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Ten Kate GA, Sanders P, Dijkhuizen L, van Leeuwen SS. Kinetics and products of Thermotoga maritima β-glucosidase with lactose and cellobiose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:349. [PMID: 38809317 PMCID: PMC11136819 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotic compounds that are mainly used in infant formula to mimic bifidogenic effects of mother's milk. They are synthesized by β-galactosidase enzymes in a trans-glycosylation reaction with lactose. Many β-galactosidase enzymes from different sources have been studied, resulting in varying GOS product compositions and yields. The in vivo role of these enzymes is in lactose hydrolysis. Therefore, the best GOS yields were achieved at high lactose concentrations up to 60%wt, which require a relatively high temperature to dissolve. Some thermostable β-glucosidase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria are also capable of using lactose or para nitrophenyl-galactose as a substrate. Here, we describe the use of the β-glucosidase BglA from Thermotoga maritima for synthesis of oligosaccharides derived from lactose and cellobiose and their detailed structural characterization. Also, the BglA enzyme kinetics and yields were determined, showing highest productivity at higher lactose and cellobiose concentrations. The BglA trans-glycosylation/hydrolysis ratio was higher with 57%wt lactose than with a nearly saturated cellobiose (20%wt) solution. The yield of GOS was very high, reaching 72.1%wt GOS from lactose. Structural elucidation of the products showed mainly β(1 → 3) and β(1 → 6) elongating activity, but also some β(1 → 4) elongation was observed. The β-glucosidase BglA from T. maritima was shown to be a very versatile enzyme, producing high yields of oligosaccharides, particularly GOS from lactose. KEY POINTS: • β-Glucosidase of Thermotoga maritima synthesizes GOS from lactose at very high yield. • Thermotoga maritima β-glucosidase has high activity and high thermostability. • Thermotoga maritima β-glucosidase GOS contains mainly (β1-3) and (β1-6) linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert A Ten Kate
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Royal FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818 LE, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Sanders
- Eurofins Expertise Centre for Complex Carbohydrates and Chemistry, PO Box 766, 8440 AT, Heerenveen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- CarbExplore Research BV, Zernikelaan 8, 9747 AA, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S van Leeuwen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, EA30, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Van Hall Larenstein, University of Applied Sciences, Agora 1, P.O. box 1528, 8901 BV, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
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2
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Miao M, Li S, Yang S, Yan Q, Xiang Z, Jiang Z. Engineering the β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae for making lactose-free and no-sugar-added yogurt. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00769-0. [PMID: 38670341 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Yogurt usually contains 5-7% sugar and 3-5% lactose. As β-galactosidases can hydrolyze lactose and improve sweetness, they have the potential to produce lactose-free (LF) and no-sugar-added (NSA) yogurt. In this study, β-galactosidase AoBgal35A from Aspergillus oryzae was engineered by site-saturation mutagenesis. Results of 19 variants of T955 residue showed that lactose hydrolysis rate of T955R-AoBgal35A was up to 90.7%, much higher than 78.5% of the wild type. Moreover, the optimal pH of T955R-AoBgal35A was shifted from pH 4.5 to pH 5.5 and the optimal temperature decreased from 60°C to 50°C. The mutant T955R-AoBgal35A was successfully expressed in Komagatella pastoris, which produced extracellularly 4528 U/mL of β-galactosidase activity. The mutant T955R-AoBgal35A was used to produce LF yogurt. Streptococcus thermophilus counts of LF yogurt increased from 7.9 to 9.5 lg cfu/g, significantly higher than that of the control group (8.9 lg cfu/g). Residual lactose content of LF yogurt was 0.13%, meeting the requirement of "lactose-free" label (<0.5%, GB 28050-2011, China). Furthermore, sugar in yogurt was replaced by whey powder to produce LF-NSA yogurt. The optimal addition content of whey powder was 7.5%. The texture, WHC and titratable acidity of LF and LF-NSA yogurt achieved good stability during the shelf life. Therefore, this study provides an insight for technological implications of β-galactosidases in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao
- Key Laboratory of China National Light Industry and Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shusen Li
- Key Laboratory of China National Light Industry and Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Mengniu Hi-tech Dairy Product Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 101100, China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of China National Light Industry and Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhixuan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of China National Light Industry and Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of China National Light Industry and Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China.
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3
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Alexander R, Dinh S, Schultz G, Ribeiro MP, Lima FV. State and Covariance Estimation of a Semi-Batch Reactor for Bioprocess Applications. Comput Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2023.108180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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4
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Gangaraju D, Raghu AV, Siddalingaiya Gurudutt P. Green synthesis of γ‐aminobutyric acid using permeabilized probiotic
Enterococcus faecium
for biocatalytic application. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Divyashri Gangaraju
- Department of Biotechnology M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology Bengaluru India
| | - Anjanapura V. Raghu
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Technology Jain Deemed‐to‐be University Bengaluru India
| | - Prapulla Siddalingaiya Gurudutt
- Microbiology & Fermentation Technology Department CSIR‐Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR‐CFTRI) Mysuru India
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5
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Iqbal MW, Riaz T, Mahmood S, Liaqat H, Mushtaq A, Khan S, Amin S, Qi X. Recent Advances in the Production, Analysis, and Application of Galacto-Oligosaccharides. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2097255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tahreem Riaz
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shahid Mahmood
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Humna Liaqat
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Anam Mushtaq
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sonia Khan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sabahat Amin
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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6
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Lynch R, Buckin V. Ultrasonic analysis of effects of varying temperature, pH, and proteolytic enzymes on hydrolysis of lactose by neutral lactase formulations in infant milk and in the infant digestive system. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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An Y, Lu W, Li W, Pan L, Lu M, Cesarino I, Li Z, Zeng W. Dietary Fiber in Plant Cell Walls—The Healthy Carbohydrates. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is one of the major classes of nutrients for humans. It is widely distributed in the edible parts of natural plants, with the cell wall being the main DF-containing structure. The DF content varies significantly in different plant species and organs, and the processing procedure can have a dramatic effect on the DF composition of plant-based foods. Given the considerable nutritional value of DF, a deeper understanding of DF in food plants, including its composition and biosynthesis, is fundamental to the establishment of a daily intake reference of DF and is also critical to molecular breeding programs for modifying DF content. In the past decades, plant cell wall biology has seen dramatic progress, and such knowledge is of great potential to be translated into DF-related food science research and may provide future research directions for improving the health benefits of food crops. In this review, to spark interdisciplinary discussions between food science researchers and plant cell wall biologists, we focus on a specific category of DF—cell wall carbohydrates. We first summarize the content and composition of carbohydrate DF in various plant-based foods, and then discuss the structure and biosynthesis mechanism of each carbohydrate DF category, in particular the respective biosynthetic enzymes. Health impacts of DF are highlighted, and finally, future directions of DF research are also briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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de Albuquerque TL, de Sousa M, Gomes E Silva NC, Girão Neto CAC, Gonçalves LRB, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rocha MVP. β-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis: Characterization, production, immobilization and applications - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:881-898. [PMID: 34571129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A review on the enzyme β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis is presented, from the perspective of its structure and mechanisms of action, the main catalyzed reactions, the key factors influencing its activity, and selectivity, as well as the main techniques used for improving the biocatalyst functionality. Particular attention was given to the discussion of hydrolysis, transglycosylation, and galactosylation reactions, which are commonly mediated by this enzyme. In addition, the products generated from these processes were highlighted. Finally, biocatalyst improvement techniques are also discussed, such as enzyme immobilization and protein engineering. On these topics, the most recent immobilization strategies are presented, emphasizing processes that not only allow the recovery of the biocatalyst but also deliver enzymes that show better resistance to high temperatures, chemicals, and inhibitors. In addition, genetic engineering techniques to improve the catalytic properties of the β-galactosidases were reported. This review gathers information to allow the development of biocatalysts based on the β-galactosidase enzyme from K. lactis, aiming to improve existing bioprocesses or develop new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Lima de Albuquerque
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marylane de Sousa
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Natan Câmara Gomes E Silva
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Chaves Girão Neto
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luciana Rocha Barros Gonçalves
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica - CSIC, Campus of excellence UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Maria Valderez Ponte Rocha
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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9
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Contreras-Jácquez V, Grajales-Hernández DA, Armendáriz-Ruiz M, Rodríguez-González J, Valenzuela-Soto EM, Asaff-Torres A, Mateos-Díaz JC. In-Cell Crosslinked Enzymes: Improving Bacillus megaterium whole-cell biocatalyst stability for the decarboxylation of ferulic acid. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Wang G, Sun W, Pei X, Jin Y, Wang H, Tao W, Xiao Z, Liu L, Wang M. Galactooligosaccharide pretreatment alleviates damage of the intestinal barrier and inflammatory responses in LPS-challenged mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:1569-1579. [PMID: 33459741 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) have been identified as beneficial prebiotics for animals and human beings. Most studies have focused on the effect of GOS on the hindgut populated with abundant microbes. However, few research studies have been conducted on the small intestine, and many results are inconsistent due to the purity of GOS, commonly mixed with monosaccharides or lactose. Therefore, pure GOS with definite structures were prepared and used in the present study to evaluate their effects on intestinal barrier function, inflammatory responses and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced in the colon of mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results of 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses indicated that the main structures of GOS with a degree of polymerization of 3 (trisaccharide) and 4 (tetrasaccharide) are [β-Gal-(1 → 6)-β-Gal(1 → 4)-β-Glc] and [β-Gal-(1 → 6)-β-Gal-(1 → 6)-β-Gal-(1 → 4)-β-Glc], respectively. The results of an in vivo study in mice showed that intragastric administration of 0.5 g per kg BW GOS attenuated intestinal barrier damage and inflammatory responses induced by LPS in the jejunum and ileum, as indicated by increasing villus height and villus-to-crypt ratio, up-regulated intestinal tight junction (ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1) gene expression, and down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α gene expression. Nevertheless, the protective effects of GOS on the intestinal barrier are independent of glucagon-like peptide 2. In addition, 0.5 g per kg BW GOS administration promoted the recovery of colonic acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA production reduced by LPS challenge. The obtained results provide practical evidence that pure GOS can act as protective agents for intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Wanjing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Xun Pei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Yuyue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Haidong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Wenjing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiping Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Lujie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Minqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China.
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11
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Schultz G, Alexander R, Lima FV, Giordano RC, Ribeiro MP. Kinetic modeling of the enzymatic synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides: Describing galactobiose formation. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Yañez-Ñeco CV, Cervantes FV, Amaya-Delgado L, Ballesteros AO, Plou FJ, Arrizon J. Synthesis of β(1 → 3) and β(1 → 6) galactooligosaccharides from lactose and whey using a recombinant β-galactosidase from Pantoea anthophila. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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13
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Chourasia R, Abedin MM, Chiring Phukon L, Sahoo D, Singh SP, Rai AK. Biotechnological approaches for the production of designer cheese with improved functionality. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:960-979. [PMID: 33325160 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cheese is a product of ancient biotechnological practices, which has been revolutionized as a functional food product in many parts of the world. Bioactive compounds, such as peptides, polysaccharides, and fatty acids, have been identified in traditional cheese products, which demonstrate functional properties such as antihypertensive, antioxidant, immunomodulation, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Besides, cheese-making probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exert a positive impact on gut health, aiding in digestion, and improved nutrient absorption. Advancement in biotechnological research revealed the potential of metabolite production with prebiotics and bioactive functions in several strains of LAB, yeast, and filamentous fungi. The application of specific biocatalyst producing microbial strains enhances nutraceutical value, resulting in designer cheese products with multifarious health beneficial effects. This review summarizes the biotechnological approaches applied in designing cheese products with improved functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rounak Chourasia
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Md Minhajul Abedin
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Loreni Chiring Phukon
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Dinabandhu Sahoo
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India.,Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir P Singh
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, SAS Nagar, Mohali, India
| | - Amit Kumar Rai
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
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14
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Choi JY, Hong H, Seo H, Pan JG, Kim EJ, Maeng PJ, Yang TH, Kim KJ. High Galacto-Oligosaccharide Production and a Structural Model for Transgalactosylation of β-Galactosidase II from Bacillus circulans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13806-13814. [PMID: 33169609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transgalactosylase activity of β-galactosidase produces galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) with prebiotic effects similar to those of major oligosaccharides in human milk. β-Galactosidases from Bacillus circulans ATCC 31382 are important enzymes in industrial-scale GOS production. Here, we show the high GOS yield of β-galactosidase II from B. circulans (β-Gal-II, Lactazyme-B), compared to other commercial enzymes. We also determine the crystal structure of the five conserved domains of β-Gal-II in an apo-form and complexed with galactose and an acceptor sugar, showing the heterogeneous mode of transgalactosylation by the enzyme. Truncation studies of the five conserved domains reveal that all five domains are essential for enzyme catalysis, while some truncated constructs were still expressed as soluble proteins. Structural comparison of β-Gal-II with other β-galactosidase homologues suggests that the GOS linkage preference of the enzyme might be quite different from other enzymes. The structural information on β-Gal-II might provide molecular insights into the transgalactosylation process of the β-galactosidases in GOS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Youl Choi
- R&D Center, GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwaseok Hong
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Seo
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gu Pan
- R&D Center, GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Joong Kim
- R&D Center, GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Jae Maeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Ho Yang
- R&D Center, GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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15
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Addai FP, Lin F, Wang T, Kosiba AA, Sheng P, Yu F, Gu J, Zhou Y, Shi H. Technical integrative approaches to cheese whey valorization towards sustainable environment. Food Funct 2020; 11:8407-8423. [PMID: 32955061 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01484b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Whey, a byproduct of cheese production, is often treated as an industrial dairy waste. A large volume of this product is disposed of annually due to inadequate bioconversion approaches. With its high pollutant load, disposal without pretreatment has raised a lot of environmental concerns alerting the need to seek optimal methods for adequately extracting and utilizing its organic content. In recent years, several techniques for whey valorization have emerged which may serve as interventionary measures against its environmental effects after disposal. In this review, we discuss five major approaches, by which whey can be converted into eco-friendly products, to significantly cut whey wastage. The approaches to whey valorization are therefore examined under the following perspectives: whey as a raw material for the production of bioethanol and prebiotic oligosaccharides via β-galactosidase and microbe catalyzed reactions, for the production of refined lactose as an excipient for pharmaceutical purposes, and the clinical significance of whey hydrolysates and their antifungal activity in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Peprah Addai
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Anthony A Kosiba
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Pengcheng Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Gu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
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Rutkiewicz M, Wanarska M, Bujacz A. Mapping the Transglycosylation Relevant Sites of Cold-Adapted β-d-Galactosidase from Arthrobacter sp. 32cB. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5354. [PMID: 32731412 PMCID: PMC7432029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidase from Arthrobacter sp. 32cB (ArthβDG) is a cold-adapted enzyme able to catalyze hydrolysis of β-d-galactosides and transglycosylation reaction, where galactosyl moiety is being transferred onto an acceptor larger than a water molecule. Mutants of ArthβDG: D207A and E517Q were designed to determine the significance of specific residues and to enable formation of complexes with lactulose and sucrose and to shed light onto the structural basis of the transglycosylation reaction. The catalytic assays proved loss of function mutation E517 into glutamine and a significant drop of activity for mutation of D207 into alanine. Solving crystal structures of two new mutants, and new complex structures of previously presented mutant E441Q enables description of introduced changes within active site of enzyme and determining the importance of mutated residues for active site size and character. Furthermore, usage of mutants with diminished and abolished enzymatic activity enabled solving six complex structures with galactose, lactulose or sucrose bounds. As a result, not only the galactose binding sites were mapped on the enzyme's surface but also the mode of lactulose, product of transglycosylation reaction, and binding within the enzyme's active site were determined and the glucopyranose binding site in the distal of active site was discovered. The latter two especially show structural details of transglycosylation, providing valuable information that may be used for engineering of ArthβDG or other analogous galactosidases belonging to GH2 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rutkiewicz
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Wanarska
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Anna Bujacz
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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Garcia-Gonzalez M, Minguet-Lobato M, Plou FJ, Fernandez-Lobato M. Molecular characterization and heterologous expression of two α-glucosidases from Metschnikowia spp, both producers of honey sugars. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:140. [PMID: 32652991 PMCID: PMC7353701 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Glucosidases are widely distributed enzymes with a varied substrate specificity that are traditionally used in biotechnological industries based on oligo- and polysaccharides as starting materials. According to amino acid sequence homology, α-glucosidases are included into two major families, GH13 and GH31. The members of family GH13 contain several α-glucosidases with confirmed hydrolytic activity on sucrose. Previously, a sucrose splitting activity from the nectar colonizing yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii which produced rare sugars with α-(1→1), α-(1→3) and α-(1→6) glycosidic linkages from sucrose was described. RESULTS In this study, genes codifying for α-glucosidases from the nectaries yeast M. gruessii and M. reukaufii were characterised and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli for the first time. Recombinant proteins (Mg-αGlu and Mr-αGlu) were purified and biochemically analysed. Both enzymes mainly displayed hydrolytic activity towards sucrose, maltose and p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside. Structural analysis of these proteins allowed the identification of common features from the α-amylase family, in particular from glycoside hydrolases that belong to family GH13. The three acidic residues comprising the catalytic triad were identified and their relevance for the protein hydrolytic mechanism confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. Recombinant enzymes produced oligosaccharides naturally present in honey employing sucrose as initial substrate and gave rise to mixtures with the same products profile (isomelezitose, trehalulose, erlose, melezitose, theanderose and esculose) previously obtained with M. reukaufii cell extracts. Furthermore, the same enzymatic activity was detected with its orthologous Mg-αGlu from M. gruessii. Interestingly, the isomelezitose amounts obtained in reactions mediated by the recombinant proteins, ~ 170 g/L, were the highest reported so far. CONCLUSIONS Mg/Mr-αGlu were heterologously overproduced and their biochemical and structural characteristics analysed. The recombinant α-glucosidases displayed excellent properties in terms of mild reaction conditions, in addition to pH and thermal stability. Besides, the enzymes produced a rare mixture of hetero-gluco-oligosaccharides by transglucosylation, mainly isomelezitose and trehalulose. These compounds are natural constituents of honey which purification from this natural source is quite unviable, what make these enzymes very interesting for the biotechnological industry. Finally, it should be remarked that these sugars have potential applications as food additives due to their suitable sweetness, viscosity and humectant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid. C/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Minguet-Lobato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid. C/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC, C/Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Fernandez-Lobato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid. C/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Füreder V, Rodriguez-Colinas B, Cervantes FV, Fernandez-Arrojo L, Poveda A, Jimenez-Barbero J, Ballesteros AO, Plou FJ. Selective Synthesis of Galactooligosaccharides Containing β(1→3) Linkages with β-Galactosidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum (Saphera). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4930-4938. [PMID: 32279499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transglycosylation activity of a novel commercial β-galactosidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum (Saphera) was evaluated. The optimal conditions for the operation of this enzyme, measured with o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside, were 40 °C and pH around 6.0. Although at low lactose concentrations the property of this enzyme was basically hydrolytic, an increase of lactose concentration to 400 g/L resulted in a significant formation (107.2 g/L, 27% yield) of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS). The maximum amount of GOS was obtained at a lactose conversion of approximately 90%, which contrasts with other β-galactosidases, for which the highest GOS yield is achieved at 40-50% lactose conversion. Using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and 1D and 2D NMR, we determined the structure of most of the GOS synthesized by this enzyme. The main identified products were Gal-β(1→3)-Gal-β(1→4)-Glc (3'-O-β-galactosyl-lactose), Gal-β(1→6)-Glc (allolactose), Gal-β(1→3)-Glc (3-galactosyl-glucose), Gal-β(1→3)-Gal (3-galactobiose), and the tetrasaccharide Gal-β(1→3)-Gal-β(1→3)-Gal-β(1→4)-Glc. In general, B. bifidum β-galactosidase showed a tendency to form β(1→3) linkages followed by β(1→6) and more scarcely β(1→4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Füreder
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara Rodriguez-Colinas
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Poveda
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Jesus Jimenez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Plou
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Effects of oral butyrate and inulin supplementation on inflammation-induced pyroptosis pathway in type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cytokine 2020; 131:155101. [PMID: 32315958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pyroptosis, a form of inflammatory programmed cell death, is activated in diabetic patients. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of daily consumption of sodium butyrate (NaBut) and high-performance (HP) inulin supplementation, individually or in combination, on the expression of pyroptosis-related genes, microRNA (miR) 146a-5p, miR-9-5p and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical involving sixty patients with type 2 diabetes. Participants received 600 mg/d of NaBut (group A), 10 g/d of HP inulin (group B), 600 mg/d of NaBut + 10 g/d of HP inulin (group C) or placebo (group D) for 45 consecutive days. We assessed the pyroptosis-related genes mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), as well as the plasmatic levels of miR-146a and miR-9 before and after the intervention. Moreover, blood samples of the patients at baseline and following the intervention were tested for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This study was registered on the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials website (identifier: IRCT201605262017N29; https://www.irct.ir/). RESULTS Following butyrate supplementation, the relative expression levels of TLR2/4, NF-κB1, Caspase-1, NLRP3, IL-1β & IL-18 were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). Furthermore, butyrate and concomitant use of butyrate and inulin caused a significant increase in the fold change of miR-146a and miR-9 compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the changes in total antioxidant capacity (p = 0.047) and superoxide dismutase (p = 0.006) were significantly increased after butyrate and concomitant use of butyrate and inulin supplement, respectively. CONCLUSION In summary, the change in expression level of miR-146a-5p and miR-9-5p due to butyrate supplementation may have a pivotal role in alleviating of diabetes via inhibiting pyroptosis by targeting TLR2 and NF-κB1. These microRNAs might be considered as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes but further researches is required to prove the link.
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20
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Deng P, Meng C, Wu Y, Xu J, Tang X, Zhang X, Xiao Y, Wang X, Fang Z, Fang W. An unusual GH1 β-glucosidase from marine sediment with β-galactosidase and transglycosidation activities for superior galacto-oligosaccharide synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4927-4943. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Kim DH, Liu JJ, Lee JW, Pelton JG, Yun EJ, Yu S, Jin YS, Kim KH. Biological upgrading of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose from agarose to a new platform chemical. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2020; 22:1776-1785. [PMID: 33790689 PMCID: PMC8009285 DOI: 10.1039/c9gc04265b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the utilization of renewable biomass instead of fossil fuels for producing fuels and chemicals is receiving much attention due to the global climate change. Among renewable biomass, marine algae are gaining importance as third generation biomass feedstocks owing to their advantages over lignocellulose. Particularly, red macroalgae have higher carbohydrate contents and simpler carbohydrate compositions than other marine algae. In red macroalgal carbphydrates, 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (AHG) is the main sugar composing agarose along with D-galactose. However, AHG is not a common sugar and is chemically unstable. Thus, not only AHG but also red macroalgal biomass itself cannot be efficiently converted or utilized. Here, we biologically upgraded AHG to a new platform chemical, its sugar alcohol form, 3,6-anhydro-l-galactitol (AHGol), an anhydrohexitol. To accomplish this, we devised an integrated process encompassing a chemical hydrolysis process for producing agarobiose (AB) from agarose and a biological process for converting AB to AHGol using metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to efficiently produce AHGol from agarose with high titers and yields. AHGol was also converted to an intermediate chemical for plastics, isosorbide. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of upgrading a red macroalgal biomass component to a platform chemical via a new biological route, by using an engineered microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Eun Ju Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Sora Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- Corresponding authors: Kyoung Heon Kim () and Yong-Su Jin ()
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
- Corresponding authors: Kyoung Heon Kim () and Yong-Su Jin ()
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Production of galactooligosaccharides using various combinations of the commercial β-galactosidases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:762-766. [PMID: 31395344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are currently attracting considerable interest as prebiotic substances and can be prepared by transgalactosylation reactions from lactose using β-galactosidase. We applied various combinations of the commercial β-galactosidases, such as Nola Fit 5500, Saphera 2600 L, Maxilact LGI 5000 and Maxilact A4 MG to achieve the highest yield of GOS and reduced lactose content. The combination of the Maxilact LGI 5000 and Nola Fit 5500 resulted in amount of GOS 105 g L-1 with lactose content lower than 5 g L-1, whilst the combination of the Maxilact A4 MG and Maxilact LGI 5000 enzymes led to an increase in GOS to 141,1 g L-1 and decrease of the lactose content to 46,9 g L-1. The combination of enzymes produced a higher yield of GOS, reduced the concentration of lactose, eventually, increases the efficiency of galactooligosaccharides purification that could be potentially used in the further investigations.
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23
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24
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Evidence of the production of galactooligosaccharide from whey permeate by the microalgae Tetradesmus obliquus. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Rai AK, Pandey A, Sahoo D. Biotechnological potential of yeasts in functional food industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Liu P, Wang W, Zhao J, Wei D. Screening novel β-galactosidases from a sequence-based metagenome and characterization of an alkaline β-galactosidase for the enzymatic synthesis of galactooligosaccharides. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 155:104-111. [PMID: 30529535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
βgalactosidases have wide industrial applications in lactose hydrolysis and transglycosylation reactions. Therefore, there is a need to mine novel and high-quality β-galactosidases with good tolerance and novel features from harsh environments and genomic databases. In this study, an Escherichia coli β-galactosidase-deficient host, ΔlacZ(DE3)pRARE, was constructed by the CRISPR-Cas9 system for screening active β-galactosidases. Of thirty selected β-galactosidases, twelve novel enzymes showed β-galactosidase activity, four of which were purified for further study. BGal_375 exhibited maximal activity at pH 8 and 50 °C. The concentrations of two types of galactooligosaccharides, tri- and tetra-saccharides, produced by BGal_375, reached 64.53 g/l and 8.32 g/l, respectively. BGal_375 displayed a Km value of 1.65 mM and kcat value of 53 s-1 for p-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (pNPG). BGal_137, BGal_144-3, and BGal_145-2 showed promising hydrolytic activity for pNPG. BGal_137 is a homodimer while BGal_144-3, BGal_145-2, and BGal_375 were all monomeric. This study provided an efficient solution for the identification of new β-galactosidases from metagenomic data, and an alkaline β-galactosidase efficient for the synthesis of galactooligosaccharides was obtained, which is important for potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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27
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Santos-Moriano P, Kidibule PE, Alleyne E, Ballesteros AO, Heras A, Fernandez-Lobato M, Plou FJ. Efficient conversion of chitosan into chitooligosaccharides by a chitosanolytic activity from Bacillus thuringiensis. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Biocatalytic strategies in the production of galacto-oligosaccharides and its global status. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:667-679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Genome-Wide Comparison Reveals a Probiotic Strain Lactococcus Lactis WFLU12 Isolated from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Olive Flounder (Paralichthys Olivaceus) Harboring Genes Supporting Probiotic Action. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16050140. [PMID: 29695124 PMCID: PMC5983272 DOI: 10.3390/md16050140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that dietary supplementation with Lactococcus lactis WFLU12 can enhance the growth of olive flounder and its resistance against streptococcal infection. The objective of the present study was to use comparative genomics tools to investigate genomic characteristics of strain WFLU12 and the presence of genes supporting its probiotic action using sequenced genomes of L. lactis strains. Dispensable and singleton genes of strain WFLU12 were found to be more enriched in genes associated with metabolism (e.g., energy production and conversion, and carbohydrate transport and metabolism) than pooled dispensable and singleton genes in other L. lactis strains, reflecting WFLU12 strain-specific ecosystem origin and its ability to metabolize different energy sources. Strain WFLU12 produced antimicrobial compounds that could inhibit several bacterial fish pathogens. It possessed the nisin gene cluster (nisZBTCIPRKFEG) and genes encoding lysozyme and colicin V. However, only three other strains (CV56, IO-1, and SO) harbor a complete nisin gene cluster. We also found that L. lactis WFLU12 possessed many other important functional genes involved in stress responses to the gastrointestinal tract environment, dietary energy extraction, and metabolism to support the probiotic action of this strain found in our previous study. This strongly indicates that not all L. lactis strains can be used as probiotics. This study highlights comparative genomics approaches as very useful and powerful tools to select probiotic candidates and predict their probiotic effects.
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Kjeldsen C, Ardenkjær-Larsen JH, Duus JØ. Discovery of Intermediates of lacZ β-Galactosidase Catalyzed Hydrolysis Using dDNP NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3030-3034. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kjeldsen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical
Engineering, Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjær-Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical
Engineering, Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Ø. Duus
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical
Engineering, Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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31
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Santibáñez L, Guerrero C, Illanes A. Raw galacto-oligosaccharide purification by consecutive lactose hydrolysis and selective bioconversion. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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32
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Overexpression of both the lactase gene and its transcriptional activator gene greatly enhances lactase production by Kluyveromyces marxianus. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Galactooligosaccharide Production from Pantoea anthophila Strains Isolated from “Tejuino”, a Mexican Traditional Fermented Beverage. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7080242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Wojciechowska A, Klewicki R, Sójka M, Grzelak-Błaszczyk K. Application of Transgalactosylation Activity of β-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis for the Synthesis of Ascorbic Acid Galactoside. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:386-400. [PMID: 28707051 PMCID: PMC5756576 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In view of a commonly known beneficial role and low stability of ascorbic acid, many efforts are constantly undertaken to produce its improved derivatives. This paper presents results on the synthesis of ascorbic acid galactoside using transgalactosylation properties of β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis and lactose as a donor of galactosyl moiety. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of selected factors (concentration and molar ratio of substrates, amount of the enzyme preparation, pH of the solution, presence of different ions) on the course of transgalactosylation reaction. Research has shown that approx. 2.5% dry matter (d.m.; 12.7 g/L) of ascorbic acid galactoside is formed under favourable conditions (50% (w/v) substrates, sodium ascorbate and lactose at the molar ratio of 1.9:1, enzyme dose of 28,600 U/100 g lactose, pH = 7.0). The addition of Mg2+ or K+ ions to the reaction medium caused an increase in the final product content (even up to approx. 3.4% d.m., 17.2 g/L), while Na+ or Mn2+ had an adverse impact on the yield. The gathered data may be valuable for cosmetic or food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wojciechowska
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Robert Klewicki
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Łódź, Poland
| | - Michał Sójka
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grzelak-Błaszczyk
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Łódź, Poland
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Reaction kinetics and galactooligosaccharide product profiles of the β-galactosidases from Bacillus circulans, Kluyveromyces lactis and Aspergillus oryzae. Food Chem 2017; 225:230-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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González-Delgado I, Segura Y, Morales G, López-Muñoz MJ. Production of High Galacto-oligosaccharides by Pectinex Ultra SP-L: Optimization of Reaction Conditions and Immobilization on Glyoxyl-Functionalized Silica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1649-1658. [PMID: 28176525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A rational optimization for the synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose catalyzed by β-galactosidase from Aspergillus aculeatus, included in the commercial product Pectinex Ultra SP-L, has been performed by using experimental design and surface response methodology. This accurate tool optimized empirical production of the most desired high-GOS (tri-GOS and tetra-GOS) up to 16.4% under the following reaction conditions: 59 °C, 4 U/mL free enzyme concentration, pH 6.5, 250 g/L initial lactose concentration, and 20 h of reaction. The statistical analysis revealed temperature and initial lactose concentration as critical parameters. The successful immobilization of the enzyme on a glyoxyl-functionalized porous silica support slightly increased the yield toward high-GOS (17.6%), especially tri-GOS yield (15.3%), under the optimized reaction conditions as compared to the free enzyme. Furthermore, the promotion of the transgalactosylation reaction toward tri-GOS production increased 1.5-fold the productivity of high-GOS as compared to the free enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel González-Delgado
- Department of Chemical and Energy Technology, Chemical and Environmental Technology, Mechanical Technology and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Segura
- Department of Chemical and Energy Technology, Chemical and Environmental Technology, Mechanical Technology and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Morales
- Department of Chemical and Energy Technology, Chemical and Environmental Technology, Mechanical Technology and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José López-Muñoz
- Department of Chemical and Energy Technology, Chemical and Environmental Technology, Mechanical Technology and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Yin H, Pijning T, Meng X, Dijkhuizen L, van Leeuwen SS. Engineering of the Bacillus circulans β-Galactosidase Product Specificity. Biochemistry 2017; 56:704-711. [PMID: 28092444 PMCID: PMC5330655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial β-galactosidase enzymes are widely used as biocatalysts in industry to produce prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose. GOS mixtures are used as beneficial additives in infant formula to mimic the prebiotic effects of human milk oligosaccharides (hMOS). The structural variety in GOS mixtures is significantly lower than in hMOS. Since this structural complexity is considered as the basis for the multiple biological functions of hMOS, it is important to broaden the variety of GOS structures. In this study, residue R484 near +1 subsite of the C-terminally truncated β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans (BgaD-D) was subjected to site saturation mutagenesis. Especially the R484S and R484H mutant enzymes displayed significantly altered enzyme specificity, leading to a new type of GOS mixture with altered structures and linkage types. The GOS mixtures produced by these mutant enzymes contained 14 structures that were not present in the wild-type enzyme GOS mixture; 10 of these are completely new structures. The GOS produced by these mutant enzymes contained a combination of (β1 → 3) and (β1 → 4) linkages, while the wild-type enzyme has a clear preference toward (β1 → 4) linkages. The yield of the trisaccharide β-d-Galp-(1 → 3)-β-d-Galp-(1 → 4)-d-Glcp produced by mutants R484S and R484H increased 50 times compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. These results indicate that residue R484 is crucial for the linkage specificity of BgaD-D. This is the first study showing that β-galactosidase enzyme engineering results in an altered GOS linkage specificity and product mixture. The more diverse GOS mixtures produced by these engineered enzymes may find industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yin
- Microbial Physiology and Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjaard Pijning
- Microbial Physiology and Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- Microbial Physiology and Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology and Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S. van Leeuwen
- Microbial Physiology and Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Talens-Perales D, Górska A, Huson DH, Polaina J, Marín-Navarro J. Analysis of Domain Architecture and Phylogenetics of Family 2 Glycoside Hydrolases (GH2). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168035. [PMID: 27930742 PMCID: PMC5145203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we report a detailed analysis of the topology and phylogenetics of family 2 glycoside hydrolases (GH2). We distinguish five topologies or domain architectures based on the presence and distribution of protein domains defined in Pfam and Interpro databases. All of them share a central TIM barrel (catalytic module) with two β-sandwich domains (non-catalytic) at the N-terminal end, but differ in the occurrence and nature of additional non-catalytic modules at the C-terminal region. Phylogenetic analysis was based on the sequence of the Pfam Glyco_hydro_2_C catalytic module present in most GH2 proteins. Our results led us to propose a model in which evolutionary diversity of GH2 enzymes is driven by the addition of different non-catalytic domains at the C-terminal region. This model accounts for the divergence of β-galactosidases from β-glucuronidases, the diversification of β-galactosidases with different transglycosylation specificities, and the emergence of bicistronic β-galactosidases. This study also allows the identification of groups of functionally uncharacterized protein sequences with potential biotechnological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Talens-Perales
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Górska
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel H. Huson
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julio Polaina
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Marín-Navarro
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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41
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Continuous Packed Bed Reactor with Immobilized β-Galactosidase for Production of Galactooligosaccharides (GOS). Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6120189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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González-Delgado I, López-Muñoz MJ, Morales G, Segura Y. Optimisation of the synthesis of high galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose with β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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An J, Zhang L, Li L, Liu D, Cheng H, Wang H, Nawaz MZ, Cheng H, Deng Z. An Alternative Approach to Synthesizing Galactooligosaccharides by Cell-Surface Display of β-Galactosidase on Yarrowia lipolytica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3819-3827. [PMID: 27090877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An alternative strategy for synthesizing galactooligosaccharides (GOS) from an erythritol-producing yeast Yarrowia lipolytica using surface display technology was demonstrated. The engineered strain CGMCC11369 was developed by fusion of the β-galactosidase gene from Aspergillus oryzae to the YlPir1 gene, which codes for a cell wall protein. β-Galactosidase was effectively displayed on the cell surface of Yarrowia lipolytica start strain CGMCC7326. This engineered strain with surface-displayed β-galactosidase efficiently synthesized GOS from lactose. An amount of 160 g/L GOS was produced within 6 h in a solution of 500 g/L lactose and 5 mg/mL cell (dry weight) at pH 5.5 and 60 °C, with a yield of 51% of consumed lactose monohydrate. This newly developed method was applied with waste yeast paste from erythritol industry at least 10 times. The optimal reaction temperature increased to 60 °C, about 20 °C higher than that of free β-galactosidase, which was helpful for enhancing the reaction rate and GOS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin An
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dawen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huiling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hengwei Wang
- Innovation & Application Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Nawaz
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
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44
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Development of a continuous membrane reactor process for enzyme-catalyzed lactulose synthesis. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Talens-Perales D, Polaina J, Marín-Navarro J. Structural Dissection of the Active Site of Thermotoga maritima β-Galactosidase Identifies Key Residues for Transglycosylating Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2917-2924. [PMID: 26998654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases, specifically β-galactosidases, can be used to synthesize galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) due to the transglycosylating (secondary) activity of these enzymes. Site-directed mutagenesis of a thermoresistant β-galactosidase from Thermotoga maritima has been carried out to study the structural basis of transgalactosylation and to obtain enzymatic variants with better performance for GOS biosynthesis. Rational design of mutations was based on homologous sequence analysis and structural modeling. Analysis of mutant enzymes indicated that residue W959, or an alternative aromatic residue at this position, is critical for the synthesis of β-3'-galactosyl-lactose, the major GOS obtained with the wild-type enzyme. Mutants W959A and W959C, but not W959F, showed an 80% reduced synthesis of this GOS. Other substitutions, N574S, N574A, and F571L, increased the synthesis of β-3'-galactosyl-lactose about 40%. Double mutants F571L/N574S and F571L/N574A showed an increase of about 2-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Talens-Perales
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC , Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Polaina
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC , Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Marín-Navarro
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC , Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Hassan N, Geiger B, Gandini R, Patel BKC, Kittl R, Haltrich D, Nguyen TH, Divne C, Tan TC. Engineering a thermostable Halothermothrix orenii β-glucosidase for improved galacto-oligosaccharide synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3533-43. [PMID: 26621798 PMCID: PMC4803828 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactose is produced in large amounts as a by-product from the dairy industry. This inexpensive disaccharide can be converted to more useful value-added products such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) by transgalactosylation reactions with retaining β-galactosidases (BGALs) being normally used for this purpose. Hydrolysis is always competing with the transglycosylation reaction, and hence, the yields of GOSs can be too low for industrial use. We have reported that a β-glucosidase from Halothermothrix orenii (HoBGLA) shows promising characteristics for lactose conversion and GOS synthesis. Here, we engineered HoBGLA to investigate the possibility to further improve lactose conversion and GOS production. Five variants that targeted the glycone (-1) and aglycone (+1) subsites (N222F, N294T, F417S, F417Y, and Y296F) were designed and expressed. All variants show significantly impaired catalytic activity with cellobiose and lactose as substrates. Particularly, F417S is hydrolytically crippled with cellobiose as substrate with a 1000-fold decrease in apparent k cat, but to a lesser extent affected when catalyzing hydrolysis of lactose (47-fold lower k cat). This large selective effect on cellobiose hydrolysis is manifested as a change in substrate selectivity from cellobiose to lactose. The least affected variant is F417Y, which retains the capacity to hydrolyze both cellobiose and lactose with the same relative substrate selectivity as the wild type, but with ~10-fold lower turnover numbers. Thin-layer chromatography results show that this effect is accompanied by synthesis of a particular GOS product in higher yields by Y296F and F417S compared with the other variants, whereas the variant F417Y produces a higher yield of total GOSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hassan
- AlbaNova University Center, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Geiger
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rosaria Gandini
- AlbaNova University Center, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheelelaboratoriet, Scheeles väg 2, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bharat K C Patel
- Microbial Gene Research and Resources Facility, School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Roman Kittl
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thu-Ha Nguyen
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Divne
- AlbaNova University Center, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheelelaboratoriet, Scheeles väg 2, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tien Chye Tan
- AlbaNova University Center, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheelelaboratoriet, Scheeles väg 2, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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47
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Endo A, Nakamura S, Konishi K, Nakagawa J, Tochio T. Variations in prebiotic oligosaccharide fermentation by intestinal lactic acid bacteria. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:125-32. [PMID: 26888650 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2016.1147019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prebiotic oligosaccharides confer health benefits on the host by modulating the gut microbiota. Intestinal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are potential targets of prebiotics; however, the metabolism of oligosaccharides by LAB has not been fully characterized. Here, we studied the metabolism of eight oligosaccharides by 19 strains of intestinal LAB. Among the eight oligosaccharides used, 1-kestose, lactosucrose and galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) led to the greatest increases in the numbers of the strains tested. However, mono- and disaccharides accounted for more than half of the GOSs used, and several strains only metabolized the mono- and di-saccharides in GOSs. End product profiles indicated that the amounts of lactate produced were generally consistent with the bacterial growth recorded. Oligosaccharide profiling revealed the interesting metabolic manner in Lactobacillus paracasei strains, which metabolized all oligosaccharides, but left sucrose when cultured with fructooligosaccharides. The present study clearly indicated that the prebiotic potential of each oligosaccharide differs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Endo
- a Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry , Tokyo University of Agriculture , Abashiri , Japan
| | | | | | - Junichi Nakagawa
- a Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry , Tokyo University of Agriculture , Abashiri , Japan
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Satar R, Ismail SA, Rehan M, Ansari SA. Elucidating the binding efficacy of β-galactosidase on graphene by docking approach and its potential application in galacto-oligosaccharide production. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:807-14. [PMID: 26861556 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we propose the synthesis and characterization of graphene for the immobilization of β-galactosidase for improved galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) production. The size of synthesized graphene was observed to be 25 nm by TEM analysis while interaction of enzyme with the nanosupport was observed by FTIR spectroscopy. Docking was obtained using molecular docking program Dock v.6.5 while the visual analyses and illustration of protein-ligand complex were investigated by utilizing chimera v.1.6.2 and PyMOL v.1.3 softwares. Immobilized β-galactosidase (IβG) showed improved stability against various physical and chemical denaturants. Km of IβG was increased to 6.41 mM as compared to 2.38 mM of soluble enzyme without bringing significant change in Vmax value. Maximum GOS content also registered an increase in lactose conversion. The maximum GOS production was achieved by immobilized enzyme at specific temperature and time. Hence, the developed nanosupport can be further exploited for developing a biosensor involving β-galactosidase or for immobilization of other industrially/therapeutically important enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Satar
- Department of Biochemistry, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Rehan
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Ansari
- Center of Excellence in Genomic and Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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49
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Srivastava A, Mishra S, Chand S. Synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides from lactose using immobilized cells of Kluyveromyces marxianus NCIM 3551. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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50
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Wang J, Guleria S, Koffas MA, Yan Y. Microbial production of value-added nutraceuticals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 37:97-104. [PMID: 26716360 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are important natural bioactive compounds that confer health-promoting and medical benefits to humans. Globally growing demands for value-added nutraceuticals for prevention and treatment of human diseases have rendered nutraceuticals a multi-billion dollar market. However, supply limitations and extraction difficulties from natural sources such as plants, animals or fungi, restrict the large-scale use of nutraceuticals. Metabolic engineering via microbial production platforms has been advanced as an eco-friendly alternative approach for production of value-added nutraceuticals from simple carbon sources. Microbial platforms like the most widely used Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been engineered as versatile cell factories for production of diverse and complex value-added chemicals such as phytochemicals, prebiotics, polysaccaharides and poly amino acids. This review highlights the recent progresses in biological production of value-added nutraceuticals via metabolic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sanjay Guleria
- Division of Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Main Campus Chatha-180009, Jammu, India
| | - Mattheos Ag Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies (CBIS), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8(th) Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States; Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies (CBIS), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8(th) Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States.
| | - Yajun Yan
- BioChemical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.
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