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Manickasamy MK, Jayaprakash S, Girisa S, Kumar A, Lam HY, Okina E, Eng H, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Sethi G, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara AB. Delineating the role of nuclear receptors in colorectal cancer, a focused review. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:41. [PMID: 38372868 PMCID: PMC10876515 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as one of the most prevalent form of cancer globally, causing a significant number of deaths, surpassing 0.9 million in the year 2020. According to GLOBOCAN 2020, CRC ranks third in incidence and second in mortality in both males and females. Despite extensive studies over the years, there is still a need to establish novel therapeutic targets to enhance the patients' survival rate in CRC. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors (TFs) that regulate numerous essential biological processes such as differentiation, development, physiology, reproduction, and cellular metabolism. Dysregulation and anomalous expression of different NRs has led to multiple alterations, such as impaired signaling cascades, mutations, and epigenetic changes, leading to various diseases, including cancer. It has been observed that differential expression of various NRs might lead to the initiation and progression of CRC, and are correlated with poor survival outcomes in CRC patients. Despite numerous studies on the mechanism and role of NRs in this cancer, it remains of significant scientific interest primarily due to the diverse functions that various NRs exhibit in regulating key hallmarks of this cancer. Thus, modulating the expression of NRs with their agonists and antagonists, based on their expression levels, holds an immense prospect in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutical modalities of CRC. In this review, we primarily focus on the role and mechanism of NRs in the pathogenesis of CRC and emphasized the significance of targeting these NRs using a variety of agents, which may represent a novel and effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Manickasamy
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sujitha Jayaprakash
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Hiu Yan Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Elena Okina
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Huiyan Eng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore.
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Cai M, Feng J, Wang J, Chen P, Ge Z, Liu W, Sun P, Wu L, Wu J. Characterization of Various Noncovalent Polyphenol-Starch Complexes and Their Prebiotic Activities during In Vitro Digestion and Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2250-2262. [PMID: 38235718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the structural characterization of six noncovalent polyphenol-starch complexes and their prebiotic activities during in vitro digestion and fermentation. Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, isoquercetin, astragalin, and hyperin were complexed with sweet potato starch (SPS). The polyphenols exhibited high binding capacity (>70%) with SPS. A partial release of flavonoids from the complexes was observed via in vitro digestion, while the phenolic acids remained tightly bound. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation revealed that polyphenols altered the spatial configuration of polysaccharides and intramolecular hydrogen bonds formed. Additionally, polyphenol-SPS complexes exerted inhibitory effects on starch digestion compared to gelatinized SPS, owing to the increase in resistant starch fraction. It revealed that the different complexes stimulated the growth of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum, while inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli. Moreover, in vitro fermentation experiments revealed that complexes were utilized by the gut microbiota, resulting in the production of short-chain fatty acids and a decrease in pH. In addition, the polyphenol-SPS complexes altered the composition of gut microbiota by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and decreasing pathogenic bacteria. Polyphenol-SPS complexes exhibit great potential for use as a prebiotic and exert dual beneficial effects on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jicai Feng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Ge
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilong Sun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Liehong Wu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyong Wu
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, People's Republic of China
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Li F, Zeng K, Ming J. Lowering glycemic levels via gastrointestinal tract factors: the roles of dietary fiber, polyphenols, and their combination. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-37. [PMID: 37966135 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2278169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) and polyphenols (DP) are typical blood sugar-lowering components, and both play distinct yet interconnected roles in exerting their blood sugar-lowering effects. We comprehensively summarized the single and combined effects of DF and DP on blood glucose homeostasis through regulating the relevant factors in the upper gastrointestinal tract (UGT) and lower gastrointestinal tract (LGT). In the UGT, DF slowed down glucose metabolism by enhancing digesta viscosity and hindering enzyme-substrate interaction. DP primarily targeted enzymes and substrates. When combined, DP enhanced the adsorption capacity of DF for glucose. DF weakened DP's inhibitory effect on enzymes. Both DF and DP disrupted glucose intestinal uptake via physical or genomic modulation, but the co-consumption of DF and DP demonstrated a lower inhibitory effect on glucose uptake than DP alone. In the LGT, DF and DP showed synergistic or antagonistic effects on gut microbiota. Remarkably, whole foods exhibited potent prebiotic effects due to their compound-rich matrix, potentially enhancing glucose homeostasis and expanding dietary options for glucose regulation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Research Group Food Chem and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaifang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ming
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Wu Q, Zhang F, Niu M, Yan J, Shi L, Liang Y, Tan J, Xu Y, Xu J, Wang J, Feng N. Extraction Methods, Properties, Functions, and Interactions with Other Nutrients of Lotus Procyanidins: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14413-14431. [PMID: 37754221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Lotus procyanidins, natural polyphenolic compounds isolated from the lotus plant family, are widely recognized as potent antioxidants that scavenge free radicals in the human body and exhibit various pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiobesity, and hypoglycemic. With promising applications in food and healthcare, lotus procyanidins have attracted extensive attention in recent years. This review provides a comprehensive summary of current research on lotus procyanidins, including extraction methods, properties, functions, and interactions with other nutrient components. Furthermore, this review offers an outlook on future research directions, providing ideas and references for the exploitation and utilization of lotus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Mengyao Niu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Jia Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Wuhan Caidian District Public Inspection and Testing Center, Wuhan, Hubei 430100, China
| | - Yinggang Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Jiangying Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Pinyuan (Suizhou) Modern Agriculture Development Co., Ltd., Suizhou, Hubei 441300, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Nianjie Feng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
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Zhang XL, Zhang XF, Fang Y, Li ML, Shu R, Gong Y, Luo HY, Tian Y. A possible genetic association between obesity and colon cancer in females. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1189570. [PMID: 37711894 PMCID: PMC10497871 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1189570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Object There is mounting clinical evidence that an increase in obesity is linked to an increase in cancer incidence and mortality. Although studies have shown a link between obesity and colon cancer, the particular mechanism of the interaction between obesity and colon cancer in females remains unknown. The goal of this work is to use bioinformatics to elucidate the genetic link between obesity and colon cancer in females and to investigate probable molecular mechanisms. Methods GSE44076 and GSE199063 microarray datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. In the two microarray datasets and healthy controls, the online tool GEO2R was utilized to investigate the differential genes between obesity and colon cancer. The differential genes (DEGs) identified in the two investigations were combined. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment studies were performed on the DEGs. The STRING database and Cytoscape software were then used to build protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to discover hub genes. NetworkAnalyst was also used to build networks of target microRNAs (miRNAs) and hub genes, as well as networks of transcriptions. Results Between the two datasets, 146 DEGs were shared. The DEGs are primarily enriched in inflammatory and immune-related pathways, according to GO analysis and KEGG. 14 hub genes were identified via PPI building using the Cytoscape software's MCODE and CytoNCA plug-ins: TYROBP, CD44, BGN, FCGR3A, CD53, CXCR4, FN1, SPP1, IGF1, CCND1, MMP9, IL2RG, IL6 and CTGF. Key transcription factors for these hub genes include WRNIP1, ATF1, CBFB, and NR2F6. Key miRNAs for these hub genes include hsa-mir-1-3p, hsa-mir-26b-5p, hsa-mir-164a-5p and hsa-mir-9-5p. Conclusion Our research provides evidence that changed genes are shared by female patients with colon cancer and obesity. Through pathways connected to inflammation and the immune system, these genes play significant roles in the emergence of both diseases. We created a network between hub genes and miRNAs that target transcription factors, which may offer suggestions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-li Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xin-feng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Meng-li Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ruo Shu
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hua-you Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Site-selective and stochastic spin labelling of neutral water-soluble dietary fibers optimized for electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 293:119724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Liu X, Yin J, Li X, Zhang X, Xing X, Wang J, Wang S. Differential Protective Effect of Resveratrol and Its Microbial Metabolites on Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction is Mediated by the AMPK Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11301-11313. [PMID: 36066018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of resveratrol (RES) on intestinal barrier dysfunction and colitis has been extensively studied. However, the specific effects of its microbial metabolites on gut barrier function remain unclear. Hence, we compared the protective effects of RES and its microbial metabolites dihydroresveratrol (DHR) and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid (4HPP) against intestinal barrier injury and colitis. Only 4HPP and RES significantly reduced paracellular permeability and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated intestinal Caco-2 cells, which was consistent with the upregulation in tight junction (TJ) proteins. Furthermore, RES and 4HPP ameliorated intestinal barrier dysfunction and colonic inflammation in colitis mice, while DHR did not. In particular, the expressions of intestinal TJ proteins and Muc2 were restored by RES and 4HPP. The molecular mechanism involved the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated activation of CDX2 and the regulation of the SIRT1/NF-κB pathway. These findings provide new insights into understanding the protective effects of RES against intestinal barrier damage and colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaolong Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Cruciferous Vegetables and Their Bioactive Metabolites: from Prevention to Novel Therapies of Colorectal Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1534083. [PMID: 35449807 PMCID: PMC9017484 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1534083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Brassicaceae family, known as cruciferous vegetables, includes many economically important species, mainly edible oil plants, vegetable species, spice plants, and feed plants. Cruciferous vegetables are foods rich in nutritive composition and are also a good source of dietary fiber. Besides, cruciferous vegetables contain various bioactive chemicals known as glucosinolates and S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, including sulphur-containing cancer-protective chemicals. Numerous studies have reported that daily intake of sulphurous vegetables helps prevent cancer formation and reduces cancer incidence, especially in colorectal cancer, through various mechanisms. The potential mechanisms of these compounds in preventing cancer in experimental studies are as follows: protecting cells against DNA damage, inactivating carcinogenic substances, showing antiviral and antibacterial effects, triggering apoptosis in cells with disrupted structure, inhibiting tumour cell migration causing metastasis and the development of tumour-feeding vessels (angiogenesis). These beneficial anticancer effects of cruciferous vegetables are generally associated with glucosinolates in their composition and some secondary metabolites, as well as other phenolic compounds, seed oils, and dietary fiber in the literature. This review aims to examine to the roles of cruciferous vegetables and their important bioactive metabolites in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Dziki D, Tarasiuk W, Gawlik-Dziki U. Micronized Oat Husk: Particle Size Distribution, Phenolic Acid Profile and Antioxidant Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5443. [PMID: 34576663 PMCID: PMC8466620 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oat husk (OH; hull) is a by-product generated from oat processing and is rich in insoluble fibre and phenolic compounds. The aim of this work was to study the particle size distribution, antioxidant activity, and phenolic profile of micronized OH. For this purpose, the hull was first sterilized using superheated steam and was then ground using an impact classifier mill. The particle size distribution (PSD) of the ground husk was determined using the laser diffraction method and the parameters characterizing the PSD of the ground husk, and its antioxidant activity were calculated. In addition, UPLC-MS/MS analysis of phenolic acids was also performed. Micronization of the sterilized husk effectively decreased the size of the particles, and with the increasing speed of the rotor and classifier, the median size of the particles (d50) decreased from 63.8 to 16.7 µm. The following phenolic acids were identified in OH: ferulic, caffeic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic, and synapic acid. Ferulic acid constituted about 95% of total phenolic acids. The antioxidant activity of the obtained extracts increased as the particle size of the micronized husk decreased. The highest half maximal inhibitory concentration (EC50 index) was found for chelating power, and the lowest was found in the case of radical scavenging activity against DPPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Dziki
- Department of Thermal Technology and Food Process Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 31, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
- FIBRECARE Sp. z o.o., Słowackiego 16, 40-094 Katowice, Poland; (W.T.); (U.G.-D.)
| | - Wojciech Tarasiuk
- FIBRECARE Sp. z o.o., Słowackiego 16, 40-094 Katowice, Poland; (W.T.); (U.G.-D.)
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Bialystok, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Gawlik-Dziki
- FIBRECARE Sp. z o.o., Słowackiego 16, 40-094 Katowice, Poland; (W.T.); (U.G.-D.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
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Ray SK, Mukherjee S. Evolving Interplay Between Dietary Polyphenols and Gut Microbiota-An Emerging Importance in Healthcare. Front Nutr 2021; 8:634944. [PMID: 34109202 PMCID: PMC8180580 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.634944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are natural plant compounds and are the most abundant antioxidants in the human diet. As the gastrointestinal tract is the primary organ provided to diet sections, the diet may be regarded as one of the essential factors in the functionality, integrity, and composition of intestinal microbiota. In the gastrointestinal tract, many polyphenols remain unabsorbed and may accumulate in the large intestine, where the intestinal microbiota are most widely metabolized. When assuming primary roles for promoting host well-being, this intestinal health environment is presented to the effect of external influences, including dietary patterns. A few different methodologies have been developed to increase solvency and transport across the gastrointestinal tract and move it to targeted intestinal regions to resolve dietary polyphenols at the low bioavailability. Polyphenols form a fascinating community among the different nutritional substances, as some of them have been found to have critical biological activities that include antioxidant, antimicrobial, or anticarcinogenic activities. Besides, it affects metabolism and immunity of the intestines and has anti-inflammatory properties. The well-being status of subjects can also benefit from the development of bioactive polyphenol-determined metabolites, although the mechanisms have not been identified. Even though the incredible variety of health-advancing activities of dietary polyphenols has been widely studied, their effect on intestinal biology adaptation, and two-way relationship between polyphenols and microbiota is still poorly understood. We focused on results of polyphenols in diet with biological activities, gut ecology, and the influence of their proportional links on human well-being and disease in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sukhes Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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11
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The chemopreventive effect of thymol against dimethylhydrazine and/or high fat diet-induced colon cancer in rats: Relevance to NF-κB. Life Sci 2021; 274:119335. [PMID: 33713663 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Evaluating the possible protective effect of thymol as an approach against 1,2 N,N-dimethylhydrazine and/or high-fat diet (HFD)-induced colon cancer. MAIN METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups, namely a normal control group, colon cancer groups received DMH (40 mg/kg i.p., twice weekly), 20% HFD and DMH/HFD, thymol (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.), thymol/DMH and thymol/DMH/HFD (treatment of all groups continued for 16 weeks). KEY FINDINGS Thymol significantly reduced the elevated serum levels of colon related tumor markers carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as well as the apoptotic marker, caspase-3 compared with the colon cancer group. In addition, it mitigated colonic tissue oxidative stress markers and inflammatory mediators. Moreover, the histopathological study revealed reduction of mucous secretion with elongated nuclei, frequent mitotic figures, focal nuclear stratification, mild interstitial edema, and markedly dilated congested blood vessels, aberrant crypt foci (ACF); adenoma with moderate to severe dysplasia of colon corrected by thymol treatment. SIGNIFICANCE The administration of thymol had a promising preclinical protective efficacy and could be considered as a new strategy for the prophylaxis from colon cancer in clinical practices.
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Lin W, Lai Y, Kalyanam N, Ho C, Pan M. S
‐Allylcysteine Inhibits PhIP/DSS‐Induced Colon Carcinogenesis through Mitigating Inflammation, Targeting Keap1, and Modulating Microbiota Composition in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Sheng Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Ying‐Jang Lai
- Department of Food Science National Quemoy University Quemoy County 89250 Taiwan
| | | | - Chi‐Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA
| | - Min‐Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung 40402 Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology Asia University Taichung 41354 Taiwan
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13
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Silva Faria WC, da Conceição EC, Moura WDM, Barros WMD, Converti A, Bragagnolo N. Design and evaluation of microencapsulated systems containing extract of whole green coffee fruit rich in phenolic acids. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Adherence to the Saudi dietary guidelines and its relation to colorectal polyps: A university hospital-based study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2020; 15:25-31. [PMID: 32110179 PMCID: PMC7033390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Colorectal polyps are a known precursor to colorectal cancer (CRC). Using the Saudi dietary guidelines adherence scores, this study evaluated whether dietary intake can lead to the development of colorectal polyps in a Saudi cohort. Methods In a cross-sectional study, 101 patients of both sexes, aged 30-86 years (40 patients with colorectal polyps and 61 patients without polyps), were recruited from the endoscopy unit in a Saudi hospital. A questionnaire was administered to collect demographic data, anthropometric data, and information about dietary habits. Results Patients with colorectal polyps were significantly older than those without polyps (p = 0.05). The mean body mass index in both patient groups was within the overweight range, with a value of 28.6 ± 6.7 kg/m2. We did not find significant differences between patients with and without colorectal polyps. Although there was no difference in the overall scores for adherence to the Saudi dietary guidelines between the two groups, the specific adherence score for vegetables was significantly higher in patients without colorectal polyps (5.0 ± 0.0 vs. 4.9 ± 0.3, p = 0.03). Conclusion Ageing and lower vegetable intake, previously reported to be risk factors for CRC, were likewise identified in this study. However, a multi-centre study with a larger sample size, utilising data from this study, is needed.
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Lotus seed oligosaccharides at various dosages with prebiotic activity regulate gut microbiota and relieve constipation in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kumar Singh A, Cabral C, Kumar R, Ganguly R, Kumar Rana H, Gupta A, Rosaria Lauro M, Carbone C, Reis F, Pandey AK. Beneficial Effects of Dietary Polyphenols on Gut Microbiota and Strategies to Improve Delivery Efficiency. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2216. [PMID: 31540270 PMCID: PMC6770155 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestine contains an intricate ecological community of dwelling bacteria, referred as gut microbiota (GM), which plays a pivotal role in host homeostasis. Multiple factors could interfere with this delicate balance, including genetics, age, antibiotics, as well as environmental factors, particularly diet, thus causing a disruption of microbiota equilibrium (dysbiosis). Growing evidences support the involvement of GM dysbiosis in gastrointestinal (GI) and extra-intestinal cardiometabolic diseases, namely obesity and diabetes. This review firstly overviews the role of GM in health and disease, then critically reviews the evidences regarding the influence of dietary polyphenols in GM based on preclinical and clinical data, ending with strategies under development to improve efficiency of delivery. Although the precise mechanisms deserve further clarification, preclinical and clinical data suggest that dietary polyphenols present prebiotic properties and exert antimicrobial activities against pathogenic GM, having benefits in distinct disorders. Specifically, dietary polyphenols have been shown ability to modulate GM composition and function, interfering with bacterial quorum sensing, membrane permeability, as well as sensitizing bacteria to xenobiotics. In addition, can impact on gut metabolism and immunity and exert anti-inflammatory properties. In order to overcome the low bioavailability, several different approaches have been developed, aiming to improve solubility and transport of dietary polyphenols throughout the GI tract and deliver in the targeted intestinal regions. Although more research is still needed, particularly translational and clinical studies, the biotechnological progresses achieved during the last years open up good perspectives to, in a near future, be able to improve the use of dietary polyphenols modulating GM in a broad range of disorders characterized by a dysbiotic phenotype.
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Grants
- UID/NEU/04539/2013 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- UID/NEU/04539/2019 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- PTDC/SAU-NUT/31712/2017 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440 Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade
- POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031712 Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade
- CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012-HealthyAging2020 Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade
- AKS, RK and RG Senior/Junior research fellowship Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, India
- AKS, RK, RG, HKR, AG and AKP acknowledgment Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure (FIST) of the Department of Science & Technology (DST), India
- AKS, RK, RG, HKR, AG and AKP acknowledgment UGC-SAP, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Célia Cabral
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine; & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Risha Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Harvesh Kumar Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Ashutosh Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Maria Rosaria Lauro
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Flávio Reis
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine; & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Abhay K Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
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Ghosh S, Roy B, Bandyopadhyay S. Formation or Cleavage of Rings via Sulfide-Mediated Reduction Offers Background-Free Detection of Sulfide. J Org Chem 2019; 84:12031-12039. [PMID: 31461274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A set of three highly selective probes for sulfide detection has been developed. Two novel mechanistic strategies for the detection, including (a) transformation of a pro-fluorophore into an active fluorophore and (b) destruction of a fused ring to activate a fluorophore, have been explored. The structural features of the probes including azido groups ("active" and "latent") and leaving groups (with or without being attached to the fluorophore) have been investigated. During the course of the mechanistic studies, the single-crystal structures of all the probes and the products were obtained. One of the probes proved to be superior in terms of its ability to detect sulfide in pure water via an in situ formation of a fluorophore from a nonfluorescent precursor. These cheap and easy-to-prepare probes offer practical applications of sulfide recognition in environmental water samples and in the ovaries of fruit flies. A detection and quantification method using one of these probes and analysis with a smartphone enabled nonspecialists to detect sulfide reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur , Nadia 741246 , India
| | - Biswajit Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur , Nadia 741246 , India
| | - Subhajit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur , Nadia 741246 , India
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HOTNOG CAMELIAMIA, MIHAILA MIRELA, PUIU LILIANA, BOTEZATU ANCA, ROMAN VIVIANA, POPESCU IULIADANA, BOSTAN MARINELA, BRASOVEANU LORELEIIRINA. Modulation of the interplay between p53, ICAM-1 and VEGF in drug-treated LoVo colon cancer cells. ROMANIAN BIOTECHNOLOGICAL LETTERS 2019. [DOI: 10.25083/rbl/24.2/261.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Jakobek L, Matić P. Non-covalent dietary fiber - Polyphenol interactions and their influence on polyphenol bioaccessibility. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Alanee S, El-Zawahry A, Dynda D, Dabaja A, McVary K, Karr M, Braundmeier-Fleming A. A prospective study to examine the association of the urinary and fecal microbiota with prostate cancer diagnosis after transrectal biopsy of the prostate using 16sRNA gene analysis. Prostate 2019; 79:81-87. [PMID: 30117171 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is accumulating evidence that variations in the human microbiota may promote disease states including cancer. Our goal was to examine the association between urinary and fecal microbial profiles and the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PC) in patients undergoing transrectal biopsy of the prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS We extracted total DNA from urine and fecal samples collected before a prostate biopsy performed for elevated prostatic specific antigen in patients suspected of having PC. We then amplified the extracted DNA and sequenced it using bacterial 16S rRNA gene high-throughput next-generation sequencing platform, and analyzed microbial profiles for taxonomy comparing those patients diagnosed with PC with those who did not receive that diagnosis. RESULTS We included 30 patients in our analysis (60 samples, one urine and one fecal per patient). The majority of patients with PC (10/14) had similar bacterial communities within their urinary sample profile and clustered separately than patients without cancer (n = 16). Differential analysis of the operational taxonomical units (OTUs) in urine samples revealed decreased abundance of several bacterial species in patients with prostate cancer. Analysis of the bacterial taxonomies of the fecal samples did not reveal any clustering in concordance with benign or malignant prostate biopsies. Patients who had a Gleason score (GS) of 6 (n = 11) were present in both urine bacterial community clusters, but patients with GS 7 or higher (n = 3) did not cluster tightly with non-cancer subjects. CONCLUSIONS The urinary microbiota of patients with PC tends to cluster separately from those without this disease. Further research is needed to investigate the urinary microbiome potential of serving as a biomarker that could be used to improve the accuracy of pre-biopsy models predicting the presence of PC in post-biopsy tissue examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Alanee
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ahmed El-Zawahry
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Danuta Dynda
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Ali Dabaja
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Kevin McVary
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Mallory Karr
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Andrea Braundmeier-Fleming
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
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Olive Oil Effects on Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010032. [PMID: 30583613 PMCID: PMC6357067 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the fourth cause of cancer-related death worldwide. A Mediterranean diet showed protective action against colorectal cancer due to the intake of different substances. Olive oil is a fundamental component of the Mediterranean diet. Olive oil is rich in high-value health compounds (such as monounsaturated free fatty acids, squalene, phytosterols, and phenols). Phenolic compounds exert favourable effects on free radicals, inflammation, gut microbiota, and carcinogenesis. The interaction between gut microbiota and olive oil consumption could modulate colonic microbial composition or activity, with a possible role in cancer prevention. Gut microbiota is able to degrade some substances found in olive oil, producing active metabolites with chemopreventive action. Further clinical research is needed to clarify the beneficial effects of olive oil and its components. A better knowledge of the compounds found in olive oil could lead to the development of nutritional supplements or chemotherapeutic agents with a potential in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Li JM, Lee YC, Li CC, Lo HY, Chen FY, Chen YS, Hsiang CY, Ho TY. Vanillin-Ameliorated Development of Azoxymethane/Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Murine Colorectal Cancer: The Involvement of Proteasome/Nuclear Factor-κB/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5563-5573. [PMID: 29790745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vanillin is a natural dietary flavoring widely used in the food industry. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the common malignancies in the world. Chronic intestinal inflammation is a risk factor for the development of CRC. We have previously found that vanillin improves and prevents colitis in mice. Here we evaluated the inhibitory activities of vanillin on a mouse model of colitis-induced CRC. Mice were challenged intraperitoneally with azoxymethane (AOM) and orally with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Various dosages of vanillin were orally administered for 13 consecutive weeks. Vanillin alleviated the development of tumors in AOM/DSS-induced mice. The total number of tumors in 100 mg/kg vanillin group was significantly reduced by 57.14 ± 7.67%, compared with sham group. Gene expression analysis showed that vanillin downregulated the expression levels of proteasome genes in colon tissues. Moreover, vanillin at 10 mM significantly suppressed proteasome activities in HCT-116 cells by 41.27 ± 0.41%. Furthermore, vanillin diminished the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and reduced the number of p65-positive cells, proliferating cells, and granulocytes in colon tissues with statistical significance. In conclusion, our data suggested that vanillin was a bioactive compound that ameliorated the development of AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer in mice. Moreover, the amelioration of vanillin might be associated with the downregulation of proteasome, nuclear factor-κB, and MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Miao Li
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine , Show Chwan Memorial Hospital , Changhua 50008 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Li
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Lo
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Siou Chen
- Department of Microbiology , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Department of Microbiology , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
| | - Tin-Yun Ho
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology , Asia University , Taichung 41354 , Taiwan
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The urinary phenolic acid profile varies between younger and older adults after a polyphenol-rich meal despite limited differences in in vitro colonic catabolism. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:1095-1111. [PMID: 29488010 PMCID: PMC6499760 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether age influences colonic polyphenol metabolism. METHODS Healthy participants, younger (n = 8; 23-43 years) and older (n = 13; 51-76 years), followed a 3-day low-polyphenol diet (LPD) and a 3-day high-polyphenol diet (HPD). Urinary phenolic acids (PA), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), pH and gas were monitored, alongside selected colonic bacteria. Human faecal in vitro fermentations of rutin with or without raftiline were used to evaluate the gut microbiota capacity in a subset of both groups. RESULTS Total urinary PA were higher in the older group after HPD compared to the younger group (1.5-fold; p = 0.04), with no difference between groups in terms of a change between diets (Δ high-low diet). While 17 PA were detected in all younger participants after HPD, a narrower range (n = 8 to 16 PA) was detected in most (n = 9/13) older participants, with lower level of benzoic acid (19-fold; p = 0.03), vanillic acid (4.5-fold; p = 0.04) but higher hippuric acid (2.7-fold; p = 0.03). Faecal SCFA concentration did not change after HPD within group, with similar differential excretion (Δ high-low diet) between groups. There were no differences between groups for faecal pH, total, faecal bacteria including Flavonifractor plautii, bifidobacteria, and bacteroides. In human in vitro faecal fermentations, seven PAs were detected in both groups after 24 h of rutin fermentation, with no quantitative and modest qualitative differences between groups. Total SCFA in faecal fermentation did not differ between groups, except for butyric acid (twofold higher in the older group; p = 0.009) when rutin was fermented with raftiline over 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Urinary phenolic acids were less diverse in older participants despite limited difference in functional capacity of in vitro faecal fermentations.
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Buitimea-Cantúa NE, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA, Serna-Saldívar SO. Phenolic–Protein Interactions: Effects on Food Properties and Health Benefits. J Med Food 2018; 21:188-198. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nydia E. Buitimea-Cantúa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Janet A. Gutiérrez-Uribe
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Sergio O. Serna-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico
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Chen L, Brar MS, Leung FCC, Hsiao WLW. Triterpenoid herbal saponins enhance beneficial bacteria, decrease sulfate-reducing bacteria, modulate inflammatory intestinal microenvironment and exert cancer preventive effects in ApcMin/+ mice. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31226-42. [PMID: 27121311 PMCID: PMC5058752 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins derived from medicinal plants have raised considerable interest for their preventive roles in various diseases. Here, we investigated the impacts of triterpenoid saponins isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GpS) on gut microbiome, mucosal environment, and the preventive effect on tumor growth. Six-week old ApcMin/+ mice and their wild-type littermates were fed either with vehicle or GpS daily for the duration of 8 weeks. The fecal microbiome was analyzed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Study showed that GpS treatment significantly reduced the number of intestinal polyps in a preventive mode. More importantly, GpS feeding strikingly reduced the sulfate-reducing bacteria lineage, which are known to produce hydrogen sulfide and contribute to damage the intestinal epithelium or even promote cancer progression. Meanwhile, GpS also boosted the beneficial microbes. In the gut barrier of the ApcMin/+ mice, GpS treatment increased Paneth and goblet cells, up-regulated E-cadherin and down-regulated N-cadherin. In addition, GpS decreased the pro-oncogenic β-catenin, p-Src and the p-STAT3. Furthermore, GpS might also improve the inflamed gut epithelium of the ApcMin/+ mice by upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4, while downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-18. Intriguingly, GpS markedly stimulated M2 and suppressed M1 macrophage markers, indicating that GpS altered mucosal cytokine profile in favor of the M1 to M2 macrophages switching, facilitating intestinal tissue repair. In conclusion, GpS might reverse the host's inflammatory phenotype by increasing beneficial bacteria, decreasing sulfate-reducing bacteria, and alleviating intestinal inflammatory gut environment, which might contribute to its cancer preventive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Center for Cancer & Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Manreetpal S Brar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Frederick C C Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - W L Wendy Hsiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
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Costa C, Tsatsakis A, Mamoulakis C, Teodoro M, Briguglio G, Caruso E, Tsoukalas D, Margina D, Dardiotis E, Kouretas D, Fenga C. Current evidence on the effect of dietary polyphenols intake on chronic diseases. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:286-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Huang G, Khan I, Li X, Chen L, Leong W, Ho LT, Hsiao WLW. Ginsenosides Rb3 and Rd reduce polyps formation while reinstate the dysbiotic gut microbiota and the intestinal microenvironment in Apc Min/+ mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12552. [PMID: 28970547 PMCID: PMC5624945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies showed that manipulation of gut microbiota (GM) composition through the treatment of prebiotics could be a novel preventive measure against colorectal cancer (CRC) development. In this study, for the first time, we assessed the non-toxic doses of the triterpene saponins (ginsenoside-Rb3 and ginsenoside-Rd) - as prebiotics - that effectively reinstated the dysbiotic-gut microbial composition and intestinal microenvironment in an ApcMin/+ mice model. Rb3 and Rd effectively reduced the size and the number of the polyps that accompanied with the downregulation of oncogenic signaling molecules (iNOS, STAT3/pSTAT3, Src/pSrc). Both the compounds improved the gut epithelium by promoting goblet and Paneth cells population and reinstating the E-cadherin and N-Cadherin expression. Mucosal immunity remodeled with increased in anti-inflammatory cytokines and reduced in pro-inflammatory cytokines in treated mice. All these changes were correlating with the promoted growth of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Bacteroides acidifaciens, and Bacteroides xylanisolvens. Whereas, the abundance of cancer cachexia associated bacteria, such as Dysgonomonas spp. and Helicobacter spp., was profoundly lower in Rb3/Rd-treated mice. In conclusion, ginsenosides Rb3 and Rd exerted anti-cancer effects by holistically reinstating mucosal architecture, improving mucosal immunity, promoting beneficial bacteria, and down-regulating cancer-cachexia associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Imran Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Waikit Leong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Leung Tsun Ho
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - W L Wendy Hsiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Rosenfeld CS. Gut Dysbiosis in Animals Due to Environmental Chemical Exposures. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:396. [PMID: 28936425 PMCID: PMC5596107 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome consists of over 103–104 microorganism inhabitants that together possess 150 times more genes that the human genome and thus should be considered an “organ” in of itself. Such communities of bacteria are in dynamic flux and susceptible to changes in host environment and body condition. In turn, gut microbiome disturbances can affect health status of the host. Gut dysbiosis might result in obesity, diabetes, gastrointestinal, immunological, and neurobehavioral disorders. Such host diseases can originate due to shifts in microbiota favoring more pathogenic species that produce various virulence factors, such as lipopolysaccharide. Bacterial virulence factors and metabolites may be transmitted to distal target sites, including the brain. Other potential mechanisms by which gut dysbiosis can affect the host include bacterial-produced metabolites, production of hormones and factors that mimic those produced by the host, and epimutations. All animals, including humans, are exposed daily to various environmental chemicals that can influence the gut microbiome. Exposure to such chemicals might lead to downstream systemic effects that occur secondary to gut microbiome disturbances. Increasing reports have shown that environmental chemical exposures can target both host and the resident gut microbiome. In this review, we will first consider the current knowledge of how endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), heavy metals, air pollution, and nanoparticles can influence the gut microbiome. The second part of the review will consider how potential environmental chemical-induced gut microbiome changes might subsequently induce pathophysiological responses in the host, although definitive evidence for such effects is still lacking. By understanding how these chemicals result in gut dysbiosis, it may open up new remediation strategies in animals, including humans, exposed to such chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Biomedical Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Genetics Area Program, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
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Abstract
A study in rodent models showed that phytosterols protected against colon carcinogenesis, probably by inhibiting dysregulated cell cycle progression and inducing cellular apoptosis. However, epidemiological studies on the relationship between phytosterols and colorectal cancer risk are quite limited. The aim of this study was to investigate dietary phytosterol intake in relation to colorectal cancer risk in the Chinese population. A case-control study was conducted from July 2010 to June 2016, recruiting 1802 eligible colorectal cancer cases plus 1813 age (5-year interval) and sex frequency-matched controls. Dietary information was collected by using a validated FFQ. The OR and 95 % CI of colorectal cancer risk were assessed by multivariable logistic regression models. A higher total intake of phytosterols was found to be associated with a 50 % reduction in colorectal cancer risk. After adjusting for various confounders, the OR of the highest quartile intake compared with the lowest quartile intake was 0·50 (95 % CI 0·41, 0·61, P trend<0·01) for total phytosterols. An inverse association was also found between the consumption of β-sitosterol, campesterol, campestanol and colorectal cancer risk. However, stigmasterol intake was related to an increased risk of colorectal cancer. No statistically significant association was found between β-sitostanol and colorectal cancer risk. Stratified analysis by sex showed that the positive association of stigmasterol intake with colorectal cancer risk was found only in women. These data indicated that the consumption of total phytosterols, β-sitosterol, campesterol and campestanol is inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk in a Chinese population.
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Wang L, Hu L, Xu Q, Yin B, Fang D, Wang G, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Bifidobacterium adolescentis Exerts Strain-Specific Effects on Constipation Induced by Loperamide in BALB/c Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020318. [PMID: 28230723 PMCID: PMC5343854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal complaints worldwide. This study was performed to determine whether Bifidobacterium adolescentis exerts inter-strain differences in alleviating constipation induced by loperamide in BALB/c mice and to analyze the main reasons for these differences. BALB/c mice underwent gavage with B. adolescentis (CCFM 626, 667, and 669) once per day for 17 days. The primary outcome measures included related constipation indicators, and the secondary outcome measures were the basic biological characteristics of the strains, the concentration changes of short-chain fatty acids in feces, and the changes in the fecal flora. B. adolescentis CCFM 669 and 667 relieved constipation symptoms by adhering to intestinal epithelial cells, growing quickly in vitro and increasing the concentrations of propionic and butyric acids. The effect of B. adolescentis on the gut microbiota in mice with constipation was investigated via 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis. The results revealed that the relative abundance of Lactobacillus increased and the amount of Clostridium decreased in the B. adolescentis CCFM 669 and 667 treatment groups. In conclusion, B. adolescentis exhibits strain-specific effects in the alleviation of constipation, mostly due to the strains’ growth rates, adhesive capacity and effects on the gut microbiome and microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Lujun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Boxing Yin
- Kangyuan Dairy Co., Ltd., Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225004, China.
| | - Dongsheng Fang
- Kangyuan Dairy Co., Ltd., Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225004, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
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31
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Chen KL, Madak-Erdogan Z. Estrogen and Microbiota Crosstalk: Should We Pay Attention? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:752-755. [PMID: 27553057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have suggested that steroid hormones such as estrogens, and gut microbiota might synergize to influence obesity, diabetes, and cancer. We discuss recent knowledge of the interactions between estrogens and gut microbiota, and new insights that might offer new approaches to influence this crosstalk and improve metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Chen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Zeynep Madak-Erdogan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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32
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Yin TF, Wang M, Qing Y, Lin YM, Wu D. Research progress on chemopreventive effects of phytochemicals on colorectal cancer and their mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7058-7068. [PMID: 27610016 PMCID: PMC4988307 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a type of cancer with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide and has become a global health problem. The conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy regimen for CRC not only has a low cure rate but also causes side effects. Many studies have shown that adequate intake of fruits and vegetables in the diet may have a protective effect on CRC occurrence, possibly due to the special biological protective effect of the phytochemicals in these foods. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that phytochemicals play strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer roles by regulating specific signaling pathways and molecular markers to inhibit the occurrence and development of CRC. This review summarizes the progress on CRC prevention using the phytochemicals sulforaphane, curcumin and resveratrol, and elaborates on the specific underlying mechanisms. Thus, we believe that phytochemicals might provide a novel therapeutic approach for CRC prevention, but future clinical studies are needed to confirm the specific preventive effect of phytochemicals on cancer.
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33
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Basson A, Trotter A, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F. Mucosal Interactions between Genetics, Diet, and Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:290. [PMID: 27531998 PMCID: PMC4970383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reviews have discussed gut microbiota composition changes during inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), particularly Crohn’s disease (CD). However, most studies address the observed effects by focusing on studying the univariate connection between disease and dietary-induced alterations to gut microbiota composition. The possibility that these effects may reflect a number of other interconnected (i.e., pantropic) mechanisms, activated in parallel, particularly concerning various bacterial metabolites, is in the process of being elucidated. Progress seems, however, hampered by various difficult-to-study factors interacting at the mucosal level. Here, we highlight some of such factors that merit consideration, namely: (1) the contribution of host genetics and diet in altering gut microbiome, and in turn, the crosstalk among secondary metabolic pathways; (2) the interdependence between the amount of dietary fat, the fatty acid composition, the effects of timing and route of administration on gut microbiota community, and the impact of microbiota-derived fatty acids; (3) the effect of diet on bile acid composition, and the modulator role of bile acids on the gut microbiota; (4) the impact of endogenous and exogenous intestinal micronutrients and metabolites; and (5) the need to consider food associated toxins and chemicals, which can introduce confounding immune modulating elements (e.g., antioxidant and phytochemicals in oils and proteins). These concepts, which are not mutually exclusive, are herein illustrated paying special emphasis on physiologically inter-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Basson
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Ashley Trotter
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Fabio Cominelli
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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34
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Patel T, Bhattacharya P, Das S. Gut microbiota: an Indicator to Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases. J Gastrointest Cancer 2016; 47:232-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12029-016-9820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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35
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Shen RL, Wang Z, Dong JL, Xiang QS, Liu YQ. Effects of oat soluble and insoluble β-glucan on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced early colon carcinogenesis in mice. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2016.1148664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ling Shen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Lin Dong
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Sen Xiang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qi Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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36
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Inhibitory effect of various breads on DMH-induced aberrant crypt foci and colorectal tumours in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:829096. [PMID: 26075268 PMCID: PMC4446470 DOI: 10.1155/2015/829096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bread is rich in dietary fibre and many phytochemical compounds, which may influence chemoprevention of colon cancer. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of three kinds of bread on DMH-induced colorectal tumours in F344 rats. F344 rats were divided into four groups (Steinmetz Three-Grain bread, Steinmetz Country bread, White bread, and MF). All groups were injected with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 20 mg/kg body weight) once a week for 8 consecutive weeks from 5 weeks of age. To investigate the antioxidant effect of bread, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging rate of bread and the serum levels of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in rats were examined. The number of colorectal aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and the incidence of colorectal tumours were studied after 34 weeks of DMH treatment. The Steinmetz Three-Grain and Steinmetz Country bread groups had higher scavenging rates of the DPPH free radical and lower serum levels of 8-OHdG and incidence of ACF, adenomas, and adenocarcinomas of colon than the White bread and MF group. Steinmetz Three-Grain bread and Steinmetz Country bread have various ingredient combinations that may inhibit colorectal cancer progression.
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37
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QI GUANGYING, TANG BO, ZHOU LIHUA, JIKIHARA HIROSHI, KIWATA ATSUMI, SAKAMOTO YUKI, TANG FANG, XIAO SHENGJUN, WANG ZHENRAN, WU QIUHUI, LU HUILING, WU ZHEN, ZENG SIEN, SHIMAMOTO FUMIO. Effects of high-fat diet on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced aberrant crypt foci and colorectal tumours in rats. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:289-294. [PMID: 26137224 PMCID: PMC4467215 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the leading causes of numerous types of cancer. The present study investigated the impact of a high-fat diet on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) in F344 rats. A total of 16 male F344 rats aged 4 weeks were randomly divided into two groups (8 rats/group). Rats in group A were fed a basal diet with a moderate fat (MF) content, while rats in group B were fed a high-fat diet. Upon reaching 5 weeks of age, the rats were injected subcutaneously with DMH (20 mg/kg body weight). DMH was administered once a week for 8 consecutive weeks. All the rats were sacrificed 34 weeks after the first DMH injection and dissected to obtain samples of colorectal tissues. The tissues were examined under a microscope for the presence of aberrant crypt foci (ACFs) and subjected to histopathological analysis. The results showed that at the end of the 34-week experiment, body weights and visceral fat levels were significantly higher in the high-fat diet group compared to the basal diet group. In addition, the incidences of colorectal ACF, adenoma and adenocarcinoma were markedly elevated in the high-fat diet group compared to the basal diet group. These results indicate that the consumption of a high-fat diet promotes the development and progression of CRC and the control of fat intake may prevent CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- GUANGYING QI
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - BO TANG
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - LIHUA ZHOU
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - HIROSHI JIKIHARA
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - ATSUMI KIWATA
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - YUKI SAKAMOTO
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - FANG TANG
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
| | - SHENGJUN XIAO
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
| | - ZHENRAN WANG
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - QIUHUI WU
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
| | - HUILING LU
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
| | - ZHEN WU
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
| | - SIEN ZENG
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
| | - FUMIO SHIMAMOTO
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
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Jakobek L. Interactions of polyphenols with carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Food Chem 2014; 175:556-67. [PMID: 25577120 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 707] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites in plants, investigated intensively because of their potential positive effects on human health. Their bioavailability and mechanism of positive effects have been studied, in vitro and in vivo. Lately, a high number of studies takes into account the interactions of polyphenols with compounds present in foods, like carbohydrates, proteins or lipids, because these food constituents can have significant effects on the activity of phenolic compounds. This paper reviews the interactions between phenolic compounds and lipids, carbohydrates and proteins and their impact on polyphenol activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Jakobek
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Franje Kuhača 20, HR 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
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39
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Opara EI, Chohan M. Culinary herbs and spices: their bioactive properties, the contribution of polyphenols and the challenges in deducing their true health benefits. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19183-202. [PMID: 25340982 PMCID: PMC4227268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151019183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbs and spices have been used for both culinary and medicinal purposes for centuries. Over the last decade, research into their role as contributors of dietary polyphenols, known to possess a number of properties associated with reducing the risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases, has increased. However, bearing in mind how these foods are consumed, normally in small quantities and in combination with other foods, it is unclear what their true benefit is from a health perspective. The aim of this review is to use the literature to discuss how preparative and digestive processes, bioavailability and interactions between foods may influence the bioactive properties of these foods, and whether or not polyphenols are responsible for these properties. Furthermore, this review aims to highlight the challenges that need to be addressed so as to determine the true benefits of these foods and the mechanisms of action that underpin their purported efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I Opara
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Magali Chohan
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Waldegrave Road, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK.
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40
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Lee ME, Kim E, Liu Y, March JC, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Rapid and repeatable redox cycling of an insoluble dietary antioxidant: electrochemical analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9760-9768. [PMID: 25265934 DOI: 10.1021/jf503479d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There are many unresolved questions concerning the health benefits of dietary antioxidants due in part to the complexity of the materials and mechanisms of action. We applied a new electrochemical method and report new observations for one of the richest sources of dietary antioxidants. We observed that the insoluble fraction of clove is redox-active and can be rapidly and repeatedly switched between oxidized and reduced states. Also, the radical scavenging antioxidant properties of insoluble clove are largely independent of this reversible redox activity, which is similar to observations made with the natural phenolic melanin. In contrast to melanin, insoluble clove was observed to have little pro-oxidant activity (as measured by H2O2 generation) irrelevant to whether it was poised in an oxidized or reduced state. These results suggest that dietary antioxidants, even when insoluble and nonabsorbed, can undergo important redox interactions in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Lee
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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41
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Dávila-Céspedes A, Juárez-Flores BI, Pinos-Rodríguez JM, Aguirre-Rivera JR, Oros-Ovalle AC, Loyola-Martínez E, Andrade-Zaldívar H. Protective Effect of Agave salmiana Fructans in Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Cancer in Wistar Rats. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400901025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is a world concerning disease; it shows a high mortality rate and may be related to eating habits. Studies using inulin-like fructans, which are produced as energy supplies by several plants, have demonstrated a chemo-protective effect of these fructans in colon cancer. However, agavins a structurally different type of fructans from the Agave genus with demonstrated prebiotic effects, have been poorly studied for their possible protective effects in cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Agave fructan-rich diets in colon cancer progress using a rat model and “Agave mezcalero potosino” A. salmiana Otto ex Salm Dick, which is widely distributed in Mexico. Results showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in early lesions of colon cancer (aberrant crypt foci) compared with the control group. These data suggest that fructans from A. salmiana may contribute to a reduction in the risk of colon cancer as well as inulin-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dávila-Céspedes
- Programas Multidisciplinarios de Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí
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Zhu J, Zhu C, Ge S, Zhang M, Jiang L, Cui J, Ren F. Lactobacillus salivarius Ren prevent the early colorectal carcinogenesis in 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat model. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:208-16. [PMID: 24754742 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of Lactobacillus salivarius Ren (LS) on modulating colonic micro flora structure and influencing host colonic health in a rat model with colorectal precancerous lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS Male F344 rats were injected with 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and treated with LS of two doses (5 × 10(8) and 1 × 10(10) CFU kg(-1) body weight) for 15 weeks. The colonic microflora profiles, luminal metabolites, epithelial proliferation and precancerous lesions [aberrant crypt foci (ACF)] were determined. A distinct segregation of colonic microflora structures was observed in LS-treated group. The abundance of one Prevotella-related strain was increased, and the abundance of one Bacillus-related strain was decreased by LS treatment. These changes were accompanied by increased short-chain fatty acid levels and decreased azoreductase activity. LS treatment also reduced the number of ACF by c. 40% and suppressed epithelial proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Lactobacillus salivarius Ren improved the colonic microflora structures and the luminal metabolisms in addition preventing the early colorectal carcinogenesis in DMH-induced rat model. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Colonic microflora is an important factor in colorectal carcinogenesis. Modulating the structural shifts of microflora may provide a novel option for preventing colorectal carcinogenesis. This study suggested a potential probiotic-based approach to modulate the intestinal microflora in the prevention of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Centre of Animal Product, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Hintze KJ, Cox JE, Rompato G, Benninghoff AD, Ward RE, Broadbent J, Lefevre M. Broad scope method for creating humanized animal models for animal health and disease research through antibiotic treatment and human fecal transfer. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:183-91. [PMID: 24637796 PMCID: PMC4063843 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.28403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, mouse humanization studies have used human fecal transfer to germ-free animals. This practice requires gnotobiotic facilities and is restricted to gnotobiotic mouse lines, which limits humanized mouse research. We have developed a generalizable method to humanize non germ-free mice using antibiotic treatment and human fecal transfer. The method involves depleting resident intestinal microbiota with broad-spectrum antibiotics, introducing human microbiota from frozen fecal samples by weekly gavage, and maintaining mice in HEPA-filtered microisolator cages. Pyrosequencing cecal microbiota 16S rRNA genes showed that recipient mice adopt a humanized microbiota profile analogous to their human donors, and distinct from mice treated with only antibiotics (no fecal transfer) or untreated control mice. In the humanized mice, 75% of the sequence mass was observed in their respective human donor and conversely, 68% of the donor sequence mass was recovered in the recipient mice. Principal component analyses of GC- and HPLC-separated cecal metabolites were performed to determine effects of transplanted microbiota on the metabolome. Cecal metabolite profiles of mice treated with only antibiotics (no fecal transfer) and control mice were dissimilar from each other and from humanized mice. Metabolite profiles for mice humanized from different donor samples clustered near each other, yet were sufficiently distinct that separate clusters were apparent for each donor. Also, cecal concentrations of 57 metabolites were significantly different between humanization treatments. These data demonstrate that our protocol can be used to humanize non germ-free mice and is sufficiently robust to generate metabolomic differences between mice humanized from different human donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korry J Hintze
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences; Utah State University; Logan, UT USA,Applied Nutrition Research; Utah Science Technology and Research Initiative (USTAR); Logan, UT USA,Correspondence to: Korry J Hintze,
| | - James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Utah; Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Giovanni Rompato
- Center of Integrated BioSystems; Utah State University; Logan, UT USA
| | - Abby D Benninghoff
- Applied Nutrition Research; Utah Science Technology and Research Initiative (USTAR); Logan, UT USA,Dept. of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences; Utah State University; Logan, UT USA
| | - Robert E Ward
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences; Utah State University; Logan, UT USA,Applied Nutrition Research; Utah Science Technology and Research Initiative (USTAR); Logan, UT USA
| | - Jeff Broadbent
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences; Utah State University; Logan, UT USA,Applied Nutrition Research; Utah Science Technology and Research Initiative (USTAR); Logan, UT USA
| | - Michael Lefevre
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences; Utah State University; Logan, UT USA,Applied Nutrition Research; Utah Science Technology and Research Initiative (USTAR); Logan, UT USA
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Cardona F, Andrés-Lacueva C, Tulipani S, Tinahones FJ, Queipo-Ortuño MI. Benefits of polyphenols on gut microbiota and implications in human health. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 24:1415-22. [PMID: 23849454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 957] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The biological properties of dietary polyphenols are greatly dependent on their bioavailability that, in turn, is largely influenced by their degree of polymerization. The gut microbiota play a key role in modulating the production, bioavailability and, thus, the biological activities of phenolic metabolites, particularly after the intake of food containing high-molecular-weight polyphenols. In addition, evidence is emerging on the activity of dietary polyphenols on the modulation of the colonic microbial population composition or activity. However, although the great range of health-promoting activities of dietary polyphenols has been widely investigated, their effect on the modulation of the gut ecology and the two-way relationship "polyphenols ↔ microbiota" are still poorly understood. Only a few studies have examined the impact of dietary polyphenols on the human gut microbiota, and most were focused on single polyphenol molecules and selected bacterial populations. This review focuses on the reciprocal interactions between the gut microbiota and polyphenols, the mechanisms of action and the consequences of these interactions on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cardona
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria (FIMABIS), Málaga, Spain.
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Salecan diet increases short chain fatty acids and enriches beneficial microbiota in the mouse cecum. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 102:772-9. [PMID: 24507346 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Salecan, a linear extracellular polysaccharide consisting of β-(1,3)-D-glucan, has potential applications in the food industry due to its excellent toxicological profile and rheological properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with 8% Salecan on the gastrointestinal microbiota in mice. In the Salecan group, the following significant differences (p<0.05) from the cellulose group were found: increased body weight gain, greater mass of cecum and cecal contents, and higher butyrate concentrations in the cecal and colonic contents at wk 4. Moreover, populations of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium increased 3- and 6-fold, respectively, in the cecal contents of mice consuming Salecan. These results suggest that the dietary incorporation of Salecan, by providing SCFAs and increasing beneficial microbiota, may be beneficial in improving gastrointestinal health, and have relevance to the use of Salecan as a dietary supplement for human consumption.
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Amirian ES, Petrosino JF, Ajami NJ, Liu Y, Mims MP, Scheurer ME. Potential role of gastrointestinal microbiota composition in prostate cancer risk. Infect Agent Cancer 2013; 8:42. [PMID: 24180596 PMCID: PMC3826836 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-8-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among men in the U.S., prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. Despite its prevalence, there are few established risk factors for prostate cancer. Some studies have found that intake of certain foods/nutrients may be associated with prostate cancer risk, but few have accounted for how intake and metabolic factors may interact to influence bioavailable nutrient levels and subsequent disease risk. Presentation of the hypothesis The composition of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome may influence metabolism of dietary compounds and nutrients (e.g., plant phenols, calcium, choline) that may be relevant to prostate cancer risk. We, therefore, propose the hypothesis that GI microbiota may have a markedly different composition among individuals with higher prostate cancer risk. These individuals could have microbial profiles that are conducive to intestinal inflammation and/or are less favorable for the metabolism and uptake of chemopreventive agents. Testing the hypothesis Because very little preliminary data exist on this potential association, a case–control study may provide valuable information on this topic. Such a study could evaluate whether the GI microbial profile is markedly different between three groups of individuals: healthy men, those with latent prostate cancer, and those with invasive prostate cancer. Any findings could then be validated in a larger study, designed to collect a series of specimens over time. Implications of the hypothesis Given the plethora of information emerging from the Human Microbiome Project, this is an opportune time to explore associations between the microbiome and complex human diseases. Identification of profiles that alter the host’s risk for disease may clarify inconsistencies in the literature on dietary factors and cancer risk, and could provide valuable targets for novel cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael E Scheurer
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MS:BCM305, 77030 Houston, TX, USA.
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Rupa P, Mine Y. Recent advances in the role of probiotics in human inflammation and gut health. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8249-8256. [PMID: 22897745 DOI: 10.1021/jf301903t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract provides residence to an astounding number of bacterial species, which have profound effects on host biology, function, physiology, and immune response. Discovery of "symbiosis factors" from symbionts that facilitate the peaceful coexistence of microbiota and the host immune system are of interest. Symbionts synthesize immunomodulatory molecules that guide maturation of the immune system and have pivotal roles in many biological processes; however, individuals differ in the makeup of their GI microbiota, which is influenced by many external and internal factors such as diet, antibiotic use, and host genetics, which in turn influences health and disease outcomes. Various endogenous, genetic, and environmental factors influence GI development including species composition and health status of neonates, resulting in interactions that occur between the bacteria and the host. Mechanisms of probiotics involved in homeostasis of a balanced immune system have been inconclusive. The probable mechanism of action may be postulated as direct competition between pathogenic bacteria in the gut and/or immune modulation. This review focuses on probiotics in health and disease prevention, especially the biological importance of intestinal regulation of inflammatory processes that may be beneficial in a multitude of disorders both inside and outside the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithy Rupa
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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