueous cell fractionation allowed to estimate the subcellular concentrations of major compounds in the leaves. The results showed major changes in the composition of the vacuole across leaf development. Thus, sucrose underwent a strong allocation, being mostly located in the vacuole at the beginning of development and in the cytosol at maturity. Furthermore, these analyses revealed that the vacuole, rather rich in secondary metabolites and sugars in the growth phases, accumulated organic acids thereafter. This result suggests that the maintenance of the osmolarity of the vacuole of mature leaves would largely involve inorganic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Destailleur
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Théo Poucet
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Ana Paula Alonso
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA;
| | | | - Romain Larbat
- LAE, Université de Lorraine, INRAE, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- Plants and Cropping Systems in Horticulture, INRAE, F-84914 Avignon, France;
| | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Pierre Petriacq
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Marie Hélène Andrieu
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Martine Dieuaide-Noubhani
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Poucet T, González-Moro MB, Cabasson C, Beauvoit B, Gibon Y, Dieuaide-Noubhani M, Marino D. Ammonium supply induces differential metabolic adaptive responses in tomato according to leaf phenological stage. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:3185-3199. [PMID: 33578414 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) are the main inorganic nitrogen sources available to plants. However, exclusive ammonium nutrition may lead to stress characterized by growth inhibition, generally associated with a profound metabolic reprogramming. In this work, we investigated how metabolism adapts according to leaf position in the vertical axis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. M82) plants grown with NH4+, NO3-, or NH4NO3 supply. We dissected leaf biomass composition and metabolism through an integrative analysis of metabolites, ions, and enzyme activities. Under ammonium nutrition, carbon and nitrogen metabolism were more perturbed in mature leaves than in young ones, overall suggesting a trade-off between NH4+ accumulation and assimilation to preserve young leaves from ammonium stress. Moreover, NH4+-fed plants exhibited changes in carbon partitioning, accumulating sugars and starch at the expense of organic acids, compared with plants supplied with NO3-. We explain such reallocation by the action of the biochemical pH-stat as a mechanism to compensate the differential proton production that depends on the nitrogen source provided. This work also underlines that the regulation of leaf primary metabolism is dependent on both leaf phenological stage and the nitrogen source provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Poucet
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo., Bilbao, Spain
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - María Begoña González-Moro
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo., Bilbao, Spain
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo., Bilbao, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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6
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Decros G, Beauvoit B, Colombié S, Cabasson C, Bernillon S, Arrivault S, Guenther M, Belouah I, Prigent S, Baldet P, Gibon Y, Pétriacq P. Regulation of Pyridine Nucleotide Metabolism During Tomato Fruit Development Through Transcript and Protein Profiling. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1201. [PMID: 31681351 PMCID: PMC6798084 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Central metabolism is the engine of plant biomass, supplying fruit growth with building blocks, energy, and biochemical cofactors. Among metabolic cornerstones, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is particularly pivotal for electron transfer through reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions, thus participating in a myriad of biochemical processes. Besides redox functions, NAD is now assumed to act as an integral regulator of signaling cascades involved in growth and environmental responses. However, the regulation of NAD metabolism and signaling during fruit development remains poorly studied and understood. Here, we benefit from RNAseq and proteomic data obtained from nine growth stages of tomato fruit (var. Moneymaker) to dissect mRNA and protein profiles that link to NAD metabolism, including de novo biosynthesis, recycling, utilization, and putative transport. As expected for a cofactor synthesis pathway, protein profiles failed to detect enzymes involved in NAD synthesis or utilization, except for nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NaPT) and nicotinamidase (NIC), which suggested that most NAD metabolic enzymes were poorly represented quantitatively. Further investigations on transcript data unveiled differential expression patterns during fruit development. Interestingly, among specific NAD metabolism-related genes, early de novo biosynthetic genes were transcriptionally induced in very young fruits, in association with NAD kinase, while later stages of fruit growth rather showed an accumulation of transcripts involved in later stages of de novo synthesis and in NAD recycling, which agreed with augmented NAD(P) levels. In addition, a more global overview of 119 mRNA and 78 protein significant markers for NAD(P)-dependent enzymes revealed differential patterns during tomato growth that evidenced clear regulations of primary metabolism, notably with respect to mitochondrial functions. Overall, we propose that NAD metabolism and signaling are very dynamic in the developing tomato fruit and that its differential regulation is certainly critical to fuel central metabolism linking to growth mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Department 2, Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Manuela Guenther
- Department 2, Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Isma Belouah
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sylvain Prigent
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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7
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Mori K, Beauvoit BP, Biais B, Chabane M, Allwood JW, Deborde C, Maucourt M, Goodacre R, Cabasson C, Moing A, Rolin D, Gibon Y. Central Metabolism Is Tuned to the Availability of Oxygen in Developing Melon Fruit. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:594. [PMID: 31156666 PMCID: PMC6529934 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Respiration of bulky plant organs such as fleshy fruits depends on oxygen (O2) availability and often decreases with O2 concentration to avoid anoxia, but the relationship between O2 diffusional resistance and metabolic adjustments remains unclear. Melon fruit (Cucumis melo L.) was used to study relationships between O2 availability and metabolism in fleshy fruits. Enzyme activities, primary metabolites and O2 partial pressure were quantified from the periphery to the inner fruit mesocarp, at three stages of development. Hypoxia was gradually established during fruit development, but there was no strong oxygen gradient between the outer- and the inner mesocarp. These trends were confirmed by a mathematical modeling approach combining O2 diffusion equations and O2 demand estimates of the mesocarp tissue. A multivariate analysis of metabolites, enzyme activities, O2 demand and concentration reveals that metabolite gradients and enzyme capacities observed in melon fruits reflect continuous metabolic adjustments thus ensuring a timely maturation of the mesocarp. The present results suggest that the metabolic adjustments, especially the tuning of the capacity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) to O2-availability that occurs during growth development, contribute to optimizing the O2-demand and avoiding the establishment of an O2 gradient within the flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Mori
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Benoît Biais
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Bordeaux Functional Genomic Centre, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Maxime Chabane
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - J. William Allwood
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Deborde
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Bordeaux Functional Genomic Centre, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Mickaël Maucourt
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Bordeaux Functional Genomic Centre, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Bordeaux Functional Genomic Centre, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Annick Moing
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Bordeaux Functional Genomic Centre, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Dominique Rolin
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Bordeaux Functional Genomic Centre, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Bordeaux Functional Genomic Centre, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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8
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Colombié S, Beauvoit B, Nazaret C, Bénard C, Vercambre G, Le Gall S, Biais B, Cabasson C, Maucourt M, Bernillon S, Moing A, Dieuaide‐Noubhani M, Mazat J, Gibon Y. Respiration climacteric in tomato fruits elucidated by constraint-based modelling. New Phytol 2017; 213:1726-1739. [PMID: 27861943 PMCID: PMC6079640 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is a model organism to study the development of fleshy fruit including ripening initiation. Unfortunately, few studies deal with the brief phase of accelerated ripening associated with the respiration climacteric because of practical problems involved in measuring fruit respiration. Because constraint-based modelling allows predicting accurate metabolic fluxes, we investigated the respiration and energy dissipation of fruit pericarp at the breaker stage using a detailed stoichiometric model of the respiratory pathway, including alternative oxidase and uncoupling proteins. Assuming steady-state, a metabolic dataset was transformed into constraints to solve the model on a daily basis throughout tomato fruit development. We detected a peak of CO2 released and an excess of energy dissipated at 40 d post anthesis (DPA) just before the onset of ripening coinciding with the respiration climacteric. We demonstrated the unbalanced carbon allocation with the sharp slowdown of accumulation (for syntheses and storage) and the beginning of the degradation of starch and cell wall polysaccharides. Experiments with fruits harvested from plants cultivated under stress conditions confirmed the concept. We conclude that modelling with an accurate metabolic dataset is an efficient tool to bypass the difficulty of measuring fruit respiration and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et PathologieINRAVillenave d'OrnonF‐33883France
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et PathologieINRAVillenave d'OrnonF‐33883France
- Université de Bordeaux146 rue Léo‐SaignatBordeaux CedexF‐33076France
| | - Christine Nazaret
- ENSTBB‐Institut Polytechnique de BordeauxInstitut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux351 Cours de la LiberationTalence33400France
| | - Camille Bénard
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et PathologieINRAVillenave d'OrnonF‐33883France
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture HorticolesINRAAvignon Cedex 9F84914France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, AssemblagesINRANantesF‐44316France
| | - Benoit Biais
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et PathologieINRAVillenave d'OrnonF‐33883France
- Université de Bordeaux146 rue Léo‐SaignatBordeaux CedexF‐33076France
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et PathologieINRAVillenave d'OrnonF‐33883France
- Université de Bordeaux146 rue Léo‐SaignatBordeaux CedexF‐33076France
| | - Mickaël Maucourt
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et PathologieINRAVillenave d'OrnonF‐33883France
- Université de Bordeaux146 rue Léo‐SaignatBordeaux CedexF‐33076France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et PathologieINRAVillenave d'OrnonF‐33883France
| | - Annick Moing
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et PathologieINRAVillenave d'OrnonF‐33883France
| | - Martine Dieuaide‐Noubhani
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et PathologieINRAVillenave d'OrnonF‐33883France
- Université de Bordeaux146 rue Léo‐SaignatBordeaux CedexF‐33076France
| | - Jean‐Pierre Mazat
- Université de Bordeaux146 rue Léo‐SaignatBordeaux CedexF‐33076France
- IBGC‐CNRS1 rue Camille Saint‐SaënsBordeaux CedexF‐33077France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et PathologieINRAVillenave d'OrnonF‐33883France
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9
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Bénard C, Bernillon S, Biais B, Osorio S, Maucourt M, Ballias P, Deborde C, Colombié S, Cabasson C, Jacob D, Vercambre G, Gautier H, Rolin D, Génard M, Fernie AR, Gibon Y, Moing A. Metabolomic profiling in tomato reveals diel compositional changes in fruit affected by source-sink relationships. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:3391-404. [PMID: 25873655 PMCID: PMC4449552 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study of the diurnal compositional changes was performed in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker) leaves and fruits. Plants were cultivated in a commercial greenhouse under two growth conditions: control and shaded. Expanding fruits and the closest mature leaves were harvested during two different day/night cycles (cloudy or sunny day). High-throughput robotized biochemical phenotyping of major compounds, as well as proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry metabolomic profiling, were used to measure the contents of about 70 metabolites in the leaves and 60 metabolites in the fruits, in parallel with ecophysiological measurements. Metabolite data were processed using multivariate, univariate, or clustering analyses and correlation networks. The shaded carbon-limited plants adjusted their leaf area, decreased their sink carbon demand and showed subtle compositional modifications. For source leaves, several metabolites varied along a diel cycle, including those directly linked to photosynthesis and photorespiration. These metabolites peaked at midday in both conditions and diel cycles as expected. However, transitory carbon storage was limited in tomato leaves. In fruits, fewer metabolites showed diel fluctuations, which were also of lower amplitude. Several organic acids were among the fluctuating metabolites. Diel patterns observed in leaves and especially in fruits differed between the cloudy and sunny days, and between the two conditions. Relationships between compositional changes in leaves and fruits are in agreement with the fact that several metabolic processes of the fruit appeared linked to its momentary supply of sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bénard
- INRA, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Benoît Biais
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mickaël Maucourt
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Patricia Ballias
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Catherine Deborde
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Daniel Jacob
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- INRA, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Hélène Gautier
- INRA, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Dominique Rolin
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Michel Génard
- INRA, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yves Gibon
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Annick Moing
- INRA, UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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10
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Hédiji H, Djebali W, Cabasson C, Maucourt M, Baldet P, Bertrand A, Boulila Zoghlami L, Deborde C, Moing A, Brouquisse R, Chaïbi W, Gallusci P. Effects of long-term cadmium exposure on growth and metabolomic profile of tomato plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010; 73:1965-74. [PMID: 20846723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The response of tomato plants to long-term cadmium exposure was evaluated after a 90-days long culture in hydroponic conditions (0, 20, and 100 μM CdCl(2)). Cadmium preferentially accumulated in roots, and to a lower extent in upper parts of plants. Absolute quantification of 28 metabolites was obtained through (1)H NMR, HPLC-PDA, and colorimetric methods. The principal component analysis showed a clear separation between control and Cd treated samples. Proline and total ascorbate amounts were reduced in Cd-treated leaves, whereas α-tocopherol, asparagine, and tyrosine accumulation increased, principally in 100 μM Cd treated leaves. Carotenoid and chlorophyll contents decreased only in 100 μM Cd-mature-leaves, which correlate with a reduced expression of genes essential for isoprenoid and carotenoid accumulations. Our results show that tomato plants acclimatize during long-term exposure to 20 μM Cd. On the contrary, 100μM Cd treatment results in drastic physiological and metabolic perturbations leading to plant growth limitation and fruit set abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hédia Hédiji
- UR Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaires Végétales, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, El Manar, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia
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11
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Horchani F, Gallusci P, Baldet P, Cabasson C, Maucourt M, Rolin D, Aschi-Smiti S, Raymond P. Prolonged root hypoxia induces ammonium accumulation and decreases the nutritional quality of tomato fruits. J Plant Physiol 2008; 165:1352-1359. [PMID: 18180072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Here we examined the effects of root hypoxia (1-2% oxygen) on the physiology of the plant and on the biochemical composition of fruits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) plants submitted to gradual root hypoxia at first flower anthesis. Root hypoxia enhanced nitrate absorption with a concomitant release of nitrite and ammonium into the medium, a reduction of leaf photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll content, and an acceleration of fruit maturation, but did not affect final fruit size. Quantitative metabolic profiling of mature pericarp extracts by (1)H NMR showed that levels of major metabolites including sugars, organic acids and amino acids were not modified. However, ammonium concentration increased dramatically in fruit flesh, and ascorbate and lycopene concentrations decreased. Our data indicate that the unfavorable effects of root hypoxia on fruit quality cannot be explained by two of the well-known effects of root hypoxia on the plant, namely a decrease in photosynthesis or an excess in ethylene production, but may instead result from disturbances in the supply of either growth regulators or ammonium, by the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faouzi Horchani
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, UR d'Ecologie Végétale,Campus Universitaire, Tunis, Tunisia
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12
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Grosser JW, Mourao-Fo FA, Gmitter FG, Louzada ES, Jiang J, Baergen K, Quiros A, Cabasson C, Schell JL, Chandler JL. Allotetraploid hybrids between citrus and seven related genera produced by somatic hybridization. Theor Appl Genet 1996; 92:577-582. [PMID: 24166326 DOI: 10.1007/bf00224561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1995] [Accepted: 11/03/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient protoplast-fusion method to produce somatic hybrid allopolyploid plants that combine Citrus with seven related genera, including four that are sexually incompatible. In this paper we report the creation of 18 new allotetraploid hybrids of Citrus, including ten among sexually incompatible related genera, that may have direct cultivar potential as improved citrus rootstocks. All hybrids were confirmed by cytological and RAPD analyses. If fertile, the attributes of these hybrids may be amenable to further genetic manipulation by breeding at the tetraploid level. Wide somatic hybridization of Citrus via protoplast fusion bypasses biological barriers to the natural allopolyploidization of Citrus, and creates new evolutionary opportunities that would be difficult or impossible to achieve by natural or conventional hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Grosser
- University of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, 33850, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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