1
|
Lee DY, Song JW, An JY, Kim YJ, Seo JS, Kim JH. Exposure and risk assessment for agricultural workers during chlorothalonil and flubendiamide treatments in pepper fields. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5338. [PMID: 38438437 PMCID: PMC10912086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are indispensable tools in modern agriculture for enhancing crop productivity. However, the inherent toxicity of pesticides raises significant concerns regarding human exposure, particularly among agricultural workers. This study investigated the exposure and associated risks of two commonly used pesticides in open-field pepper cultivation, namely, chlorothalonil and flubendiamide, in the Republic of Korea. We used a comprehensive approach, encompassing dermal and inhalation exposure measurements in agricultural workers during two critical scenarios: mixing/loading and application. Results revealed that during mixing/loading, dermal exposure to chlorothalonil was 3.33 mg (0.0002% of the total active ingredient [a.i.]), while flubendiamide exposure amounted to 0.173 mg (0.0001% of the a.i.). Conversely, dermal exposure increased significantly during application to 648 mg (chlorothalonil) and 93.1 mg (flubendiamide), representing 0.037% and 0.065% of the total a.i., respectively. Inhalation exposure was also evident, with chlorothalonil and flubendiamide exposure levels varying across scenarios. Notably, the risk assessment using the Risk Index (RI) indicated acceptable risk of exposure during mixing/loading but raised concerns during application, where all RIs exceeded 1, signifying potential risk. We suggest implementing additional personal protective equipment (PPE) during pesticide application, such as gowns and lower-body PPE, to mitigate these risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deuk-Yeong Lee
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Song
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young An
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Jin Kim
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Su Seo
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Kim
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiao J, Liu Y, Jiang S, Wang H, Liu Y, Lin F, Liu T, Fang K, Liao M, Shi Y, Cao H. Incorporating Bioaccessibility into Inhalation Exposure Assessment of Emamectin Benzoate from Field Spraying. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7978-7988. [PMID: 37162498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The inhalation exposure of pesticide applicators and residents who live close to pesticide-treated fields is a worldwide concern in public health. Quantitative assessment of exposure to pesticide inhalation health risk highlights the need to accurately assess the bioaccessibility rather than the total content in ambient air. Herein, we developed an in vitro method to estimate the inhalation bioaccessibility of emamectin benzoate and validated its applicability using a rat plasma pharmacokinetic bioassay. Emamectin benzoate was extracted using the Gamble solution, with an optimized solid-to-liquid ratio (1/250), extraction time (24 h), and agitation (200 rpm), which obtained in vitro inhalation bioaccessibility consistent with its inhalation bioavailability in vivo (32.33%). The margin of exposure (MOE) was used to assess inhalation exposure risk. The inhalation unit exposures to emamectin benzoate of applicators and residents were 11.05-28.04 and 0.02-0.04 ng/m3, respectively, varying markedly according to the methods of application, e.g., formulations and nozzles. The inhalation risk assessment using present application methods appeared to be acceptable; however, the MOE of emamectin benzoate might be overestimated by 32% without considering inhalation bioaccessibility. Collectively, our findings contribute insights into the assessment of pesticide inhalation exposure based on bioaccessibility and provide guidance for the safe application of pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Yuanhui Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Siyuan Jiang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Fengxiang Lin
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Tianhe Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Ke Fang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Min Liao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee J, Lee J, Jung M, Shin Y, Kim J, Kim JH. Potential exposure and risk assessment of agricultural workers to the insecticide chlorantraniliprole in rice paddies. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:678-687. [PMID: 36229424 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure of agricultural workers in rice paddies to the insecticide chlorantraniliprole and its subsequent potential health risks were investigated during two scenarios (mixing/loading and hand-held spraying). The exposure factors, such as the outer dosimeter, inner dosimeter, gauze, and nitrile gloves, were calculated using whole-body dosimetry to measure dermal exposure. The inhalation exposure was determined using a fiberglass filter which is set with an Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) sampler. A recovery test was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the analytical method. RESULTS The exposure amounts of various matrices were calculated from extraction volume and concentration of the target compound. The dermal exposure to chlorantraniliprole was 0.6 mg [0.001% of the total active ingredient (a.i.)] for mixing and loading, and 28.6 mg (0.066% of the total a.i.) for application. The inhalation exposure to chlorantraniliprole was 7.2 μg (1.3%, 1.2 × 10-5 % of the total applied a.i.) for mixing and loading, and 1.9 μg (0.006%, 4.4 × 10-6 % of the total applied a.i.) for application. The most exposed part of the body was the hand (90.4%) during mixing and loading, whereas the primary sites during application were the thighs (32.8%) and shins (22.6%). For mixing and loading, the amount of actual dermal exposure was 5.5 μg day-1 and that of actual inhalation exposure was 21.9 μg day-1 . By contrast, in the application, the amounts of actual dermal and actual inhalation exposures were 34 178.7 and 5.9 μg day-1 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS The risk assessment results demonstrated that the risk of chlorantraniliprole exposure in rice paddies was low during application than during mixing and loading. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Lee
- Department of Crop Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghak Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Shin
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - JiWoo Kim
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee J, Kim J, Shin Y, Park E, Lee J, Keum YS, Kim JH. Occupational exposure and risk assessment for agricultural workers of thiamethoxam in vineyards. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 243:113988. [PMID: 36029578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dermal & inhalation exposure was examined and according to these results, risk assessment of agricultural workers to thiamethoxam was performed during pesticide mixing/loading and hand-held sprayer application (11 replicates, each of about 1000 L of spray suspension) in vineyards. For the whole body dosimetry (WBD), clothing (Outer and inner), gauze, and nitrile gloves were analyzed to determine dermal exposure using whole-body dosimetry exposure protocol. The inhalation exposure was measured using a glass fiber filter with an IOM sampler. Analytical method validation of exposure matrices was evaluated including the field recovery and breakthrough test. The dermal exposure amount during mixing/loading was 0.163 mg (0.0004% of the total mixed/loaded active ingredient [a.i.]), whereas there was no inhalation exposure. The gloves (0.154 mg, 94.5%) were the most exposed body parts followed by the chest and stomach (0.009 mg, 5.5%). During application, the dermal and inhalation exposure amounts were 32.3 mg (0.07% of the total applied a.i.) and 10.8 µg (2.4 × 10-6% of the total applied a.i), respectively. The shin (35.1%) had the highest exposure to pesticides, followed by the chest & stomach (15.6%) and pelvis (12.6%). In case of mixing/loading, the amounts of actual dermal exposure (ADE) and actual inhalation exposure (AIE) were 0.0 and 0.0 μg/day, while those of ADE and AIE were 4707.6 and 15.8 μg/day for application. In risk assessment of the two different scenarios, the risk index was much lower than 1 (mixing/loading:0.000, application:0.014), indicating that vineyard workers are at low risk of thiamethoxam exposure. To determine the validity of the risk assessment using WBD method, the urinary metabolite was analyzed. Comparison of biomonitoring data and WBD exposure data show a reliable correlation (r = 0.885, p = 0.0003), suggesting that these are suitable methods to estimate exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Lee
- Department of Crop Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - JiWoo Kim
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Shin
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghak Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bresson M, Bureau M, Le Goff J, Lecluse Y, Robelot E, Delamare J, Baldi I, Lebailly P. Pesticide Exposure in Fruit-Growers: Comparing Levels and Determinants Assessed under Usual Conditions of Work (CANEPA Study) with Those Predicted by Registration Process (Agricultural Operator Exposure Model). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084611. [PMID: 35457476 PMCID: PMC9028555 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of pesticide exposure levels in farmers is necessary for epidemiological studies and regulatory purposes. In the European pesticide registration process, operators’ exposure is predicted using the Agricultural Operator Exposure Model (AOEM), created in 2014 by the European Food Safety Authority based on studies conducted by the pesticide industry. We compared operators’ exposures during treatment days in the apple-growing industry under non-controlled working conditions and AOEM-predicted values. The dermal exposure of thirty French apple-growers from the CANEPA study when applying two fungicides was measured using body patches and cotton gloves. For each observation, the corresponding exposure was calculated by means of the AOEM, using data recorded about the operator, spraying equipment and personal protective equipment (PPE) used. A significant linear correlation was observed between calculated and measured daily exposures. The model overestimated the daily exposure approximately 4-fold and the exposure during application 10-fold. However, exposure was underestimated during mixing/loading for 70% of the observations when the operator wore PPE. The AOEM did not overestimate exposures in all circumstances, especially during mixing/loading, when operators handle concentrated products. The protection provided by PPE appeared to be overestimated. This could be due to the optimal working conditions under which the “industrial” studies are conducted, which may not be representative of real working conditions of operators in fruit-growing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Bresson
- ANTICIPE, INSERM U1086, Centre François Baclesse, University of Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France; (J.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mathilde Bureau
- EPICENE, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.B.); (E.R.); (I.B.)
| | - Jérémie Le Goff
- ANTICIPE, INSERM U1086, Centre François Baclesse, University of Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France; (J.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Yannick Lecluse
- ANTICIPE, INSERM U1086, Centre François Baclesse, University of Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France; (J.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Elsa Robelot
- EPICENE, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.B.); (E.R.); (I.B.)
| | - Justine Delamare
- ANTICIPE, INSERM U1086, Centre François Baclesse, University of Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France; (J.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- EPICENE, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.B.); (E.R.); (I.B.)
| | - Pierre Lebailly
- ANTICIPE, INSERM U1086, Centre François Baclesse, University of Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France; (J.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (P.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Parny M, Coste A, Aubouy A, Rahabi M, Prat M, Pipy B, Treilhou M. Differential immunomodulatory effects of six pesticides of different chemical classes on human monocyte-derived macrophage functions. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112992. [PMID: 35395341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides through eyes, skin, ingestion and inhalation may affects human health by interfering with immune cells, such as macrophages. We evaluated, in vitro, the effect of six pesticides widely used in apple arboriculture on the functions of human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs). hMDMs were cultured for 4 or 24 h with or without pesticides (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 μmol.L-1). We showed that chlorpyrifos, thiacloprid, thiophanate, boscalid, and captan had little toxic effect at the tested concentrations, while dithianon had low-cytotoxicity at 10 μmol.L-1. While boscalid showed no effect on hMDMs function, thiophanate (0.01 μmol.L-1) stimulated with TPA and thiacloprid (1, 10 μmol.L-1) stimulated with zymosan activated ROS production. Chlorpyrifos, dithianon, and captan inhibited ROS production and TNF-α, IL-1β pro-inflammatory cytokines. We established that dithianon (0.01-1 μmol.L-1) and captan (0.1, 1 μmol.L-1) induced mRNA expression of NQO1 and HMOX1 antioxidant enzymes. Dithianon also induced the mRNA expression of catalase, superoxide dismutase-2 at 10 μmol.L-1. Together, these results show that exposure to chlorpyrifos, dithianon, and captan induce immunomodulatory effects that may influence the disease fighting properties of monocytes/macrophages while pesticides such as thiacloprid, thiophanate and boscalid have little influence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Parny
- EA7417, BTSB, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INU Champollion, Albi, France; PHARMADEV UMR 152, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
| | - Agnès Coste
- PHARMADEV UMR 152, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
| | - Agnès Aubouy
- PHARMADEV UMR 152, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
| | - Mouna Rahabi
- PHARMADEV UMR 152, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
| | - Melissa Prat
- PHARMADEV UMR 152, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
| | - Bernard Pipy
- PHARMADEV UMR 152, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
| | - Michel Treilhou
- EA7417, BTSB, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INU Champollion, Albi, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bureau M, Béziat B, Duporté G, Bouchart V, Lecluse Y, Barron E, Garrigou A, Dévier MH, Budzinski H, Lebailly P, Baldi I. Pesticide exposure of workers in apple growing in France. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 95:811-823. [PMID: 34761282 PMCID: PMC9038849 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective Although apple trees are heavily sprayed, few studies have assessed the pesticide exposure of operators and workers in apple orchards. However, these data are crucial for assessing the health impact of such exposures. The aim of this study was to measure pesticide exposure in apple growing according to tasks and body parts. Methods A non-controlled field study was conducted in apple orchards in 4 regions of France during the 2016 and 2017 treatment seasons. Workers’ external contamination and their determinants were assessed over 156 working days corresponding to 30 treatment days, 68 re-entry days and 58 harvesting days. We measured pesticide dermal contamination during each task and made detailed observations of work characteristics throughout the day. Captan and dithianon were used as markers of exposure. Results The median dermal contamination per day was 5.50 mg of captan and 3.33 mg of dithianon for operators, 24.39 mg of captan and 1.84 mg of dithianon for re-entry workers, and 5.82 mg of captan and 0.74 mg of dithianon for harvesters. Thus, workers performing re-entry tasks, especially thinning and anti-hail net opening, presented higher contamination, either equal to or higher than in operators. For these last ones, mixing/loading and equipment cleaning were the most contaminating tasks. Most of the contamination was observed on workers’ hands in all tasks, except for net-opening in which their heads accounted for the most daily contamination. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of taking indirect exposures into account during re-entry work in apple growing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bureau
- BPH Center, Inserm U1219, Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Case 11, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Béatrix Béziat
- BPH Center, Inserm U1219, Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Case 11, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Geoffroy Duporté
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR5805 EPOC-LPTC, 351 cours de la Libération, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Valérie Bouchart
- LABÉO, Saint Contest, 1 route de Rosel, 14000, Caen, France.,Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, 14000, Caen, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre Le Cancer François Baclesse, 3 avenue du Général Harris, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Yannick Lecluse
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, 14000, Caen, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre Le Cancer François Baclesse, 3 avenue du Général Harris, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Emmanuelle Barron
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR5805 EPOC-LPTC, 351 cours de la Libération, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Alain Garrigou
- BPH Center, Inserm U1219, Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Case 11, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Dévier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR5805 EPOC-LPTC, 351 cours de la Libération, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR5805 EPOC-LPTC, 351 cours de la Libération, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Pierre Lebailly
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, 14000, Caen, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre Le Cancer François Baclesse, 3 avenue du Général Harris, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- BPH Center, Inserm U1219, Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Case 11, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service Santé Travail Environnement, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Season Long Pest Management Efficacy and Spray Characteristics of a Solid Set Canopy Delivery System in High Density Apples. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10070193. [PMID: 31261916 PMCID: PMC6681383 DOI: 10.3390/insects10070193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid set canopy delivery systems (SSCDS) are a novel foliar agrochemical delivery system designed as an alternative for airblast sprayers in high density fruit production. This study tested the pest management potential, coverage, and chemical deposition of an SSCDS using commercially available microsprinkler components over the course of a growing season. Spray coverage and deposition for a representative airblast sprayer and SSCDS were evaluated using water sensitive paper and tartrazine dye, respectively. Foliar sprays for pest suppression were applied through both systems, and damage assessments were taken at the midpoint and end of the growing season. SSCDS sprays demonstrated similar levels of coverage on the adaxial leaf surface as airblast sprays, but significantly lower coverage on the abaxial surface. However, mean levels of foliar chemical deposition was generally higher in the SSCDS. Evaluations found minimal arthropod and fungal damage in both airblast and SSCDS treated plots compared to untreated trees. The SSCDS was shown to be a viable alternative to the airblast, with inherent advantages such as rapid application time and improved worker safety. Furthermore, higher deposition on SSCDS treated foliage supports the hypothesis that SSCDS provide a higher droplet capture rate in the canopy, with less off-target loss and drift than airblast sprayers.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee J, Kim E, Shin Y, Lee J, Lee J, Moon JK, Choi H, Maasfeld W, Kim JH. Whole body dosimetry and risk assessment of agricultural operator exposure to the fungicide kresoxim-methyl in apple orchards. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 155:94-100. [PMID: 29510314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined dermal and inhalation exposure of agricultural operators to kresoxim-methyl during pesticide mixing/loading and speed sprayer application (10 replicates, each of 3000 L of spray suspension) in an apple orchard and performed risk assessment. For the whole body dosimetry (WBD) exposure protocol, outer clothing, inner clothing, gauze, and nitrile gloves were examined to measure dermal exposure. In contrast, an IOM (institute of occupational medicine) sampler with a glass fiber filter was used to measure inhalation exposure. Analytical method accuracy in the exposure matrices was evaluated by a field recovery study. The dermal and inhalation exposure amounts for mixing/loading were 9.7 mg [0.002% of the total mixed/loaded active ingredient (a.i.)] and 1.2 µg (1.7 × 10-6% of the total mixed/loaded a.i.), respectively. The body parts more exposed were the forearms (35.5%), chest & stomach (30.2%), and hands (17.9%). During application, the dermal and inhalation exposure amounts were 66.5 mg (0.009% of the total applied a.i) and 34.8 µg (4.6 × 10-5% of the total applied a.i.), respectively. The shins (18.5%) and chest & stomach (16.0%) were exposed to higher proportion of pesticide, followed by the thighs (15.8%) and back (14.7%). Comparing the exposure pattern as assessed by the WBD method in the present study with the patch method as in our previous study, the ADE (actual dermal exposure) as measured by the WBD method was 25 times less than that measured by the patch method. The daily exposure amounts of ADE and AIE (actual inhalation exposure) for mixing/loading were 711.8 µg/day and 4.3 µg/day, respectively, whereas the amounts of ADE and AIE for application were 1825.8 µg/day and 116.1 µg/day. In risk assessment of the mixing/loading and application scenarios, the AOEL (acceptable operator exposure level) of kresoxim-methyl was used as the reference dose to show that the RI (risk index) was much lower than 1, indicating that agricultural operators are at low risk of exposure to kresoxim-methyl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghak Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Kwan Moon
- Department of Plant Life and Environmental Sciences, Hankyong National University, Ansung Gyeonggi 456-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Choi
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wong HL, Garthwaite DG, Ramwell CT, Brown CD. Assessment of exposure of professional agricultural operators to pesticides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:874-882. [PMID: 29734633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates how field practices in handling and applying pesticides influence the long-term patterns of professional agricultural operators' exposure to pesticides. It presents the first use of a comprehensive pesticide application dataset collected on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority with 50 operators selected to cover arable and orchard cropping systems in Greece, Lithuania and the UK. Exposure was predicted based on the harmonised Agricultural Operator Exposure Model (AOEM) and compared with Acceptable Operator Exposure Levels (AOELs). The amount of pesticides handled by individual operators across a cropping season was largest in the UK arable and orchard systems (median 580 and 437kg active substance, respectively), intermediate for the arable systems in Greece and Lithuania (151 and 77kg, respectively), and smallest in the Greek orchard system (22kg). Overall, 30 of the 50 operators made at least one application within a day with predicted exposure greater than the AOEL. The rate of AOEL exceedance was greatest in the Greek cropping systems (8 orchard operators, 2.8-16% of total applications; 7 arable operators, 1.1-14% of total applications), and least for the Lithuanian arable system (2 operators, 2.9-4.5% of total applications). Instances in Greece when predicted exposure exceed the AOEL were strongly influenced by the widespread use of wettable powder formulations (>40% of the total pesticide active substance handled for 11 of the 20 Greek operators). In contrast, the total area of land treated with an active substance on a single day was more important in the UK and Lithuania (95th percentile observed value was 132 and 19haday-1 for UK arable and orchard systems, respectively). Study findings can be used to evaluate current assumptions in regulatory exposure calculations and to identify situations with potential risk that require further analysis including measurements of exposure to validate model estimations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hie Ling Wong
- Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom; Faculty of Earth Science, University Malaysia Kelantan, Locked Bag 100, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | | | - Carmel T Ramwell
- Fera Science Ltd (Fera), Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - Colin D Brown
- Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ren J, Tao C, Zhang L, Ning J, Mei X, She D. Potential exposure to clothianidin and risk assessment of manual users of treated soil. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:1798-1803. [PMID: 28127852 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treated soil is the second most prevalent application technique for all registered pesticides in China. Some developing countries also adopt this method. However, the safety of this scenario has not been reported in the literature. Experiments were therefore conducted to assess exposure using standard whole-body dosimetry and air sampling methodologies. RESULTS Dermal deposition was the main route of exposure in this scenario. The total dermal unit exposure (UE) of operators to clothianidin-treated soil was 51.7 mg kg-1 AI handled (SD = 20.59, n = 16), and hands accounted for 36%. Inhalation UE was 0.04 mg kg-1 AI handled (SD = 0.02, n = 4), negligible compared with dermal exposure. Using an NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) of 10 mg kg-1 day-1 , the margin of exposure was 773, i.e. greater than 100. CONCLUSION For the first time, the scenario of treated soil exposure was assessed and was found to pose less risk than conventional pesticide application. These results can be used as a reference in pesticide management. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JingXia Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China
| | - ChuanJiang Tao
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Beijing, China
| | - LiYing Zhang
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China
| | - XiangDong Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China
| | - DongMei She
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Atabila A, Phung DT, Hogarh JN, Osei-Fosu P, Sadler R, Connell D, Chu C. Dermal exposure of applicators to chlorpyrifos on rice farms in Ghana. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:350-358. [PMID: 28340457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies evaluating dermal exposure to pesticides among applicators in tropical countries have largely been conducted using the patch dosimetry and hand wiping/washing techniques. This study used the more accurate whole-body dosimetry technique to evaluate dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos among applicators on rice farms in Ghana. The exposure levels were plotted as Cumulative Probability Distribution (CPD). Total Dermal Exposure (TDE) of chlorpyrifos among the median exposed and the 5% highly exposed groups during a spray event were 24 mg and 48 mg, respectively. When these were converted as a percentage of the quantity of active ingredient applied (Unit Exposure, UE), UE values of 0.03% and 0.06% were found among the median exposed and the 5% highly exposed groups, respectively. Overall, the hands were the most contaminated anatomical regions of the applicators, both in terms of proportion of TDE (39%) and skin loading (13 μg/cm2). Also, the lower anatomical region was more contaminated (82% of TDE) compared to the upper anatomical region (18% of TDE). The levels of chlorpyrifos TDE among the applicators were found to be influenced by the quantity of insecticide applied and the height of the crops sprayed (p < 0.05). The pesticide UE data of the present study can be used to estimate the levels of dermal exposure under similar pesticide use scenarios among applicators. The findings of the present study suggest that protecting the hands and the lower anatomical regions with appropriate PPE may significantly reduce exposure among applicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Atabila
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Dung Tri Phung
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Jonathan N Hogarh
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Paul Osei-Fosu
- Pesticide Residues Laboratory, Ghana Standards Authority, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ross Sadler
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Des Connell
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Cordia Chu
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim E, Moon JK, Choi H, Kim JH. Probabilistic Exposure Assessment for Applicators during Treatment of the Fungicide Kresoxim-methyl on an Apple Orchard by a Speed Sprayer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10366-10371. [PMID: 26492351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Probabilistic exposure and risk assessment of kresoxim-methyl were conducted for agricultural applicators during preparation of spray suspension and application with a speed sprayer on an apple orchard. The preparation and application of 1000 L of spray suspension were repeated 30 times. Several exposure matrices, including patches, cotton gloves, socks, masks, and XAD-2 resin, were used to measure the potential exposure for workers. The analytical methods were fully validated to guarantee the precision and accuracy of analysis. The exposure amount on hands for mixer/loader was 0.7 mg [95% confidence interval (CI) from 0.02 to 2.4], taking 0.0005% (95% CI from 1.2 × 10(-5) to 0.001) of total prepared active ingredient. During application of kresoxim-methyl, the amount of dermal exposure was 17.5 mg (95% CI from 9.3 to 28.9), corresponding to 0.010% (95% CI from 0.006 to 0.017) of total applied active ingredient. The major exposure parts of the body were thighs and shins, with correlation coefficients of 0.53 and 0.43, respectively. The inhalation exposure during application were estimated as 6.8 ng (95% CI from 0.4 to 17.0), being 0.04% (95% CI from 0.004 to 0.06) of the dermal exposure. The calculated absorbable quantities of exposures for mixer/loader and applicator were 2.1 × 10(-4) mg/day (95% CI from 5.0 × 10(-6) to 7.2 × 10(-4)) and 2.3 mg/day (95% CI from 1.2 to 3.8), respectively. For risk assessment, the margin of safety of all working activities was much higher than 1, indicating that the possibility of risk to kresoxim-methyl was unlikely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Kwan Moon
- Department of Plant Life and Environmental Sciences, Hankyong National University , Ansung 456-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Choi
- Division of Food and Environmental Sciences, Wonkwang University , Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao MA, Yu A, Zhu YZ, Kim JH. Potential Dermal Exposure to Flonicamid and Risk Assessment of Applicators During Treatment in Apple Orchards. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12:D147-D152. [PMID: 26011808 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1009984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure and risk assessments of flonicamid for applicators were performed in apple orchards in Korea. Fifteen experiments were done with two experienced applicators under typical field conditions using a speed sprayer. In this study, cotton gloves, socks, masks, and dermal patches were used to monitor potential dermal exposure to flonicamid, and personal air samplers with XAD-2 resin and glass fiber filter were used to monitor potential inhalation exposure. The analytical methods were validated for the limit of detection, limit of quantitation, reproducibility, linearity of the calibration curve, and recovery of flonicamid from various exposure matrices. The results were encouraging and acceptable for an exposure study. The applicability of XAD-2 resin was evaluated via a trapping efficiency and breakthrough test. During the mixing/loading, the average total dermal exposure was 22.6 μg of flonicamid, corresponding to 4.5×10(-5)% of the prepared amount. For the spraying, the potential dermal exposure was 9.32 mg, and the ratio to applied amount was 1.9 × 10(-2%). The primary exposed body parts were the thigh (2.90 mg), upper arm (1.75 mg), and lower leg (1.66 mg). By comparison, absorbable quantity of exposure was small, only 1.62 μg (3.2×10(-6)%). The margin of safety (MOS) were calculated for risk assessment, in all sets of trials, MOS > 1, indicating the exposure level of flonicamid was considered to be safe in apple orchards. Although this was a limited study, it provided a good estimate of flonicamid exposure for orchard applicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ai Zhao
- a College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim E, Lee J, Sung J, Lee J, Shin Y, Kim JH. Exposure and Risk Assessment for Operator Exposure to Insecticide Acetamiprid during Water Melon Cultivation in Greenhouse using Whole Body Dosimetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7585/kjps.2014.18.4.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
16
|
Choi H, Moon JK, Kim JH. Assessment of the exposure of workers to the insecticide imidacloprid during application on various field crops by a hand-held power sprayer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10642-10648. [PMID: 24111779 DOI: 10.1021/jf403169t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment and risk assessment for imidacloprid were conducted for agricultural workers through mixing/loading and application with a power sprayer in four kinds of crop fields. The spray suspension was prepared with 10% wettable powder (250 g) for 5 min and applied on field crops for 1 h. A patch method and a personal air sampler with XAD-2 resin were used to monitor the dermal and inhalation exposure, respectively. In mixing/loading, the total dermal exposure on the whole body was 0.2 (cucumber) to 2.0 (apple) mg and the most exposed part of body was the hand (48-100% of total exposure). During the application of imidacloprid, whole dermal exposure was in the range of 2.9 (apple) to 9.5 (green pepper) mg. The primary sites exposed to pesticides were legs (51-79% of total exposure) in cucumber, green pepper, and paddy fields, whereas the primary sites were hands (35% of total exposure) in the apple field. The inhalation exposure was determined to be 0.2 (paddy) to 2.8 (cucumber) μg and 0.2 (paddy) to 3.0 (cucumber) μg during mixing/loading and application, respectively. The absorbable quantity of exposure and the margin of safety were determined for risk assessment. Workers were exposed through inhalation as 23-93 and 2-11% of the absorbable quantity of exposure during mixing and application, respectively. The margin of safety of all cases was much higher than 1, indicating the lowest possibility of risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|