1
|
da Silva MM, de Oliveira CFR, Almeida CV, Sobrinho IAS, Macedo MLR. A Novel Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor from Enterolobium gummiferum Seeds Exhibits Antibiofilm Properties against Pathogenic Yeasts. Molecules 2024; 29:3777. [PMID: 39202855 PMCID: PMC11357210 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant peptidase inhibitors play crucial roles in plant defence mechanisms and physiological processes. In this study, we isolated and characterised a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from Enterolobium gummiferum seeds named EgPI (E. gummiferum peptidase inhibitor). The purification process involved two chromatography steps using size exclusion and hydrophobic resins, resulting in high purity and yield. EgPI appeared as a single band of ~20 kDa in SDS-PAGE. Under reducing conditions, the inhibitor exhibited two polypeptide chains, with 15 and 5 kDa. Functional characterisation revealed that EgPI displayed an inhibition stoichiometry of 1:1 against trypsin, with a dissociation constant of 8.4 × 10-9 mol·L-1. The amino-terminal sequencing of EgPI revealed the homology with Kunitz inhibitors. Circular dichroism analysis provided insights into the secondary structure of EgPI, which displayed the signature typical of Kunitz inhibitors. Stability studies demonstrated that EgPI maintained the secondary structure necessary to exhibit its inhibitory activity up to 70 °C and over a pH range from 2 to 8. Microbiological screening revealed that EgPI has antibiofilm properties against pathogenic yeasts at 1.125 μmol·L-1, and EgPI reduced C. albicans biofilm formation by 82.7%. The high affinity of EgPI for trypsin suggests potential applications in various fields. Furthermore, its antibiofilm properties recommended its usefulness in agriculture and antimicrobial therapy research, highlighting the practical implications of our research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus M. da Silva
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (M.M.d.S.); (C.V.A.); (I.A.S.S.)
| | - Caio F. R. de Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Guarantã do Norte, Guarantã do Norte 78520-000, MT, Brazil;
| | - Claudiane V. Almeida
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (M.M.d.S.); (C.V.A.); (I.A.S.S.)
| | - Ismaell A. S. Sobrinho
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (M.M.d.S.); (C.V.A.); (I.A.S.S.)
| | - Maria L. R. Macedo
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (M.M.d.S.); (C.V.A.); (I.A.S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Drabo MS, Shumoy H, Savadogo A, Raes K. Inventory of human-edible products from native Acacia sensu lato in Africa, America, and Asia: Spotlight on Senegalia seeds, overlooked wild legumes in the arid tropics. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
3
|
Zhou J, Li C, Chen A, Zhu J, Zou M, Liao H, Yu Y. Structural and functional relationship of Cassia obtusifolia trypsin inhibitor to understand its digestive resistance against Pieris rapae. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:908-920. [PMID: 31981663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although digestive resistance of Kunitz protease inhibitors has been reported extensively, the molecular mechanism is not well established. In the present study, the first X-ray structure of Cassia obtusifolia trypsin inhibitor (COTI), a member of Kunitz protease inhibitors, was solved at a resolution of 1.9 Å. The structure adopted a classic β-trefoil fold with the inhibitory loop protruding from the hydrophobic core. The role of Phe139, a unique residue in Kunitz protease inhibitors, and Arg63 in the COTI structure was verified by F139A and R63E mutants. COTI was a specific inhibitor of bovine trypsin and the result was also verified by COTI-trypsin complex formation. Meanwhile, COTI showed equivalent inhibitory activity with that of soybean trypsin inhibitor against bovine trypsin and midgut trypsin from Pieris rapae. The F139 and R63E mutants further indicated that inhibitory specificity and efficiency of COTI were closely related to the global framework, the conformation and the amino acid composition of reactive loop. Finally, a midgut trypsin from P. rapae (PrSP40), which might be involve in the food digestion, was proposed to be a potential target of COTI and might be a promising target for future crop-protection strategy. The results supported the digestive resistance of COTI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Chaolin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Anqi Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Jianquan Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Meng Zou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Hai Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Yamei Yu
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Samiksha, Singh D, Kesavan AK, Sohal SK. Exploration of anti-insect potential of trypsin inhibitor purified from seeds of Sapindus mukorossi against Bactrocera cucurbitae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17025. [PMID: 31745144 PMCID: PMC6863899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidase inhibitors (PIs) are defense proteins of plants which are active against gut peptidases of different insects. Sapindus mukorossi was identified as a source of bioactive PIs which could confer resistance against Bactrocera cucurbitae, a most devastating pest of several economically important crops. In the present study, a trypsin inhibitor was purified from mature dry seeds of S. mukorossi and characterized for its biochemical properties as well as its potential for bio control of B. cucurbitae. The purified fractions from RP- HPLC through SDS-PAGE gave an apparent molecular weight of ~29 kDa. S. mukorossi trypsin inhibitor (SMTI) was found to be a non-competitive inhibitor which was active over a broad range of temperature (10–100 °C) and pH (6–11). SMTI when incorporated in artificial diet inhibited the growth and development of B. cucurbitae larvae. Gene expression analysis of trypsin and chymotrypsin genes via qRT-PCR indicated that their mRNA expression was down-regulated while that of other genes namely, Catalase, Elastase, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione –S-transferase and Alkaline Phosphatase was up regulated. SMTI also showed deleterious effects against different bacterial strains. The results of this study indicated that S. mukorossi trypsin inhibitor has potential to be used as a bio control agent that can reduce the harm caused by melon fruit fly and other devastating pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Drishtant Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Kesavan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Satwinder Kaur Sohal
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cruz MV, Jacobowski AC, Macedo ML, Batista KA, Fernandes KF. Immobilization of antimicrobial trypsin inhibitors onto cashew gum polysaccharide/PVA films. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:433-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
6
|
da Silva Ferreira R, Napoleão TH, Silva-Lucca RA, Silva MCC, Paiva PMG, Oliva MLV. The effects of Enterolobium contortisiliquum serine protease inhibitor on the survival of the termite Nasutitermes corniger, and its use as affinity adsorbent to purify termite proteases. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:632-638. [PMID: 30051588 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The immobilization of Enterolobium contortisiliquum protease inhibitor, EcTI-Sepharose, as an affinity chromatography matrix is a powerful biotechnological tool to purify targets from Nasutitermes corniger in the investigation of insecticidal properties of natural compounds.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ramalho SR, Bezerra CDS, Lourenço de Oliveira DG, Souza Lima L, Maria Neto S, Ramalho de Oliveira CF, Valério Verbisck N, Rodrigues Macedo ML. Novel Peptidase Kunitz Inhibitor from Platypodium elegans Seeds Is Active against Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1349-1358. [PMID: 29239611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel Kunitz-type inhibitor from Platypodium elegans seeds (PeTI) was purified and characterized. The mass spectrometry analyses of PeTI indicated an intact mass of 19 701 Da and a partial sequence homologous to Kunitz inhibitors. PeTI was purified by ion exchange and affinity chromatographies. A complex with a 1:1 ratio was obtained only for bovine trypsin, showing a Ki = 0.16 nM. Stability studies showed that PeTI was stable over a wide range of temperature (37-80 °C) and pH (2-10). The inhibitory activity of PeTI was affected by dithiothreitol (DTT). Bioassays of PeTI on Spodoptera frugiperda showed negative effects on larval development and weight gain, besides extending the insect life cycle. The activities of digestive enzymes, trypsin and chymotrypsin, were reduced by feeding larvae with 0.2% PeTI in an artificial diet. In summary, we describe a novel Kunitz inhibitor with promising biotechnological potential for pest control.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dantzger M, Vasconcelos IM, Scorsato V, Aparicio R, Marangoni S, Macedo MLR. Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor from Clitoria fairchildiana seeds: Isolation, biochemical properties and insecticidal potential. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 118:224-235. [PMID: 26330217 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein described is the biochemical characterisation, including in vitro and in vivo assays, for a proteinase inhibitor purified from Clitoria fairchildiana seeds (CFPI). Purification was performed by hydrophobic interaction and gel filtration chromatography. Kinetic studies of the purified inhibitor showed a competitive-type inhibitory activity against bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin, with an inhibition stoichiometry of 1:1 for both enzymes. The inhibition constants against trypsin and chymotrypsin were 3.3 × 10(-10) and 1.5 × 10(-10)M, respectively, displaying a tight binding property. SDS-PAGE showed that CFPI has a single polypeptide chain with an apparent molecular mass of 15 kDa under non-reducing conditions. However, MALDI-TOF analysis demonstrated a molecular mass of 7.973 kDa, suggesting that CFPI is dimeric in solution. The N-terminal sequence of CFPI showed homology with members of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor family. CFPI remained stable to progressive heating for 30 min to each temperature range of 37 up to 100 °C and CD analysis exhibited no changes in spectra at 207 nm after heating at 90 °C and subsequent cooling. Moreover, CFPI was active over a wide pH range (2-10). In contrast, reduction with DTT resulted in a loss of inhibitory activity against trypsin and chymotrypsin. CFPI also exhibited significant inhibitory activity against larval midgut trypsin enzymes from Anagasta kuehniella (76%), Diatraea saccharalis (59%) and Heliothis virescens (49%). Its insecticidal properties were further analysed by bioassays and confirmed by negative impact on A. kuehniella development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Dantzger
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil; Department of Food Technology and Public Health, Centre for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Ilka Maria Vasconcelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Valéria Scorsato
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aparicio
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil; Department of Food Technology and Public Health, Centre for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oliveira CT, Kunz D, Silva CP, Macedo MLR. Entomotoxic properties of Dioclea violacea lectin and its effects on digestive enzymes of Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 81:81-89. [PMID: 26166677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Entomotoxic plant lectins have been extensively studied in the past two decades, yet the exact mechanisms underlying their toxic effects remain unknown. This study investigated the effects of Dioclea violacea lectin (DVL) on larval development in Anagasta kuehniella. Chronic exposure of larvae (from neonates to the fourth instar) demonstrated that DVL interfered with larval growth, retarding development and decreasing larval mass without affecting survival. DVL decreased trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like, and α-amylase activities and proved resistant to proteolysis by midgut proteases up to 24h. Shorter exposures to dietary DVL had no effect on midgut enzyme activity. Feeding fourth-instar larvae with fluorescently-labeled DVL revealed lectin binding to the peritrophic membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Turatti Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, SBBq, Brazil
| | - Daniele Kunz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carlos Peres Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, SBBq, Brazil; Unidade de Tecnologia de Alimentos e Saúde Pública, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, C.P. 549, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effects of proteinase inhibitor from Adenanthera pavonina seeds on short- and long term larval development of Aedes aegypti. Biochimie 2015; 112:172-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
11
|
Guimarães LC, de Oliveira CFR, Marangoni S, de Oliveira DGL, Macedo MLR. Purification and characterization of a Kunitz inhibitor from Poincianella pyramidalis with insecticide activity against the Mediterranean flour moth. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 118:1-9. [PMID: 25752423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from Poincianella pyramidalis seeds (PpyTI). The partial sequencing of PpyTI revealed homology to Kunitz inhibitors, clustered as a member of Family I03 in MEROPS database. PpyTI has a single polypeptide chain of 19,042 Da and presents stability at high temperatures (up to 70 °C) and a wide range of pH. In vitro assays showed that disulfide bridges have an important stabilization role of reactive site in PpyTI, a characteristic shared among several Kunitz inhibitors. Bioassays carried out with the Mediterranean flour moth (Anagasta kuehniella) revealed a significant decrease in both larval weight and survival of PpyTI-fed larvae, besides a larval stage extension. Through biochemical analysis, we demonstrated that the PpyTI insecticide effects were triggered by digestion process commitment, through the inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin activities, the major digestive enzymes in this species. The insecticide effects and biochemical characterization of PpyTI encourage further studies using this inhibitor for insect pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lays Cordeiro Guimarães
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil; Department of Food Technology and Public Health, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Caio Fernando Ramalho de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil; Department of Food Technology and Public Health, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Daniella Gorete Lourenço de Oliveira
- Department of Food Technology and Public Health, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Department of Food Technology and Public Health, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Oliveira CFR, Marangoni S, Macedo MLR. The trypsin inhibitor from Entada acaciifolia seeds affects negatively the development of Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 108:74-79. [PMID: 24485318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean flour moth (Anagasta kuehniella) is a pest insect that attacks stored foods. The difficulty in controlling this kind of pest promotes the development of alternatives for pest control, among them the use of proteins with insecticide effect. In this work, we evaluated the role of a trypsin inhibitor purified from Entada acaciifolia seeds (EATI) on the A. kuehniella development. Different concentrations of inhibitor were added to a diet to determine its effects on insect performance. At 0.4%, the EATI decreases the larval weight and survival rates by 54.6% and 15%, respectively; in addition to the extension of the life cycle of insect. The biochemical analysis showed that the inhibitor is refractory to the digestion by midgut proteases, and led to a reduction of 32% in general proteolytic activity. A detailed analysis of the enzymatic activity revealed a decrease of 50% in trypsin activity as the chymotrypsin activity increased by 12%; possibly to compensate the commitment of the digestive process. The trypsins from the EATI-fed group stayed sensitive to the inhibition by EATI, and based on kinetic assays no new trypsin enzymes were produced as adaptation attempt. The insecticides effects observed for the EATI against this pest encourage a more in depth study of its possible long-term use as a biotechnological tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caio Fernando Ramalho de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil; Department of Food Technology and Public Health, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Department of Food Technology and Public Health, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|